during her fight with the “Reindeer,” and died from wounds received in
the battle.—ED.
Footnote 133:
James Lawrence, born in Burlington, New Jersey (1781), served with
Decatur in the War with Tripoli, and as lieutenant on the
“Constitution.” In 1811 he was placed in command of the “Hornet,” his
most notable achievement with that vessel being the destruction (1813)
of the British ship “Peacock.” For this victory he was given command
of the “Chesapeake,” and accepting the challenge of the “Shannon,”
fought with her off Boston harbor, June, 1813. He fell, mortally
wounded, and the “Chesapeake” was compelled to surrender. His
countrymen, stirred by his dying cry, “Don’t give up the ship,” had
his body brought from Halifax, and buried with military honors in
Trinity Churchyard, New-York City.—ED.
Footnote 134:
General Anthony Wayne died at Erie, Pennsylvania, in December,
1796.—ED.
Footnote 135:
For a brief history of Fort Le Bœuf, see Croghan’s _Journals_, volume
i of our series, note 65.—ED.
Footnote 136:
This was Fort Venango; see Croghan’s _Journals_, note 64. For
Meadville, see Harris’s _Journal_, volume iii of our series, note
25.—ED.
Footnote 137:
Consult Post’s _Journals_, in volume i of our series, notes 22, 89,
for these rivers.—ED.
Footnote 138:
Armstrong, nine miles north-east of Pittsburg, was named in honor of
Colonel John Armstrong. In 1756 he led an expedition against the
Delaware Indians who were ravaging the frontier, and destroyed their
town at Kittanning.
Lawrencetown, now Lawrenceville, is two miles east of Pittsburg.—ED.
Footnote 139:
For a brief account of this journey, see Croghan’s _Journals_, volume
i of our series, note 45. Washington’s starting point was the Virginia
capital, Winchester. Fort Duquesne was not erected until 1754.—ED.
Footnote 140:
For information regarding these forts, see A. Michaux’s _Travels_,
volume iii of our series, notes 11, 12; F. A. Michaux’s _Travels_,
_op. cit._, note 20.—ED.
Footnote 141:
Regarding Grant’s defeat, see Harris’s _Journal_, volume iii of our
series, note 30.—ED.
Footnote 142:
For an account of Braddock’s defeat, see F. A. Michaux’s _Travels_,
note 19.—ED.
Footnote 143:
The Louisville-Portland Canal was completed in 1830.—ED.
Footnote 144:
For the Virginia-Pennsylvania boundary, consult F. A. Michaux’s
_Travels_, note 31.—ED.
Footnote 145:
For Wheeling, see A. Michaux’s _Travels_, note 15; for Grave Creek,
see Cuming’s _Tour_, volume iv of our series, note 78.—ED.
Footnote 146:
For Chartier River, see Weiser’s _Journal_, volume i of our series,
note 18; for the Little and Big Kanawha, see Croghan’s _Journals_,
_op. cit._, notes 98, 101; for Fish Creek, see Harris’s _Journal_,
volume iii of our series, note 37.—ED.
Footnote 147:
A brief account of Gallipolis may be found in F. A. Michaux’s
_Travels_, volume iii of our series, pp. 182–185. The settlement was
not entirely abandoned.—ED.
Footnote 148:
See Cuming’s _Tour_, volume iv of our series, note 67, for the early
history of Steubenville.—ED.
Footnote 149:
Three Legs town, so called from a famous Delaware Indian, was situated
at the junction of Tuscarawas Creek and the Muskingum, near the site
of the present Coshocton.
The portage path from the Cuyahoga to the Tuscarawas branch of the
Muskingum, a distance of eight miles, is probably one of the oldest
highways in the West, having been the route of the buffaloes across
the summit of the state. It formed part of the Indian boundary line in
the treaties of Fort McIntosh (1785), Fort Harmar (1789), and Fort
Wayne (1795). A road built between these two streams in 1898, followed
almost exactly this old portage trail. See Hulbert, “Indian
Thoroughfares of Ohio,” in Ohio Archæological and Historical Society
_Publications_, volume viii.—ED.
Footnote 150:
For the early history of Marietta and Fort Harmar, see A. Michaux’s
_Travels_, volume iii of our series, note 16.—ED.
Footnote 151:
On the Hockhocking River, consult Croghan’s _Journals_, volume i of
our series, note 99.—ED.
Footnote 152:
For a brief account of Chillicothe, see F. A. Michaux’s _Travels_,
volume iii of our series, note 35.—ED.
Footnote 153:
Regarding the early history of Cincinnati, see Cuming’s _Tour_, volume
iv of our series, note 166.—ED.
Footnote 154:
Fort Washington—afterwards within the limits of Cincinnati—was
established (1789) by Major Doughty opposite the mouth of the Licking
River, to protect the frontier from the Indians. Generals Harmar, St.
Clair, and Wayne used it as headquarters in conducting their Indian
campaigns.
About sixty-five miles north of Cincinnati, St. Clair built Fort
Jefferson (1791) as a base of operations during his Indian campaign.
Fort St. Clair was a stockade built by the general of that name in the
winter of 1791–92 to keep communication open between Fort Jefferson
and the Ohio River.
For Fort Greenville, see Buttrick’s _Voyages_, _ante_, note 32. After
constructing Fort Greenville, Wayne sent a detachment to the scene of
St. Clair’s defeat, twenty-three miles to the north, where they
established Fort Recovery, December, 1793.—ED.
Footnote 155:
For the Big Bone Lick, see Croghan’s _Journals_, volume i of our
series, note 104.—ED.
Footnote 156:
An account of the early history of Nashville is given in A. Michaux’s
_Travels_, volume iii of our series, note 103.—ED.
Footnote 157:
For an account of Lexington, see A. Michaux’s _Travels_, note 61.—ED.
Footnote 158:
On the settlement of Louisville, see Croghan’s _Journals_, volume i of
our series, note 106.
The plantation of “Locust Grove” was the estate of William Croghan,
Colonel George Croghan’s father. William Croghan (1752–1822) came to
America from Ireland when quite young, and embracing the American
cause, served through the Revolutionary War, being colonel of
Neville’s Fourth Virginia regiment in the battle of Monmouth. He
settled at “Locust Grove” soon after the Revolution, and became an
honored and respected citizen of Kentucky.—ED.
Footnote 159:
For Jeffersonville, see Flint’s _Letters_, volume ix of our series;
for Shippingsport, see Cuming’s _Tour_, volume iv of our series, note
171.—ED.
Footnote 160:
Fort Steuben (at first called Fort Finney) was a subordinate post
erected in 1786 upon the grant to the Illinois regiment not far from
Clarksville. From 1786 to 1790 Colonel John Armstrong was in command.
It was abandoned shortly after 1791. This must be distinguished from
the fort higher up the Ohio, that formed the nucleus of Steubenville.
Some remains of the old buildings connected with the former fort were
to be seen as late as the middle of the nineteenth century in Clark
County, Indiana. See English, _Conquest of the North-west_
(Indianapolis, 1896), ii, p. 863.—ED.
Footnote 161:
Brigadier-general Zebulon Montgomery Pike, born in New Jersey in 1779,
was a lieutenant in the United States army, when, in 1805, he was
given command of an expedition to trace the Mississippi River to its
source. Having made this journey and obtained land from the Indians
for a fort at the Falls of St. Anthony, he was sent the following year
to explore the Arkansas and Red rivers. Ascending the Arkansas to the
mountains, and discovering Pike’s Peak, but unable to find the source
of the Red, he came upon the Rio Grande, and there was taken prisoner
by the Spanish, and sent to Santa Fé. While in command of an
expedition against York (Toronto), Canada, in 1813, he was
accidentally killed by the explosion of a magazine.—ED.
Footnote 162:
For a brief account of Limestone, see A. Michaux’s _Travels_, volume
iii of our series, note 123.—ED.
Footnote 163:
Smithland, the capital of Livingston County, Kentucky, enjoyed
considerable trade with the interior of Tennessee, being a point for
the reshipment of goods up the Cumberland. Its prosperity was
shortlived, however; in 1850 the population was twelve hundred, and in
1890 five hundred and sixty.—ED.
Footnote 164:
These salt springs in the vicinity of Saline Creek, in south-eastern
Illinois, were ceded to the United States (1803) by an Indian treaty
negotiated by Governor Harrison at Fort Wayne. For several years they
were leased by the general government, but in the Illinois enabling
act were granted to that state. They were a subject of state
litigation for a period of thirty years, the last one being sold in
1847.—ED.
Footnote 165:
For an account of Vincennes, see Croghan’s _Journals_, volume i of our
series, note 113.—ED.
Footnote 166:
With reference to the Swiss settlement at Vevay, see Bradbury’s
_Travels_, volume v of our series, note 164.—ED.
Footnote 167:
The Ohio buck eye or horse-chestnut is the _Æsculus glabra_; the Ohio
species is the mountain magnolia or _Magnolia acuminata_; the coffee
tree (_Gymnocladus canadensis_) resembles the black oak; the papaw
tree is the _Asimina triloba_.—ED.
Footnote 168:
The Theakiki is the Kankakee, a tributary of the Illinois, not of the
Wabash. Calumet River empties into Lake Michigan and does not connect
with the Wabash.—ED.
Footnote 169:
A fort was established by the French at Vincennes early in the
eighteenth century. Upon passing into the hands of the British, it was
renamed Fort Sackville. George Rogers Clark marched from Kaskaskia and
captured it (1779), changing the name to Fort Patrick Henry. In 1787,
Major Hamtranck was stationed there with a detachment of infantry, and
its name was once more changed to Fort Knox, in honor of the first
secretary of war.
For a brief account of the Ouiatanon (Watenans), see Croghan’s
_Journals_, volume i of our series, note 85.—ED.
Footnote 170:
The people of Indiana Territory believed the Indian chief Tecumseh and
his brother, the Prophet, were stirring up a general Indian war; and,
wishing to anticipate them, Governor William H. Harrison led an attack
on the Indian village at the confluence of Tippecanoe Creek and the
Wabash River, November 7, 1811. The Indians were driven back and the
village burned, but Tecumseh continued plotting, and took ample
revenge during the War of 1812–15. See Pirtle, _Battle of Tippecanoe_,
Filson Club _Publications_, xv.—ED.
Footnote 171:
Colonel Joseph Daviess was of Scotch-Irish descent, born in Virginia
in 1774. His parents removed to Danville, Kentucky, while Daviess was
a lad. He studied law with George Nicholas, and became one of the
ablest and most successful lawyers of the state, serving as United
States attorney 1800–07. During this period, Daviess brought in an
indictment against Aaron Burr (1806) which caused great excitement and
animosity. He was noted for his eccentricities as well as his courage,
and his death on the Indian battle-field won him wide fame. Counties
were named for him both in Kentucky and Illinois.—ED.
Footnote 172:
For the Kickapoo and Shawnee Indians, see Croghan’s _Journals_, volume
i of our series, notes 108, 111.—ED.
Footnote 173:
A brief account of the early French settlements in Illinois may be
found in A. Michaux’s _Travels_, volume iii of our series, notes
132–136.—ED.
Footnote 174:
From the Des Plaines, the northern fork of the Illinois, one portage
led to the Chicago River, the other to the Calumet, which empties into
Lake Michigan at the present South Chicago.—ED.
Footnote 175:
The Kankakee River, called by the French Theakiki. For these early
routes of water travel, see _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvi,
p. 372.—ED.
Footnote 176:
The present Madison County in Illinois was explored about 1799, and
called Goshen. The village of that name, about five miles south-west
of Edwardsville, was begun in 1800.—ED.
Footnote 177:
For the founding of Shawneetown, see Croghan’s _Journals_, volume i of
our series, note 108.—ED.
Footnote 178:
On these Indian tribes, consult Long’s _Voyages_, volume ii of our
series, notes 85, 86.—ED.
Footnote 179:
For the early history of Fort Massac, see A. Michaux’s _Travels_,
volume iii of our series, note 139.—ED.
Footnote 180:
The “Muscle Shoal” Rapids fall within northern Alabama. The
improvement of the Tennessee at this point was long under discussion.
In 1825 commissioners were appointed by the governors of Tennessee and
Alabama to report thereupon; three years later a survey was made by
order of the department of war, relative to removing obstructions in
the channel. A canal around the rapids was begun (1829), but about
that time railroads began to absorb the attention of the Southern
states, and the War of Secession following, it has never been
completed. The necessary improvements in the river channel have
finally been made by the United States government.—ED.
Footnote 181:
The diplomatic negotiations leading to the purchase of Florida were
long and involved, and grew out of the attempt to fix the boundary
between West-Florida and the United States. The treaty was signed in
1819, Spain ceding East and West-Florida and the United States paying
five million dollars.—ED.
Footnote 182:
In 1803, President Jefferson secured a small appropriation from
Congress, which enabled him to carry out a long-cherished plan of
sending an exploring party across the continent. May 14, 1804, the
expedition of Lewis and Clark started up the Missouri River, reached
the Pacific Ocean at the mouth of the Columbia, November 1, 1805; and
returned to St. Louis, September, 1806. See _Original Journals of the
Lewis and Clark Expedition_ (Thwaites’s ed., New-York, 1904)—ED.
Footnote 183:
For St. Louis, see A. Michaux’s _Travels_, note 138; for Ste.
Genevieve, see Cuming’s _Tour_, note 174.—ED.
Footnote 184:
On the founding of New Madrid, see Cuming’s _Tour_, note 185.—ED.
Footnote 185:
See Cuming’s _Tour_, notes 188, 189, for information regarding these
bluffs.—ED.
Footnote 186:
An interesting description of these Southern Indian tribes may be
found in Roosevelt, _Winning of the West_ (New-York, 1889), i, pp.
49–69. See also, brief notes in our volumes i, pp. 34, 75; iv, p.
287.—ED.
Footnote 187:
Fort Pike was maintained for only a few years. The location proving
undesirable, the troops were removed to Fort Pickering.—ED.
Footnote 188:
In the day of the flatboat, a craft which went down stream and never
returned, it was customary for the boatmen to return by land. This
journey was often undertaken at unhealthy seasons of the year, and the
death of boatmen and raftsmen was common. As the travellers usually
carried large sums of money, their routes were beset by robbers who
could, undoubtedly, have explained many a grave on these lonely
roads.—Hulbert, _Historic Highways of America_, ix, pp. 125, 126.—ED.
Footnote 189:
For Fort Pickering, see Cuming’s _Tour_, note 192.—ED.
Footnote 190:
Fort Stoddard was built in 1799 by Captain Shaumburg, U. S. A., on the
Mobile River, at the Spanish boundary line provided in the treaty of
1795, and was named in honor of the acting secretary of war. It was a
port of entry until Mobile became part of the United States.—ED.
Footnote 191:
For the early history of the city of Natchez, see F. A. Michaux’s
_Travels_, vol. iii of our series, note 53.
The Natchez Indians, of Maskoki stock, were first encountered by the
French near the present city of their name. In 1729 they fell upon the
French garrison and massacred them all. The following year the French
army took a terrible revenge, a remnant only of the tribe escaping.
For full account, see Gayarré, _History of Louisiana_ (rev. ed.,
New-Orleans, 1903), i, pp. 396–440.—ED.
Footnote 192:
The cotton-wood is a member of the poplar family, the scientific name
being _Populus monilifera_.—ED.
Footnote 193:
The China tree (_Melia azedarach_) is a native of India, and much
cultivated in the Southern states for its shade.—ED.
Footnote 194:
Point Pleasant, ten miles below New Madrid, must not be confounded
with the point of that name at the mouth of Great Kanawha River.—ED.
Footnote 195:
For an exploration of Arkansas River, see Nuttall’s _Journal_, vol.
xiii of our series.—ED.
Footnote 196:
For a brief description of Loftus Heights and Fort Adams, see Cuming’s
_Tour_, volume iv of our series, note 211.—ED.
Footnote 197:
On Point Coupée, see Cuming’s _Tour_, note 220.—ED.
Footnote 198:
For an account of Baton Rouge, consult Cuming’s _Tour_, note 215.—ED.
Footnote 199:
St. Louis Bay at the outlet of Lake Borgne on Mississippi Sound, was
explored by Iberville in 1699 and named after Louis IX, the saintly
king of France. On it was located one of the early French
colonies.—ED.
Footnote 200:
On the Ursuline convent at New-Orleans, see Cuming’s _Tour_, volume iv
of our series, note 225.—ED.
Footnote 201:
For a brief biography of General Wilkinson, see Cuming’s _Tour_, note
160. The site of the battle of New-Orleans (January 8, 1815) is five
miles below the city.—ED.
Footnote 202:
Bienville, colonial governor of Louisiana, returning from an exploring
trip (1699), met an English vessel of sixteen guns, about eighteen
miles below the site of New-Orleans. The captain stated he was looking
for a location for an English colony, and Bienville assured him that
the Mississippi was already occupied by the French. Much to the
latter’s surprise, the vessel sailed away. From this episode the
English Bend received its name, not, as Evans implies, from the
attacking fleet of 1815.—ED.
Footnote 203:
Plaquemine Turn is thirty miles from the mouth of the Mississippi. It
was fortified by the French in 1746.—ED.
Footnote 204:
When, during the Seminole War, Jackson took possession of St. Marks,
the Indian prophet Francis or Hellis Hajo, and the chief Hemollemico,
were lured on board an American vessel (April 6, 1818) and hung by
Jackson’s orders. These Indians had led the attack, the previous
November, upon a boat under command of Lieutenant Scott, which was
ascending the Appalachicola River. Having been forced to surrender,
all survivors were tortured to death. Jackson’s act was in retaliation
for this outrage.—ED.
Footnote 205:
During Jackson’s expedition against the Seminoles, two Indian traders
were also captured—Alexander Arbuthnot and Robert C. Ambrister. Both
were put to death after the form of a trial, on the charge of being
guilty of inciting the Seminole Indians to war against the United
States. The latter was shot and the former hung from the yardarm of
his vessel, April 29, 1818, at St. Marks, Florida. The execution
raised a storm; Henry Clay, on the floor of the House, the following
year, during the famous twelve-day debate on Jackson’s Seminole War
conduct, declared that if Jackson were voted the public thanks, it
would be a triumph of insubordination of military over civil
authorities. The long feud between Jackson and Clay began with that
speech.—ED.
Footnote 206:
Adams made his strongest defense of Jackson in his letter to Don José
Pizarro, Spanish secretary of state. He reviewed the whole situation,
and accused the Spanish and Indian traders in Florida of stirring up
the Indians, referring to Arbuthnot as “that British Indian trader
from beyond the sea, the firebrand by whose touch the Negro-Indian war
against our borders has been rekindled.”—ED.
Footnote 207:
The Balise was in early times the best and deepest pass into the
Mississippi River. Now known as South-west Pass, it is not used, there
being hardly six feet of water on the bar. It was fortified by
Bienville about 1720.—ED.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
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