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FOOTNOTES
[1] Four troops of life guards, ten regiments of horse, five of
dragoons, forty-seven battalions of foot.
[2] I had almost written that France was then, as always, the first
military nation; and though Prussia wrested the position from her under
Frederick the Great and again in 1870, the lesson of history seems to
teach that she is as truly the first military, as England is the first
naval, nation.
[3] Belhomme, p. 153.
[4] Feuquières.
[5] That is to say, of land-transport. After the sad experience of the
Irish war the marine transport was entrusted to an officer specially
established for the purpose.—_Commons Journals._
[6] I spell the village according to the popular fashion in England,
and according to the Flemish pronunciation. So many names in Flanders
seem to halt between the Flemish and the French that it is difficult to
know how to set them down.
[7] Fifty-three battalions of infantry and seven regiments of
dragoons.—_Beaurain._
[8] No battlefield can be taken in more readily at a glance than that
of Landen. On the path alongside the railway from Landen Station is a
mound formed of earth thrown out of a cutting, from the top of which
the whole position can be seen.
[9] St. Simon. With the exception of one hollow, which might hold three
or four squadrons in double rank in line, there is not the slightest
shelter in the plain wherein the French horse could find protection.
[10] Life Guards, 1st, 3rd, 4th, 6th Dragoon Guards, Galway’s Horse.
[11] This is, of course, the Talmash of _Tristram Shandy_ and of
Macaulay’s History. He signed his name, however, as I spell it here,
and I use his own spelling the more readily since it is more easily
identified with the Tollemache of to-day.
[12] Philip III., d. 1621.
|
+-------+---------------------+
| |
Philip IV., d. 1665. Mary Anne, m. Ferdinand III.,
| | Emperor.
+-------+------+--------------+ |
| | | (1) | (3)
Charles II., Maria Theresa, Margaret, m. Leopold I., m. Eleonora
d. 1700. m. Louis XIV. | Emperor, | Magdalena,
| | d. 1705. | of Neuburg.
| | +---+
| Maria Antonia, |
Louis, m. Max. II., Archduke Charles
Dauphin, d. 1711. Elector of Bavaria. (Charles III.).
| |
Philip of Anjou Joseph,
(Philip V.). Electoral Prince,
d. 1699.
[13] Namur, Luxemburg, Mons, Charleroi, Ath, Oudenarde, Nieuport,
Ostend.
[14] By the defensive alliance concluded between England and Holland
early in 1668, it was laid down that either party, on being attacked,
had the right to require from the other the aid of a fixed proportion
of forces both naval and military. This treaty was arranged by Sir
William Temple shortly after the Treaty of Breda had brought to a close
the Dutch War of 1665–1667; it was known as the Triple Alliance, Sweden
being the third signatory.
[15] 12th, 22nd, 27th.
[16] 1st batt. First Guards, 1st Royals (2 batts.), 8th, 9th, 10th,
13th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 23rd, 24th. The Guards had been
substituted (after careful explanation to Parliament) by William’s own
direction for the 9th Foot.
[17] Seven regiments of horse and dragoons, fourteen battalions of
foot, fifty-six guns.
[18] Coxe, vol. i. p. 182.
[19] So Quincy. Coxe gives August 25–September 5 as the date, but the
difference depends merely on the interpretation of the word investment.
[20] See the description in Kane.
[21] St. Simon gives a curious account of Lewis’s difficulty in
arriving at the truth, owing to the general unwillingness to tell him
bad news.
[22] It is stated in _Records and Badges of the Army_ that
Lillingston’s was formed in 1702. But Narcissus Luttrell, Millar, and
the Military Entry Books all give the date as 25th March (New Year’s
Day) 1705.
[23] Quincy’s account of this portion of the campaign is, so far as
concerns Marlborough, full of falsehoods.
[24] Four British regiments were of this detachment. Two battalions of
the 1st Royals, the 3rd Buffs, and the 10th Foot.
[25] Narcissus Luttrell.
[26] It is worth noting that this was the first campaign in which
Marlborough and the British took the post of honour at the extreme
right of the Allied order of battle.
[27] His camp thus lay across the whole of Wellington’s position at
Waterloo, from east to west and considerably beyond it to westward, but
fronted in the reverse direction.
[28] ORDER OF BATTLE. CAMPAIGN OF 1705.
Right.
RIGHT WING ONLY.
1st Line.
Scots Greys, 3 squadrons.
5th Dragoons, 3 squadrons.
1st Dragoon Guards, 3 squadrons.
5th Dragoon Guards, 2 squadrons.
7th Dragoon Guards, 2 squadrons.
6th Dragoon Guards, 2 squadrons.
3rd Dragoon Guards, 2 squadrons.
1 Batt. 1st Guards.
1 Batt. Royal Scots.
18th Royal Irish.
23rd Royal Welsh.
28th Foot.
Stringer’s Foot.
26th Cameronians.
16th Foot.
3rd Buffs.
21st Royal Scots Fusiliers.
37th Foot.
Macartney’s Foot.
Evans’s Foot.
24th Foot.
15th Foot.
Foreign Troops.
2nd Line.
Foreign Troops.
Extreme Right of Centre.
2nd Batt. Royal Scots.
10th Foot.
Temple’s Foot.
29th Foot.
8th Foot
Left.
_Newspaper._
[29] Peterborough’s Dragoons; Mark Kerr’s, Stanwix’s, Lovelace’s,
Townsend’s, Tunbridge’s, Bradshaw’s, Sybourg’s, Price’s Foot. Sybourg’s
was made up of Huguenots.
[30] Marlborough’s _Despatches_, vol. ii. p. 262.
[31] This is the story told in Lamberti.
[32] The ground, though now drained, is still very wet.
[33] I have described the field at some length, since the map given by
Coxe is most misleading.
[34] Coxe, by a singular error, makes the left consist exclusively of
infantry, in face of Quincy, Feuquières, the _London Gazette_ and other
authorities, thereby missing almost unaccountably an important feature
in the action.
[35] Apparently the whole of Meredith’s brigade, viz.: 1st, 18th, 29th,
37th, 24th, and 10th regiments. The place is still easily identifiable.
[36] Molesworth escaped and was rewarded four years later, at the age
of twenty-two, with a regiment of foot.
[37] ORDER OF BATTLE. RAMILLIES, 12TH–23RD MAY 1706.
Right.
RIGHT WING ONLY.
1st Line.
Scots Greys.
5th Royal Irish Dragoons.
1st Dragoon Guards.
5th Dragoon Guards.
7th Dragoon Guards.
6th Dragoon Guards.
3rd Dragoon Guards.
Eighteen Dutch Squadrons.
1 Batt. 1st Guards.
1 Batt. Royal Scots.
16th Foot.
26th Cameronians.
28th Foot.
23rd Royal Welsh.
8th Foot.
3rd Buffs.
21st Royal Scots Fusiliers.
Evans’s Foot.
Macartney’s Foot.
Stringer’s Foot.
15th Foot.
Foreign Infantry.
2nd Line.
Foreign Cavalry.
2nd Batt. Royal Scots.
18th Royal Irish.
29th Foot.
37th Foot.
24th Foot.
10th Foot.
Foreign Infantry.
Left.
From Kane’s _Campaigns_.
[38] _Despatches_, vol. ii. p. 554.
[39] The British regiments regularly employed in the besieging army
were the 8th, 10th, and 18th, and Evans’s Foot; the Scots Greys, 3rd
and 6th Dragoon Guards. The total loss of the Allies was 32 officers
and 551 men killed, 83 officers and 1941 men wounded. The 18th Royal
Irish alone lost 15 officers, and in one attack over 100 men in half an
hour.
[40] Parker.
[41] ORDER OF BATTLE. CAMPAIGN OF 1707.
Right.
RIGHT WING ONLY
1st Line.
Stair’s Brigade.
Scots Greys.
5th Royal Irish Dragoons.
Palmer’s Brigade
1st Dragoon Guards.
5th Dragoon Guards.
7th Dragoon Guards.
6st Dragoon Guards.
3rd Dragoon Guards.
Orrery’s Foot.
Evans’s Foot.
Foreign horse.
Meredith’s Brigade.
1 Batt. 1st Guards.
1 Batt. Royal Scots.
16th Foot.
23rd Royal Welsh.
8th Foot.
Temple’s Brigade
2nd Batt. Royal Scots.
18th Royal Irish.
Temple’s Foot.
24th Foot.
10th Foot.
Lord North and Grey’s Brigade.
3rd Buffs.
21st Royal Scots Fusiliers.
37th Foot.
26th Cameronians.
15th Foot.
Gore’s Foot.
No British in the Second Line.
Left.
_Postboy_ 26th June 1707.
[42] Slane’s, Brazier’s, Delaune’s, Jones’s, Carles’s, all raised in
September.
[43] Mixed battalion of Guards, 19th Foot, Prendergast’s (late
Orrery’s).
[44] 16 battalions and 30 squadrons. In these were included the
brigades of Sabine, viz., 8th, 18th, 23rd, 37th; of Evans, viz.,
Orrery’s, Evans’s, and two foreign battalions; and of Plattenberg,
which included the Scottish regiments in the Dutch service.
[45] Among them the Royal Scots and Buffs.
[46] That is to say, on the western side of the road from Oudenarde to
Deynze.
[47] The ground, though drained and built over about Bevere, seems to
have lost little of its original character, and is worth a visit.
[48] British losses: 4 officers and 49 men killed, 17 officers and 160
men wounded.
[49] The force consisted of detachments of the 3rd and 4th Dragoons
(now Hussars), 12th, 29th, Hamilton’s, Dormer’s, Johnson’s, Moore’s,
Caulfield’s, Townsend’s, Wynne’s Foot.
[50] See, for instance, the commendations of Feuquières.
[51] 135 battalions, 260 squadrons.
[52] 122 battalions, 230 squadrons.
[53] These were, according to a contemporary plan (Fricx), the 16th,
18th, 21st, 23rd, 24th Foot.
[54] He is claimed as a Guardsman by General Hamilton (_Hist. Grenadier
Guards_), though Millner assigns him to the 16th Foot. This is the
only name of a man below the rank of a commissioned officer that I
have encountered in any of the books on the wars of Marlborough,
not excluding the works of Sergeants Deane and Millner. Littler was
deservedly rewarded with a commission.
[55] The Allied order of battle was peculiar. The artillery was all
drawn up in front, in rear of it came a first line of 100 squadrons,
then a second line of 80 squadrons, then a third line of 104
battalions, with wings of 14 squadrons more thrown out to the right and
left rear. _Daily Courant_, 6th September 1708.
[56] The five English regiments lost about 350 killed and wounded in
this assault. This would mean probably from a fifth to a sixth of their
numbers. _Daily Courant_, 6th September 1708.
[57] I have failed, in spite of much search, to identify the British
regiments present, excepting one battalion of the 1st Royals.
Marlborough, as Thackeray has reminded us by a famous scene in
_Esmond_, attributed the credit of the action in his first despatch
to Cadogan. Another letter, however, which appeared in the _Gazette_
three days later (23rd September), does full justice to Webb, as does
also a letter from the Duke to Lord Sunderland of 18th–29th September
(_Despatches_, vol. iv. p. 243). Webb’s own version of the affair
appeared in the _Gazette_ of 9th October, but does not mention the
regiments engaged. Webb became a celebrated bore with his stories of
Wynendale, but the story of his grievance against Marlborough would
have been forgotten but for Thackeray, who either ignored or was
unaware of the second despatch.
[58] Notably Prendergast’s. _Gazette_, 25th November.
[59] The British troops employed were the 6th Foot, 600 marines, and a
battalion of seamen.
[60] There are still some remains of the old walls of Tournay on the
south side of the town, and the ruins of Vauban’s citadel close by,
from which the extent of the works may be judged.
[61] The British regiments employed in the siege were the 1st Royals (2
battalions), 3rd Buffs, 37th, Temple’s, Evans’s and Prendergast’s Foot.
[62] The following description written from the trenches gives some
idea of the work: “Now as to our fighting underground, blowing up like
kites in the air, not being sure of a foot of ground we stand on while
in the trenches. Our miners and the enemy very often meet each other,
when they have sharp combats till one side gives way. We have got into
three or four of the enemy’s great galleries, which are thirty or
forty feet underground and lead to several of their chambers; and in
these we fight in armour by lanthorn and candle, they disputing every
inch of the gallery with us to hinder our finding out their great
mines. Yesternight we found one which was placed just under our bomb
batteries, in which were eighteen hundredweight of powder besides many
bombs: and if we had not been so lucky as to find it, in a very few
hours our batteries and some hundreds of men had taken a flight into
the air.”—_Daily Courant_, 20th August.
[63] 8th, 10th, 15th, 16th.
[64] Parker.
[65] A nominal list in the _Postboy_ of 1st October gives 36 officers
killed and 46 wounded. An earlier list of 17th September gives 40
officers and 511 men killed, 66 officers and 1020 men wounded; but this
is admittedly imperfect.
[66] ORDER OF BATTLE. CAMPAIGN OF 1709.
RIGHT WING ONLY
Right.
1st Line
Sybourg’s Brigade.
Scots Greys, 3 squadrons.
5th Royal Irish Dragoons, 2 squadrons.
Kelburn’s Brigade
1st Dragoon Guards, 2 Squadrons.
5th Dragoon Guards, 2 Squadrons.
7th Dragoon Guards, 2 Squadrons.
6th Dragoon Guards, 1 Squadron.
3rd Dragoon Guards, 2 Squadrons.
Orrery’s Brigade
26th Cameronians.
Two foreign battalions.
Prendergast’s Foot.
Two Foreign Brigadiers.
Twenty-seven squadrons of foreign dragoons.
1 Batt. 1st Guards.
1 Batt. Coldstream Guards.
1 Batt. Royal Scots.
37th Foot.
10th Foot.
2nd Batt. Royal Scots.
23rd Royal Welsh.
Orrery’s Foot.
3rd Buffs.
Temple’s Foot
Evans’s Foot.
16th Foot.
8th Foot.
24th Foot.
21st Royal Scots Fusiliers.
18th Royal Irish.
No British troops in the second line; but the 15th and 19th Foot
were also present at the action of Malplaquet.
Left.
[67] 11th, 37th, Kane’s, Clayton’s, and one foreign battalion of foot.
The losses of the expedition were 29 officers and 676 men drowned.
[68] Honey wood to Carteret, Jan. 7/18; Ligonier to Carteret, March
21/April 1, 1744.
[69] Ligonier to Carteret, April 29/May 10.
[70] Wade to Carteret, May 30/June 10, June 25/July 6.
[71] Carteret to Wade, May 25/June 5.
[72] Carteret to Wade, July 13/24, 17/28.
[73] Carteret to Wade, July 31/Aug. 11, Aug. 14/25, 17/28.
[74] Wade to Carteret, Aug. 26/Sept. 6.
[75] _Ibid._, Aug. 19/30, Aug. 25/Sept. 5, Sept. 16/27, Sept. 22/Oct.
3, Oct. 1/12, 10/21
[76] Ligonier to Carteret, July 31/Aug. 11, 1744.
[77] Ligonier to Harrington, Jan. 29/Feb. 9, Feb. 6/17, 1745.
[78] _Gazette_, Feb. 23/March 6, March 1/12, 1745.
[79] Cumberland to Harrington, April 1/12, 12/23.
[80] The ground immediately before Fontenoy presents for fully eight
hundred yards a gentle and unbroken slope. An officer, who went over
the ground with me, assured me that St. Privat itself does not offer a
more perfect natural glacis for modern rifle-fire.
[81] Every one knows the legend of “Messieurs les Gardes Françaises,
tirez les premiers.” “Non, messieurs, nous ne tirons jamais les
premiers.” But every English account agrees that the French fired
first, long before the question had been raised, and I take the
authority of Ligonier (who drew up the official account) as final. He
says distinctly, “We received their fire.”
[82] _Campagnes des Pays Bas._
[83] Ligonier to Harrington, May 5/16. Cumberland to Harrington, May
11/22.
[84] Fawkener to Harrington, July 19/30.
[85] General Bligh to Cumberland, June 28/July 9.
[86] Cumberland to Harrington, July 2/13.
[87] Cumberland to Harrington, July 14/25.
[88] Ligonier to Harrington, July 14/25.
[89] Harrington to Cumberland, Sept. 4/15; Oct. 1/12, 19/30.
[90] Dunmore to Harrington, Jan. 20/31, Jan. 27/Feb. 7, Feb. 12/23.
[91] Ligonier to Harrington, July 1/12, 1746.
[92] Ligonier to Harrington, July 9/20, 13/24, 16/27.
[93] _Ibid._, July 23/Aug. 3, Aug. 2/13.
[94] Ligonier to Harrington, Aug. 9/20, 19/30, Aug. 26/Sept. 6, Sept.
4/15.
[95] Ligomer to Harrington, Sept. 24/Oct. 5, Sept. 28/Oct. 9.
[96] Ligonier to Harrington, Sept. 28/Oct. 9, Oct. 20/31.
[97] 1st, 15th, 28th, 30th, 39th, and 42nd Foot.
[98] Cumberland to Harrington, Feb. 6/17, March 20/31, March 24/April 4.
[99] Cumberland to Chesterfield, May 1/12, 9/20.
[100] Cumberland blamed the Austrian General, Baroney, and his
irregulars for supine negligence on the march. Cumberland to
Chesterfield, July 6/17, 1747.
[101] The regiments present at Lauffeld were the Greys, 4th Hussars,
Inniskillings, 7th Hussars, and Cumberland’s dragoons, one battalion
each of the 1st and 3rd Guards, 3rd, 4th, 13th, 19th, 21st, 23rd, 25th,
32nd, 33rd, 36th, 37th, 48th Foot. The two last had no casualties.
[102] Cumberland to Newcastle, March 18/29, March 22/April 2, March
26/April 6.
[103] _Dropmore Papers_, Auckland to Grenville, 21st and 25th January;
14th and 15th February. _F.O. Holland_, 16th February 1793. And see
_Auckland Correspondence_ and _Dropmore Papers_ generally, November
1792 to February 1793.
[104] The head of the column was able to keep sober; the rear, under
the endearments of the populace, subsided dead drunk on the road and
was brought on in carts. _Narrative of an Officer of the Guards._
[105] Lake to Dundas, 2nd March 1793. Lake’s Instructions, 23rd
February. Grenville to Auckland, 20th February 1793. _F.O. Holland_,
Auckland to Grenville, 4th March 1793.
[106] _Dropmore Papers_, Auckland to Grenville, 5th and 13th March
1793. _S.C.L.B._ 5th March; Abercromby’s instructions, 9th March;
Dundas to York, 15th March 1793; _C.C.L.B._ 2nd March; Adj.-gen. to
York, 27th March, 12th April 1793. Calvert, pp. 53, 67.
[107] _S.P. Ireland_, Cooke to Hobart, 23rd April; Westmoreland to
Hobart, 27th April; Dundas to Westmoreland, 16th May, 31st July 1793;
_S.C.L.B._ 18th May 1793.
[108] _S.C.L.B._ 7th February. _C.C.L.B._ Adj.-gen. to Duke of York,
2nd and 12th April 1793. Dundas to Williamson, 4th April 1793.
[109] Duke of Argyll’s and Earl of Sutherland’s, 1759; Lord Fred.
Campbell’s, 1778; Earl of Sutherland’s, Fauconberg’s (Yorkshire),
North’s (Cinque Ports), 1779.
[110] Athol’s or the Manx, Sir J. Grant’s, Gower’s (or Wemyss’s),
Eglinton’s (or Montgomery’s), Breadalbane’s, Argyll’s, Duke of
Gordon’s, Hopetoun’s, Balfour’s (Orkney). Their strength was 650 of all
ranks, except the Manx, which were 323 strong.
[111] Murray to Dundas, 26th March 1793.
[112] Sybel, ii. 230; Grenville to Auckland, 3rd April 1793.
[113] _S.C.L.B._ 21st March, 2nd April; _C.C.L.B._ 25th March 1793.
_Dropmore Papers_, ii. 360, 387–89. Buckingham to Grenville, 20th
January; the King to Grenville, 29th March; Pitt to Grenville, 1st
April 1793. Auckland to Grenville, 31st May 1793.
[114] Sybel, ii. 142.
[115] The insisting upon an indemnity must have been the work of Pitt,
probably under the influence of Dundas. Grenville trembled at the word
indemnity. _Dropmore Papers_, ii. 392.
[116] Protocol of conference of 7th April. Dundas to Auckland and to
Murray, 16th April Auckland to Grenville, 19th April 1793.
[117] Murray to Dundas, 22nd April 1793.
[118] Prussians, 8000, of which 1800 cavalry; Austrians, 55,000,
of which 10,000 cavalry; Dutch, 15,000, of which 2500 cavalry;
Hanoverians, 12,000, of which 3000 cavalry; Hessians, 8000, of which
1500 cavalry; British, 7200, of which 3000 cavalry. Total, 105,200, of
which 27,200 in the pay of England. About 5000 of the Austrians and the
8000 Hessians were not expected till June. Witzleben, ii. 117, 181–186.
Coburg to York, 1st and 3rd May; Murray to Dundas, 5th May; Dundas to
Murray, 10th May 1793.
[119] The authorities for this and the next paragraph are Ditfurth, i.
29, 35, 36; Witzleben, ii. 59; Calvert, p. 83; Sybel, ii. 154.
[120] Ditfurth, i. 48.
[121] 231 horses, draught and pack, and 116 drivers, etc., per
battalion of 1100 men, of which 82 horses and 34 men were for the
officers. Each company had one four-horse waggon, and each battalion
one pair-horse hospital-waggon.
[122] Ditfurth, i. 33; Witzleben, ii. 66. York to Dundas, 25th January
1794. Vol. iii. of this _History_, pp. 524, 525.
[123] _Dropmore Papers_, ii. 349.
[124] Bunbury, _Great War with France_, p. 46.
[125] Poisson, ii. 239, 240.
[126] Rousset, p. 183.
[127] _Vie de Carnot_, i. 138.
[128] “The squadron of men of war and transports was collected, the
commodore’s flag hoisted, and the expedition sailed with _most secret_
orders, which as usual were as well known to the enemy and everybody
in England as to those by whom they were given” (Marryat, _The King’s
Own_, ch. vii. _ad init._). Marryat attributes this failing to the
multitude of counsellors that compose a Cabinet. He may be right, but
those who are acquainted with the scandalous carelessness with which
Ministers treat confidential military documents, find no difficulty
in accounting for it otherwise. This evil still continues, and will
continue until Cabinet Ministers are subjected to the same penalties
for abuse of trust as other servants of the King.
[129] Calvert, p. 72.
[130] _Dropmore MSS._ Lieut.-colonel Freemantle to Buckingham, 13th
May 1793. Calvert, p. 79. _Narrative by an Officer of the Guards_,
i. 29–31. Murray to Dundas, 10th May (private) 1793. There are some
significant omissions from his public letter of the same date as
published in the Gazette. _Auckland Correspondence_, iii. 58.
[131] 7th, 11th, 15th, 16th Light Dragoons.
[132] Murray to Dundas, 15th and 17th May 1793.
[133] Witzleben, ii. 194.
[134] That is to say, guns not allotted to the infantry as
battalion-guns.
[135] The brigade was reckoned at four battalions, the flank companies
being massed into a fourth battalion.
[136] The Fourteenth and Fifty-third, with the flank companies of these
two regiments and of the Thirty-seventh, massed into a third battalion.
Witzleben (ii. 199) gives a larger number of British troops, calling
all squadrons and battalions in British pay by the name English.
[137] Murray to Dundas, 24th May 1793.
[138] Witzleben, ii. 210–211. This author states that the Duke of York
asked for the command of the siege, which I believe to be absolutely
incorrect, and indeed incredible. See Murray to Dundas, 26th and 29th
May; Dundas to Murray, 30th and 31st May 1793.
[139] Blues, Royals, Greys, Inniskillings.
[140] _Vie de Carnot_, i. 321, _sq._
[141] Dundas to Murray, 29th May, 14th June, 12th July; Murray to
Dundas, 18th June and 16th July 1793.
[142] Murray to Dundas, 25th July.
[143] Sybel, ii. 370–373.
[144] Ditfurth, i. 69. Witzleben, ii. 263–64. Murray to Dundas
(private), 9th August 1793.
[145] Witzleben, ii. 264, 370. Dundas to Murray, 1st August 1793.