Most ideas, except the particular (which are copies of single
objects), are associated with a consciousness of resemblance and
difference which arises in the following manner.
When new experience simply revives the imprint of a former experience
we call it the _same_ object or objects, though it is not numerically
the same, being different at least in time. If a totally new imprint
is made in the mind the experience is quite novel or _strange_, but we
do not call it different.
Experience is usually neither quite the same as before nor quite
strange, which means that the present noumenon has partially revived
an old imprint and made a partially new one.
In this case we have a quadruple consciousness. There is first
the present object; next the recollection of the object originally
associated with the same imprint; thirdly, a consciousness of
_resemblance_ between the new and the old (the present object and the
recollected idea) in so far as the imprints coincide, and (fourthly)
a sense of _difference_ in so far as they disagree. The limitation
of resemblance gives rise to the sense of difference--a negative
consciousness--and the shock of difference emphasises the resemblance.
This is Comparison, the common basis of Generalisation and
Imagination.
[Footnote 6: As if the image had the form of a stencil.]
[Footnote 7: Locke, _Essay on the Understanding_, ii. x. 5.]
[Footnote 8: _Exam. of Hamilton's Philosophy_, p. 212-3.]
[Footnote 9: I append Spinoza's list, and print in italics the
sentiments that appear to me to be emotions as
distinguished from feelings.
Desire--Pleasure--Pain--Wonder--_Contempt_--_Love_--_Hate_--
_Inclination_--_Aversion_--_Devotion_--Derision--_Hope_--_Fear_--
_Confidence_--_Despair_--Joy--Grief--Pity--Approval--Indignation--
Overesteem--_Disparagement_--_Envy_--Mercy
(or
goodwill)--Self-contentment--Humility--_Repentance_--_Pride_--
Dejection--Honour--_Shame_--_Regret_--_Emulation_--Thankfulness--
Benevolence--Anger--_Revenge_--Cruelty--_Daring_--_Cowardice_--
_Consternation_--_Civility_
(or
deference)--_Ambition_--Luxury--Drunkenness--Avarice--Lust.
Pollock's _Spinoza_, ch. vii.]