STATISTICS OF THE SOAP INDUSTRY.
Until the year 1853 the amount of soap produced annually in this country
was readily obtainable from the official returns collected for the
purpose of levying the duty, and the following figures, taken at
intervals of ten years for the half century prior to that date, show the
steady development of the industry during that period:--
_______________________________________________________________
| | | | | |
| Year. | Manufactured. | Consumed. | Exported. | Duty per Ton. |
|_______|_______________|___________|___________|_______________|
| | | | | |
| | Cwts. | Cwts. | Cwts. | £ |
| 1801 | 509,980 | 482,140 | 26,790 | 21 |
| 1811 | 678,570 | 651,780 | 26,790 | 21 |
| 1821 | 875,000 | 839,290 | 35,710 | 28 |
| 1831 | 1,098,210 | 955,360 | 142,850 | 28 |
| 1841 | 1,776,790 | 1,517,860 | 258,930 | 14 |
| 1851 | 1,937,500 | 1,741,070 | 196,430 | 14 |
|_______|_______________|___________|___________|_______________|
Since the repeal of the soap duty, the revenue from which had reached
about £1,000,000 per annum, no accurate means of gauging the production
exists, but it is estimated that it has nearly quadrupled during the
last fifty-five years, being now some 7,000,000 or 8,000,000 cwt. per
annum.
The number of soap manufacturers in the United Kingdom is nearly 300,
and the amount of capital invested in the industry is roughly estimated
to approach £20,000,000 sterling.
Official figures are still available for the amount and value of soap
annually imported and exported to and from the United Kingdom, the
returns for the last eight years being:--
_Imports._
_________________________________________________________________________
| | | | |
| | Household. | Toilet. | Total.[13] |
| |_____________________|_____________________|_____________________|
| Year. | | | | | | |
| | Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value. | Quantity. | Value |
|_______|___________|_________|___________|_________|___________|_________|
| | | | | | | |
| | Cwts. | £ | Cwts. | £ | Cwts. | £ |
| 1900 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 191,233 | 244,345 |
| 1901 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 302,555 | 315,026 |
| 1902 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 361,851 | 429,300 |
| 1903 | 273,542 | 284,376 | 25,749 | 98,032 | 462,959 | 499,407 |
| 1904 | 254,425 | 268,408 | 17,962 | 81,162 | 383,122 | 438,966 |
| 1905 | 274,238 | 279,044 | 19,631 | 98,507 | 473,067 | 500,430 |
| 1906 | 309,975 | 311,114 | 18,554 | 101,243 | 399,070 | 468,086 |
| 1907 | 228,035 | 263,965 | 18,244 | 99,432 | 504,710 | 545,385 |
|_______|___________|_________|___________|_________|___________|_________|
Household and toilet soaps were not given separately prior to 1903.
The imports during the last three years for which complete figures are
obtainable, came from the following sources:--
_Household Soap._
______________________________________________________________
| | | | |
| | 1904. | 1905. | 1906. |
|________________________________|_________|_________|_________|
| | | | |
| | £ | £ | £ |
| From Netherlands | 4,315 | 3,620 | 3,368 |
| France | 14,339 | 17,783 | 24,747 |
| Italy | 24,209 | 18,129 | 32,972 |
| United States | 218,740 | 235,612 | 242,294 |
| Other Foreign Countries | 6,785 | 3,873 | 7,448 |
| |_________|_________|_________|
| | | | |
| Total from Foreign Countries | 268,388 | 279,017 | 310,829 |
| Total from British Possessions | 20 | 27 | 285 |
| |_________|_________|_________|
| | | | |
| Total | 268,408 | 279,044 | 311,114 |
|________________________________|_________|_________|_________|
_Toilet Soap._
______________________________________________________________
| | | | |
| | 1904. | 1905. | 1906. |
|________________________________|_________|_________|_________|
| | | | |
| | £ | £ | £ |
| From Germany | 3,509 | 3,516 | 3,001 |
| Netherlands | 5,937 | 5,773 | 5,919 |
| Belgium | 1,568 | 1,861 | 3,145 |
| France | 7,120 | 7,633 | 5,794 |
| Italy | 1,176 | 255 | 1,233 |
| United States | 59,863 | 74,516 | 78,382 |
| Other Foreign Countries | 166 | 147 | 196 |
| |_________|_________|_________|
| | | | |
| Total from Foreign Countries | 79,339 | 93,701 | 97,670 |
| Total from British Possessions | 1,823 | 4,411 | 3,225 |
| |_________|_________|_________|
| | | | |
| Total | 81,162 | 98,112 | 100,895 |
|________________________________|_________|_________|_________|
_Exports._
The exports from the United Kingdom during the past eight years have
been as follows:--
_________________________________________________________________________
| | | | |
| | Household. | Toilet. | Total.[14] |
| |_______________________|____________________|______________________|
|Year.| | | | | | |
| | Quantity. | Value. | Quantity.| Value. | Quantity. | Value. |
|_____|___________|___________|__________|_________|___________|__________|
| | | | | | | |
| | Cwts. | £ | Cwts. | £ | Cwts. | £ |
| 1900| ... | ... | ... | ... | 874,214 | 939,510|
| 1901| ... | ... | ... | ... | 947,485 | 999,524|
| 1902| ... | ... | ... | ... | 1,051,624 | 1,126,657|
| 1903| 998,995 | 900,814 | 38,372 | 217,928 | 1,057,164 | 1,143,661|
| 1904| 1,049,022 | 955,774 | 40,406 | 228,574 | 1,108,174 | 1,208,712|
| 1905| 1,167,976 | 1,013,837 | 43,837 | 248,425 | 1,230,310 | 1,284,727|
| 1906| 1,131,294 | 1,009,653 | 46,364 | 261,186 | 1,210,598 | 1,309,556|
| 1907| 1,114,624 | 1,095,170 | 50,655 | 280,186 | 1,240,805 | 1,459,113|
|_____|___________|___________|__________|_________|___________|__________|
Household and toilet soaps were not given separately prior to 1903.
The exports for the last three years for which complete figures are
available, consisted of the following:--
_Household Soap._
+----------------------------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
| | 1904. | 1905. | 1906. |
+----------------------------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
| | £ | £ | £ |
|To Sweden | 3,027 | 2,911 | 3,677 |
| Norway | 4,173 | 3,921 | 6,005 |
| Netherlands | 39,420 | 41,197 | 48,601 |
| Dutch Possessions in the Indian Seas | 8,586 | 10,293 | 7,746 |
| Belgium | 73,996 | 51,583 | 7,729 |
| France | 11,741 | 12,222 | 22,907 |
| Portuguese East Africa | 28,987 | 42,981 | 40,478 |
| Canary Islands | 24,763 | 27,864 | 27,579 |
| Italy | 2,842 | 3,187 | 3,962 |
| Turkey | 6,974 | 7,858 | 5,897 |
| Egypt | 12,110 | 9,467 | 12,035 |
| China (exclusive of Hong-Kong and | | | |
| Macao) | 49,235 | 114,156 | 89,169 |
| United States | 3,885 | 1,975 | 3,924 |
| Columbia | 3,601 | 501 | 1,364 |
| Ecuador | 3,075 | 3,096 | 6,861 |
| Chili | 5,972 | 4,865 | 9,203 |
| Brazil | 35,197 | 28,198 | 31,726 |
| Argentine Republic | 7,802 | 8,954 | 13,084 |
| Other Foreign Countries | 40,058 | 53,914 | 77,687 |
| +----------+----------+-----------+
|Total to Foreign Countries | 365,444 | 429,143 | 419,634 |
| +---------------------------------+
|To Channel Islands | 5,301 | 8,328 | 7,968 |
| Gibraltar | 13,272 | 13,868 | 12,661 |
| British West Africa-- | | | |
| Gold Coast | 22,598 | 18,513 | 23,423 |
| Lagos | 7,751 | 8,032 | 9,518 |
| Nigerian Protectorate | 14,942 | 15,299 | 20,951 |
| Cape of Good Hope | 158,517 | 143,750 | 136,388 |
| Natal | 74,848 | 71,874 | 46,771 |
| British India | | | |
| Bombay (including Kurachi) | 59,406 | 68,945 | 77,867 |
| Madras | 6,364 | 6,697 | 10,355 |
| Bengal, Eastern Bengal and Assam. | 26,534 | 23,087 | 22,648 |
| Burmah | 26,389 | 35,727 | 37,103 |
| Straits Settlements and Dependencies | 26,516 | 32,214 | 39,749 |
| Hong-Kong | 14,119 | 15,153 | 15,685 |
| British West India Islands | 74,069 | 58,881 | 67,331 |
| British Guiana | 12,661 | 12,023 | 11,557 |
| Other British Possessions | 47,043 | 52,303 | 50,044 |
| +----------+----------+-----------+
|Total to British Possessions | 590,330 | 584,694 | 590,019 |
| +----------+----------+-----------+
| Total | 955,774 |1,013,837 |1,009,653 |
|----------------------------------------+---------+-----------+-----------+
_Toilet Soap._
________________________________________________________________
| | | | |
| | 1904. | 1905. | 1906. |
|__________________________________|_________|_________|_________|
| | | | |
| | £ | £ | £ |
| To Germany | 5,051 | 6,322 | 6,620 |
| Belgium | 3,730 | 3,265 | 3,355 |
| France | 7,903 | 8,988 | 9,324 |
| Portuguese East Africa | 2,215 | 3,973 | 4,658 |
| Egypt | 2,302 | 3,350 | 3,525 |
| China (exclusive of | | | |
| Hong-Kong and Macao) | 3,096 | 3,115 | 3,645 |
| Japan (including Formosa) | 3,300 | 4,649 | 3,382 |
| United States | 50,043 | 50,668 | 52,124 |
| Brazil | 1,879 | 2,241 | 2,292 |
| Other Foreign Countries | 22,002 | 26,081 | 29,214 |
| |_________|_________|_________|
| | | | |
| Total to Foreign Countries | 101,521 | 112,652 | 118,139 |
| |_________|_________|_________|
| | | | |
| To Cape of Good Hope | 14,094 | 14,815 | 14,988 |
| Natal | 8,897 | 11,913 | 7,280 |
| British India-- | | | |
| Bombay (including Kurachi) | 24,665 | 24,672 | 28,316 |
| Madras | 4,333 | 5,851 | 6,624 |
| Bengal, Eastern Bengal | | | |
| and Assam | 14,129 | 16,021 | 15,969 |
| Burmah | 3,299 | 3,400 | 4,667 |
| Straits Settlements and | | | |
| Dependencies | 3,590 | 5,092 | 4,798 |
| Ceylon and Dependencies | 12,210 | 11,118 | 12,854 |
| Australia-- | | | |
| Western Australia | 1,549 | 1,394 | 1,137 |
| South Australia, (including | | | |
| Northern Territory) | 895 | 644 | 637 |
| Victoria | 11,989 | 13,614 | 12,774 |
| New South Wales | 3,920 | 4,278 | 4,139 |
| Queensland | 957 | 1,097 | 1,108 |
| Tasmania | 482 | 315 | 547 |
| New Zealand | 5,093 | 4,498 | 5,503 |
| Canada | 6,382 | 6,196 | 8,185 |
| Other British Possessions | 11,069 | 10,855 | 13,521 |
| |_________|_________|_________|
| | | | |
| Total to British Possessions | 127,053 | 135,773 | 143,047 |
| |_________|_________|_________|
| | | | |
| Total | 228,574 | 248,425 | 261,186 |
|__________________________________|_________|_________|_________|
The following statistics extracted from official consular reports, etc.,
show the extent of the soap industry in other parts of the world.
_United States._--According to the _Oil, Paint and Drug Report_ the
total production of soap in the United States during 1905, exclusive of
soap products to the value of $1,437,118 made in establishments engaged
primarily in the manufacture of other products, reached a value of
$68,274,700, made up in the following manner:--
+------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
| | Quantity. | Value. |
+------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
| | Lbs. | $ |
|Hard soaps | ... | 56,878,486 |
|Tallow soap | 846,753,798 | 32,610,850 |
|Olein soap | 29,363,376 | 1,363,636 |
|Foots soap | 85,000,133 | 3,090,312 |
|Toilet soaps, including medicated, | | |
| shaving, and other special soaps | 130,225,417 | 9,607,276 |
|Powdered soaps, sold as such | 120,624,968 | 4,358,682 |
|All other soaps | 143,390,957 | 6,097,670 |
|Soft soap | 33,613,416 | 667,064 |
|Special soap articles | ... | 554,881 |
+------------------------------------+--------------+-------------+
_France_.--This country exported common soap during 1906 to the value of
£556,000, or £8,000 more than in 1905.
The chief centre of the soap industry is Marseilles, which, with about
fifty soap factories, produces annually some 3,000,000 cwts.
_Germany_ imported in 1905 soap and perfumery to the value of £3,032,
that exported amounting to £15,364.
In Saxony there are eighty soap factories.
_Russia._--There are fifty large soap factories in Russia, the annual
output from which is about 2,250,000 cwt.
_Roumania._--This country possesses about 230 small and eighteen large
soap and candle factories, most of which produce only common soap, there
being only one firm--in Bucharest--which makes milled soaps.
_Denmark._--In this country there are some 200 small soap factories.
_Australia._--According to a Board of Trade report, there were
ninety-eight soap and candle factories in Australia in 1905, employing
1,568 hands, and producing 495,036 cwt. of soap.
_Queensland._--In 1905 this country contained twenty-one soap and candle
works, in which 142 hands were employed, and having an output valued at
£86,324.
_Hong-Kong._--There are about twenty-four soap factories on this island.
_Japan._--A Swiss consular report states that in Japan there are now
some fifty soap works, producing about 15,000,000 tablets monthly.
_Fiji Islands._--These possess only one soap factory, the output from
which is 9 cwt. daily.
The following table, compiled from various consular and other official
returns, shows the quantity and value of soap imported into different
countries and places during the years 1905-7:--
_______________________________________________________________________________
| | |
| Household. | Toilet. | Total.
|___________________|____________________|____________________
Place and Date. | | | | | |
| Quantity.| Value. |Quantity.| Value. |Quantity.| Value.
__________________|__________|________|_________|__________|_________|__________
| | | | | |
_Europe_-- | | | | | |
Cyprus, 1905 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | £9,983
Iceland, 1906 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | £6,423
Switzerland, | ... | ... | ... | ... |1,702,800| ...
1906 | | | | | kilos. | ...
Turkey | ... | ... | ... | ... | About | ...
| | | | |1,800,000| ...
| | | | | lb. per |
| | | | | annum |
_Africa_-- | | | | | |
Algeria, 1906 | 13,609 |£228,640| ... | ... | ... | ...
| tons | | | | |
Cape Colony, |15,897,800|£145,000| 427,600 | ... | ... | ...
1906 | lb. | | lb. | | |
Gold Coast, 1906| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | £23,987
Lourenço, | 357,638 | £4,293 | 36,000 | £2,195 | ... | ...
Marques, 1906| lb. | | lb. | | |
Natal, 1906 |4,263,000 | ... | 9,870 | ... | ... | ...
| lb. | | lb. | | |
Orange River | 2,382,000| £23,000|1,748 lb.| ... | ... | ...
Colony, 1906 | lb. | | | | |
Pemba, 1905 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | £1,092
Rhodesia, 1906 | 257,600 | ... |2,909 lb.| ... | ... | ...
| lb. | | | | |
Southern | | | | | |
Nigeria, 1905| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | £11,990
Tangier | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | £4,554
Transvaal, 1906 | 4,407,000| £81,000| 202,200 | ... | ... | ...
| lb. | | lb. | | |
Tripoli, 1905 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | £6,080
Tunis, 1906 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1,539 | £23,727
| | | | | tons |
Zanzibar, 1906 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | £6,102
| | | | | |
_America_-- | | | | | |
Bahia, 1906 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1,031 | 606,046
| | | | | tons | milreis
Brazil, 1906 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1,782 | ...
| | | | | tons |
| | | | |from U.K.|
British Guiana, | | | | | |
1906-7 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | £13,733
Canada, 1906-7 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | $600,999
Columbia, 1906--| | | | | |
Cartagena | ... | ... | ... | ... | 65,991 | ...
| | | | | tons |
Barranquilla | ... | ... | ... | ... | 814,671 | $14,712
| | | | | lb. |
Costa Rica, 1906| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | £1,269
| | | | | | from U.K.
| | | | | |
Ecuador, 1904 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 759,034 | ...
| | | | | kilos. |
Granada, 1905 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | £3,867
Guatemala, 1906 | ... | £900 | ... | ... | ... | ...
Martinique, 1906| 693,269 | £6,955 | ... | ... | ... | ...
| kilos. | | | | |
Mexico, 1905-6 | ... | £5,982 | ... | ... | ... | ...
San Domingo, | ... | ... | ... | ... | 754,587 |
1906 | | | | | lb. | ...
St. Vincent, | | | | | |
1905-6 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | £1,375
Surinam, 1906 | ... | £3,905 | 1,142 | ... | ... | ...
| | | tons | | |
Trinidad, 1906-7| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | £29,967
United States, | | | | | |
1905 | ... |$399,797| ... |$1,071,446| ... |$1,471,243
__________________|__________|________|_________|__________|_________|____________
________________________________________________________________________________
| | |
| Household. | Toilet. | Total
|__________________|_________________|________________________
Place and Date. | | | Quan- | | Quan- |
| Quantity.| Value.| tity. | Value. | tity | Value.
__________________|__________|_______|_______|_________|________|_______________
| | | | | |
_Asia_-- | | | | | |
Ceylon, 1906 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 423,700 rupees
China, 1906 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |£216,042
Hangchow, 1906 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | £5,888
India, 1906-7 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 183,998| £215,210
| | | | | cwts.|
Kiungchow, 1905 | ... | £575 | ... | ... | ... | ...
Shanghai, 1905 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | £93,256
Smyrna, 1906 | ... | ... | ... | ... |261 tons| ...
| | | | | |
_Australasia_-- | | | | | |
Australia, 1906 | ... | ... |891,117| £65,840 | ... | ...
| | | lb. | | |
Fiji, 1906 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | £1,760
New Zealand, | | | | | |
1905 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | £36,843
Philippine | | | | | |
Islands, 1905 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | £9,137
__________________|__________|_______|_______|_________|________|________
_Exports._
________________________________________________________________________________
| | |
| Household. | Toilet. | Total
|___________________|__________________|_____________________
Place and Date. | | | Quan- | | Quan- |
| Quantity.| Value. | tity. | Value. | tity. | Value
___________________|__________|________|_______|__________|_______|_____________
| | | | | |
_Europe_-- | | | | | |
Candia, Crete, | ... | ... | ... | ... | 2,200 | £34,000
1906 | | | | | tons. |
Greece | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | About
| | | | | | 500,000 Fr.
| | | | | | per annum.
Italy, 1907 | 3,992,800| £95,840| ... | ... | ... | ...
| kilos. | | | | |
Leghorn, 1906 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 1,521 | £37,065
| | | | | tons. |
Spain, 1905 | 4,750,996| £98,840| ... | ... | ... | ...
| kilos. | | | | |
Switzerland, 1906| ... | ... | ... | ... | 77,300| ...
| | | | | kilos.|
_Africa_-- | | | | | |
Cape Colony, 1906| 200 lb. | ... | ... | ... | ... | ...
Natal, 1906 |75,225 lb.| ... | ... | ... | ... | ...
Seychelles, 1906 | ... | ... | ... | ... |419,329| 129,590
| | | | | kilos.| Rs.
_America_-- | | | | | |
New Orleans, | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | £55,534
1906 | | | | | |
Perambuco, 1906 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 3,582 |1,087,797,150
| | | | | tons.| rei
United States, |44,110,949| ... | ... |$1,042,185| ... | ...
1905 | lb. | | | | |
| | | | | |
_Asia_-- | | | | | |
Japan, 1906 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | £83,877
Smyrna, 1906 | ... | ... | ... | ... | 322 | ...
| | | | | tons. |
___________________|__________|________|_______|__________|_______|_____________
FOOTNOTES:
[13] Including soap powder and soap stock.
[14] Including soap powder and soap stock.
APPENDIX A.
COMPARISON OF DEGREES, TWADDELL AND BAUMÉ, WITH ACTUAL DENSITIES.
_______________________________________________
| | | | | | |
| Tw. | B. | Density. | Tw. | B. | Density. |
|_____|______|__________|_____|______|__________|
| | | | | | |
| 0 | 0 | 1.000 | 44 | 26.0 | 1.220 |
| 1 | 0.7 | 1.005 | 45 | 26.4 | 1.225 |
| 2 | 1.4 | 1.010 | 46 | 26.9 | 1.230 |
| 3 | 2.1 | 1.015 | 47 | 27.4 | 1.235 |
| 4 | 2.7 | 1.020 | 48 | 27.9 | 1.240 |
| 5 | 3.4 | 1.025 | 49 | 28.4 | 1.245 |
| 6 | 4.1 | 1.030 | 50 | 28.8 | 1.250 |
| 7 | 4.7 | 1.035 | 51 | 29.3 | 1.255 |
| 8 | 5.4 | 1.040 | 52 | 29.7 | 1.260 |
| 9 | 6.0 | 1.045 | 53 | 30.2 | 1.265 |
| 10 | 6.7 | 1.050 | 54 | 30.6 | 1.270 |
| 11 | 7.4 | 1.055 | 55 | 31.1 | 1.275 |
| 12 | 8.0 | 1.060 | 56 | 31.5 | 1.280 |
| 13 | 8.7 | 1.065 | 57 | 32.0 | 1.285 |
| 14 | 9.4 | 1.070 | 58 | 32.4 | 1.290 |
| 15 | 10.0 | 1.075 | 59 | 32.8 | 1.295 |
| 16 | 10.6 | 1.080 | 60 | 33.3 | 1.300 |
| 17 | 11.2 | 1.085 | 61 | 33.7 | 1.305 |
| 18 | 11.9 | 1.090 | 62 | 34.2 | 1.310 |
| 19 | 12.4 | 1.095 | 63 | 34.6 | 1.315 |
| 20 | 13.0 | 1.100 | 64 | 35.0 | 1.320 |
| 21 | 13.6 | 1.105 | 65 | 35.4 | 1.325 |
| 22 | 14.2 | 1.110 | 66 | 35.8 | 1.330 |
| 23 | 14.9 | 1.115 | 67 | 36.2 | 1.335 |
| 24 | 15.4 | 1.120 | 68 | 36.6 | 1.340 |
| 25 | 16.0 | 1.125 | 69 | 37.0 | 1.345 |
| 26 | 16.5 | 1.130 | 70 | 37.4 | 1.350 |
| 27 | 17.1 | 1.135 | 71 | 37.8 | 1.355 |
| 28 | 17.7 | 1.140 | 72 | 38.2 | 1.360 |
| 29 | 18.3 | 1.145 | 73 | 38.6 | 1.365 |
| 30 | 18.8 | 1.150 | 74 | 39.0 | 1.370 |
| 31 | 19.3 | 1.155 | 75 | 39.4 | 1.375 |
| 32 | 19.8 | 1.160 | 76 | 39.8 | 1.380 |
| 33 | 20.3 | 1.165 | 77 | 40.1 | 1.385 |
| 34 | 20.9 | 1.170 | 78 | 40.5 | 1.390 |
| 35 | 21.4 | 1.175 | 79 | 40.8 | 1.395 |
| 36 | 22.0 | 1.180 | 80 | 41.2 | 1.400 |
| 37 | 22.5 | 1.185 | 81 | 41.6 | 1.405 |
| 38 | 23.0 | 1.190 | 82 | 42.0 | 1.410 |
| 39 | 23.5 | 1.195 | 83 | 42.3 | 1.415 |
| 40 | 24.0 | 1.200 | 84 | 42.7 | 1.420 |
| 41 | 24.5 | 1.205 | 85 | 43.1 | 1.425 |
| 42 | 25.0 | 1.210 | 86 | 43.4 | 1.430 |
| 43 | 25.5 | 1.215 | 87 | 48.8 | 1.435 |
|_____|______|__________|_____|______|__________|
_______________________________________________
| | | | | | |
| Tw. | B. | Density. | Tw. | B. | Density. |
|_____|______|__________|_____|______|__________|
| | | | | | |
| 88 | 44.1 | 1.440 | 131 | 57.1 | 1.655 |
| 89 | 44.4 | 1.445 | 132 | 57.4 | 1.660 |
| 90 | 44.8 | 1.450 | 133 | 57.7 | 1.665 |
| 91 | 45.1 | 1.455 | 134 | 57.9 | 1.670 |
| 92 | 45.4 | 1.460 | 135 | 58.2 | 1.675 |
| 93 | 45.8 | 1.465 | 136 | 58.4 | 1.680 |
| 94 | 46.1 | 1.470 | 137 | 58.7 | 1.685 |
| 95 | 46.4 | 1.475 | 138 | 58.9 | 1.690 |
| 96 | 46.8 | 1.480 | 139 | 59.2 | 1.695 |
| 97 | 47.1 | 1.485 | 140 | 59.5 | 1.700 |
| 98 | 47.4 | 1.490 | 141 | 59.7 | 1.705 |
| 99 | 47.8 | 1.495 | 142 | 60.0 | 1.710 |
| 100 | 48.1 | 1.500 | 143 | 60.2 | 1.715 |
| 101 | 48.4 | 1.505 | 144 | 60.4 | 1.720 |
| 102 | 48.7 | 1.510 | 145 | 60.6 | 1.725 |
| 103 | 49.0 | 1.515 | 146 | 60.9 | 1.730 |
| 104 | 49.4 | 1.520 | 147 | 61.1 | 1.735 |
| 105 | 49.7 | 1.525 | 148 | 61.4 | 1.740 |
| 106 | 50.0 | 1.530 | 149 | 61.6 | 1.745 |
| 107 | 50.3 | 1.535 | 150 | 61.8 | 1.750 |
| 108 | 50.6 | 1.540 | 151 | 62.1 | 1.755 |
| 109 | 50.9 | 1.545 | 152 | 62.3 | 1.760 |
| 110 | 51.2 | 1.550 | 153 | 62.5 | 1.765 |
| 111 | 51.5 | 1.555 | 154 | 62.8 | 1.770 |
| 112 | 51.8 | 1.560 | 155 | 63.0 | 1.775 |
| 113 | 52.1 | 1.565 | 156 | 63.2 | 1.780 |
| 114 | 52.4 | 1.570 | 157 | 63.5 | 1.785 |
| 115 | 52.7 | 1.575 | 158 | 63.7 | 1.790 |
| 116 | 53.0 | 1.580 | 159 | 64.0 | 1.795 |
| 117 | 53.3 | 1.585 | 160 | 64.2 | 1.800 |
| 118 | 53.6 | 1.590 | 161 | 64.4 | 1.805 |
| 119 | 53.9 | 1.595 | 162 | 64.6 | 1.810 |
| 120 | 54.1 | 1.600 | 163 | 64.8 | 1.815 |
| 121 | 54.4 | 1.605 | 164 | 65.0 | 1.820 |
| 122 | 54.7 | 1.610 | 165 | 65.2 | 1.825 |
| 123 | 55.0 | 1.615 | 166 | 65.5 | 1.830 |
| 124 | 55.2 | 1.620 | 167 | 65.7 | 1.835 |
| 125 | 55.5 | 1.625 | 168 | 65.9 | 1.840 |
| 126 | 55.8 | 1.630 | 169 | 66.1 | 1.845 |
| 127 | 56.0 | 1.635 | 170 | 66.3 | 1.850 |
| 128 | 56.3 | 1.640 | 171 | 66.5 | 1.855 |
| 129 | 56.6 | 1.645 | 172 | 66.7 | 1.860 |
| 130 | 56.9 | 1.650 | 173 | 67.0 | 1.865 |
|_____|______|__________|_____|______|__________|
(From _The Oil and Colour Trades Journal_ Diary.)
APPENDIX B.
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT THERMOMETRIC SCALES.
_______________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| Cent. | Fahr. | Cent. | Fahr. | Cent. | Fahr. | Cent. | Fahr. |
|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|
| | | | | | | | |
| -40 | -40 | 2 | 35.6 | 44 | 111.2 | 86 | 186.8 |
| 39 | 38.2 | 3 | 87.4 | 45 | 113 | 87 | 188.6 |
| 38 | 36.4 | 4 | 39.2 | 46 | 114.8 | 88 | 190.4 |
| 37 | 34.6 | 5 | 41 | 47 | 116.6 | 89 | 192.2 |
| 36 | 32.8 | 6 | 42.8 | 48 | 118.4 | 90 | 194 |
| 35 | 31 | 7 | 44.6 | 49 | 120.2 | 91 | 195.8 |
| 34 | 29.2 | 8 | 46.4 | 50 | 122 | 92 | 197.6 |
| 33 | 27.4 | 9 | 48.2 | 51 | 123.8 | 93 | 199.4 |
| 32 | 25.6 | 10 | 50 | 52 | 125.6 | 94 | 201.2 |
| 31 | 23.8 | 11 | 51.8 | 53 | 127.4 | 95 | 203 |
| 30 | 22 | 12 | 58.6 | 54 | 129.2 | 96 | 204.8 |
| 29 | 20.2 | 13 | 55.4 | 55 | 131 | 97 | 206.6 |
| 28 | 18.4 | 14 | 57.2 | 56 | 132.8 | 98 | 208.4 |
| 27 | 16.6 | 15 | 59 | 57 | 134.6 | 99 | 210.2 |
| 26 | 14.8 | 16 | 60.8 | 58 | 136.4 | 100 | 212 |
| 25 | 13 | 17 | 62.6 | 59 | 138.2 | 101 | 213.8 |
| 24 | 11.2 | 18 | 64.4 | 60 | 140 | 102 | 215.6 |
| 23 | 9.4 | 19 | 66.2 | 61 | 141.8 | +103 |+217.4 |
| 22 | 7.6 | 20 | 68 | 62 | 143.6 | 104 | 219.2 |
| 21 | 5.8 | 21 | 69.8 | 63 | 145.4 | 105 | 221 |
| 20 | 4 | 22 | 71.6 | 64 | 147.2 | 106 | 222.8 |
| 19 | 2.2 | 23 | 73.4 | 65 | 149 | 107 | 224.6 |
| 18 | 0.4 | 24 | 75.2 | 66 | 150.8 | 108 | 226.4 |
| 17 | +1.4 | 25 | 77 | 67 | 152.6 | 109 | 228.2 |
| 16 | 3.2 | 26 | 78.8 | +68 |+154.4 | +110 |+230 |
| 15 | 5 | 27 | 80.6 | 69 | 156.2 | 111 | 231.8 |
| 14 | 6.8 | 28 | 82.4 | 70 | 158 | 112 | 283.6 |
| 13 | 8.6 | 29 | 84.2 | 71 | 159.8 | 113 | 235.4 |
| 12 | 10.4 | 30 | 86 | 72 | 161.6 | 114 | 237.2 |
| 11 | 12.2 | 31 | 87.8 | 73 | 163.4 | 115 | 239 |
| 10 | 14 | +32 | +89.6 | 74 | 165.2 | +116 |+240.8 |
| 9 | 15.8 | 33 | 91.4 | 75 | 167 | 117 | 242.6 |
| 8 | 17.6 | 34 | 93.2 | 76 | 168.8 | 118 | 244.4 |
| 7 | 19.4 | 35 | 95 | 77 | 170.6 | 119 | 246.2 |
| 6 | 21.2 | 36 | 96.8 | 78 | 172.4 | 120 | 248 |
| 5 | 23 | 37 | 98.6 | 79 | 174.2 | 121 | 249.8 |
| -4 | 24.8 | 49 | 100.4 | 80 | 176 | +122 |+251.6 |
| 3 | 26.6 | 39 | 102.2 | 81 | 177.8 | 123 | 253.4 |
| 2 | 28.4 | 40 | 104 | 82 | 179.6 | 124 | 255.2 |
| 1 | 30.2 | 41 | 105.8 | 83 | 181.4 | 125 | 257 |
| 0 | 32 | 42 | 107.6 | 84 | 183.2 | 126 | 258.8 |
| +1 | 33.8 | 43 | 109.4 | 85 | 185 | 127 | 260.6 |
|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|
(From _Soaps_, by G. H. Hurst, published by Scott, Greenwood & Son.)
APPENDIX C.
TABLE OF THE SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF SOLUTIONS OF CAUSTIC SODA.
_________________________________________________________________________
| | | | |
| | | Per cent. by | Lb. of actual NaOH contained |
| | | weight of | in 1 gallon of lye made from |
| | | | commercial caustic of |
| Degrees | Specific |___________________|______________________________|
| Twaddell. | gravity. | | | | | |
| | | Na_{2}O. | NaOH. | 77 per | 74 per | 70 per |
| | | | | cent. | cent. | cent. |
|___________|__________|__________|________|_________|_________|__________|
| | | | | | | |
| 1 | 1.005 | 0.368 | 0.474 | 0.048 | 0.046 | 0.043 |
| 2 | 1.010 | 0.742 | 0.957 | 0.097 | 0.092 | 0.087 |
| 3 | 1.015 | 1.114 | 1.436 | 0.146 | 0.131 | 0.129 |
| 4 | 1.020 | 1.480 | 1.909 | 0.194 | 0.185 | 0.180 |
| 5 | 1.025 | 1.834 | 2.365 | 0.243 | 0.231 | 0.219 |
| 6 | 1.030 | 2.194 | 2.830 | 0.291 | 0.278 | 0.262 |
| 7 | 1.035 | 2.521 | 3.252 | 0.335 | 0.320 | 0.303 |
| 8 | 1.040 | 2.964 | 3.746 | 0.389 | 0.371 | 0.350 |
| 9 | 1.045 | 3.244 | 4.184 | 0.438 | 0.417 | 0.393 |
| 10 | 1.050 | 3.590 | 4.631 | 0.486 | 0.461 | 0.438 |
| 11 | 1.055 | 3.943 | 5.086 | 0.536 | 0.510 | 0.483 |
| 12 | 1.060 | 4.292 | 5.536 | 0.586 | 0.558 | 0.528 |
| 13 | 1.065 | 4.638 | 5.982 | 0.636 | 0.607 | 0.573 |
| 14 | 1.070 | 4.972 | 6.413 | 0.680 | 0.653 | 0.617 |
| 15 | 1.075 | 5.311 | 6.911 | 0.742 | 0.707 | 0.668 |
| 16 | 1.080 | 5.648 | 7.285 | 0.786 | 0.749 | 0.709 |
| 17 | 1.085 | 5.981 | 7.715 | 0.836 | 0.798 | 0.755 |
| 18 | 1.090 | 6.311 | 8.140 | 0.886 | 0.845 | 0.800 |
| 19 | 1.095 | 6.639 | 8.564 | 0.937 | 0.894 | 0.846 |
| 20 | 1.100 | 6.954 | 8.970 | 0.986 | 0.941 | 0.890 |
| 21 | 1.105 | 7.276 | 9.386 | 1.037 | 0.989 | 0.938 |
| 22 | 1.110 | 7.594 | 9.796 | 1.087 | 1.037 | 0.981 |
| 23 | 1.115 | 7.910 | 10.203 | 1.137 | 1.123 | 1.026 |
| 24 | 1.120 | 8.223 | 10.607 | 1.187 | 1.175 | 1.071 |
| 25 | 1.125 | 8.583 | 11.107 | 1.238 | 1.181 | 1.117 |
| 26 | 1.130 | 8.893 | 11.471 | 1.296 | 1.237 | 1.170 |
| 27 | 1.135 | 9.251 | 11.933 | 1.354 | 1.292 | 1.122 |
| 28 | 1.140 | 9.614 | 12.401 | 1.413 | 1.350 | 1.277 |
| 29 | 1.145 | 9.965 | 12.844 | 1.470 | 1.413 | 1.337 |
| 30 | 1.150 | 10.313 | 13.303 | 1.529 | 1.460 | 1.381 |
| 31 | 1.155 | 10.666 | 13.859 | 1.600 | 1.528 | 1.445 |
| 32 | 1.160 | 11.008 | 14.190 | 1.646 | 1.541 | 1.456 |
| 33 | 1.165 | 11.347 | 14.637 | 1.705 | 1.627 | 1.539 |
| 34 | 1.170 | 11.691 | 15.081 | 1.764 | 1.684 | 1.593 |
| 35 | 1.175 | 12.025 | 15.512 | 1.822 | 1.739 | 1.645 |
| 36 | 1.180 | 12.356 | 16.139 | 1.904 | 1.817 | 1.719 |
| 37 | 1.185 | 12.692 | 16.372 | 1.942 | 1.853 | 1.753 |
| 38 | 1.190 | 13.016 | 16.794 | 1.998 | 1.887 | 1.804 |
| 39 | 1.195 | 13.339 | 17.203 | 2.055 | 1.962 | 1.856 |
| 40 | 1.200 | 13.660 | 17.629 | 2.122 | 2.026 | 1.916 |
| 41 | 1.205 | 14.058 | 18.133 | 2.185 | 2.085 | 1.973 |
| 42 | 1.210 | 14.438 | 18.618 | 2.252 | 2.147 | 2.033 |
| 43 | 1.215 | 14.823 | 19.121 | 2.323 | 2.221 | 2.097 |
| 44 | 1.220 | 15.124 | 19.613 | 2.392 | 2.280 | 2.161 |
| 45 | 1.225 | 15.502 | 19.997 | 2.444 | 2.338 | 2.206 |
| 46 | 1.230 | 15.959 | 20.586 | 2.562 | 2.417 | 2.285 |
| 47 | 1.235 | 16.299 | 20.996 | 2.593 | 2.475 | 2.341 |
| 48 | 1.240 | 16.692 | 21.532 | 2.669 | 2.548 | 2.410 |
|___________|__________|__________|________|_________|_________|__________|
_________________________________________________________________________
| | | | |
| | | Per cent. by | Lb. of actual NaOH contained |
| | | weight of | in 1 gallon of lye made from |
| | | | commercial caustic of |
| Degrees | Specific |___________________|______________________________|
| Twaddell. | gravity. | | | | | |
| | | Na_{2}O. | NaOH. | 77 per | 74 per | 70 per |
| | | | | cent. | cent. | cent. |
|___________|__________|__________|________|_________|_________|__________|
| | | | | | | |
| 49 | 1.245 | 17.060 | 22.008 | 2.739 | 2.615 | 2.474 |
| 50 | 1.250 | 17.424 | 22.476 | 2.809 | 2.681 | 2.536 |
| 51 | 1.255 | 17.800 | 22.962 | 2.881 | 2.750 | 2.602 |
| 52 | 1.260 | 18.166 | 23.433 | 2.952 | 2.818 | 2.666 |
| 53 | 1.265 | 18.529 | 23.901 | 3.020 | 2.886 | 2.730 |
| 54 | 1.270 | 18.897 | 24.376 | 3.095 | 2.955 | 2.795 |
| 55 | 1.275 | 19.255 | 24.858 | 3.171 | 3.027 | 2.863 |
| 56 | 1.280 | 19.609 | 25.295 | 3.237 | 3.090 | 2.932 |
| 57 | 1.285 | 19.961 | 25.750 | 3.308 | 3.158 | 2.988 |
| 58 | 1.290 | 20.318 | 26.210 | 3.381 | 3.227 | 3.053 |
| 59 | 1.295 | 20.655 | 26.658 | 3.452 | 3.364 | 3.117 |
| 60 | 1.300 | 21.156 | 27.110 | 3.524 | 3.394 | 3.182 |
| 61 | 1.305 | 21.405 | 27.611 | 3.603 | 3.439 | 3.253 |
| 62 | 1.310 | 21.785 | 28.105 | 3.682 | 3.514 | 3.224 |
| 63 | 1.315 | 22.168 | 28.595 | 3.760 | 3.593 | 3.395 |
| 64 | 1.320 | 22.556 | 29.161 | 3.849 | 3.674 | 3.475 |
| 65 | 1.325 | 22.926 | 29.574 | 3.919 | 3.742 | 3.539 |
| 66 | 1.330 | 23.310 | 30.058 | 3.997 | 3.816 | 3.610 |
| 67 | 1.335 | 23.670 | 30.535 | 4.072 | 3.891 | 3.681 |
| 68 | 1.340 | 24.046 | 31.018 | 4.156 | 3.967 | 3.754 |
| 69 | 1.345 | 24.410 | 31.490 | 4.232 | 4.042 | 3.824 |
| 70 | 1.350 | 24.765 | 31.948 | 4.312 | 4.116 | 3.894 |
| 71 | 1.355 | 25.152 | 32.446 | 4.396 | 4.196 | 3.970 |
| 72 | 1.360 | 25.526 | 32.930 | 4.478 | 4.274 | 4.043 |
| 73 | 1.365 | 25.901 | 33.415 | 4.561 | 4.354 | 4.109 |
| 74 | 1.370 | 26.285 | 33.905 | 4.645 | 4.434 | 4.194 |
| 75 | 1.375 | 26.650 | 34.382 | 4.728 | 4.513 | 4.269 |
| 76 | 1.380 | 27.021 | 34.855 | 4.810 | 4.592 | 4.344 |
| 77 | 1.385 | 27.385 | 35.328 | 4.893 | 4.670 | 4.418 |
| 78 | 1.390 | 27.745 | 35.795 | 4.975 | 4.794 | 4.493 |
| 79 | 1.395 | 28.110 | 36.258 | 5.058 | 4.828 | 4.567 |
| 80 | 1.400 | 28.465 | 36.720 | 5.141 | 4.907 | 4.642 |
| 81 | 1.405 | 28.836 | 37.203 | 5.227 | 4.989 | 4.720 |
| 82 | 1.410 | 29.203 | 37.674 | 5.312 | 5.071 | 4.797 |
| 83 | 1.415 | 29.570 | 38.146 | 5.397 | 5.135 | 4.873 |
| 84 | 1.420 | 29.930 | 38.610 | 5.482 | 5.233 | 4.950 |
| 85 | 1.425 | 30.285 | 39.071 | 5.567 | 5.314 | 5.027 |
| 86 | 1.430 | 30.645 | 39.530 | 5.653 | 5.396 | 5.104 |
| 87 | 1.435 | 30.995 | 39.986 | 5.738 | 5.467 | 5.181 |
| 88 | 1.440 | 31.349 | 40.435 | 5.823 | 5.558 | 5.258 |
| 89 | 1.445 | 31.700 | 40.882 | 5.908 | 5.640 | 5.335 |
| 90 | 1.450 | 32.043 | 41.335 | 5.923 | 5.721 | 5.412 |
| 91 | 1.455 | 32.460 | 41.875 | 6.093 | 5.816 | 5.502 |
| 92 | 1.460 | 32.870 | 42.400 | 6.191 | 5.909 | 5.608 |
| 93 | 1.465 | 33.283 | 42.935 | 6.290 | 6.004 | 5.679 |
| 94 | 1.470 | 33.695 | 43.467 | 6.389 | 6.009 | 5.769 |
| 95 | 1.475 | 34.092 | 43.980 | 6.487 | 6.193 | 5.856 |
| 96 | 1.480 | 34.500 | 44.505 | 6.586 | 6.287 | 5.948 |
| 97 | 1.485 | 34.899 | 45.013 | 6.685 | 6.381 | 6.035 |
| 98 | 1.490 | 35.245 | 45.530 | 6.784 | 6.476 | 6.126 |
| 99 | 1.495 | 35.691 | 46.041 | 6.884 | 6.571 | 6.216 |
| 100 | 1.500 | 36.081 | 46.545 | 6.982 | 6.665 | 6.303 |
|___________|__________|__________|________|_________|_________|__________|
(From _Soaps_, by G. H. Hurst, published by Scott, Greenwood & Son.)
APPENDIX D.
TABLE OF STRENGTH OF CAUSTIC POTASH SOLUTIONS AT 60° F.
_______________________________________________
| | | | |
| Specific | Degrees | Per cent. | Lb. of KOH |
| gravity. | Twaddell. | KOH. | per gal. |
|__________|___________|___________|____________|
| | | | |
| 1.060 | 12 | 5.59 | 0.59 |
| 1.110 | 22 | 11.31 | 1.25 |
| 1.150 | 30 | 15.48 | 1.77 |
| 1.190 | 38 | 19.29 | 2.21 |
| 1.230 | 46 | 23.22 | 2.84 |
| 1.280 | 56 | 27.87 | 3.56 |
| 1.330 | 66 | 31.32 | 4.16 |
| 1.360 | 72 | 35.01 | 4.76 |
| 1.390 | 78 | 38.59 | 5.36 |
| 1.420 | 84 | 40.97 | 5.81 |
| 1.440 | 88 | 43.83 | 6.31 |
| 1.470 | 94 | 47.16 | 6.93 |
| 1.520 | 104 | 51.09 | 7.76 |
| 1.600 | 112 | 55.62 | 8.89 |
| 1.680 | 136 | 60.98 | 10.24 |
| 1.780 | 156 | 67.65 | 12.04 |
| 1.880 | 176 | 75.74 | 14.23 |
| 2.000 | 200 | 86.22 | 17.24 |
|__________|___________|___________|____________|
(From _Soaps_, by G. H. Hurst, published by Scott, Greenwood & Son.)
THE END.
INDEX.
A.
Acetic Acid, 10
Acid, Acetic, 10
---- Arachidic, 10
---- Behenic, 10
---- Butyric, 10
---- Capric, 10
---- Caproic, 10
---- Caprylic, 10
---- Carnaubic, 10
---- Cerotic, 10
---- Daturic, 10
---- Doeglic, 11
---- Elæomargaric, 12
---- Elæostearic, 12
---- Erucic, 11
---- Ficocerylic, 10
---- Hyænic, 10
---- Hypogæic, 11
---- Isolinolenic, 12
---- Isovaleric, 10
---- Jecoric, 12
---- Lauric, 10
---- Lignoceric, 10
---- Linolenic, 12
---- Linolic, 12
---- Margaric, 10
---- Medullic, 10
---- Melissic, 10
---- Moringic, 11
---- Myristic, 10
---- Oleic, 11
---- Palmitic, 10
---- Physetoleic, 11
---- Pisangcerylic, 10
---- Psyllostearylic, 10
---- Rapic, 11
---- Ricinoleic, 13
---- Saponification, 19-21
---- Stearic, 10
---- Tariric, 12
---- Telfairic, 12
---- Theobromic, 10
---- Tiglic, 11
---- value, 118, 128
Acids, Classification of fatty, 10
---- Fatty, 9-13
---- ---- Combination with Alkali, 45, 46
Acids, Fatty, Preparation by acid process, 19-21
---- ---- ---- by ferment process, 16
---- ---- ---- by Twitchell's process, 20
---- Saturated fatty, 11
---- Unsaturated fatty, 11
Albumen in soap, 90
Alcohols, Estimation of, 128
Aldehydes, Estimation of, 129
Alkali, Caustic and carbonated, 38, 39, 123-126
Alkali in soap, Determination of, 131, 132
Amyl salicylate, 107
Andiroba oil, 32
Animal charcoal, 115
---- fats, Treatment of, 43
Anise (star) oil, 96
Anisic aldehyde, 108
Arachidic acid, 10
Arachis oil, 28
Artificial perfumes, 107-110
Ash, Soda, 39, 124, 125
Aspic oil, 96
Aqueous saponification, 14
Aubépine, 108
B.
Bacteria, Decomposition of fats by, 18
Baobab-seed oil, 36
Bar soap, 54, 55
Barring soap, 68
Bay oil, 97
Behenic acid, 10
Benzyl acetate, 108
Bergamot oil, 97
---- ---- (artificial), 109
Biniodide soaps, 87
Birch-tar soap, 88
Bitter almond oil, 97
Bleaching palm oil, 41
---- rosin, 43
Boiling-on-strength, 51
Bois de Rose Femelle oil, 99
Bone-fat, 30
---- ---- treatment of, 43
Borax in soap, 88
Boric acid in soap, 88
Boric acid in soap, Determination of, 135
Borneo tallow, 32
Brine, 39
Bromine absorption of oils and fats, 122
Brown Windsor soap, 78, 98
Butter goa, 33
---- kokum, 33
---- shea, 31
Butyric acid, 10
Butyrin, 8
C.
Calico-printer's soap, 93
Cananga oil, 98
Candle-nut oil, 33
Capric acid, 10
Caprin, 8
Caproic acid, 10
Caproin, 8
Caprylic acid, 10
Caprylin, 8
Carapa oil, 32
Caraway oil, 98
Carbolic acid in soap, Determination of, 134
Carbolic soap, 88
Carbonate potash, 39, 125, 126
---- soda, 39, 124, 125
Carnaubic acid, 10
Cassia oil, 98
Castor oil, 30
Caustic potash, 39, 123
---- soda, 39, 123
Cayenne linaloe oil, 99
Cedarwood oil, 98
Cerotic acid, 10
Charcoal, Animal, 115
Chinese vegetable tallow, 31
Cholesterol in unsaponified matter, 120
Cinnamon oil, 98
Citral, 108
Citronella oil, 99
Citronellal, 108
Cleansing soap, 60, 61
Close-piling soap, 71
Clove oil, 99
Coal tar soaps, 88
Cocoa-nut oil, 25, 26
Cohune-nut oil, 34
Cold process soap-making, 46, 47
Colouring soap, 66, 80, 82
Compressing soap, 83, 85
Concrete orris oil, 100
Constitution of oils and fats, 6, 7
Conversion of oleic acid into solid acids, 11, 12
Cooling soap, 74, 76
Coprah oil, 25, 26
Cotton-seed oil, 27, 42
---- ---- Refining, 42
---- soapstock, 40
---- stearine, 28
Coumarin, 108
Crude glycerine, 113, 136-139
Crutching soap, 63
Curcas oil, 33
Curd mottled soap, 52, 53
Curd soaps, 52
Cutting and stamping toilet soap, 85
D.
Daturic acid, 10
Decolorisation, Glycerine, 115
Decomposition of fats by bacteria, 18
Detergent action of soap, 4, 5
Diglycerides, 7
Dika fat, 36
Disinfectant soaps, 66
Distearine, 7
Distillation, glycerine, 114
Distilled glycerine, 114
Doeglic acid, 11
Double distilled glycerine, 115
Dregs in fats and oils, Determination of, 120, 121
Drying soap, 71, 78-80
Dynamite glycerine, 115
E.
Elaidin reaction, 12
Electrical production of soap, 59
Elæomargaric acid, 12
Elæostearic acid, 12
Enzymes, Action of, 15-18
Erucic acid, 11
Essential oils, 96-107
---- ---- Examination of, 127-130
Ester value, 119, 128
Ether soap, 90
Eucalyptus oil, 100
Evaporation to crude glycerine, 112, 113
F.
Fat, Bone, 30
---- Dika, 36
---- Maripa, 34
---- Marrow, 30
---- Niam, 34
---- Tangkallah, 37
---- Treatment of bone, 43
Fats, Decomposition by bacteria of, 18
---- Treatment of animal, 43
---- Waste, 30
Fats and oils, Determination of acid value of, 118
---- ---- ---- of bromine absorption of, 122
---- ---- ---- of dregs, etc., in, 120, 121
---- ---- ---- of free acidity of, 117
---- ---- ---- of iodine absorption of, 121, 122
---- ---- ---- of saponification
---- ---- ---- equivalents of, 118
---- ---- ---- of saponification value, 118
---- ---- ---- of specific gravity of, 117 of titre of, 122, 123
---- ---- ---- of unsaponifiable matter in, 119
---- ---- ---- of water in, 120
---- ---- ---- Yield of glycerine from, 116
Fatty acids, 9-13, 31
---- ---- Classification of, 10
---- ---- Direct combination with alkali of, 45, 46
---- ---- in soap, Determination of, 131
---- ---- ---- Examination of, 133, 134
---- ---- Preparation by acid process, 19-21
---- ---- ---- by ferment process, 16
---- ---- ---- by Twitchell's process, 20
---- ---- Saturated, 11
---- ---- Unsaturated, 11
Fennel oil, 100
Ferment process for preparation of fatty acids, 16
Ferments, action of, 15-18
Ficocerylic acid, 10
Filling soap, 65
Fish oils, 30
"Fitting," 51
Floating soap, 90, 91
Fluorides in soap, 88
Formaldehyde soap, 88
Framing soap, 66
Free alkali in soap, Estimation of, 132
---- caustic in soap, Neutralising, 66
---- fat in soap, Determination of, 133
---- fatty acids, Determination of, 117
G.
Geraniol, 108
Geranium oils, 101
Geranium-sur-rose oil, 101
Ginger-grass oil, 101
Glycerides, 7, 8
Glycerine, Chemically pure, 115
---- Crude, 113, 136-139
---- decolorisation, 115
---- distillation, 114
---- Distilled, 114
---- dynamite, 115
---- in soap, Determination of, 134, 135
---- manufacture, 111-114
---- saponification, 116
---- soaps, 89
---- Yield of, from fats and oils, 116
Glycerol determination, acetin method, 136
---- ---- bichromate method, 137, 138
---- in lyes, Estimation of, 135
Goa-butter, 33
"Graining-out," 50
Grease, Animal, 30
---- Bone, 30
---- Kitchen, 30
---- Skin, 30
Guaiac wood oil, 101
H.
Halphen's reaction, 134
Heliotropin, 108
Hemp-seed oil, 29
Hyacinth, 108
Hyænic acid, 10
Hydrated soaps, 48, 49
Hydrolysis accelerated by heat and electricity, 14, 15
---- accelerated by use of chemical reagents, 19-23
---- accelerated with acid, 19, 21
---- Enzymic, 15-18
---- of oils and fats, 13-23
---- of soap, 3
Hypogæic acid, 11
I.
Ichthyol soap, 89
Inoy-kernel oil, 37
Iodine absorption of rose oil, 130
---- absorption of oils and fats, 121,122:
---- soap, 89
Ionone, 108
Isolinolenic acid, 12
Isovaleric acid, 10
Isovalerin, 8
J.
Jasmine, 109
Jecoric acid, 12
K.
Kananga oil, 98
Kapok oil, 32
"Kastilis," 88
Kokum butter, 33
L.
Lard, 25
Lauric acid, 10
Laurin, 8
Lavender oils, 101
Lemon-grass oil, 102
Lemon oil, 102
Lignoceric acid, 10
Lime oil, 102
---- saponification, 22
Linaloe oil, 102
Linalol, 109
Linalyl acetate, 109
Linolenic acid, 12
Linolic acid, 12
Linseed oil, 29
Lipase, 18
Liquoring of soaps, 64
Lyes, analysis of, 135
---- Determination of glycerol in, 135
---- Evaporation of, 112
---- Treatment of, 111, 112
Lysol soap, 89
M.
Mafura tallow, 35
Magnesia, Hydrolysis by, 22
Maize oil, 28
Margaric acid, 10
Margosa oil, 35
Marine animal oils, 30
---- soap, 49
Maripa fat, 34
Marjoram oil, 103
Medicated soaps, 86-90
Medullic acid, 10
Melissic acid, 10
Melting point, 130
Mercury soaps, 87
Milled toilet soaps, 78
Milling soap, 80, 81
---- soap-base, 54, 78
Mineral oil, saponifying, 58, 59
Mirbane oil or nitrobenzene, 109
Mixed glycerides, 8
Monoglycerides, 7
Monostearin, 7
Moringic acid, 11
Mottled soaps, 52, 53
---- ---- Pickling, 54
Moulds, Soap, 72, 85, 86
Mowrah-seed oil, 31
Musk (artificial), 109
Myristic acid, 8
Myristin, 8
N.
Naphthol soap, 89
Neroli Bigarade oil, 103
---- oil (artificial), 109
Neutralising free caustic in soap, 66, 80
Niam fat, 34
Nigre, 56
Nigres, Utilisation of, 56
Niobe oil or ethyl benzoate, 110
Nitrobenzene, 109
O.
Oeillet, 10
Oil, Andiroba, 32
---- Arachis, 28
---- Aspic (lavender spike), 96
---- Baobab-seed, 36
---- Bay, 97
---- Bergamot, 97
---- Bitter almond, 97
---- Bleaching palm, 41
---- Bois de Rose Femelle, 99
---- Cananga, 98
---- Candle-nut, 33
---- Carapa, 32
---- Caraway, 98
---- Cassia, 98
---- Castor, 30
---- Cayenne linaloe, 99
---- Cedarwood, 98
---- Cinnamon, 98
---- Citronella, 99
---- Clove, 99
---- Cocoa-nut, 25, 26
---- Cohune-nut, 34, 35
---- Concrete orris, 100
---- Coprah, 25, 26
---- Cotton-seed, 27, 42
---- Curcas, 33
---- Eucalyptus, 100
---- Fennel, 100
---- Geranium, 101
---- Ginger-grass, 101
---- Guaiac-wood, 101
---- Hemp-seed, 29
---- Inoy-kernel, 37
---- Kananga, 98
---- Kapok, 32
---- Lemon, 102
---- Lemon-grass, 102
---- Lime, 102
---- Linaloe, 102
---- Linseed, 29
---- Maize, 28
---- Margosa, 35
---- Marjoram, 103
---- Mowrah-seed, 31
---- Neroli Bigarade, 103
---- Olive, 26
---- Olive-kernel, 27
---- Orange, 163
---- Palm, 27, 41
---- Palm-nut, 26
---- Palmarosa, 103
---- Patchouli, 103
---- Peppermint, 103, 104
---- Persimmon-seed, 36
---- Peru-balsam, 104
---- Petit-grain, 104
---- Pongam, 35
---- Refining cotton-seed, 42
---- Rose, 105
---- Rosemary, 105
---- Safflower, 33, 34
---- Sandalwood, 105, 106
---- Saponifying mineral, 58, 59
---- Sassafras, 106
---- Sesame, 28, 29
---- Star-anise, 96
---- Sunflower, 29
---- Thyme, 106
---- Verbena, 106
---- Vetivert, 106-107
---- Wheat, 36
---- Wild mango, 36
---- Wintergreen, 107
---- Ylang-ylang, 107
Oils and fats, Constitution of, 6, 7
---- ---- Examination of, 117-123
---- ---- Hydrolysis of, 13-22
---- Fish and marine animal, 30
---- Lavender, 101
---- Refractive Index of, 122
---- treatment of vegetable, 43
Oleic acid, 11
---- ---- into solid acids, Conversion of, 11, 12
Olein, 8, 9, 31
---- Cocoa-nut, 31
---- Palm-nut, 31
Oleodidaturin, 8
Oleodipalmitin, 8
Oleodistearin, 8
Oleopaimitostearin, 8
Olive-kernel oil, 27
Olive oil, 26
Open-piling soap, 71
Optical rotation, 127
Orange oil, 103
Orchidée, 107
Orris oil, concrete, 100
P.
Palm oil, 27, 41
---- ---- Bleaching, 41
Palmarosa oil, 103
Palmitic acid, 10
Palmitin, 8
Palmitodistearin, 8
Palm-nut oil, 26
Pasting or saponification, 49
Patchouli oil, 103
Patent textile soaps, 94
Pearl-ash, Analysis of, 125, 126
Peppermint oil, 103, 104
Perfumer's soaps, 77, 78
Perfumes, Artificial and synthetic, 107-110
---- Soap, 95-110
Perfuming soaps, 94
Persimmon seed oil, 36
Peru-balsam oil, 104
Petit-grain oil, 104
Phenols, Determination of, 129
Physetoleic acid, 11
Phytosterol in unsaponifiable matter, 120
Pickling mottled soap, 54
Pisangcerylic acid, 10
Polishing soaps, 94
Pongam oil, 35
Potash, Carbonate, 39, 125, 126
---- Caustic, 89, 123
Potassium chloride, 126
---- Determination of, 126, 132
Powders, Soap, 94
Psyllostearylic acid, 10
R.
Rancidity, 18, 24
Rapic acid, 11
Refining cotton-seed oil, 42
Refractive index of oils and fats, 122
Remelted soaps, 77, 78
Resinate of soda, 43, 44
Ricinoleic acid, 13
Ricinolein, 8
Rose oil, 105
---- ---- (artificial), 110
Rosemary oil, 105
Rosin, 37, 38, 43, 44, 55
---- Bleaching, 43
---- Determination of, 133, 134
---- treatment, 43, 44
S.
Safflower oil, 33, 34
Safrol, 110
Salt, 39, 126
---- Determination of, 124, 125, 126, 132
Sandalwood oil, 105, 106
Santalol, 110
Saponification, 13-22, 49
---- accelerated by heat and electricity, 14, 15
---- accelerated by use of chemical reagents, 19, 23
---- accelerated with Twitchell's reagent, 20
---- Acid, 19, 21
---- Aqueous, 14
---- by ferment process, 20
---- equivalent, 118
---- Glycerine, 116
---- Lime, 22
---- under pressure, 47
---- value, 118, 128
Saponifying mineral oil, 58, 59
Sassafras oil, 106
Saturated acids, 11
Scouring soaps, 92, 93
Sesame oil, 28, 29
Settled soap, Treatment of, 60-76
Shaving soaps, 91
Shea butter, 31
Silicate of soda in soap, 65
Silicates of soda and potash, 127, 138
Silk scouring soaps, 93
---- dyer's soap, 93, 94
Slabbing soap, 68
Soap, Albumen in, 90
---- Analysis of, 130-35
---- Bar, 54, 55
---- Barring, 68
---- -base, Milling, 54, 78
---- Biniodide, 87
---- Birch-tar, 88
---- Borax, 88
---- Boric acid in, 88
---- ---- ---- ---- Determination, 135
---- Carbolic, 88
---- Classification of, 45
---- Cleansing, 60, 61
---- Coal-tar, 88
---- Cold process, 46, 47
---- Compressing, 83, 85
---- Cooling, 74-76
---- Crutching, 63
---- Curd, 52
---- Curd mottled, 53
---- Definition of, 1, 2
---- Detergent action of, 4, 5
---- Determination of carbolic acid in, 134
---- ---- of fatty acids in, 131
---- ---- of free alkali in, 132
---- ---- of free fat in, 133
---- ---- of glycerine in, 134, 135
---- ---- of total alkali in, 131
---- ---- of water in, 133
---- Drying, 71, 78-80
---- Electrical production of, 59
---- Ether, 90
---- Examination of fatty acids 133, 134
---- Filling, 65
---- Fluorides in, 90
---- formaldehyde, 88
---- frame, 66
---- framing, 66
---- from fatty acids, 45, 46
---- Glycerine, 89
---- Hydrated, 48, 49
---- Hydrolysis of, 3
---- Ichthyol, 89
---- Iodine, 89
---- Lysol, 89
---- Marine, 49
---- Milling, 80, 81
---- Monopole, 94
---- Mottled, 52, 53
---- moulds, 72, 85, 86
---- Naphthol, 89
---- Neutralising, colouring and perfuming, 66, 80, 82
---- Open and close piling, 71
---- perfumes, 95-110
---- Pickling mottled, 54
---- powders, 94
---- Properties of, 2
---- Salicylic acid, 88
---- Settling of, 55
---- Slabbing, 68
---- Soft, 41
---- Stamping, 71, 72, 85, 86
---- Sulphur, 89
---- Terebene, 90
---- Thymol, 90
---- Transparent, 57, 58
---- Treatment of settled, 60-76
---- Yellow household, 54, 55
Soap-making, 45-59
---- ---- Blue and grey mottled, 53
---- ---- "Boiling-on-strength," 51
---- ---- Cold process, 46, 47
---- ---- Combination of fatty acids with alkali, 45, 46
---- ---- Curd, 52
---- ---- Curd, Mottled, 53
---- ---- "Fitting," 51
---- ---- "Graining-out" or separation, 50
---- ---- Hydrated, 49
---- ---- "Pasting" or saponification, 49
---- ---- Soft, 48
---- ---- Transparent, 57, 58
---- ---- under pressure, 47
Soaps, Calico-printer's, 93
---- Disinfectant, 66
---- Floating, 90, 91
---- Liquoring of, 64, 65
---- Medicated, 86-90
---- Milled toilet, 78
---- Miscellaneous, 94
---- Perfumer's, 77, 78
---- Polishing, 94
---- Remelted, 77, 78
---- Scouring, 92
---- Shaving, 91
---- Silicating, 65
---- Silk dyer's, 93, 94
---- Textile, 91-94
---- Toilet, 77, 78
---- Woollen dyer's, 92
Soap-stock, 40
Soda ash, 39, 124, 125
---- ---- Caustic, 39, 125
---- Carbonate, 39, 124, 125
---- Caustic, 39, 123
---- Resinate, 43, 44
Soft soap-making, 48
Solidifying-point, 130
Specific gravity, Determination of, 117, 127
Stamping soap, 71, 72, 85, 86
Starch, Detection of, 121, 135
Steapsin, 18
Stearic acid, 10
Stearin, 8, 9
Stearine, Cotton-seed, 28
Stearodipalmitin, 8
Sulphides and sulphites, Determination of, 125
Sulphur soap, 89
Sunflower oil, 29
Superfatting material, 83
Synthetic perfumes, 107-110
T.
Table of caustic potash solutions, 151
---- of caustic soda solutions, 149, 150
---- of comparative densities, 147
---- of thermometric equivalents, 148
Tablet soap, 55
Talc, 65
Tallow, 24
---- Borneo, 32
---- Chinese vegetable, 31
---- Mafura, 35
Tangkallah fat, 37
Tariric acid, 12
Telfairic acid, 12
Terebene, 110
---- soap, 90
Terpineol, 110
Textile soaps, 91-94
---- ---- Patent, 94
Theobromic acid, 10
Thyme oil, 106
Thymol soap, 90
Tiglic acid, 11
Titre test, 122, 123
Toilet soaps, 77, 78
---- ---- Compressing, 83, 85
---- ---- Milled, 78
---- ---- Milling, 80, 81
---- ---- Stamping, 85, 86
Transparent soaps, 57, 58
Treatment of animal fats, 43
---- ---- bone fat, 43
---- ---- lyes, 111, 112
---- ---- rosin, 43
---- ---- settled soap, 60-76
---- ---- Vegetable oils, 43
Trèfle, 107
Triglycerides, 7, 8
Trilaurin, 9
Triolein, 9
Tripalmitin, 9
Tristearin, 7, 9
Twitchell's process, 22
U.
Unsaponifiable matter, Constitution of, 119, 120
---- ---- Determination of, 119
Unsaturated acids, 11
Utilisation of nigres, 56
V.
Vanillin, 110
Vegetable oils, Treatment of, 43
---- tallow, Chinese, 31
Verbena oil, 106
Vetivert oil, 106
Violet soap, 54
Volhard's method for chloride determination, 132
W.
Waste fats, 30
Water, 39
---- ---- in fats, Determination of, 120
---- ---- in soap, Determination of, 133
Wheat oil, 36
Wild mango oil, 36
Wintergreen oil, 107
Wool scouring soaps, 92
Woollen dyer's soap, 92
Y.
Ylang-ylang oil, 107
Z.
Zinc oxide, Hydrolysis by, 22
---- soap, 87
THE ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS LIMITED
STEVENSON & HOWELL'S
SPECIALITIES FOR
Soapmakers & Wholesale Perfumers.
ESSENTIAL OILS
OF GUARANTEED PURITY.
Almonds, Bay Leaves, Bergamot, Caraway,
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Cedar Wood, Cinnamon, Citronella, Cloves,
Coriander, Eucalyptus Globulus, Fennel, Sweet,
Geranium -- _Algerian_, _Bourbon_, _East Indian_,
_French_, _Spanish_ & _Turkish_,
Kuromoji, Lavender, Lemon, Lemon-Grass,
Limes, Neroli, Myrbane, Orange Sweet & Bitter,
Otto of Rose, Patchouli, Palmarosa, Pimento,
Petit-Grain, Rosemary, Sandal Wood, Sage,
Sassafras, Spearmint, Thyme, Wintergreen
Ylang-Ylang., &c.
TOILET SOAP PERFUMES
FINEST QUALITY
Almond, Bay Rum, Brown Windsor, Cologne,
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ARTIFICIAL PERFUMES.
Aubepine, Cuir de Russiè, Coumarin, Crategine,
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TEXTILE
SOAPS AND OILS.
Handbook on the Preparation, Properties and Analysis
of the Soaps and Oils used in Textile Manufacturing,
Dyeing and Printing.
BY
GEORGE H. HURST, F.C.S.,
Author of "Soaps," "Lubricating Oils, Fats and Greases," etc.
CONTENTS.
Methods of Making Soaps--Special Textile Soaps--Relation of Soap
to Water for Industrial Purposes--Soap Analysis--Fat in
Soap--Animal and Vegetable Oils and Fats--Vegetable Soap, Oils
and Fats--Glycerine--Textile Oils.
Price 5s. net (Post Free, 5s. 4d. Home; 5s. 6d. Abroad).
Published by
SCOTT, GREENWOOD & SON,
8 BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON, E.C.
WILLIAM TULLOCH & CO.,
30 George Square, Glasgow,
And at 9 Great Tower Street, London, E.C.,
14 No. Corridor, Royal Exchange, Manchester.
GLYCERINE,
CRUDE, DYNAMITE, INDUSTRIAL, CHEMICALLY PURE.
All Kinds of Chemicals for Soap and Explosives Makers.
NITRATE OF LEAD, FARINAS, STARCHES, GUMS.
TWITCHELL PROCESS OF
GLYCERINE EXTRACTION.
HIGHEST
Degree of Decomposition.
LOWEST
Cost for Installation and Working.
BEST
Qualities of Fatty Acids, Glycerine, Stearine and Soap.
For Samples and information, apply to
WM. TULLOCH & CO.,
30 GEORGE SQUARE, GLASGOW.
General Representatives for United Kingdom and Colonies.
SUDFELDT & CO., MELLE (HANOVER, GERMANY).
JOSLIN SCHMIDT & CO.,
CINCINNATI, OHIO, U.S.A.
THE CHEMISTRY OF
Essential Oils
AND
Artificial Perfumes.
BY
ERNEST J. PARRY, B.Sc. (Lond.), F.I.C., F.C.S.
552 Pages. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Demy 8vo. 1908.
CONTENTS.
Chapters I. ~The General Properties of Essential Oils.~ Physical
Properties, Optical Properties, Table of Specific Gravities,
Refractive Indices and Rotation.--II. ~Compounds occurring in
Essential Oils.~ (I.) 1. TERPENES--Pinene, Camphene, Limonene,
Dipentene, Fenchene, Sylvestrene, Carvestrene, Phellandrene,
Terpinolene, Terpinene and Thujene. 2.
SESQUITERPENES--Cadinene, Caryophellene, Cedrene, Clovene,
Humulene, Ledene, Patchoulene, and Sesquiterpene from Oils of
Cannabis Indica, Table, b.p., sp.-gr., opt. Rot., etc., of
same. (II.) THE CAMPHOR SERIES--Borneol, Isoborneol, Camphor,
Fenchyl Alcohol, Fenchone, Thujyl Alcohol, Thujone, Terpineol,
Cineol, etc., etc. (III.) THE GERANIOL AND CITRONELLOL
GROUP--Coriandrol, Nerolol, Rhodinol, Geraniol, Linalol,
Citrenellol, etc., Table, b.p., sp.-gr., Ref. Index, etc. (IV.)
BENZENE COMPOUNDS--Cymene, Phenols and their Derivatives,
Phenols with Nine Carbon Atoms, Phenols with Ten Carbon Atoms,
Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids, etc. (V.) ALIPHATIC
COMPOUNDS--Alcohols, Acids, Aldehydes, Sulphur Compounds,
etc.--III. ~The Preparation of Essential Oils.~ Expression,
Distillation, Extraction, Table of Percentages.--IV. ~The
Analysis of Essential Oils.~ Specific Gravity, Sprengel Tube
Method, Optical Methods, Melting and Solidifying Points,
Boiling Point and Distillation, Quantitative Estimations of
Constituents, the Determination of Free Alcohols, Absorption
Processes.--V. ~Systematic Study of the Essential Oils.~ Oils of
the Gymnosperms, Tabulated Angiosperms. (I.) WOOD OILS.--Cedar
Oils, Oils of Turpentine, American Turpentine, French Oil of
Turpentine, German, Russian, and Swedish ditto, Table of
Activities of same, Juniper Wood Oil. (II.) FRUIT
OILS.--Juniper Berry Oil, Fir Cone Oils. (III.) LEAF
OILS.--Thuja Oil, Oil of Savin, Cedar Leaf Oil, Pine Needle
Oil, Cypress Leaf Oil, Table of Pine Oils (after Schimmel).
OILS OF THE ANGIOSPERMS--(I.) MONOCOTYLEDONS. (II.)
DICOTYLEDONS: (_a_) MONOCHLAMYDEÆ--(_b_) GAMOPETALÆ--(_c_)
POLYPETALÆ--VI. ~Terpeneless Oils.~ Terpeneless Oil of Lemon,
Tables of sp.-gr. and Rotn. of several Terpeneless Oils,
Terpeneless Oil of Orange, Ditto of Caraway, of Lavender, Table
of sp.-gr. and Rotn. of Commercial Samples of Oils.--VII. ~The
Chemistry of Artificial Perfumes.~ Vanillin, Coumarin,
Heliotropin, Aubepine or Hawthorn, Ionone, Specification of
Patents for Preparation of Ionone, for Artificial Violet Oil,
Artificial Musk, Specification of Patent of Musk Substitute,
Artificial Neroli, Artificial Lilac, Artificial Hyacinth,
Artificial Lemon Oil, Artificial Rose Oil, Niobe Oil,
Bergamiol, Artificial Jasmin Oil, Artificial Cognac
Oil.--~Appendix.~ Table on Constants of the more Important
Essential Oils.--~Index.~
Price 12s. 6d. net (Post Free, 13s. Home;
13s. 6d. Abroad).
PUBLISHED BY
~SCOTT, GREENWOOD & SON,~
~8 BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON E.C.~