INDIAN BAG--INDIAN EMBROIDERY--BEAVER'S TAIL--BEAVER ARCHITECTURE--HABITS
OF THE BEAVER--BEAVER TOOLS--BEAVER MEADOWS.
When Lady Mary went down to her father, he presented her with a beautiful
Indian bag, which he had brought from Lake Huron, in the Upper Province.
It was of fine doeskin, very nicely wrought with dyed moose-hair, and the
pattern was very pretty; the border was of scarlet feathers on one side,
and blue on the other, which formed a rich silken fringe at each edge.
This was a present from the wife of a chief on Manitoulin Island. Lady
Mary was much delighted with her present, and admired this new-fashioned
work in moose-hair very much. The feathers, Mrs. Frazer told her, were
from the summer red bird or war bird, and the blue bird, both of which,
Lady Mary said, she had seen. The Indians use these feathers as ornaments
for their heads and shoulders on grand occasions.
Lady Mary recollected hearing her mamma speak of Indians who wore mantles
and dresses of gay feathers. They were chiefs of the Sandwich Islands, she
believed, who had these superb habits.
"Dear nurse, will you tell me anything more about birds and flowers
to-day?" asked Lady Mary, after she had put away her pretty bag.
"I promised to tell you about the beavers, my lady," replied Mrs. Frazer.
"Oh, yes, about the beavers that make the dams and the nice houses, and
cut down whole trees. I am glad you can tell me something about those
curious creatures; for mamma bought me a pretty picture, which I will show
you, if you please," said the little girl. "But what is this odd-looking,
black thing here? Is it a dried fish? It must be a black bass? Yes, nurse,
I am sure it is."
The nurse smiled, and said, "It is not a fish at all, my dear; it is a
dried beaver's tail. I brought it from the back lakes when I was at home,
that you might see it. See, my lady, how curiously the beaver's tail is
covered with scales; it looks like some sort of black leather, stamped in
a diaper pattern. Before it is dried, it is very heavy, weighing three or
four pounds. I have heard my brothers and some of the Indian trappers say,
that the animal makes use of its tail to beat the sides of the dams and
smoothe the mud and clay, as a plasterer uses a trowel. Some people think
otherwise, but it seems well suited from its shape and weight for the
purpose, and, indeed, as the walls they raise seem to have been smoothed
by some implement, I see no reason to disbelieve the story."
"And what do the beavers make dams with, nurse?"
"With small trees cut into pieces, and drawn in close to each other; and
then the beavers fill the spaces between with sods, and stones, and clay,
and all sorts of things that they gather together and work up into a solid
wall. The walls are made broad at the bottom, and are several feet in
thickness, to make them strong enough to keep the water from washing
through them. The beavers assemble together in the fall, about the months
of October and November, to build their houses and repair their dams. They
prefer running water, as it is less likely to freeze. They work in large
parties, sometimes fifty or a hundred together, and do a great deal in a
short time. They work during the night."
"Of what use is the dam, nurse?"
"The dam is for the purpose of securing a constant supply of water, without
which they could not live. When they have enclosed the beaver-pond, they
separate into family parties of eleven [Transcriber's Note: Lengthy
footnote moved to end of chapter] or twelve, perhaps more, sometimes less,
and construct dwellings, which are raised against the inner walls of the
dam. These little huts have two chambers, one in which they sleep, which is
warm and soft and dry, lined with roots and sedges and dry grass, and any
odds and ends that serve their purpose. The feeding place is below; in this
is stored the wood or the bark on which they feed. The entrance to this is
under water, and hidden from sight; but it is there that the cunning hunter
sets his trap to catch the unsuspecting beavers."
"Nurse, do not beavers, and otters, and muskrats feel cold while living
in the water; and do they not get wet?"
"No, my dear; they do not feel cold, and cannot get wet, for the thick
coating of hair and down keeps them warm; and these animals, like ducks
and geese and all kinds of water-fowls, are supplied with a bag of oil,
with which they dress their coats, and that throws off the moisture; for
you know, Lady Mary, that oil and water will not mix. All creatures that
live in the water are provided with oily fur, or smooth scales that no
water can penetrate; and water birds, such as ducks and geese, have a
little bag of oil, with which they dress their feathers."
"Are there any beavers in England, nurse?" asked Lady Mary.
"No, my lady, not now; but I remember my father told me that this animal
once existed in numbers in different countries of Europe; he said they
were still to be found in Norway, Sweden, Russia, Germany, and even in
France. [Footnote: The remains of bearer dams in Wales prove that this
interesting animal was once a native of Great Britain.] The beaver abounds
mostly in North America, and in its cold portions; in solitudes that no
foot of man but the wild Indian has ever penetrated; in lonely streams and
inland lakes,--these harmless creatures are found fulfilling God's
purpose, and doing injury to none.
"I think if there had been any beavers in the land of Israel, in
Solomon's time, that the wise king, who spake of ants, spiders,
grasshoppers, and conies, [Footnote: The rock rabbits of Judaea.] would
have named the beavers also, as patterns of gentleness, cleanliness, and
industry. They work together in bands, and live in families and never
fight or disagree. They have no chief or leader; they seem to have neither
king nor ruler; yet they work in perfect love and harmony. How pleasant it
would be, Lady Mary, if all Christian people would love each other as
these poor beavers seem to do!"
"Nurse how can beavers cut down trees; they have neither axes nor saws?"
"Here, Lady Mary, are the axes and saws with which God has provided these
little creatures;" and Mrs. Frazer showed Lady Mary two long curved tusks,
of a reddish-brown colour, which she told her were the tools used by the
beavers to cut and gnaw the trees; she said she had seen trees as thick as
a man's leg, that had been felled by these simple tools.
Lady Mary was much surprised that such small animals could cut through
any thing so thick.
"In nature," replied her nurse, "we often see great things done by very
small means. Patience and perseverance work well. The poplar, birch, and
some other trees, on which beavers feed, and which they also use in making
their dams, are softer and more easily cut than oak, elm or birch would
be: these trees are found growing near the water, and in such places as
the beavers build in. The settler owes to the industrious habits of this
animal those large open tracts of land called beaver meadows, covered with
long, thick, rank grass, which he cuts down and uses as hay. These beaver
meadows have the appearance of dried-up lakes. The soil is black and
spongy; for you may put a stick down to the depth of many feet; it is only
in the months of July, August, and September, that they are dry. Bushes of
black alder, with a few poplars and twining shrubs, are scattered over the
beaver meadows; some of which have high stony banks; and little islands of
trees. On these are many pretty wild flowers; among others, I found
growing on the dry banks some real hare-bells, both blue and white."
"Ah, dear nurse, hare-bells! did you find real hare-bells, such as grow on
the bonny Highland hills among the heather? I wish papa would let me go to
the Upper Province, to see the beaver meadows, and gather the dear
blue-bells."
"My father, Lady Mary, wept when I brought him a handful of these
flowers, for he said it reminded him of his Highland home. I have found
these pretty bells growing on the wild hills about Rice Lake, near the
water, as well as near the beaver meadows."
"Do the beavers sleep in the winter time, nurse?"
"They do not lie torpid, as racoons do, though they may sleep a good
deal; but as they lay up a great store of provisions for the winter, of
course they must awake sometimes to eat it."
Lady Mary thought so too.
"In the spring, when the long warm days return, they quit their winter
retreat, and separate in pairs, living in holes in the banks of lakes and
rivers, and do not unite again till the approach of the cold calls them
together to prepare for winter, as I told you."
"Who calls them all to build their winter houses?" asked the child.
"The providence of God; usually called instinct, that guides these wild
animals; doubtless it is the law of nature given to them by God.
"There is a great resemblance in the habits of the musk-rat and the
beaver. They all live in the water; all separate in the spring, and meet
again in the fall to build and work together; and, having helped each
other in these things, they retire to a private dwelling, each family by
itself. The otter does not make a dam, like the beaver, and I am not sure
that it works in companies, as the beaver; it lives on fish and roots; the
musk-rats on shell-fish and roots, and the beaver on vegetable food
mostly. Musk-rats and beavers are used for food, but the flesh of the
otter is too fishy to be eaten."
"Nurse, can people eat musk-rats?" asked Lady Mary, with surprise.
"Yes, my lady, in the spring months the hunters and Indians reckon them
good food; I have eaten them myself, but I did not like them, they were too
fat. Musk-rats build a little house of rushes, and plaster it; they have
two chambers, and do not lie torpid; they build in shallow, rushy places in
lakes, but in spring they quit their winter houses and are often found in
holes among the roots of trees; they live on mussels and shell-fish. The
fur is used in making caps, and hats, and fur gloves."
"Nurse, did you ever see a tame beaver?"
"Yes, my dear; I knew a squaw who had a tame beaver, which she used to
take out in her canoe with her, and it sat in her lap, or on her shoulder,
and was very playful." Just then the dinner-bell rang, and as dinner at
Government-house waits for no one, Lady Mary was obliged to defer hearing
more about beavers until another time.
[Relocated Footnote: I copy for the reader an account of the beavers,
written by an Indian chief, who was born at Rice Lake, in Canada, and
becoming a Christian, learned to read and write, and went on a mission to
teach the poor Indians, who did not know Christ, to worship God in spirit
and in truth. During some months while he was journeying towards a
settlement belonging to the Hudson Bay Company, he wrote a journal of the
things he saw in that wild country; and, among other matters, he made the
following note about the habits of those curious animals the beavers, which
I think is most likely to be correct, as Indians are very observant of the
habits of wild animals. He says,--"The country here is marshy, covered with
low evergreens. Here begins an extensive beaver settlement; it continues up
the river for sixty miles. When travelling with a row-boat, the noise
frightens the timid beavers, and they dive under water; but as we had a
light birch-bark canoe, we saw them at evening and at day-break going to
and fro from their work to the shore. They sleep, during the day, and chop
and gnaw during the night. They cut the wood that they use, from slender
wands up to poles four inches through, and from one to two fathoms long (a
fathom is a measure of six feet). A large beaver will carry in his mouth a
stick I should not like to carry on my shoulder, for two or three hundred
yards to the water, and then float it off to where he wants to take it. The
kinds of trees used by the beavers are willow and poplar--the round-leaved
poplar they prefer. The Canada beavers, where the poplars are large, lumber
(_i.e._ cut down) on a larger scale; they cut trees a foot through, but in
that case only make use of the limbs, which are gnawed off the trunk in
suitable lengths. The beaver is not a climbing animal. About two cords of
wood serve Mister Beaver and his family for the winter. A beaver's house
is large enough to allow two men a comfortable sleeping-room, and it is
kept very clean. It is built of sticks, stones, and mud, and is well
plastered outside and in. The trowel the beaver uses in plastering is his
tail; this is considered a great delicacy at the table. Their beds are made
of chips, split as fine as the brush of an Indian broom; these are disposed
in one corner, and kept dry and sweet and clean. It is the bark of the
green wood that is used by the beavers for food; after the stick is peeled,
they float it out at a distance from the house. Many good housewives might
learn a lesson of neatness and order from the humble beaver.
"In large lakes and rivers, the beavers make no dams; they have water
enough without putting themselves to that trouble; but in small creeks
they dam up, and make a better stop-water than is done by the millers. The
spot where they build their dams is the most labour-saving place in the
valley, and where the work will stand best. When the dam is finished, not
a drop of water escapes; their work is always well done.
"This part of the country abounds in beavers. An Indian will kill upwards
of three hundred in a season. The skin of the beaver is not worth as much
as it used to be, but their flesh is an excellent article of food."
--_Journal of the_ REV. PETER JACOBS, _Indian Missionary_.]