[254] _Bishop Hall's_ account in his _Hard Measure_ would seem to

imply that the King had not seen the paper before it was brought under

the notice of the Upper House by Lord-keeper Littleton, but it is

clearly stated (_Parl. Hist._, ii. 993) that what Littleton did in

this matter was by his Majesty's command. "The Jesuitical faction,"

says a letter of the day, "according to their wonted custom, fomenting

still jealousies between the King and his people, and the bishops,

continually concurring with the Popish lords against the passing any

good Bills sent from the House of Commons thither; and their last plot

hath been their endeavour to make this Parliament no Parliament, and so

to overthrow all Acts past, and to cause a dissolution of it for the

present, which hath been so strongly followed by the Popish party, that

it was fain to be put to the vote, and the Protestant Lords carried

it to be a free and perfect Parliament as ever any was before. This

did so gall the bishops that they made their protestation against the

freedom of the vote, and the Parliament; and in their protestation

have inserted such speeches as have brought them within the compass of

treason, and thus the Council of Achitophel is turned into foolishness.

The Earl of Bristol and his son have been chief concurrents with them

in this and other evil councils, for which they have been impeached and

branded in the House of Commons."--_State Papers_, Letter of Thomas

Smith to Sir J. Pennington, dated York House, 30th Dec., 1641.

There are allusions to these proceedings in other letters (_State

Papers_) which all blame the bishops for want of wisdom.

[255] Hall says, "On January the 30th, in all the extremity of frost,

at 8 o'clock in the dark evening, are we voted to the Tower. The

news of this our crime and imprisonment flew over the city, and was

entertained by our well-wishers with ringing of bells and bonfires."

_Hard Measure._

[256] "This day the bishops have made a protestation against the

proceedings of this Parliament, declaring it no free Parliament. This

makes a great stir here. The favourers of them think it done too soon,

the other side do seem now to rejoice that it is done, having thereby

excluded themselves from it." _Slingsby to Pennington. State Papers_,

30th Dec., 1641.

[257] _Collier's Ecclesiastical History_, ii. 819.

[258] _Parl. Hist._, ii. 1206. The bishops were: Dr. John Williams,

Archbishop of York; Dr. T. Moreton, Bishop of Durham; Dr. J. Hall,

Bishop of Norwich; Dr. Robert Wright, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield;

Dr. John Owen, Bishop of St. Asaph; Dr. William Piers, Bishop of Bath

and Wells; Dr. John Coke, Bishop of Hereford; Dr. M. Wren, Bishop of

Ely; Dr. Robert Skinner, Bishop of Oxon; Dr. G. Goodman, Bishop of

Gloucester; Dr. J. Towers, Bishop of Peterborough; Dr. M. Owen, Bishop

of Llandaff.

In _Parl. Hist._, ii. 998, Warner is mentioned as Bishop of

Peterborough, but he was Bishop of Rochester. See list of the thirteen

impeached in August.

[259] _Parl. Hist._, ii. 1080.

[260] _Lords' Journals_, Feb. 16th.

[261] It is related of this eccentric person that, as master of a

household, he never allowed the presence of a female servant.--See

_Worthies of Sussex, by Mark Antony Lower_.

[262] _Harl. MSS._ in _Lysons_, iii. 56.

[263] There is a curious letter from Towers, then Dean of Peterborough,

dated December 30, 1633, in which he seeks to make interest with Sir

John Lambe, Dean of the Arches, for the succession of the bishopric. He

says he should be almost as glad to see his friend Dr. Sibthorpe in the

deanery as himself in the palace. _State Papers Dom., Chas. I._

[264] _Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy_, part ii. 78. The few

particulars we have given respecting the bishops rest chiefly on his

authority.

[265] _Hacket's Memorial_, ii. 226.

[266] The following _State Papers Dom._, (_Chas. I._), was written at

the same time:--

"Sir--What passeth in Scotland I presume you have already understood

from Mr. Bere, so that I shall only say, that I believe the great plot

there may prove much ado about nothing. Howsoever I am advertised that

all the distractions thereupon have suddenly composed, which gives

great hope of his Majesty's return ere it be long. Our Parliament, I

mean the House of Commons, were very hot in getting the Lords to pass

a bill which they had voted, and sent up against the bishops; but the

news of a rebellion in Ireland made them cast that by, and ever since

Saturday last both Houses have bestowed their time upon this business,

and at length have concluded to send away the Lord Lieutenant speedily

with 1,000 men and £50,000 in money, which is to be taken up of the

city, if they can get it there, for the citizens of the best rank are

at this time much discontented with the Parliament about protections,

whereby they are stopped from getting in their debts to their great

prejudice....

"H. COGAN.

"_Charing Cross, 4th Nov., 1641._"

[267] Letter of Thos. Wiseman, dated 4th Nov., 1641. (_State Papers

Dom., Chas. I._)

This letter discloses to us facts which were the subject of many

a letter, and many a conversation in the autumn of 1641. Public

indignation was awakened by these atrocities in a way resembling that

with which we were all sadly familiar at the period of the Indian

massacre.

[268] _Mant's History of the Church of Ireland_, i. 467, 470.

[269] _Bramhall's Works_, i., _letters_, p. 79. The Lord Deputy's

letter in 1634 also gives a lamentable description.--_Strafford's

Letters_, i. 187. See also _Petition of Irish Convocation_.--_Collier_,

ii. 763.

[270] _Mant's Church of Ireland_, i. 548.

[271] _Rushworth_, iv. 406.

[272] For the Roman Catholic view of the case, see _Lingard's History

of England_, x. 41.

[273] _Lister's Autobiography_, 7. The places named are on the great

highway from South Lancashire to Halifax.

[274] _Calamy's Ejected Ministers_, i. 45.

[275] _Nalson_, ii. 647-688. Cogan (servant to some one addressed by

Nicholas as Rt. Honble.) in a letter dated Charing Cross, November

18, 1641, after relating the story told by the tailor of White Cross

Street, continues--"he went with all speed to the House of Commons,

unto whom being with great importunity admitted, he at large related

all the aforesaid passages, and withal shewed in how many places of

his cloak and clothes he was run through; and after long examination

of him they sent him up unto the Lords, who in like manner questioned

him a long time, and ever since there hath been a great coil about the

finding out of this matter, by searching of Recusants' houses, as my

Lord of Worcester's in the Strand, St. Basil Brooke's, and others. Now,

whether this be a truth or an imposture, time will resolve."

[276] _Nalson_, ii. 673. Dering's subsequent history does not belong to

our pages. It is enough to say he was expelled the House, his published

speeches were burnt by the hangman, he joined the King, and served in

the army; and then, after all, made his peace with the Parliament.

[277] _Clarendon_, 433.

[278] _Macaulay's Essays_, i. 160.

[279] Quoted in _Forster's Grand Remonstrance_, 172.

[280] As to Royalists of the mean and selfish class, see _Brodie_, iii.

344-354.

[281] _Parl. Hist._, ii. 990.

[282] _Nalson_, ii. 673.

[283] _Letters_ of the 13th and 14th of January, in the State Paper

Office, indicate the excitement of the period, and the uncertainty felt

about the King's movements.

[284] _State Papers Dom._, under date January 13, 1642. Parts of this

letter, of which I have not transcribed the whole, are inserted by

Mr. Forster in his _Arrest of the Five Members_. I had intended to

introduce other interesting letters of that date, but as they are

already printed by him, I refer the reader to his pages.

[285] March 28, 1642.--A conference was held respecting a petition from

Kent, which prayed for a restoration of the Bishops, and the Liturgy,

&c., &c. Some parts of the petition were voted scandalous, dangerous,

and tending to sedition.--_Lords' Journal._

April 21.--Both Houses made a curious order against

counter-petitions--"As no man ought to petition for the Government

established by law because he has already his wish; but they that

desire an alteration cannot otherwise have their desires known, and

therefore are to be countenanced."

April 28.--The Commons, by Mr. Oliver Cromwell, acquaint the Lords

"that a great meeting is to be held next day on Blackheath, to back the

rejected Kentish petition." 30--"The Men of Kent come to the House,

and again present their petition formerly burnt. Several are committed

to the Gate House and Fleet."--_Parry's Parliaments and Councils of

England_, 385, 386.

[286] This appears from a letter by Slingsby.--_State Papers_, December

2, 1641.

[287] _Rushworth_, iv. 498.

[288] See also _Neal_, ii. chap. xii., and _May_, 247-265.

[289] July 28, 1642--The Lords give judgment against John Marston,

Clerk, who had said--"The Parliament set forth flams to cozen and

cheat the country and get their money, &c. He is deprived of all

ecclesiastical preferments; made incapable hereafter to hold place or

dignity in Church or Commonwealth; imprisoned in the Gatehouse; and

ordered to give sureties."--_Parliaments and Councils of England_, 396.

[290] The Royalists sometimes appealed to Scripture.--There is amongst

the _State Papers_, one containing texts of Scripture relating to royal

authority:--1. Pray for the King; 2. Speak not evil of the King; 3.

Exalt not thyself against the King; 4. The King's confidence in God; 5.

The King loveth judgment; 6. The King ought to be feared; 7. God's care

of his anointed; 8. Punishment of his adversaries; 9. Exhortation to

obedience; 10. His triumph and thanksgiving.

There is also a paper of arguments in defence of taking up arms in

maintenance of the true reformed religion:--From the law of nature.

From Divine authority out of God's word. From human authority;

Citations from fathers, &c. From reason. From practice of Reformed

kirks, France, Holland, Germany, Bohemia, Switzerland, Hungary, and

Sweden, which had all taken up arms for defence of religion against

authority. From the custom of Kings in Reformed kirks--Elizabeth

against Spain--James, in his _Basilicon_, approves reforming of

Scotland--Charles sent a naval force to help French Protestants.

[291] I may add the following sentence from _Hook's Lives of the

Archbishops of Canterbury_, iii. 291:--"The first lawyer whose writings

we possess, Bracton, asserts, '_Lex omnium Rex_.' A king not less than

a subject may be a traitor."

[292] _Parl. Hist._, ii. 1168.

[293] These papers are given in full by _Rushworth_, iv. 624, 722. They

are also to be found in _Neal_, ii. 553, 556, 563, as extracts from

_Rushworth_, though much condensed.

[294] _Rushworth_, iv. 733.

[295] In the _Weekly Intelligencer_, October 18, 1642, mention is made

of a woman called Moll Cutpurse, who wore both, saying she was for King

and Parliament, too.

[296] "_Powers to be resisted_, or a dialogue arguing the Parliament's

lawful resistance of the powers now in arms against them, and that

archbishops, bishops, curates, neuters, all these are to be cut off

by the law of God, therefore to be cast out by the law of the land,

etc."--London, 1643. p. 13.

See also John Goodwin's _Anti-cavalierisme_.

That the people have a right to resist their rulers when they do wrong

was a common opinion amongst Reformers in Mary's reign. See _Maitland's

Essays on Reformation in England_, vi.

[297] All these particulars are mentioned in pamphlets of the King's

collection.--British Museum, years 1642, 1643. Marvels and Monsters

were rife at the time of the Reformation.--_Maitland's Essays_, 184.

[298] A list of contributors is printed in _Choice Notes, Historical_,

p. 55.

[299] Such a contribution from William Bridge and his family is

described in the _Yarmouth Corporation Records_.

[300] Baxter assigns a number of reasons which induced godly people

to take side with the Parliament.--_Life and Times_, part i. 33. Mrs.

Hutchinson, in the _Memoirs_ of her husband, gives amusing sketches of

some who joined that party for sinister ends, pp. 105-116. _The Life of

Adam Martindale_, p. 31, indicates how Royalists sought shelter amidst

Parliamentarians.

[301] It is worthy of remark that Cromwell began his military course

at about forty, the same age as that at which Cæsar commenced his

victories. Cæsar, however, when a young man, had served in the army,

which Cromwell had not. It is a curious parallel that both should have

been such successful soldiers after so long an engagement in peaceful

occupations. Both died at the age of about fifty-five.

[302] _Rushworth_, v. 39.

[303] A small volume was published containing portions of Scripture,

and was entitled _The Souldier's Pocket Bible_.

[304] As to the presence of Roman Catholics in the two armies, the

following passages from Baxter and Hallam should be considered:--

Baxter, whose prejudices against the army must be borne in mind when

he refers to the subject, only expresses suspicion. "The most among

Cromwell's soldiers that ever I could _suspect_ for Papists were but a

few that began as strangers among the common soldiers, and by degrees

rose up to some inferior offices, and were most conversant with the

common soldiers; but none of the superior officers _seemed_ such,

though seduced by them."--_Life and Times_, part i. 78.

Hallam leans to the idea that the common reports had some foundation.

He remarks: "It is probable that some foreign Catholics were in the

Parliament's service. But Dodds says, with great appearance of truth,

that no one English gentleman of that persuasion was in arms on their

side.--_Church History of England_, iii. 28. He reports, as a matter

of hearsay, that out of about 500 gentlemen who lost their lives for

Charles in the civil war, 194 were Catholics. They were, doubtless, a

very powerful faction in the court and army."--_Hallam's Const. Hist._

i. 587.

[305] _Hibbert's History of Manchester_, i. 210.

[306] "_Some Special Passages from Warwickshire._" _King's Pamphlets,

Brit. Mus. Acts and Orders_, i. 124.

[307] _King's Pamphlets, Brit. Mus. Acts and Orders_, ii. 124.

[308] _Rushworth_, iv. 783.

[309] These were commenced by Mr. Case, of St. Mary Magdalen, Milk

Street, and afterwards circulated from church to church for the

convenience of the citizens.--_Neal_, ii. 592.

[310] Letter of Nehemiah Wharton, dated Aylesbury, August the 16th,

1642. Addressed to his much honoured friend, Mr. George Willingham,

Merchant, at the Golden Anchor, Swithin Lane.--_State Papers, Chas. I.,

Dom._

[311] In a letter, dated September 7, Wharton says of Northampton, for

situation, circuit, stateliness of buildings, it exceeds Coventry, but

the walls are miserably ruined though the country abounds in mines

of stone. He also complains of certain soldiers of his regiment who

discovered their base ends by declaring they would surrender their arms

unless they received five shillings a man, which they said was promised

them monthly by the committee. He alludes further to dissensions

between foot and horse soldiers. In another letter he mentions a

soldier's winter suit made for him, "edged with gold and silver lace,"

which he hoped he should never stain but in the blood of a cavalier.

[312] Letter of William Harrison, Berwick, dated 7th Sept., 1642, to

his good friend Mr. Thomas Davison, at London.--_State Papers, Chas.

I., Dom._

[313] _Whitelocke's Memorials_, 65.

[314] _Rushworth_, v. 35. _Baxter's Life and Times_, part i. 43.

[315] _Parl. Hist._, ii. 1495-1504.

[316] _Whitelocke_, 65. _Sanford's Illustrations_, 535.

[317] _Rushworth_, v. 81.

[318] November 26th.--_Rushworth_, v. 69-71.

[319] _Parl. Hist._, iii. 59.

[320] The speech is printed in the _Harleian Miscellany_, v. 224.

[321] _Calamy's Continuation_, ii. 737.

[322] Edmund Calamy, the popular clergyman of the Commonwealth, was

grandfather to the historian of that name.

[323] _The Loyal Satirist.--Somers' Tracts_, vii. 68.

[324] August 3, 1642.--_Rushworth_, v. 388.

[325] _Parl. Hist._, ii. 1465.

[326] On the 20th of January Maynard "spoke very earnestly that we

should not abolish the jurisdiction of bishops until we had replaced

another government in the Church: which he thought would not be very

soon agreed upon, some being for a presbytery, some for an independent

government, and others for he knew not what."--_Harl. MSS._, clxiv. p.

1078, A. B. _Sanford's Illustrations_, 550.

[327] See _Commons' Journal_ and _Lords' Journal_.

[328] _Baillie's Letters and Journals_, ii. 58.

[329] _Rushworth_, v. 399-406. The papers were presented in February,

1642-3. The petition bears date 4th of January.

[330] _Memorials_, 67. The safe conduct bears date 28th of January,

1642-3.

[331] _Rushworth_, v. 166-169.

[332] _Hist._, 962.

[333] _Rushworth_, v. 459.

[334] _Baillie's Letters_, ii. 66, 67.

[335] _Letters and Journals_, i. 287.

[336] _Nalson_, ii. 766. Thomas Fuller advocated the calling of a

synod.--_Life, by Russell_, 124.

[337] _Rushworth_, v. 337. _Husband_, 208.

"There must be some laymen in the synod, to overlook the clergy, lest

they spoil the civil work; just as when the good woman puts a cat into

the milk house to kill a mouse, she sends her maid to look after the

cat, lest the cat should eat up the cream."--_Selden's Table Talk_, 169.

[338] Hacket, Bishop of Lichfield; Morley, Bishop of Winchester;

Nicholson, Bishop of Gloucester; Prideaux, Bishop of Worcester;

Reynolds, Bishop of Norwich.

[339] _Calamy's Continuation_, i. 28.--Bancroft, on the authority of

Winthrop, says that the colonial Churches of America were invited to

send deputies to the Westminster Assembly. But Hooker, of Hartford,

"'liked not the business,' and deemed it his duty rather to stay in

quiet and obscurity with his people in Connecticut, than to turn

propagandist and plead for Independency in England."--_United States_,

i. 417. Did Philip Nye seek to strengthen the Independents in the

Assembly by inviting brethren from America?

[340] "It was almost implied in the meaning of the word. An 'Œcumenical

Synod,' that is an 'Imperial gathering,' from the whole οἰκουμένη,

or empire (for this was the technical meaning of the word, even

in the Greek of the New Testament) could be convened only by the

emperor."--_Stanley's Lectures on the Eastern Church_, 80. The first

council of Arles, inferior only to a General Council, was called by the

Emperor Constantine.--_Euseb. Hist._, _lib._ x. _c._ v.

[341] The Divines were allowed by the Parliamentary ordinance four

shillings a day.

[342] Perhaps some one better versed in the controversy touching powers

of Convocation than I am might shew that, after all, the power of

decision, and the liberty of discussion in the two Houses, do not far

exceed what was allowed to the Westminster Assembly. It is admitted

on all hands that Convocation cannot meet without a royal writ, nor

make canons without licence, nor publish them without confirmation by

the Great Seal, and some contend that Convocation may not even discuss

any matters _without royal licence_.--See _Lathbury's History of

Convocation_, 112.

While I am revising this book for the press, I find the following in

to-day's _Times_, January 11th, 1866: "Convocation is nothing more

whatever than a general commission of enquiry into the affairs of the

Church empowered to report its opinions to the Crown." Change "Crown"

into "Parliament," and this passage describes the Westminster Assembly,

so far as its power was concerned.

[343] _Rushworth_, v. 339. It does not appear clearly whether the

sermon was delivered in the abbey or the chapel. Rushworth, after

mentioning the sermon and the presence of the two Houses, says of the

Divines, "After which they assembled in the said chapel:" as if the

"Houses" had heard the sermon in some other part of the abbey.

I do not find any notice of Twiss's sermon in the list of his works.

[344] The Upper House of Convocation met in Henry the Seventh's Chapel

both in 1572 and in 1640.--_Gibson's Synodus Anglicanus._

[345] Washington Irving.

[346] _Fuller's Church History_, iii. 448.

[347] _Neal_, iii. 60.

[348] _Journal of the Assembly. Lightfoot's Works_, xiii. 3.

[349] This was Mr. John White, of Dorchester, great grandfather of John

and Charles Wesley.--See _Kirk's Mother of the Wesleys_, 18.

[350] _Lightfoot_, xiii. 7-9. _Hetherington's History of the

Westminster Assembly_, p. 114.

[351] This will be inserted in the Appendix.

[352] _True and faithful Narrative of the Death of Master Hampden_,

quoted in _Nugent's Life of Hampden_, 363.

[353] Scarborough church was stormed in 1644 by the Parliament

soldiers, and afterwards fortified by them. It is remarkable to find

church towers so constructed, as to shew they were intended for warlike

purposes. Melsonby and Middleham, in Yorkshire, and Harlestone, in

Northamptonshire, are examples.--_Poole's Ecclesiastical Architecture_,

358.

[354] _Joseph Lister's Narrative_, 23. Bradford was taken on the 2nd of

July.

[355] _Hist._, 416.

[356] _Rushworth_, v. 287.

[357] _Rushworth_, v. 290. _Calamy's Account_, ii. 675. _Palmer's Non.

Con. Mem._ ii. 467.

[358] _Rushworth_, v. 344.

[359] _Sanford's Illustrations_, 575.

[360] _David's Annals of Nonconformity in Essex_, 535.

[361] _Vol._ ii. 103, &c.

[362] Instructions given are inserted in _Parl. Hist._, iii. 151.

[363] _Baillie_, ii. 88, 97.

[364] _Baxter's Life and Times_, p. i. 48.--He adds that this public

explication was given by Mr. Coleman, when preaching on the Covenant to

the House of Lords: "That by prelacy we mean not all Episcopacy, but

only the form which is here described."

On the 12th of September, the Solemn League and Covenant was proposed

to the Parliament, who, on the 21st, ordered it to be printed.

On the 20th, the Lords declared that none shall have command till they

have taken the Covenant.

[365] _II. Chron._ xv. 12, 14, 15.--The 15th verse is printed with

two other texts on the title page of the Solemn League and Covenant,

published Sept. 22nd, 1643.

[366] _Cunninghame's History of the Church of Scotland_, i. 315, ii. 81.

[367] The Solemn League and Covenant will be inserted in the Appendix.

[368] _Nye's Exhortation_ was published, and a portion of it, extolling

the Covenant, may be seen in _Hanbury's Memorials_, ii. 215.

[369] Gouge was a Puritan divine who died in 1653, after being minister

of Blackfriars nearly forty-six years.

[370] In the State Paper Office is the following letter written by

Falkland in the spring of the year.

"Sir,--If my health were not so ill as yours, with all my business to

boot, I should not hope to be excused for being so slow in giving you

thanks for two so great favours. I heartily wish we were in a condition

of being able to make use of any good inclinations to us beyond sea,

and perhaps they are the kinder, because they find it safe to be

so, whilst we are as we are, that is, unable to take them at their

words, and make use of their kindness. Of Mr. Wightman's commitment I

never heard before I read your letter: the petition for him is in Mr.

Secretary's hands, but I will assist it to my power; though I conceive

it indiscreetly done of the Company to send so obnoxious a person, and

yet more indiscreetly done of him to be sent, who could not but know

that he was such. My desire of peace, and my opinion of the way to it,

agree wholly with yours, for which I congratulate with myself, and wish

the second followed (but both sides must then contribute) that the

first might be obtained, and I might then have occasion to congratulate

with the kingdom too. His Majesty hath commanded me to let you know

that he is very sensible of your present condition, and that he is

sorry for nothing more than that his friends (especially so honest and

deserving a man) should be in danger for being so, and be not able to

protect them, but that if retiring of yourself hither out of their

power would stand with your occasions, he assures you, you shall be

very welcome, but what to advise you, if you stay, I find he knows not,

and I am sure I know as little. I wish, whether you stay or come, it

might be in my power to serve you. I assure you, Sir, if there were

any occasion of doing it by my readiness to catch at, and my diligence

in pursuing it, you should find what I must now desire you to believe,

that I am, Sir, your very really humble Servant,

FALKLAND.

"18th April."

(Addressed) "For the Right Honourable Sir Thomas Rowe, Knight, one of

His Majesty's most honourable Privy Council."--_Dom. Car._ i., April

18, 1643.

[371] _Rushworth_, v. 486.

[372] _Perfect Diurnal_, 2nd of Sept., 1643.

[373] _Baillie's Letters_, ii. 99, 113-115.

[374] _Rushworth_, v. 358.

[375] "Horses have stood ready in several stables, and almost

eaten out their heads, for those that were to go with the news to

Oxford."--_Parliament Scout._

[376] The Diurnals which supply these statements are not trustworthy.

[377] Amongst the _State Papers_ is the following programme, or, as it

is entituled, "The proceeding" of Mr. Pym's funeral:--

Two Conductors. Servants in Cloaks. Friends in Cloaks. Esquires.

Knights. Baronets. Divines. The Preacher. _The Pennon borne by_ Mr.

Faulconer. Rouge Dragon _Helm and crest_. Lancaster _Coat of arms_.

+---------+ | | | The | Supporters | | to the Pal | Body. | | | Mr.

Anth. Rous, _supporter_. | | Mr. Chas. Pym, _supporter_. +---------+

Mr. Alex. Pym, _chief mourner_. Mr. Simons and Mr. Nicholls. Mr. Askew.

Mrs. Symons and Mrs. Katherine Pym, and other Ladies and Gentlemen.

Then the Lords. Then the Speaker of the House of Commons.

An endorsement shews that the three officers of arms allowed by the

committee for this funeral were appointed £20 apiece, making a sum of

£60. The following names also appear on the back of the document: Mr.

Solicitor, Sir Arthur Haslerigge, Sir John Clotworthy, Mr. Knightley,

Sir Gilbert Gerard, Sir Harry Vane, Mr. Stroud. Probably all these were

present.

[378] Pym defended himself against imputations on his religious

character, by saying that he had ever been a faithful son to the

Protestant religion, without the least relation in his belief to the

gross errors of Anabaptism or Brownism. He had sought a reformation of

the Church of England--but not its overthrow. Neither envy nor private

grudge against the bishops, who were personally inimical to him, made

him averse to their functions, but only his zeal for religion, which he

saw injured by the too extended authority of the prelates, who should

have been upright and humble, "shearing their flocks and not flaying

them."--_Rushworth_, v. 378.

Marshall in his _Sermon_ and Baxter in his _Saint's Rest_ would not

have spoken of Pym as they did, had they not been satisfied that

charges against his moral character were utterly untrue. Marshall

includes chastity in the catalogue of his virtues. I can find no proof

of anything improper in his intimacy with the Countess of Carlisle. For

extracts from _Marshall's Sermons_, and the _Diurnals_, see _Forster's

British Statesmen_, vol. ii. 294-302.

[379] Baillie says: "The plottings are incessant."--_Letters and

Journals_, ii. 132.

[380] This is stated in a curious book, called _Magnalia Dei Anglicana;

or, England's Parliamentary Chronicle_, by John Vicars, part iii.,

entitled _God's Ark Overtopping the World's Waves_, 135. A full account

of these plots is given from the writer's own point of view. Vicars was

a violent Presbyterian, and his book is full of party prejudice and

curious information. Baillie notices these plots pretty fully, ii. 137.

[381] Mr. Nye and Mr. Goodwin entered into conference with Ogle only

that they might entrap him. In the Journal of the House of Commons,

January 26th, 1643-4, it is recorded "that Mr. Goodwin, Mr. Nye, with

the privity of my Lord General and some members of the House, had

conference with Ogle--Resolved, 'that it doth appear upon the whole

matter, that the King and his council at Oxford do endeavour and

embrace all ways to raise and ferment divisions betwixt us and our

brethren of Scotland, and amongst ourselves under the fair pretences

of easing tender consciences; that during these fair pretences their

immediate design was the ruin of the kingdom by the destroying and

burning the magazines thereof; that thanks be returned to Mr. Nye and

Mr. Goodwin from both Houses.'" We learn from Baillie, ii. 137, that

_John_ Goodwin is the person here intended.

[382] _State Papers_, April 13, 1651. Bundle 646. Ogle is here styled

"Colonel."

[383] _Vicars' Chronicle_, iii.

[384] _Vicars' Chronicle_, iii. 128, _Baillie_, ii. 134, and _Perfect

Diurnal_. In the _Perfect Diurnal_ of Thursday, June 19th, 1645, there

is an account of another City feast. After dinner, and grace said by

Mr. Marshall, both Houses of Parliament, the Assembly of Divines, the

Aldermen of the City, and all the rest being assembled in the hall,

they sung the 46th Psalm, and after that they departed.

[385] Mr. Bruen, of Tarvin, in the Deanery of Chester, an eminent

Puritan (born 1560, died 1625) "the phœnix of his age," distinguished

himself as an iconoclast. Finding in his own chapel superstitious

images, and idolatrous pictures in the painted windows, and they so

thick and dark that there was, as he himself says, "scarce the breadth

of a groat of white glass amongst them," took orders to pull them down,

indeed by the Queen's injunctions utterly to extinguish and destroy all

pictures, paintings, and other monuments of idolatry and superstition,

so that there might remain no memory of the same in the walls, glass

windows, or elsewhere within their churches and houses. The Bible

and ecclesiastical history are appealed to as further authorities.

_Theodosius abscondit simulacra gentium, omnes enim cultus idolorum

cultus ejus abscondit; omnes eorum ceremonias obliteravit. Ambrosii

Orat. in Mort. Theo._--See _Hinde's Life of Bruen_.

[386] _Rushworth_, v. 358.

[387] _Oct 3. P. Diurnal._ "The Commons, for the better taking away

of superstitious ceremonies in churches, as in wearing the surplice

and the like; which they had noticed (notwithstanding all former

orders) was still used in sundry places--especially at the Abbey of

Westminster--agreed in a further order, for the taking away of all

copes and surplices, belonging to the said Abbey of Westminster, and to

forbid the wearing of them in that or any other church or cathedral in

England."

[388] Laud was at work upon the restoration of St. Paul's in 1640, "the

whole body was finished with Portland stone excellent against all smoke

and weather, and the tower scaffolded up to the top with purpose to

take it all down and to rebuild it more fair." After his apprehension

"the scaffolds were taken away and sold, with some of the lead which

covered this famous structure."--_Chamberlayne's Anglica Notitia_, part

ii. 155.

In the State Paper Office there is a document by Montague, Bishop of

Chichester, containing an exhortation to the clergy of his diocese,

giving thirteen reasons for their contributing to the fund for

repairing the Cathedral of St. Paul. He dwells upon the dignity of St.

Paul's as, in a sort, the mother church of the kingdom, and stimulates

the persons addressed to liberality by a consideration of what was done

by their predecessors.--_Calendar_, 1633-4, 384.

[389] _1643, May 27._--Resolved, an ordinance for borrowing the plate

in all cathedrals superstitiously used upon their altars.

_1644, April 24._--Ordered, the mitre and crosier staff found in St.

Paul's Church to be forthwith sold, and the brass and iron in Henry the

Seventh's Chapel.--_Parry's Councils and Parliaments._

Whatever was now done in St. Paul's, worse things had been done

there and elsewhere at the time of the Reformation.--See _Strype's

Cranmer_, i. 251. Besides spoiling, embezzling, and taking away

ornaments, he says, "they used also commonly to bring horses and mules

into and through churches, and shooting off hand guns." It should be

recollected, that the Puritans of the seventeenth century were familiar

with such memories, and that reverence for sacred places had long been

on the decline.

[390] Corporation Records in the Guildhall.

[391] _Hard Measure_, prefixed to _Hall's Works_, p. xviii. The

proceedings at Norwich were of an infamous description, yet more

shameful acts had been perpetrated by the Roman Catholic fathers of

these very citizens. In 1272, we are told "_Quam plures de familia,

aliquos subdiacanos, aliquos clericos, aliquos laicos in claustro

et infra septa monasterii interfecerunt; aliquos extraxerunt et in

civitate morti tradiderunt, aliquos incarceraverunt. Post quæ ingressi,

omnia sacra vasa, libros, aurum, et argentum, vestes et omnia alia quæ

non fuerunt igne consumpta depradati fuerunt: monachos omnes, præter

duos vel tres, a monasterio fugantes._"--_Anglia Sacra_, i. 399.

[392] The following appears in the records of the Norwich Corporation:

"Ordered that the churchwardens shall demolish the stump cross at St.

Saviour's, and take the stones thereof for the use of the city."

[393] _Calamy's Abridgment of Baxter_, 24.

[394] _Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson_, p. 80.

[395] This was in spite of orders "to do no injury to the church."

Before these wars the cathedral suffered through neglect, as appears

from a draft letter written by Archbishop Laud to the dean and chapter,

in the name of the King, complaining that the dotations and allowances

were very mean, and that there was "little left to keep so goodly a

fabric in sufficient reparation."--_State Papers, Domestic_. (undated)

vol. cclxxxi. 57.

[396] Mr. Britton asserts that numbers were removed when the cathedral

underwent repairs in 1786. Two tons of brass were taken to the

brazier's shop.--_Winkle's Cathedrals_, iii. 43.

[397] _Poole's History of Ecclesiastical Architecture_, p. 260.

All the mutilation of statues must not be put down to the Puritan

account, nor the destruction of the mosaic pavement in the choir. "One

half of its eastern border was entirely destroyed when the altar-piece

was put up at the commencement of the last century." The rest but

narrowly escaped.--_Neale's History and Antiquities of Westminster

Abbey_, p. 20.

Oliver Cromwell has been charged with despoiling the tomb of Henry V.,

but we read in _Stowe's Annals_: "A royal image of silver and gilt was

laid upon his tomb, which Queen Catherine his wife caused to be made

for him; but about the latter end of King Henry VIII., the head of the

king's image being of massy silver, was broken off and conveyed clean

away, with the plates of silver and gilt that covered his body." p. 363.

It is a common story amongst cathedral vergers, that Cromwell turned

churches into stables. Like stories are told in the East, with

judgments superadded. "It was related to us by our Tartar, that about

fifty years ago, Tamr Pasha turned the church into a stable, _and next

morning all his horses were found dead_."--_Badger's Nestorians_, i. 68.

[398] It appears from the following entry that when the wars were over,

the cathedral was desecrated by being made a prison. "That a letter be

written to the Mayor of Salisbury, to let him know that the Council are

informed that the Dutch prisoners who were lately sent to the town, to

be kept there, have done much spoil upon the pillars of the cloisters,

and to the windows of the library there, being committed to custody in

that place, and also that by reason that due care hath not been had

over them, some of them have escaped, &c." _October 10, 1653._--_State

Papers, Order Book of Council._

[399] Again we may remark that like excesses had been committed in

Roman Catholic times. In the annals of Rochester, 1264, we find:

"_Portæ, siquidem, ejus circumquque exustæ sunt, chorus ejus in luctum,

et organa ejus in vocem flentium sunt concitata. Quid pluras, loca

sacra, utpote oratoria, claustra, capitulum infirmaria, et oracula

quæque divina, stabula equorum sunt effecta; et animalium immunditiis

spurcitiisque cadaverum ubique sunt repleta._"--_Anglia Sacra_, i. 351.

After the Reformation Ridley was prevented from giving Grindal a

prebend in St. Paul's by the King's Council, who had bestowed it on

the King, for the furniture of his stable.--_Blunt's History of the

Reformation_, 244.

In 1561, according to Strype, the south aisle of the cathedral was used

for a horse fair.

[400] _Rushworth_, v. 476.

Instructions were given for the taking of the Covenant throughout the

kingdom, "the manner of the taking it to be thus:--The minister to read

the whole Covenant distinctly and audibly in the pulpit, and during the

time of the reading thereof the whole congregation to be uncovered; and

at the end of his reading thereof, all to take it standing, lifting up

their right hands bare, and then afterwards to subscribe it severally

by writing their names (or their marks, to which their names are to be

added) in a parchment roll or a book, whereinto the Covenant is to be

inserted, purposely provided for that end, and kept as a record in the

parish."--_Husband's Collection_, 421.

[401] _Husband's Coll._, 416.

[402] _Neal_, iii. 81.

[403] _Husband's Coll._, 404.

[404] In the State Paper Office are additional instructions, (dated

March 6th, 1643-4,) to the Earl of Rutland, Sir W. Armyn, Bart., Sir

H. Vane, and others, to declare to our brethren of Scotland that the

Parliament have settled a course for taking the late Solemn League and

Covenant throughout this kingdom and dominion of Wales, "we do hereby

give you full power and authority by yourselves, or such as you shall

appoint, to cause the said League and Covenant to be taken throughout

the several places and counties where you shall come."

Vane, on the scaffold, said, respecting the Covenant: "The holy

ends therein contained I fully assent to, and have been as desirous

to observe; but the rigid way of prosecuting it and the oppressing

uniformity that hath been endeavoured by it, I never approved."

Wood states, (_Ath. Ox._, ii. 84), that Strode made a motion to the

effect, "that all those that refused the Covenant, (being certain

ill-wishers to the laws and liberties of this kingdom,) might,

therefore, have no benefit of those laws and liberties." He adds, "that

motion being somewhat too desperate, was waived for the present, and

took no effect."

[405] See _Sermon on Solemn League and Covenant, by

Saltmarsh_.--_Tracts in Brit. Mus._, vol. 253.

[406] These also are in the British Museum; I think in the same volume

as the former.

[407] Bishop Hall went on ordaining Episcopal clergymen in spite of

the Covenant. He says: "The synodals both in Norfolk and Suffolk, and

all the spiritual profits of the diocese were also kept back, only

ordinations and institutions continued awhile. But after the Covenant

was appointed to be taken, and was generally swallowed of both clergy

and laity, my power of ordination was with some strange violence

restrained; for when I was going on in my wonted course, which no law

or ordinance had inhibited, certain forward volunteers in the city,

banding together, stir up the mayor, and aldermen, and sheriffs, to

call me to an account for an open violation of their Covenant."--_Hard

Measure, Hall's Works_, p. xvii.

[408] _Memoirs of the Life of Col. Hutchinson_, 143-191.

[409] _Mant's History of the Church of Ireland_, i. 580.

[410] Eusebius observes, in his Epistle respecting the Nicene Creed,

that he and his friends did not refuse to adopt the word ὁμοούσιος,

"_peace being the end in view_, as well as the not falling away from

sound doctrine." He excused the damnatory clause, simply on the

ground that it aggrieved none by prohibiting the use of unscriptural

phraseology.--_Socrates' Ecc. Hist._, b. i. c. 8.

[411] "Epistle" by John Canne, quoted in _Hanbury's Memorials_, iii.

380-386.

The following passage occurs in a paper by the Dissenting Brethren

in 1646, also quoted in _Hanbury_, iii. 62:--"This Covenant was

professedly so attempered in the first framing of it, as that we of

different judgments might take it, both parties being present at

the framing of it in Scotland." "It is as free for us to give our

interpretation of the latitude or nearness of uniformity intended, as

for our brethren."

[412] The following passages illustrate the state of public feeling in

reference to the Covenant:--

"Men cry shame on the Covenant. Those that took it down cast it up

again, and those that refuse it have given a world of arguments that

it is unreasonable, which arguments our Assembly, like dull, ignorant

rascals, never answered. I know, my Lords, many of our friends never

took this oath, but they refused it out of mere conscience." ... "I

hold the Covenanters extremely reasonable. Though some malignants take

it, yet many refuse it; and, as some who love us do hate the Covenant,

so some who hate us do take it. Yet our friends who hate it do love to

force others to it, for their hatred to malignants is more than to the

Covenant; and, as the one takes it to save his estate, so do others

give it to make him lose his estate. They both love the estate, and

both hate the Covenant."--_A learned Speech spoken in the House of

Peers by the Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery upon the 28th July last,

taken out of Michael Ouldsworth's own Copy. State Papers, 1647._

"All this while I did not take the National Covenant, not because I

refused to do, for I would have made no bones to take, swear, and

sign it, and observe it too, for I had then a principle, having not

yet studied a better one, that I wronged not my conscience in doing

any thing I was commanded to do by those whom I served. But the truth

is, it was never offered to me, every one thinking it was impossible

I could get any charge, unless I had taken the Covenant either in

Scotland or England."--_Sir James Turner's Memoirs of his own Life and

Times, published by the Bannatyne Club_, 16.

Turner was a Royalist.

[413] _Journals._, Sept. 21st.--It was resolved by the Commons: That

the Assembly of godly Divines, who, by Ordinance, July 1st, 1643, met

in King Henry the Seventh's Chapel, shall, in respect of the coldness

of the said chapel, have power to adjourn themselves to the Jerusalem

Chamber, in the College of Westminster.

[414] For some of this information I am indebted to the kindness of the

Dean of Westminster.

[415] _Baillie's Letters_, ii. 108, 109.

[416] This is stated on the authority of _Brook's Lives_, iii. 15. His

account of Twiss's illness is confused, so is _Clark's_ (_Lives_, p.

17,) to which Brook refers.

[417] As Erastianism is a word vaguely used, I subjoin the principal

theses in the _Book on Excommunication_, by Erastus, and his own

account of the occasion of his writing it.

"Excommunication is nothing else but a public and solemn exclusion from

the sacraments, especially the Lord's Supper, after an investigation by

the elders."--Thesis viii.

"In the Old Testament none were debarred from the sacraments on account

of immorality of conduct."--Thesis xxiii.

"Christ did not hinder Judas, who betrayed Him, from eating the paschal

lamb."--Thesis xxviii.

"It is not the will of Christ that His kingdom in these lands should be

circumscribed within narrower limits than He appointed for it anciently

amongst the Jews."--Thesis xxxi.

"As in the account given of the celebration of the sacraments we see

no mention is made of excommunication, so neither in the history

of their institution can anything warranting that practice be

discovered."--Thesis xxxvii.

"'Tell it to the church' means nothing else than tell it to the

magistrate of thy own people."--Thesis lii.

"I see no reason why the Christian magistrate at the present day should

not possess the same power which God commanded the magistrate to

exercise in the Jewish commonwealth."--Thesis lxxii.

"If then the Christian magistrate possesses not only authority

to settle religion according to the directions given in the Holy

Scriptures, and to arrange the ministries thereof, but also, in like

manner, to punish crimes, in vain do some among us now meditate the

setting up of a new kind of tribunal, which would bring down the

magistrate himself to the rank of a subject of other men."--Thesis

lxxiv.

According to Erastus, an ignorant man, a heretic, or an apostate should

be excluded from the sacraments. But sins were to be punished by the

civil magistrate.

The theses were handed about in MS., and not published till 1589--six

years after the death of the author--with only the fictitious name

"Pesclavii," 1589. The work was reprinted at Amsterdam, in 1649. Two

old English translations exist, published in 1659 and 1682. There is a

modern one by Rev. R. Lee, D.D., Edinburgh, 1844.

The occasion of writing the theses, Erastus says, was a proposition

that a select number of elders should sit in the name of the whole

church, and judge who were fit to be admitted to the Lord's Supper,

which he thought would introduce dangerous divisions.

Theodore Beza wrote a reply, published at Geneva, 1590. Selden's views

of excommunication in his _Table Talk_ (p. 56) are similar to those of

Erastus, though not so full.

Hobbes wrote his _Leviathan_ in 1651, in which he says (pt. iii., ch.

42, p. 287, London edition), "The books of the New Testament, though

most perfect _rules_ of Christian doctrine, could not be made _laws_ by

any other authority than that of kings or sovereign assemblies." His

doctrine with regard to Christianity is, that socially considered it is

"good and safe advice," but not obligatory law till the government of a

country shall make it so. This part of the philosopher's theory runs on

the same line with Erastianism, only it is pushed further.

[418] Altogether there were ten or eleven Independents in the Assembly.

Baillie mentions Goodwin, Nye, Burroughs, Bridge, Carter, Caryl,

Philips, and Sterry.--_Letters, &c._, ii. 110.

[419] His works have been recently republished. His _Commentary on the

Epistle to the Ephesians_ illustrates what is said here.

[420] See _The Wounded Conscience Cured, &c.,_ by William Bridge,

1642.

[421] Baillie remarks: "Liberty of conscience, and toleration of all

or any religion, is so prodigious an impiety, that this religious

Parliament cannot but abhor the very naming of it. Whatever may be the

opinions of John Goodwin, Mr. Williams, and some of that stamp, yet Mr.

Burroughs, in his late _Irenicum_, upon many unanswerable arguments,

explodes that abomination."--See _Tracts on Liberty of Conscience_, 270.

[422] Neal says he died of consumption (_Hist._, iii. 377), but

the following appears in the _Perfect Occurrences_, 13th November,

1646:--"This day Mr. Burrows, the minister, a godly, reverend man,

died. It seems he had a bruise by a fall from a horse some fortnight

since; he fell into a fever, and of that fever died, and is by many

godly people much lamented."

[423] P. 190.

[423] I do not attempt to vindicate this great man against the charge

of inconsistency. One side of a subject was everything to him while

he gazed at it. He had no faculty for harmonizing apparently opposite

truths, and was apt, as ardent men are, to fall into errors, from which

his clearly expressed opinion on certain points ought to have saved

him. Mr. Hallam (_Literature of Europe_, iii. 112), in whose severe

judgment of Taylor's inconsistency I cannot coincide, thinks that one

inconsistent chapter, (the seventeenth) was interpolated after the

rest of the treatise was complete. This is possible, but it is also

possible that Taylor when first writing his book might suddenly swing

from one side to the other, and then come round again. It has been

said that Taylor forgot his liberality when he became a bishop. His

biographer, Bishop Heber, attempts to meet this charge.--_Works_, i.

30. It may be added, that the _Dissuasive from Popery_, published in

1664, proceeds on the same principles as the _Liberty of Prophesying_.

See _Dissuasive_, part ii. book i.--_Works_, x. 383.

How Taylor's work was regarded by a Royalist and an Episcopalian may be

seen in _Mrs. Sadleir's Letter to Roger Williams_. "I have also read

Taylor's book of the _Liberty of Prophesying_, though it please not me,

yet I am sure it does you, or else I know you would not have wrote to

me to have read it. I say, it and you would make a good fire. But have

you seen his 'Divine Institution of the Office Ministerial?'" _Life of

Roger Williams_, 99. Mrs. Sadleir was daughter of Sir Edward Coke. A

writer in the _Ecclesiastic_, April, 1853, p. 179, remarks: "Whatever

Taylor may have been thought of since, certainly his contemporaries

amongst the Church party had no very high opinion of him."

[425] Sermon preached before the House of Commons, March 31st, 1647.

[426] _Ward's Life of Henry More_, 171. I have here confined myself to

those in the Church of England who advocated toleration, pointing out

the grounds which they adopted as distinguished from those occupied by

the Independents. Others, who proceeded in the same advocacy on the

broadest principles of justice, will be hereafter noticed, _i.e._, John

Goodwin, Leonard Busher, and Sir Henry Vane. Of the last of these it

may be remarked that so early as 1637 he used this memorable language,

in New England: "Scribes and Pharisees, and such as are confirmed in

any way of error, all such are not to be denied cohabitation, but are

to be pitied and reformed; Ishmael shall dwell in the presence of his

brethren." (_Bancroft's United States_, i. 390.) The most thorough

advocate of intellectual liberty in the New World was Roger Williams,

who, though in many respects an impracticable man, and wanting in

catholicity of spirit, appears to have been an original and intrepid

champion for the political independence of theological opinions, as

well as a noble minded and disinterested leader in colonial enterprise.

Milton advocates toleration in his _Areopagitica_, a speech to the

Parliament of England for the liberty of unlicensed printing, 1644.

Harrington's _Political Aphorisms_, in which liberty of conscience

is justly placed on a political basis, was not published until 1659.

Episcopius and Crellius were early advocates for toleration. See

Hallam's Introduction to _Literature of Europe_, iii. 103, 104.

[427] _Const. Hist._, i. 612.

[428] The petition is largely quoted by Waddington in his _Surrey

Congregational History_, p. 32, and the pamphlet, entitled _Queries of

Highest Consideration_, is quoted in _Hanbury_, ii. 246.

[429] For proofs and illustrations of this we refer to our second

volume. In the meanwhile we may observe that in _An Attestation_,

published by the Cheshire ministers in 1648, allusion is made to some

of the Independents as "averse in a great measure to such a toleration

as might truly be termed intolerable and abominable"--meaning by that

universal toleration.--_Nonconformity in Cheshire._ Introduction, xxvi.

[430] _Life of Goodwin, by Jackson_, 93.

[431] _A Reply of Two of the Brethren to A. S._, 1644. Quoted by

Jackson, p. 116. Goodwin states "that the part which treats of

religious liberty was the production of his own pen."--_Jackson_, 57.

[432] Baillie, writing to Mr. Spang, May 17th, 1644, (_Letters_,

ii. 184,) says: "The Independents here, finding they have not the

magistrate so obsequious as in New England, turn their pens, as you

will see in M.S.," (which he had before identified as Goodwin's, of

Coleman Street,) "to take from the magistrate all power of taking

any coercive order with the vilest heretics. Not only they praise

your magistrate who for policy gives some secret tolerance to diverse

religions, wherein, as I conceive, your Divines preach against them

as great sinners; but avows that by God's command the magistrate is

discharged to put the least discourtesy on any man--Jew, Turk, Papist,

Socinian, or whatever, for his religion." "The five will not say this,

but M.S. is of as great authority here as any of them." Yet, though

this sentiment is by Baillie confined to Goodwin, and expressly said

not to be shared by the five, it has by some been put into the lips of

Nye.

[433] As I have already observed, Harrington also did this. One of his

political aphorisms on the subject is admirable, "When civil liberty,

is entire it includes liberty of conscience. When liberty of conscience

is entire, it includes civil liberty."

[434] _Letter from Grindal to Bullinger, June 11th, 1568. Zurich

Letters, First Series._

[435] This is extracted from p. 12 of a small volume entitled

_Historical Papers, First Series, Congregational Martyrs_, published by

Elliot Stock. The document bears internal signs of genuineness, but it

is not said where the original may be found.

[436] _Ecce Homo_, 16.

[437] April 21st, 1581.

[438] _Fuller's Church Hist._, iii. 62.

[439] _Strype's Annals_, vol. iii. part i. 22-30.

[440] _Fuller's Church Hist._, iii. 65.

[441] _Lansdowne M.S._, 115, art. 55. Lord Keeper Bacon had a chaplain

of Puritan tendencies. See _Strype's Parker_, ii. 69. Lady Bacon

shewed her learning and Protestant zeal by translating _Jewel's

Apology_,--_Ibid._, i. 354.

The Rev. Thomas Hill, late of Cheshunt, informs me:--"It is undeniable

that there was a congregation of Separatists as early as the days

of Elizabeth, in the neighbourhood of Theobalds. One or more of the

ministers suffered persecution and imprisonment, but I do not think

it improbable that the influence of Cecil, Lord Burleigh, who then

resided at Theobalds, may have afforded some degree of protection to

the Nonconformists of the neighbourhood."

[442] _Hanbury_, i. 38. _Harl. Miscellany_, ii. 21.

[443] _Strype's Annals_, iv. 245. _Hanbury_, i. 85.

[444] Published by Camden Society.

[445] This is the name written in the MS., no doubt intended for

_Greenwood_.

[446] Letter from Thomas Phillips to William Sterrell, April 7, 1593.

_State Papers, Dom._ The bracketed portions are underlined in the

original, the writer desiring, in a postscript, that the passages so

marked, should be "disguised with cipher."

[447] _Strype's Annals_, iv. 186. _Hanbury's Mem._, i. 90. The

Archbishop referred to was Whitgift. Rippon died in 1592.

[448] "He was a person most excellently well read in theological

authors, but withal was a most zealous Puritan, or, as his son Henry

used to say, the first Independent in England."--_Wood's Ath. Oxon._,

i. 464.

[449] Jacob's book, printed at Middleburgh, 1599, was entitled: _A

Defence of the Churches and Ministry of England. Written in two

Treatises against the Reasons and Objections of Mr. Francis Johnson

and others of the Separation called Brownists._ Johnson replied in an

_Answer to Master H. Jacob, his Defence, &c._ 1600.

[450] _Hanbury's Mem._, i. 226.

[451] See _Hanbury's Mem._, i. 227.

[452] His name is spelt in different ways.

[453] The church of which Lathrop was minister is said to have

been formed in Southwark; if so, the fact of its now assembling in

Blackfriars shews how, in times of persecution, the places of meeting

were changed according to circumstances. As they had no chapels, and

were proscribed by law, they met where they could.

[454] His name was ordinarily spelt "_ten_," although it stands "_tin_"

in the MS. He was Judge of the Prerogative Court, and father of Henry

Mart_e_n.

[455] Dr. Thomas Rives was the King's Advocate.

[456] In an interesting volume, just published by Dr. Waddington,

entitled _Surrey Congregational History_, the following entries taken

from the records of the High Commission in relation to Lathrop and

Eaton, at a later date, are inserted, p. 20:--"June 12, 1634. John

Lathrop, of Lambeth Marsh. Bond to be certified, and to be attached, if

he appear not on the next Court-day.--June 19, 1634. Bond ordered to be

certified, and he to be attached for non-appearance.--October 9. Samuel

Eaton and John Lathrop to be attached for non-appearance, and bonds to

be certified.--February 19, 1634-5. Samuel Eaton and John Lathrop, for

contempt, in not appearing to answer articles touching their keeping

conventicles. Their bonds ordered to be certified, and they attached

and committed."

[457] _The Brownist's Synagogue_, 1641.

[458] Henry Jacob, probably, is the first who used the term independent

in relation to a Christian Church. "Each congregation," he says, "is

an entire and _Independent_ body politic, and endowed with power

immediately under and from Christ, as every proper Church is and ought

to be."--_Declaration and Plainer Opening of Certain Points, &c._,

1611, p. 13.

[459] I am indebted for this and other extracts from the Yarmouth

Corporation Records to a MS. history of the Yarmouth Church, compiled

by my friend, the late Mr. Davey, of that town.

[460] The words printed in italics are underscored in the copy from

which these extracts are transcribed.

[461] This Confession is described, and extracts from it are given in

_Hanbury_, i. 293. It is attributed to Henry Jacob.

[462] _Hanbury's Memorials_, ii. 279-281.

[463] _Ibid._, ii. 409.

In a pamphlet by Katherine Chidley, it is asserted the Separatists

supported their own poor.--_Hanbury's Memorials_, ii. 112.

[464] The whole account of Congregationalism in Yarmouth is drawn up

from the records of the Corporation, and of the Independent Church

there.

[465] See _Oxoniana_, iv. 188; and copy of the woodcut in _Knight's Old

England_.

The Parliamentarians made a great mistake in not planting a garrison

at Oxford, as they might have easily done when the war broke out.--See

_Whitelocke's Memorials_, 63. The shrewd lawyer was not destitute

of military insight, and justly blames Lord Say, who was opposed

to the Parliament's taking possession of the city, because of the

"improbability, in his opinion, that the King would settle there."

[466] _Macaulay's Hist._, iii. 18.

[467] _Life of Chillingworth, by P. Des Maizeaux,_ 277.

[468] _Rushworth_, v. 354.

[469] A year afterwards, we find the following statement in _Perfect

Occurrences_ (June 17, 1644), where after describing the cruel

spoliation of Abingdon and Worcester by fire by the Cavaliers, the

news-writer thus continues:--"I could here insert the platform of all

their projects, had I room to bring it in, set forth in a picture,

intended to be sent to Seville, in Spain, and to be hanged in the

great cathedral there, this day brought before the Parliament, where

the Queen directs the King to present his sceptre to the Pope, and all

the Cavaliers with him, and popish leaders with her, rejoicing to see

it, he having a joyant, [this means perhaps, _joyan_, _a jewel_] to

resemble his Majesty and she the Virgin Mary, and this motto upon the

cases: '_Para Sancta Aña de Sevilla_.' This picture is to be hung up

for public view, and is enough to convince the strongest malignant in

England."

[470] _Parl. Hist._, iii. 236.

[471] _Meditations on the Times_, xvii.

[472] _Rushworth_, v. 346.

[473] _Ussher's Life, by Elrington_, 238.

[474] _Life_, by Heber prefixed to his _Works_, i. 21, and another, by

_Willmott_, 112.

[475] _Memorials of Fuller, by Russell_, 142, 148, 151, 153.

[476] He however maintained that Episcopacy was Apostolic. _Life_, 299,

300.

[477] There are several papers relating to Chillingworth in the Lambeth

MSS. Nos. 943, 857-935.

[478] Yet Cheynell says, while some thought him uncharitable,

others were of opinion he had been too indulgent in suffering Mr.

Chillingworth to be buried like a Christian.--See _Life of William

Chillingworth, by P. Des Maizeaux_, for the particulars we have given.

It has been stated that Cheynell was deranged, and certainly his own

account of his conduct towards Chillingworth would indicate that at

least he was touched. But then, after all this, we find him sent down

as a visitor to Oxford, and made President of St. John's. Hoadly

says he was as pious, honest, and charitable as his bigotry would

permit. Eachard refers to him as a man of considerable learning and

great abilities.--_Neal_, iii. 470. We have introduced this type of

character, not as common, but as one without which an account of the

religious phases of the time would be incomplete.

In 1658, Hartlib, writing to Pell, observes: "Cheynell is not shot as

was reported, but certain that he is fallen distracted, and is sent to

Bedlam."--_Letters in Vaughan's Protectorate of Cromwell_, ii. 462.

[479] _Life of the Rev. John Barwick, D.D._, written in Latin by his

brother Dr. Peter Barwick, Physician in Ordinary to King Charles II.,

and translated into English by the editor of the Latin life. Though a

fierce royalist production, and, in some respects, untrustworthy, yet

it relates several curious facts not elsewhere found.

[480] 1st April, 1643.--_Husband's Collection_, 13.

[481] May 16th, and June 10th, 1643. _Husband's Collection_. Laud gives

a detailed account of this business in the History of his _Troubles and

Trials_.--_Works_, iv. 16. The Vicar General was Sir Nathaniel Brent,

who, when he saw the Presbyterians begin to be dominant, sided with

them. _Wood's Ath. Oxon._, ii. 161.

[482] A case of this kind is mentioned in _Blomefield's History of

Norfolk_, ii. 424, in a note relating to John Peck, A.M., of Hingham.

[483] _Commons' Journals_, 27th of July, 1643. _Husband's Collection_,

311. Persons accused were to have timely notice, in order that they

might make their defence.

[484] The following illustrations are from the volumes in the Record

Office.--_Dom. Inter._, 1646.

[485] In the State Paper Office I find a case submitted to Lord Chief

Justice Heath, in March, 1644, relative to sueing for tithes, in which

his lordship gives opinion "that where the bishop, or other inferior

judge, will not, dare not, or cannot do justice, the superior Court may

and ought to do it." _State Papers, Dom._, 1643, March 22nd.

[486] See _Scobell_ (1644), 45; (1647), 85; (1648), 110.

[487] The Parliamentary Journals testify to various kinds of

ecclesiastical affairs which came under the notice of the whole

House, such as allowances to ministers, the collecting of pew-rents,

contributions in churches for those who suffered in the wars,

appointments to livings, &c., &c.--See Entries, August 26th, Sept. 7th,

11th, 19th, October 14th, and Dec. 16th, 1644.

[488] Parliament conferred powers on Lord Fairfax in February, 1644,

whilst he was in the north, and the next month, commissioners there

received the following warrant:--

"Whereas we are credibly informed that many ministers in the

several counties of Nottingham, York, bishopric of Durham,

Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland, the town and county of

Newcastle-upon-Tyne, the city and county of the city of York, and the

town of Nottingham, are not only of scandalous life and conversation,

but leaving their charges and cures, have withdrawn themselves

wilfully from the same, and have joined with such forces as are raised

against Parliament and Kingdom, and have aided and assisted the said

forces, and that many that would give evidence against such scandalous

ministers are not able to travel to London, nor bear the expenses of

such journeys, you have therefore hereby full power and authority

to call before you, &c., &c., and to eject such as you shall judge

unfit for their places, and to sequester their livings and spiritual

promotions, and to place others in their room, such as shall be

approved, godly, learned, and orthodox divines, &c., &c. And further,

you shall have power to dispose a fifth part of all such estates as you

shall sequester for the benefit of the wives and children of any the

aforesaid persons, &c., &c."--_State Papers, Dom._, March 6th, 1643-4.

With the sword of Fairfax, a real Andrea Ferrara, and other relics

of the Commonwealth, there is preserved at Farnley Hall, Yorkshire,

the silver matrix of a seal for the licensing of preachers. It shews

within a circlet of leaves an open Bible, inscribed "The Word of God,"

with the words running round the edge, "The Seal for the Approbation

of Ministers." It is engraved in _Scott's Antiquarian Gleanings in the

North of England_.

See Resolutions in Journals, August 29th, 1644.

[489] _Rushworth_, vi. 212.

[490] _Great Fight in the Church at Thaxted_, 1647. Quoted in _Davis's

Nonconformity in Essex_.

[491] _Rushworth_, iv. 113-123.

These articles, charging him with introducing Popish innovations into

Scotland, are given by Laud, together with his replies, in the _History

of his Troubles_. _Works_, iii. 301. Laud's answers are not those of a

Papist, but those of a thorough Anglo-Catholic. Another set of charges

was presented against the bishops generally. _Works_, iii. 379. How

the thing was talked about in Scotland appears in the _History of the

Troubles in England and Scotland_ (Ballatyne Club), 275.

[492] Laud, in his Diary, March 24, 1642-3, alludes to plots to send

him and Wren to New England.--_Works_, iv. 19.

[493] _Neal_, iii. 176. Laud says, under date January 22,

1643-4:--"This day the Thames was so full of ice that I could not go by

water. It was frost and snow, and a most bitter day. I went, therefore,

with the Lieutenant in his coach, and twelve wardens, with halberts,

went all along the streets." "So from the Tower-gate to Westminster I

was sufficiently railed on and reviled all the way. God, of his mercy,

forgive the misguided people! My answer being put in, I was for that

time dismissed; and the tide serving me, I made a hard shift to return

by water."--_Works_, iv. 45.

[494] It has been justly remarked that the Greek orators were careful

to impress upon their audience that, in bringing a charge against any

one, they were actuated by the strongest personal motives. Æschines,

in his oration against Ctesiphon, expresses his intense personal spite

against Demosthenes. Christianity has taught us a different lesson, and

happily the authority of that lesson is acknowledged, and its spirit

generally exemplified by the English bar, and in the British Senate.

With regard to Prynne, let me add that, though his prejudices might

warp his judgment, he shewed himself throughout his whole life to be

an honest man. Of his learning, there cannot be two opinions. His

great work on Parliamentary writs, in four volumes, is pronounced by

a competent judge to be so admirable, that "it is impossible to speak

of it in terms of too high commendation."--_Parry's Parliaments and

Councils_, Preface, 21. See also _Spilsbury's Lincoln's Inn_, 283.

[495] See _Rushworth_, v. 763-780. A fuller account of the trial may be

found in _Neal_, iii. 172-242.

[496] This is taken, not from Rushworth's report (v. 777), but from

Laud's own copy of his speech. They differ somewhat.--_Works_, iv. 60.

[497] Quoted in _Neal_, iii. 239.

[498] Laud said in his defence: "The result must be of the same

nature and species with the particulars from which it rises. But 'tis

confessed no one of the particulars are treason, therefore, neither is

the result that rises from them. And this holds in nature, in morality,

and in law."--_Works_, iv. 380.

In reply to Serjeant Wylde's argument, that the misdemeanours together,

by accumulation made up treason, Laud's advocate wittily observed: "I

crave your mercy, good Mr. Serjeant, I never understood before this

time that two hundred couple of black rabbits would make a black horse."

[499] _Walton's Lives_, 390.

[500] Heylyn says, in his _Life of Archbishop Laud_ (527), that Stroud

was sent up to the Lords with a message from the House of Commons, to

let them know that the Londoners would shortly petition with 20,000

hands to obtain that ordinance.

The arguments of the Commons in support of the attainder, as presented

to the Lords, are given in the journals of the latter, under date, _Die

Sabbati, 4 die Januarii_.

Heylyn (528) states, that only seven Lords concurred in the sentence;

Clarendon (519), that there were not above twelve peers in the House

at the time. In the Journals the names of nineteen appear at the

commencement of the minutes of the sitting.

[501] _Lives of the Chancellors_, iii. 204; _Const. Hist._, i. 577;

_Hist. of Commonwealth_, i. 428.

[502] _Life of Pocock, by Dr. Twells_, 84. See also a curious tract

respecting Laud in _Harleian Miscel._, iv. 450.

[503] _Rushworth_, v. 781. "Let us run with patience that race that is

set before us, looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our faith,

who for the joy that was set before him, endured the cross, despising

the shame, and is set down at the right hand of the throne of God."

[504] _Rushworth_, v. 785.

[505] A newspaper notices that:--Whereas he had been the archpatron of

those who branded honest men with the name of roundheads more than hath

been usual, his own head when cut off, though sawdust had been laid

about the block, "did tumble once or twice about like a ball."

[506] Henry Rogers.

[507] See _Bruce's Account of Laud's Berkshire Benefactions_.

Mr. Bruce, who has had ample means of judging of Laud's character,

observes:--"A winking at a little finesse designed to accomplish some

end, supposed to be for the good of the Church, is all that may be

brought home to him--his hands were never defiled by the touch of a

bribe."--_Calendar of State Papers, Dom., 1635. Preface._

[508] Overstrained parallels between Laud and Wolsey were drawn in the

pamphlets of the day.--See _Harl. Miscell._, iv. 462.

I may add that Dunstan and Laud were alike _insular_ men, if that

term may be used to distinguish them from Becket and Wolsey, both of

whom had large intercourse with the Continent. Dunstan and Laud were

narrower in their feeling and character than the other two. I have

before noticed the resemblance between Dunstan and Laud in point of

influence.

[509] _Journals of the Lords_, January 4th, 1645.

[510] _An Anatomy of the Service Book, by Dwalphintramis. Southey's

Common-place Book_, iii. 40.

[511] See _Christ on the Throne_. 1640.

[512] A letter by George Gillespie, on the Directory, being

forwarded to Scotland, shews the difficulty there was in getting it

passed.--_Baillie_, ii., _App._ 505. He says, May 9th, 1645: "I pray

you be careful that the Act of the General Assembly, approving the

Directory, be not so altered as to make it a straiter imposition."

"Sure I am, the Directory had never past the Assembly of Divines, if it

had not been for the qualifications in the preface. This is only for

yourself, except ye hear any controversy about it in your meeting."

[513] _Baillie's Letters_, ii. 271.

[514] _Scobell_, 97.

[515] The following should be recorded to Whitelocke's credit. 1646.

Oct. 26. "Indictment in Bucks for not reading the Common Prayer

complained of. Ordered that an ordinance be brought in to take away

the statute that enjoins it, and to disable malignant ministers from

preaching. This was much opposed by me and some others, as contrary

to that principle which the Parliament had avowed of liberty of

conscience, and like that former way complained of against the bishops

for silencing of ministers."--_Memorials_, 226. The diarist here shews

that the use of the Prayer Book was not considered by the Royalists to

be legally abolished.

I may here add that Whitelocke was not a party man. He sympathized

with Presbyterian leaders in wishing to save the monarchy, but he

co-operated with Independents in advocating religious liberty.

[516] _Mant's History of the Church of Ireland_, i. 587-594.

[517] _Lathbury's History of Convocation_, 497.

[518] _Clarendon's Hist._, 515.

[519] While the Oxford Lords were in London on the embassy, there was,

according to the Diurnal, entitled _Perfect Occurrences_, December 28,

a great auditory to hear the chaplain preach and read prayers. After

the sermon, it is said, the people were very merry, and a young lady

and gentleman went dancing by the river side, and fell in--"good for

them to cool their courage in frosty weather."

[520] _Whitelocke_, 112. The entire propositions for peace may be seen

in _Parl. Hist._, iii. 299.

[521] _King's Cabinet opened._--_Neal_, iii. 250.

[522] _Parl. Hist._, iii. 339.

[523] _Memorials_, 127.

[524] All the documents during the attempts at a treaty are given by

Dugdale in his _Short View of the late Troubles_.

A full account is also given by _Rushworth_, v.

[525] _Clarendon's Hist._, 521.

Secretary Nicholas writes to the King, 5th of February, 1644: "This

morning we are to observe the fast, according to your Majesty's

proclamation; but it must be done here in the inn, for we cannot be

permitted to have the Book of Common Prayer read in the church here,

and we resolve not to go to any church where the Divine service

established by law may not be celebrated." "You have done well, but

they barbarously," Charles writes in the margin. But in the prayer

appointed by the King the war is described as "unnatural," and the

Almighty is entreated "to let the truth clearly appear, who those are

which, under pretence of the public good, do pursue their own private

ends." It was not likely the Parliament would allow that prayer to be

used.--_Nicholas' Correspondence, Evelyn_, iv. 136.

[526] The other chief subjects were the militia and Irish affairs.

[527] _Rushworth_, v. 818.

[528] _Evelyn_, iv. 137.

[529] In the British Museum there is a petition, presented in the year

1647, complaining of many hundreds of towns and villages destitute of

any preaching ministry, by occasion whereof ignorance, drunkenness,

profaneness, disaffection, &c., abound.

[530] _Husband's Col._, 645.

[531] See ordinance dated November the 8th, 1645, in _Rushworth_, vi.

212, and _Baillie's Letters_, ii. 349.

[532] _Letters and Journals_, ii. 145.

[533] _Letters and Journals_, ii. 146.

[534] _Neal_, iii. 309.

[535] _Lives_, 380.

[536] _Baillie's Letters_, ii. 157.

[537] The religious feelings of the two armies are thus stated by an

eyewitness:--"Consider the height of difference of spirits; in their

army the cream of all the Papists in England, and in ours, a collection

out of all the corners of England and Scotland of such as had the

greatest antipathy to Popery and tyranny."--_Sanford_, 597. He gives a

careful account of the battle.

For the state of feeling in general after the victory, see _Baillie_,

ii. 201, _et seq._

[538] I adopt some of the words quoted by Sanford.

[539] There was one of the Royalist soldiers at Marston Moor wounded in

the shoulder by a musket ball, who afterwards became Archbishop Dolbon,

of York, 1683-1686. The following incident is interesting:--"Mary,

daughter of Sir Francis Trappes, married Charles Towneley, of Towneley,

in Lancashire, Esquire, who was killed at the battle of Marston Moor.

During the engagement she was with her father at Knaresborough, where

she heard of her husband's fate, and came upon the field the next

morning in order to search for his body, while the attendants of the

camp were stripping and burying the dead. Here she was accosted by a

general officer, to whom she told her melancholy story. He heard her

with great tenderness, but earnestly desired her to leave a place

where, besides the distress of witnessing such a scene, she might

probably be insulted. She complied, and he called a trooper, who took

her _encroup_. On her way to Knaresborough she enquired of the man

the name of the officer to whose civility she had been indebted, and

learned that it was Lieutenant-General Cromwell."--_Sanford_, 610.

[540] See _Lightfoot's Journal_, September 9, 1644.

[541] Here we may mention that it is probable that John Bunyan was at

that time in the Royalist army, and that while he was fighting for the

King the incident occurred so often related of his post being occupied

by a comrade who could handle a musket better than he could do, and

who, on account of his superior skill and bravery, unfortunately

received a fatal carbine shot which otherwise might have killed our

matchless dreamer. Nobody can say what the world lost by that poor

fellow's death, but everybody knows what the world gained by John

Bunyan's preservation.

[542] For a full account of the battle of Naseby see _England's

Recovery, by Joshua Sprigg_, 1647. It is he who reports the complaints

we have noticed. See p. 6 of his interesting narrative.

[543] There is an interesting letter by Cromwell, dated July 10, 1645,

giving an account of the Naseby fight, reprinted in _Sanford_, p. 625,

from pamphlets in Lincoln College, Oxford. As the letter is not in

_Carlyle_ (2nd edition), I give the following extract:--"Thus you see

what the Lord hath wrought for us. Can any creature ascribe anything to

itself? Now can we give all the glory to God, and desire all may do so,

for it is all due unto Him. Thus you have _Long Sutton_ mercy added to

_Naseby_ mercy; and to see this, is it not to see the face of God? You

have heard of Naseby; it was a happy victory. As in this, so in that,

God was pleased to use His servants; and if men will be malicious, and

swell with envy, we know who hath said--'If they will not see, yet they

shall see and be ashamed for their envy at his people.' I can say this

of Naseby, that when I saw the enemy draw up, and march in gallant

order towards us, and we a company of poor ignorant men, to seek how

to order our battle, the general having commanded me to order all the

horse. I could not (riding alone about my business) but smile out to

God in praises, in assurance of victory, because God would, by things

that are not, bring to nought things that are, of which I had great

assurance, and God did it. Oh, that men would therefore praise the

Lord, and declare the wonders that He doth for the children of men!"

[544] Nevertheless, Royalist hopes were unquenched as late as the month

of September, 1645.

"If you consider," it is said in an anonymous letter of that date, in

the State Paper Office, "the strange extremities we were then in, the

progress which we have made, and our wonderful success at last in the

relieving of Hereford and chasing away the Scots, at a time when, in my

conscience, within one week there had been a general revolt of South

Wales (which is now likely to be entirely settled), you will think that

it promises to us and portends to the rebels a strange revolution in

the whole face of affairs; and if to this you add the miracles done by

the same time by my Lord Montrose, in Scotland (who hath made himself

entirety master of that kingdom), you will have reason to join with

me in the confidence, that we shall have, by God's blessing, as quick

a progress to happiness as we have had to the greatest extremities. I

must confess, for my part, that these miracles, besides the worldly joy

they give me, have made me even a better Christian, by begetting in me

a stronger faith and reliance upon God Almighty, than before; having

manifested that it is wholly His work, and that He will bring about His

intended blessings upon this just cause, by ways the most impossible to

human understanding, and consequently teach us to cast off all reliance

upon our own strength."

This letter is dated September the 9th, 1645, and is addressed to Lord

Byron.

[545] _Life of Dod._--_Brooks' Lives_, iii. 4.

[546] _Brook_, iii. 80.

[547] _Wood_, ii. 89, says this was _Aulkryngton_, commonly called

Okerton, near Banbury, in Oxfordshire; but I cannot find in

Topographical Dictionaries any mention of such a place.

[548] _Brook's Lives_, iii. 10. See also p. 63.

[549] _Walker's Sufferings_, part ii. 183-185, 193.

I have lighted on the following scraps in newspapers of the day:--

Mr. Bullinger, of Lincolnshire (sometime chaplain to a Regent of the

King), grandchild to the old bishop, being newly returned from France,

where he hath lately been, is sent up by the Committee of Dover, very

poor, in a gray suit, and neither cloak to his back nor money in his

purse; and yet he scruples the taking of the Covenant, and desires time

to consider of it. His examinations were this day taken.--_Perfect

Occurrences_, 18th of December, 1646.

A story is told of a singing man from Peterborough, who went to

Wisbeach, as clerk, and then read the burial service, when he was

insulted in the rudest manner, and knocked down, the poor fellow crying

out, "I am a Covenanter."--_Moderate Intelligence_, January, 1647.

[550] _Letters_, ii. 274.

[551] _Letters_, ii. 298, 299.

Baillie complains of the growing influence of the Erastians.--_Ibid._,

311, 318, 320.

[552] These rules are given in _Rushworth_, vi. 210.

[553] _Baillie's Letters and Journals_, ii. 362, _et seq._

[554] _Ibid._, 344.

[555] _Godwin_, ii. 10.

[556] _Neal_, iii. 311.

[557] See _Letter to Parliament_, in _Rushworth_, vi. 234.

[558] _Baillie_, ii. 367. For the Parliament's notice of what the Scots

had said, see _Declaration_, in _Rushworth_, vi. 257. The notice is

only in the way of general allusion.

[559] _Froude's History of England_, vii. 340.

[560] _Neal_, iii. 330.

[561] _Neal_, iii. 381. _Hetherington's History of the Westminster

Assembly_, 300.

[562] _Rushworth_, vii. 1035. At a conference between the Lords and

Commons, on March 22nd, 1648, the latter declared their consent to

the doctrinal parts, with the desire that the same be "made public,

that this kingdom and all the reformed Churches of Christendom may

see the Parliament of England differ not in doctrine." It is added,

"particulars in discipline are recommitted." Of the confession of

faith the title was altered to "_articles of faith_, agreed upon by

both Houses of Parliament, as most suitable to the former title of

the Thirty-nine Articles." The Covenant was legally enforced, but the

Westminster Confession never was. Only part of it, under the title of

_Articles_, ever became law at all.

[563] _Baillie_, iii., _Appendix_, 537, _et seq._ A full account is

there given of Rouse's revised version, 1646, in connexion with the

present Scotch version, published in 1650, p. 549.

[564] _Prose Works_, vol. ii., 40.

[565] _Life and Times_, part i. 73.

[566] Hallam speaks of the Assembly as "perhaps equal in learning, good

sense, and other merits, to any Lower House of Convocation that ever

made a figure in England."--_Const. Hist._, i. 609.

[567] _Sprigg's England's Recovery_, 326.

[568] _Opera_, iii. 466.

[569] _Life and Times_, part i. 53-56.

[570] _Owen's Works, edited by Russell_, xv. 96.

[571] I find the following reference to Peters in the State Papers:--

"Dec. 10.--The fifteen articles and covenant of Hugh Peters, minister

of the English congregation in Rotterdam, stated in an indorsement,

which is in the handwriting of Sir William Boswell, to have been

proposed to that congregation before their admission to the communion.

The following are examples of these articles: '1. Be contented with

meet trial for our fitness to be members. 2. Cleave in heart to the

truth and pure worship of God, and oppose all ways of innovation and

corruption. 3. Suffer the Word to be the guider of all controversies.

10. Meditate the furthering of the Gospel at home and abroad, as

well in our persons as with our purses. 11. Take nearly to heart our

brethren's condition, and conform ourselves to these troublesome times

in our diet and apparel, that they be without excess in necessity. 14.

Put one another in mind of this covenant, and as occasion is offered,

to take an account of what is done in the premises.'"--_Calendar of

State Papers, Domestic_, 1633-4, p. 318.

[572] The imputations on Peters's moral character were no doubt

malicious falsehoods.--_Brook's Lives_, iii. 350.

[573] Abridged from _Life of Colonel Hutchinson_, 151.

[574] _Ath. Oxon._, ii. 287.

The Westminster Assembly condemned certain positions in Saltmarsh's

writings, as well as in the writings of Dr. Crisp, and Mr. John Eaton,

for their Antinomian tendencies.--See _Neal_, iii. 68. Neal does not

say what the passages were. Edwards, in his _Gangræna_, part i., 25,

26, gives a list of their tenets, but we place little dependence on

his accusations. It is very likely, however, that Saltmarsh might lay

himself open to the charge of Antinomianism. We have not seen his book

on _Free-grace_, in which perhaps the dangerous tenets he was charged

with are to be looked for.

[575] As an example of the kind of preaching by these officers we may

mention a tract entitled "_Orders given out--the word Stand fast_, as

it was lately delivered in a farewell sermon, by Major Samuel Kem, to

the officers and soldiers of his regiment in Bristol, November 8th,

1646." The discourse is full of military allusions.

[576] _Journal of the Swedish Embassy_, 1653-4.

[577] _Neal_, iii. 330.

[578] This is the account in _Ashburnham's Narrative_, ii. 72.

Rushworth says the King came to Brentford and Harrow, and then went to

St. Albans, vi. 267. Ashburnham's is, no doubt, the correct story.

Hacket tells the following story in the _Life of Archbishop Williams_:

"His Majesty, unwilling to stay to the last in a city begirt, by the

persuasion of Mons. Mountrevile, went privily out of Oxford, and

put himself into the hands of his native countrymen and subjects at

Newcastle. 'What,' says Mr. Archbishop, when he heard of it, 'be

advised by a stranger, and trust the Scots; then all is lost.' It was

a journey not imparted to above ten persons to know it, begun upon

sudden resolution against that rule of Tacitus: '_Bona consilia morâ

valescere_.'"--_Memorial of Williams_, ii. 222.

[579] There is an important memorandum for Lord Balcarras "anent the

King's coming to the Scots' army," in _Baillie's Letters and Journals_,

ii. 514. _Appendix._

[580] _Charles I. in 1646._ Letters published by the Camden Society.

[581] _Neal_, iii. 336-347.

[582] _Rushworth_, vi. 319.

[583] _Rushworth_, vi. 309.

[584] _Mercurius Civicus_, Oct. 8-15, 1646.

"By letters from Scotland we were this day advertised that the Estates

of Edinburgh have sent up their determination to the Commissioners at

Worcester House. One, 'That Presbyterian government be established, as

that which will suit best with monarchy.'"

It was commonly said at Newcastle, that his Majesty would take the

Covenant.

[585] _Charles I. in 1646_, 63, 86.

[586] _Charles I. in 1646_, 6, 11. See also Ogle's letter, printed in

this volume, p. 306.

[587] _Ibid._, 24. In reading Charles's correspondence we observe that,

whatever may be said of fanatical ideas of providence entertained by

Puritans, ideas equally fanatical were entertained by the King.--See

_Mr. Bruce's Introduction to the volume of Letters_.

[588] See Journals under date. Godwin, in his _Commonwealth_, ii. 66,

236, 246, after a careful examination of the Journals on the subject,

explains distinctly the series of enactments with regard to the

establishment of Presbyterianism.

[589] _Baillie_, ii. 357. "They have passed an ordinance, not only for

appeal from the General Assembly to the Parliament, for two ruling

elders, for one minister in every church-meeting, for no censure,

except in such particular offences as they have enumerat; but also,

which vexes us most, and against which we have been labouring this

month bygone, a court of civil commissioners in every county, to whom

the congregational elderships must bring all cases not enumerat, to

be reported by them, with their judgment, to the Parliament or their

Committee. This is a trick of the Independents' invention, of purpose

to enervate and disgrace all our Government, in which they have been

assisted by the lawyers and the Erastian party. This troubles us

exceedingly. The whole Assembly and ministry over the kingdom, the body

of the city, is much grieved with it; but how to help it, we cannot

well tell. In the meantime, it mars us to set up anything; the anarchy

continues, and the vilest facts do daily encrease."

[590] _Husband_, 919.

[591] _Neal_, iii. 385.

[592] _Scobell_, (1647-8,) 139, 165.

[593] 1646. October the 8th.--On the question in the Lords for passing

the ordinance, "the votes were even, so nothing could be resolved on

at this time." Only nine earls and five barons were present. October

the 9th.--"And the question being put, 'Whether to agree to the said

ordinance as it was brought up from the House of Commons?' Audit

was agreed to in the affirmative." Seven earls and five barons were

present.--_Lords' Journals._

[594] _Husband's Collection_, 922.

[595] _Husband_, 934.

[596] Printed in _Harleian Miscellany_, iv. 419.

[597] This information respecting wills is drawn from Sir H. Nicholas'

_Notitia Historica_, 144-205. In the month of November, 1644, an

ordinance of Parliament appointed Sir Nathaniel Brent a Presbyterian

master or keeper of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, in the room of

Dr. Merrick, a Royalist Episcopalian.--_Husband_, 582.

In the Windsor churchwardens' accounts an instance occurs of money

paid in 1651-2 for searching the Prerogative Court for the Countess of

Devonshire's will, then lately deceased.--_Annals of Windsor_, ii. 267.

[598] We shall describe this law in the next volume. It should be

noticed that the ordinance of 1646, respecting bishops, said nothing

about deans and chapters, or archdeacons. How they were afterwards

dealt with will also be seen hereafter.

[599] _Scobell_, 129.

[600] _Ibid._, 146.

[601] In September, 1647, the certificate of certain Cheshire

justices touching a refusal to pay tithes to a Puritan, Mr. Smith, of

Tattenhall, came before the committee. Some Royalist Episcopalians

took encouragement, in their refusal, from two petitions of the

sequestered clergy to the King and Sir Thomas Fairfax. It is

certified, "from the said justices, that they conceive the ordinance

of Parliament for payment of tithes cannot be put by them into

execution without bloodshed." The Serjeant-at-Arms is commissioned

to bring these delinquents "in safe custody to answer their said

contempt."--_Nonconformity in Cheshire_, 472.

The objections to paying tithes at that period went much further

than such objections as are urged by Paley.--_Moral and Political

Philosophy_, book vi., iii. A corn-rent, as he suggests, or such

commutation of tithes as is now adopted, would not have met the

objections. A fixed and uniform stipend paid by the State was widely

desired.

[602] _Scobell_, 139.

"1646, 15th December.--It is ordered that Mr. Tooley, &c., shall treat

with the dean and prebends about mending the windows and repairing

the cathedral church, and to consider whether it be fit to remove

the pulpit to the former place where it stood or not, and to examine

whether there be £100 a year appointed for the repairing of the church,

and how much thereof is in arrear."

"1647.--8th November. It is ordered that the sheriffs shall give

entertainment to the preachers who come to preach at the cathedral

in such manner as the former sheriffs did, and that they shall give

like allowance for the same as they did."--Extracted from the _Norwich

Corporation Records_.

[603] _Husband_, 758. The following minutes are extracted from a MS.

volume of proceedings in the library of Sion College, London.

December, 1644. At a meeting of the governors of the school and

almshouses of Westminster:--

Whereas the governors of the schools and almshouses of Westminster,

have, by their former order, nominated and appointed Mr. Strong to be

minister of the Abbey Church, Westminster, in the room and place of Mr.

Marshall, and in regard Mr. Marshall cannot well perform the service

any longer, without inconveniency to him; it is ordered that the said

Mr. Strong be desired to undertake the service so soon as possibly he

can, and he is to have the allowance of £200 and a house; being the

same allowance as the said Mr. Marshall had for his pains, to be taken

therein. And the trustees are to pay him the same £200 and quarterly by

even and equal portions. The first payment to commence from the time he

shall begin the service, and to continue till he shall leave it.

At a committee of the Lords and Commons for the College of Westminster,

sitting in the dean's house, the 3rd March, 1645-6:--

After reciting the ordinance of the 18th of November the committee "do

nominate and appoint Mr. Philip Nye, minister of God's Word, to preach

the term lecture in the said collegiate church, and receive the yearly

stipend and allowance for the same. And the Reverend General of the

said College for the time being is hereby authorized and required to

pay the same unto the said Mr. Philip Nye, at such time as the same

hath been heretofore usually paid, and we do further nominate and

appoint the said Mr. P. Nye to preach the lecture upon every Lord's

day in the morning, at seven of the clock, for which he shall receive

such allowance as hereafter shall be settled and appointed by this

committee."

9th July, 1646.--By an order of this date, Mr. Nye was to have £50 a

year, to be paid quarterly.

_Same day._--Mr. Marshall, Mr. Palmer, Mr. Herle, Dr. Staunton, Mr.

Nye, Mr. Witaire (?), and Mr. Strong, were appointed to the morning

lecture constantly to be performed every day of the week.

July 13th.--Mr. John Bond, preacher at the Savoy in the Strand, was

appointed one of the seven morning lecturers for the Abbey on the week

day.

[604] _Commons' Journals_, December 2nd, 1643.

[605] _Annals of Windsor_, ii. 205.

[606] _Hist. of the University of Cambridge_, 233. "The Colleges have

already sent to the King £6,000, and are now about to send their plate

to make shrines for Diane's temple. Magdalene College plate, beginning

the march, was seized on by Parliament authority, and is deposited in

the Mayor's custody. St. John's College conceived a better secrecy by

water, and that way conveyed their plate; but having intelligence of

discovery, they landed it in the night into a dung-cart, and returned

it to the College. It is said now they expect a convoy of horse. King's

College refused to send plate, the Master affirming that it is directly

against their oath, binding them in express words, not to alienate the

plate of the College. If he be not deceived in his judgment, it will

be a problem for the rest of the masters."--_Tanner MSS._ 63, p. 116.

_Sanford's Illustrations_, 514.

[607] _Husband's Collections_, 415, 416.

"The Masters of Queen's, Jesus, and St. John's, were sent up to London,

and led through the midst of Bartholomew Fair in a leisurely manner, to

the endangering of their lives, up as far as Temple Bar, and so back

through the City to the Tower, on purpose that they might be hooted

at and stoned by the rabble."--_Coles' MSS._, vol. vii., quoted in

_Akerman's Hist. of University_, i. 260.

The Master of Queen's, and some others, are said to have been put on

board a ship at Wapping, where they suffered much, and were then sent

to prison. It is impossible to determine the exact truth amidst the

exaggerated statements by Walker. Hot-headed party men always overshoot

the mark, and bring discredit even on the truths they tell.

[608] _Hist. of Cambridge_, 236. Sancroft did not take the Covenant.

The following extract from a letter of his to Dr. Holdsworth, Master

of Emmanuel, is very curious:--"Ah! Sir, I know our Emmanuel College

is now an object of pity and commiseration. They have left us like

John Baptist's trunk when his head was lopped off, because of a vow

or oath (or Covenant, if you will) that went before, or like Pompey's

carcase upon the shore; so _stat magni nominis umbra_. For my part,

_tædet me vivere hanc mortem_. A small matter would prevail with me

to take up the resolution to go forth any whither where I might not

hear _nec nomen, nec facta Pelopidarum_. Nor need we voluntarily give

up our stations. I fear we cannot long maintain them. And what then?

Shall I lift up my hand? I will cut it off first. Shall I subscribe my

name? I will forget it as soon. I can at least look up through this

mist and see the hand of my God holding the scourge that lashes; and

with this thought I am able to silence all the mutinies of boisterous

passions, and to charm them into a perfect calm. Sir, you will pardon

this disjointed piece: it is the production of a disquieted mind;

and no wonder if the child resembles its parent. My sorrow, as yet,

breaks forth only in abrupt sighs and broken sobs."--_D'Oyley's Life of

Archbishop Sancroft_, i. 32.

[609] _Strype's Life of Parker_, i. 390.

[610] _Fuller's History of Cambridge_, 205.

[611] _Thorndike's Works_, vol. vi., Oxford edition. Note by Editor,

170. _Pure_ Emmanuel occurs in Corbet's satirical poem, 1615. It was

commonly so styled.

[612] _Halley's Life of Goodwin_, prefixed to _Works_, vol. ii. of

Nichol's edit., p. 23. But Brownrigg, in 1645, was put out of the

Mastership of Trinity Hall.

[613] Cartwright, Travers, Calamy, Seaman, Doolittle, S. Clarke, and

W. Jenkyns, came from Cambridge. Out of seventy-seven Puritan names

in _Brook_, I find forty-seven belonging to Cambridge, and thirty to

Oxford.

[614] The four were Goodwin (Catherine), Burroughs, Bridge (Emmanuel),

and Sydrach Sympson. Nye was an Oxford man.

[615] _Cooper_, quoted in _Notes to Thorndike_, vol. vi. 177.

[616] _Calendar of State Papers, Chas. I._, 1633-4, _Domestic_, July

22, p. 150.

[617] _Thorndike's Works_, vi. 169.

[618] Cooper gives 2,091 University residents in 1641, but says it does

not include the whole.--_Thorndike_, vi. 165. Walker reports nearly 200

masters and fellows as ejected, besides inferior scholars. Some of the

ejected heads of houses were men of moderate opinions.--_Neal_, iii.

116.

Newcome, in his _Autobiography_, Cheetham Society, speaks of the

bitter feuds between the new and the old fellows in 1645. He judged

the supporters of the Parliament to be the most religious, "religion

being as little favoured" by many of their opponents as the Puritans

themselves were (p. 7).

[619] They are far too numerous and varied for me to classify or

indicate. See historical account of all material transactions relating

to University.--_Laud's Works_, vol. v., part I.

The following scrap of a newspaper shews the care taken by the

Parliament for the support of the University, and also the feeling

existing at Oxford against the Parliament:--

"Ordered that the Committee for the Ordinances of regulating the

University shall consider of a fitting maintenance for the masters

and heads of houses in both Universities. They also ordered that a

committee should sit constantly for giving a competent maintenance to

the late bishops until they had despatched that business.

"The House being informed that there were monuments standing in Christ

Church, in Oxford, on which were epitaphs engraven abusive to the

Parliament, and giving just cause of distaste to many good men well

affected to it, as particulary on the monument of Sir Henry Gage and

Sir William Penniman, it was ordered that the epitaphs on the said

monuments should be razed and effaced."--_Weekly Intelligencer_, April

15th, 1647.

[620] In the autobiography of Arthur Wilson, an Oxford student,

in 1631, this passage occurs relative to the moral state of the

University:--

"That which was most burdensome to me in this my retirement was the

debauchery of the University. For the most eminent scholars of the

town, especially of St. John's College, being of my acquaintance, did

work upon me by such endearments as took the name of civilities, (yet

day and night could witness our madness), and I must confess, the whole

time of my life besides did never so much transport me with drinking as

that short time I lived at Oxford, and that with some of the gravest

bachelors of divinity there."--_Peck's Desiderata Curiosa_, ii. 470.

[621] _Walker_, part i. 127; _Neal_, iii. 446-453.

[622] _Walton's Lives_, 388. Morley wrote in the following dignified

manner to Whitelocke, acknowledging friendly interposition on his

behalf: "Pray God he, whosoever he be that succeeds me in it, may

part with it at his death as cheerfully as I do now, and that my

judges may not have cause to be more sorry for their sentence than

I am. It is glory enough for me that Mr. Selden and Mr. Whitelocke

were of another opinion, for being absolved by you two, and mine own

conscience, I shall still think myself in a capacity of a better

condition."--_Whitelocke's Memorials_, 250.

[623] _Wood's Ath._, ii. 215.

Walton, so called (though he wrote his name Wauton), married Cromwell's

sister Margaret, and was one of the Commissioners of the High Court of

Justice.--_Noble's Protectorate House_, ii. 224.

[624] _Neal_, iii. 456.

[625] _Scobell_, (1647), 116.

[626] _Neal_, iii. 438.

[627] The following sentence appears in a newspaper of the period:--

"There are many amongst us who are called Independents, but what some

say of them, I doubt not that they will prove honest men and peaceable

for ought that I can see--experience gives them a better report than

rumour."--_Papers from the Scotch Quarters._

[628] The following letter, dated September 25th, 1645, was addressed

to the mayor and aldermen of Norwich:--

"Gentlemen--The Parliament being desirous above all things to establish

truth and righteousness in these kingdoms, towards which the settlement

of a church government is very conducible, hath resolved to settle

a presbyterial government in the kingdom. For the better effecting

whereof you are required, with the advice of godly ministers and

others, to consider how the county of the city of Norwich may be

most conveniently divided into distinct classical Presbyteries, and

what ministers and others are fit to be of each classis, and you are

accordingly to make such divisions and nominations of persons for

each classical Presbytery. Which divisions and persons so named for

every division you are to certify to the House with all expedition. W.

Lenthall, Speaker."--_Blomefield's History of Norwich_, i. 391.

[629] This appears from a petition presented by the Presbyterians

to the mayor, in April, 1648, for a more thorough reformation, and

complaining that faithful ministers were slighted, ejected ministers

of the Church of England preferred, old ceremonies and the service

book constantly used, and the directory not observed. The petitioners

also prayed for a more thorough execution of the ordinances against

superstition and idolatry, and specified as needing to be defaced a

crucifix on the cathedral gate, another on the roof inside by the west

door, and a third upon the free-school, as well as an "image of Christ

upon the parish house of St. George's of Tombland."--_Blomefield's

History of Norwich_, i. 393.

[630] _Vox Norwici_, or the city of Norwich vindicating their

ministers, wherein the city of Norwich, viz., the court of mayoralty

and common council, by their act of assembly, the rest of the

well-affected citizens and inhabitants by the subscription of their

names hereunto, do vindicate their ministers, Master Thornebacke,

Master Carter, Master Stinnett, Master Fletcher, Master Bond, Master

Stukeley, Master Test, and Master Mitchell, from the foul and false

aspersions and slanders, which are unchristianly thrown upon them in a

lying and scurrilous libel lately come forth, entitled "_Vox Populi_,

or the People's Cry against the Clergy," or rather the voice of a

schismatic, projecting the discouragement and driving away of our

faithful teachers, but we hope his lies shall not so, effect it. Jer.

viii. 30. London, 1646.

[631] See _Godwin's Commonwealth_, ii. 211-220, _Memoirs of Edmund

Ludlow_, i. 172.

[632] _Baillie's Letters and Journals_, ii. 512, Appendix. Gillespie

says, March 30th, 1647:--"In sum, the Independent party is for the

present sunk under water in the Parliament, and run down."

[633] _Parl. Hist._, iii. 475.

[634] _Journals._

[635] _Neal_, iii. 365. The following is an extract from the

Petition:--"That an ordinance be made for the exemplary punishment of

heretics and schismatics, and that all godly and orthodox ministers may

have a competent maintenance, many pulpits being vacant of a settled

minister for want of it; and here (say they) we would lay the stress of

our desires, and the urgency of our affections." They complain further

of the "undue practices of Country Committees, of the threatening power

of the army, and of some breaches in the Constitution, all of which

they desire may be redressed, and that his Majesty's royal person and

authority may be preserved and defended, together with the liberties of

the kingdom, according to the Covenant."

[636] _Neal_, iii. 388.

[637] See full account, with authorities, in _Baker's Northamptonshire_,

i. 201.

[638] "The kingdom shall have peace and truth, the Churches uniformity

and concord, almost quite lost, Ireland hopes of speedy reduction,

sectaries and blasphemers shall be bridled if not extirpated, and

church government with the religion established."--_Welcome of the King

to Holmby_ (Holdenby).

[639] _State Papers, Dom., Chas. I._ 1647. The latter is without date.

[640] _History of Rebellion_, 610.

[641] The funeral of the Earl of Essex, on the 22nd of October, 1646,

presented a grand display of military pomp. The Speaker, many Aldermen

of the City, and Assembly of Divines also followed in the procession

to the grave. "When they came to the Abbey Church, the effigy of the

Earl was carried in and laid upon the standing hearse, where it was to

remain during the pleasure of the House, or as many days as intervened

between his death and burial. The effigy was roughly handled one night.

The Abbey being broken into, the head of the image was broken, the buff

coat was slit, the scarlet breeches were cut, the boots were slashed,

the bands were torn, and the sword broken."--See _Perfect Relation of

the Funeral_.

Mr. Vines, in his sermon at the interment, compared Essex to Abner,

and observed: "The funeral, for the state of it, overmatches the

pattern. Here are the two Houses of Parliament, the map of all England

in two globes, pouring out their sorrows, and paying their kisses of

honourable farewell to his tutelar sword."

[642] _History of Rebellion_, 610.

[643] After leaving Holdenby, during the three days the King tarried

at Childerley, many doctors, graduates, and scholars of the University

repaired thither, "to most of whom the King was pleased to give his

hand to kiss; for which honour they returned their gratulatory and

humble thanks with a _Vivat Rex_." He was also visited by Fairfax,

Cromwell, Ireton, Skippon, Lambert, Whalley, and other officers of the

Parliament army, some of whom kissed his hand.--_Wood's Ath. Oxon._,

ii., _fasti_ 81.

[644] _Clarendon_, 613.

[645] _Ludlow's Memoirs_, vol. i. 240.

[646] _Ludlow_, vol. i. 207.

[647] _Clarendon_, 616.

[648] _Blomefield's Hist. of Norwich_, i. 394, 395.

[649] _Journals of Lords_, May the 19th. _Rushworth_, vii. 1119. At

Bury, the cry was "For God and King Charles."

[650] 1648, 26th of April.--"It is thought fit and agreed that Tuesday

next shall be set apart and kept as a solemn day of thanksgiving for

God's deliverance of this city from the rebellious company of people

that did rise against them upon Monday last, and that Mr. Carter be

desired to preach in the forenoon, and Mr. Collings in the afternoon,

both at the Cathedral, and that they shall have 20s. a piece, and

that the great guns shall be shot off, and that the aldermen shall be

in scarlet and attended with the livery, and that the churchwardens

and overseers of every parish do go from house to house to take the

benevolence in writing of every person that will give for the relief of

the poor who are in want, to be delivered unto the Court of Mayoralty,

to be by them distributed."--_Corporation Records._

[651] _Scobell_, 149.

[652] _Vindication of the Ordinance against Heresies, &c._, 1646.--In

which the example of Geneva in putting Servetus to death is cited with

approval, and is adduced as an argument in defence of the ordinance.--

The _Scottish Dove_ defends the _Ordinance against Heresies, &c._, as

a great work, very necessary, heresy being of the flesh, and therefore

to be punished by the magistrate. A complaint is made in a pamphlet

entitled, _Oaths unwarrantable_, (June, 1647,) that multitudes of men

well-affected to the Parliament were indicted and punished for not

coming to their parish churches, though there were no statutes to

authorize punishment for such neglect, except the act of uniformity,

which had been repealed. "Though I stay seven years from church,"

says the writer, "and constantly meet in private houses, there is

by Parliament's principles neither law nor ordinance in force for

any judge or justice of the peace to indict me, or any other, or any

otherwise to molest or trouble me."

[653] The following prayer for the King was used at Paris, September,

1648:--

"O Almighty and most gracious Lord God, the Ruler of princes when they

are on their thrones, and their Protector when they are in peril, look

down mercifully from heaven, we most humbly pray Thee, upon the low

estate of thine anointed, our King. Comfort him in his troubles, defend

him in his danger, strengthen him in his good resolutions, and command

thine angels so to pitch their tents round about him, that he may be

defended from all those that desire his hurt, and may be speedily

re-established in the just rights of his throne, through Jesus Christ

our Lord. Amen." Made by Dr. Steward, 1648. MS. copy in _Pamphlets_,

vol. xxxv.

[654] See _Short's Sketch of the Church_, ii. 154.

[655] _Rushworth_, vii. 1302, 1321. Godwin, in his _History of the

Commonwealth_, ii. 481, has exposed with unsparing justice the

duplicity of Charles at this moment in the treaty which he was then

forming with the Scotch.

[656] _Rushworth_, vii. 1334.

It is unnecessary to do more than indicate that the Commissioners

replied to this document, (November the 20th, 1648,) still urging the

three points, but explaining the Directory, as setting down the matter

of prayer, only leaving words to a minister's discretion. To this

Charles gave a final reply, November the 21st, adhering to Episcopacy

and the inalienability of church lands. As to the Directory--having

observed its latitude according to their explanation--he was willing

to waive his objections. The King's final reply is not given in

_Rushworth_, but it may be found in the _Parl. Hist._, iii. 1130.

[657] _Parl. Hist._, iii. 1077.

[658] The speech is given in _Parl. Hist._, iii. 1152-1239; the pages

are closely printed. Though so very long it is well worth reading.

[659] _Memoirs of the Two Last Years of K. Charles I., by Sir Thomas

Herbert_, 124.

[660] _Whitelocke_, 375. It has been stated that Juxon's spiritual

assistance was permitted at the intercession of Hugh Peters--a thing

in itself very unlikely. Godwin asserts it, and refers generally to

Whitelocke and Rushworth as his authorities; I suppose p. 370 of the

_Memorials_ is intended. Rushworth ascribes the intercession to a

member of the army.--Vol. vii. 1421. In most accounts of the last days

of Charles, the references are unsatisfactory.

[661] Prefixed to _Ussher's Letters_, p. 72.

[662] _Life of Philip Henry_, by his son. There is amongst the Harleian

MSS. in the British Museum an affecting letter on the subject, by Dr.

Sanderson, written a few days after the King's execution.

[663] It must be remembered that Vane, St. John, and Algernon Sidney,

were of opinion that to depose Charles would be better than to behead

him.

[664] Bradshaw was a member of the Church under the pastoral care,

first of Mr. Strong, and then of Mr. Rowe, ministers of Westminster

Abbey. Miles Corbet was member of the Church at Yarmouth, under the

pastoral care of William Bridge.

[665] _Neal_, iii. 537. See what he says, 547-554, respecting the

authors of the King's death.

[666] The Governor's name is spelt in at least six different ways by

various historians. We have adopted the spelling of Clarendon.

[667] See _Fuller's Church History_, iii. 502; Herbert, in _Wood's

Ath. Oxon._, ii. 705; _Clarendon's Hist. of Rebellion_, 692; and

_Gentleman's Magazine_, vol. xlii.

Transcriber's Note:

1. Spelling errors have been silently corrected.

2. The Corrigenda for this volume have been corrected.