viii. 25.
NIRI. _Basque_. My, mine.
NOCHE. _Span._ Night.
NOMBRE. _Span._ Name.
NOVILLO. _Span._ A young bull. See note, i. 361.
NOVIO. _Span._ Bridegroom, betrothed.
NUAR. _Arab._ Flowers. More correctly, _nawār_.
NUESTRO. _Span._ Our.
NUVEIRO. This word is neither Castilian, Galician, nor Portuguese; but
is a made-up or fancy word, from the Portuguese _nuvem_, a cloud; a cloud
man, or supernatural being.
* * * * *
O. _Rom._ The.
Ó. _Span._ Or.
OBISPO. _Span._ Bishop.
OJALATEROS. _Span._ “Waiters upon Providence.” A burlesque word. See
note, i. 169.
ONZA. _Span._ A coin of the value of about £3 6_s._ 8_d._; lit. an
_ounce_ of gold. Also known as the _doblon de à_ 8; Anglicized as “piece
of eight.”
ORAÇAM, ORAÇÃO. _Port._ A prayer.
OTRO. _Span._ Other. _No hay otro en el mundo_, “There’s none like it
in the world.”
OULEM. _Hebr._ Of the world. Arab. ‘_olam_.
* * * * *
PACHÍ. _Rom._ Modesty, honour, virginity. P. ii. 347.
PACIENCIA. _Span._ and _Port._ Patience.
PAÇO. _Port._ The Court.
PADRE. _Span._ and _Port._ Father.
PADRINO. _Span._ (1) Sponsor, godfather; (2) second—in a duel.
PADRON. _Span._ Patron, landlord.
PAHAN. _Phœn._ A rabbit.
PAISANO. _Span._ and _Port._ A countryman; _not_ a peasant, but a man
of the same country as another; a compatriot. As the conventional answer
to the challenge, “_Quien vive_?” by a Spanish sentry, it means
“Civilian.”
PAJANDI. _Rom._ A guitar. According to Borrow, lit. “the thing that is
touched or played upon.” P. ii. 369, 426.
PAJARIA. _Span._ Straw-market. The place where straw is _kept_ is
PAJAR.
PAL. Rom. See PLAN.
PALABRA. _Span._ A word.
PALOMAR. _Span._ A dovecote.
PAN. _Span._ Bread.
PANHAGIA. _Grk._ Lit. All-holy. The Virgin Mary.
PANÍ. See PAWNEE.
PAÑUELO. _Span._ A handkerchief. Lit. a little cloth.
PAPAS. _Grk._ A priest (παπᾶς).
PARA. _Span._ and _Port._ For.
PARNÓ. _Rom._ White. P. ii. 359; Pp. 410; M. viii. 32.
PARNÉ. White, or silver money; thence, as in the case of Fr. _argent_,
money in general. See PARNÓ.
PARRA. _Span._ Festoons of vines; the trellis or stakes upon which
these festoons are trained.
PARUGAR. _Rom._ To barter, swop, chaffer. P. ii. 354; Pp. 412; M.
viii. 33.
PASTELEROS. _Span._ Pastrycooks.
PASTESAS. _Rom._ The hands. _Ustilar á pastesas_ is to steal “with the
hands,” or by any sleight of hand. Z. i. 315. The usual Span. gypsy
word is _ba_, J.; _bas_, Z. i. 522. Both are doubtless variations of the
more common _vast_. P. ii. 86; Pp. 573; M. viii. 94; SC. 151.
PASTOR. _Span._ and _Port._ Shepherd.
PATIO. _Span._ and _Port._ The court of a house; either the open space
round which Spanish houses are so commonly built, or an open court in
front of it.
PATRON. See PADRON.
PAWNEE, PANÍ. _Rom._ Water. Hind. _paní_. The one special word known
to all gypsies wherever found, even in Brazil. P. ii. 343; Pp. 405; M.
viii. 31; G. i. 61.
PELUNI. _Arab._ Of another. See ii. 313.
PENAR, PENELAR. _Rom._ To speak, say. P. ii. 386; Pp. 421; M. viii.
41.
PEÑA. _Span._ A rock.
PEPTNDORIO. _Rom._ Antonio; proper name.
PERICO. _Span._ A small parrot.
PERO. _Span._ But
PERRO. _Span._ A dog.
PESAR. _Span._ and _Port._ To afflict, distress. Lit. to weigh. _Me
peso_, “I’m very sorry.”
PESETA. _Span._ A Spanish coin, representing, down to 1870, two silver
reals or four reals _vellon_, but since 1870 the standard or unit of
value in Spanish finance, is nearly equal to the French _franc_, and,
like it, divided for purposes of account, into 100 _centimos_.
PETULENGRO, PETALENGRO. _Eng. Rom._ A shoeing smith. See note on i.
204; P. ii. 348; Pp. 427; M. viii. 37; SC. 13, 121; and, generally,
Lavengro and The Romany Rye.
PFAFFEN. _Germ._ Monks; a contemptuous term for clerics generally,
whether regular or secular.
PIAZZA. _Ital._ An open square in a town, surrounded by colonnades. In
modern American parlance the word is often used for a veranda, in which
sense Borrow apparently uses it, i. 276.
PICADOR. _Span._ and _Port._ A riding-master, bull-fighter. See note,
i. 170, and TORERO.
PICARDIA. _Span._ and _Port._ Knavishness; from _picaro_, a rogue,
knave, or loafer. The English adjective _picaresque_ is conventionally
applied to a certain class of Spanish story of low life and sharp
practice relieved by humour.
PÍCARO. _Span._ and _Port._ Rogue, knave.
PICARON. _Span._ Augmentative (_on_) of _pícaro_, a great scamp.
PICA. _Span._ and _Port._ Peak, summit.
PILA. _Span._ A water-trough.
PINAR, PINAL. _Span._ Grove or wood of pine trees.
PINRÓ, PINDRÓ, plur. PINDRÉ. _Rom._ Foot; _en pindré_, on foot P. ii.
351; Pp. 433; M. viii. 47; A. 33.
PIO. _Span._ and _Port._ Pious.
PIRAR, PIRELAR. _Rom._ To go, walk. P. ii. 382; Pp. 436; M. viii. 42.
PITA. _Span._ The aloe (_Agave americana_).
PLULÍ. _Rom._ A widow. P. ii. 377; Pp. 439; M. viii. 43.
PLAKO or PLACO. _Rom._ Tobacco. Russ. _prâk_ = powder. P. ii. 361;
Pp. 445; M. viii. 52. A gypsy model at Granada gave it as _prajo_ in
1876, “L” and “R” being often interchanged by the peasants thereabouts.
G. i. 177 and J. has _polvo_ = _praco_.
PLAN, PLANORÓ, PLAL. _Rom._ Brother, comrade. Eng. Rom. _pal_. P. ii.
383; A. 79; Pp. 445; M. viii. 43.
PLAYA. _Span._ The strand.
PLAZA. _Span._ A square or open space in a town. Ital. _piazza_, q.v.
PLAZUELA. _Span._ Dimin. of PLAZA.
POBLACION. _Span._ (1) Population; (2) act of populating; (3) a town.
POBRECITA. _Span._ “Poor thing!” Dimin. of _pobre_, poor.
POLITICO. _Span._ and _Port._ Political, civil. See note, ii. 127.
POLK. _Russ._ A regiment.
POQUITO. _Span._ Dimin. of _poco_. Small, little.
POR. _Span._ and _Port._ For.
PORQUE. _Span._ and _Port._ Because.
POSADA. _Span._ “A lodging; from _posar_, to sit down or lodge, hence
lodging-house, tavern, or small hotel. The genuine Spanish town inn is
called the _posada_, as being meant to mean a house of repose after the
pains of travel. Strictly speaking, the keeper is only bound to provide
lodging, salt, and the power of cooking whatever the traveller brings
with him or can procure out-of-doors, and in this it differs from the
_fonda_, in which meats and drinks are furnished.”—Ford, _Gatherings from
Spain_, ch. xv.
POSADERO. _Span._ Innkeeper.
POSTA. _Span._ and _Port._ Post, post-house. _Casa de las Postas_,
General Post-office.
PRAÇA. _Port._ Square, place.
PRADO. _Span._ and _Port._ A lawn or meadow. The great promenade at
Madrid.
PRAIA. _Gal._ Seashore, strand.
PRESIDIO. _Span._ and _Port._ Place of imprisonment, penitentiary;
prim. a fortress, or the garrison thereof.
PRESTAR. _Port._ To be of use.
PRIMERO. _Span._ First.
PRINCIPE. _Span._ and _Port._ PRINCEPS. _Lat._ Prince.
PROPINA. _Span._ Lat. _propinare_. Drink-money; _pour boire_, a tip.
PUCHERA or PUCHERO. _Span._ A stew; prim. the pot in which the stew is
made, which, as in the case of the _olla_, has come to signify the
contents. The _puchero_ is more used in the north, the _olla_ in the
south of the Peninsula. The combination _olla podrida_ is now at least
never heard in Spain.
PUEBLO. _Span._ A small town, or village. _El pueblo_, the common
people.
PUENTE. _Span._ A bridge.
PUERTA. _Span._ Door, gate. _Puerta del Sol_, Gate of the Sun. The
central point of Madrid.
PUERTO. _Span._ A bay, or port; also a pass in the mountains.
PULIDO. _Span._ Neat, delicate, charming.
* * * * *
QUATRO. _Span._ and _Port._ Four.
QUE. _Span._ and _Port._ What, that.
QUER. _Rom._ A house. See KER.
QUIEN. _Span._ Who.
QUIERO. _Span._ I wish.
QUINTA. _Span._ and _Port._ A country house.
* * * * *
RABBI. _Hebr._ Master.
RAINHA. _Port._ Queen.
RAIS. _Arab._ Chief; captain of a ship.
RAJIL. _Arab._ Man.
RANDADO._ Rom._ Written. From _randar_, P. ii. 276.
RATERO. _Span._ Mean, scoundrelly.
RAYA. _Span._ Border, boundary, or frontier.
REAL. _Span._ and _Port._ Royal.
REAL. _Span._ and _Port._ A coin or unit of value. The Spanish plural
is _reales_; the Portuguese, _reis_ or _rees_. The Spanish real is worth
about 2½_d._ English; the Portuguese only 1/20_d._, one thousand reis
making the Portuguese dollar, or piece of mil reis, hence called a
_milrei_ or _milreis_.
REGATA. _Span._ A small channel, or, conduit.
REJA. _Span._ The iron grating before a window looking on to the street
of a town. The recognized trysting-place of a lover and his mistress.
RELACION. _Span._ Relation, story.
REMATAR. _Span._ and _Port._ To end, finish. _Que Dios remate tu
nombre_! “May God blot out your name!”
RENDER. _Span._ and _Port._ To yield, surrender.
REPAÑI. _Rom._ Brandy. This word, given in 1876 (_v._ PLAKO), is
derived by Pott from _repañi_ (_repañó_, J.), a radish, the connexion
being the sharp taste of both (ii. 274). Remembering the “fire-water” of
the Indians, the _aguardiente_ of Spain and Portugal, and the _tattopani_
of the Eng. gypsies, I am tempted to suggest another explanation. J.
gives _ardiente_ = _carí_, and _aguardiente_ = _pañicarí_. Now _car_ (P.
ii. 125) or _jar_ (_ib._ 171) = heat. Change the order of the words and
_caripañi_ might shorten into _repañí_.
REPOSTERO. _Span._ The butler, or majordomo, in a great house. The
_reposteria_ is the plate-room, storeroom, or pantry.
REPUTACION. _Span._ Reputation. _Gente de reputacion_, “swells,”
“swagger people.”
REQUISO. _Span._ Requisitioning (from _requerir_). A technical word;
the authority that requisitions private property, horses, etc., for the
use of the national army in time of war.
REYNA. _Span._ Queen.
RIA. _Span._ and _Port._ An estuary, as the mouth of a river. More
particularly applied to the numerous bays on the Galician and Asturian
coasts of Northwest Spain.
RO, ROM. _Rom._ A husband; a married gypsy. _Roma_, the husbands, is
the generic name of the gypsy nation, or Romany. P. ii. 275; A. 56; Pp.
462; M. viii. 58; McR. 91.
ROMERO. _Span._ Rosemary.
ROMI. _Rom._ A married gypsywoman; fem. of _rom_, a husband; a married
gypsy.
ROQUE. _Span._ and _Port._ The “rook,” or “castle,” at chess. Pers.
_rukh_. The same word is used for the fabulous bird of immense size so
often mentioned in Oriental tales.
ROUBLE. _Russ._ A kind of Russian money, either silver or paper. Its
present value is about two shillings.
RUAH. Arab, and _Hebr._ Spirit. Used throughout the Old Test, to
denote the Spirit of God, the Holy Spirit.
RUFIANESCO. _Span._ Ruffian, criminal.
RUNE. _Eng._ (1) A letter of the ancient Scandinavian alphabet, usually
carved on stone. (2) A short mystic sentence of Scandinavian origin.
Norse and Danish _rune_, Swed. _runa_.
* * * * *
SABIO. _Span._ and _Port._ Learned. King Alfonso X. was surnamed _El
Sabio_, which is sometimes erroneously rendered “The Wise.” _Sabio_ is,
rather, “erudite;” and the king was undoubtedly the most learned man of
his time, though his government was not always by any means wise.
SACRO. _Span._ and _Port._ Sacred.
SAFACORO. _Rom._ The city of Seville. P. ii. 248. J. gives
_Sevillano_ = _Safacorano_.
SAGADUA, SAGARDUA. _Basque_. Cider; _i.e._ the strong or Spanish cider,
called in French Basque _charnoa_ or _sharnoa_, as distinguished from the
weak cider which is made from apples rotted in water. A probable
etymology is _sagar_ = apple; _arno_ = wine.
SAGRA. _Span._ The name of certain districts in Spain, especially of
one lying north of Toledo. The word is probably derived from the Arab
_ṣaḥra_ = a plain. See note, i. 257.
SALAMANQUESA. _Span._ A salamander, or, star-lizard; otherwise called
_salamandra_.
SANDIA. _Span._ A water-melon.
SANTIGUO. _Span._ The action of crossing one’s self. _Santiguar_ is
“to make the sign of the cross.”
SANTO. _Span._ and _Port._ Sainted, holy. _La Santa Casa_, the
Inquisition.
SANTON. _Span._ A great saint; more especially applied to Moslem
recluses. Also, a hypocrite.
SANTURRON. _Span._ A great saint; usually, a great hypocrite.
SARDINHA. _Port._ and _Gal._ A sardine. Borrow’s friends, _la gente
rufianesca_, have a quaint name for a galley-slave, _apaleador de
sardinas_, a sardine-beater. H. 155.
SBA. _Arab._ Morning. More correctly, _ṣabāḥ_.
SCHARKI. _Arab._ The East.
SCHARR. See DAOUD.
SCHOPHON. _Heb._ _Shâphân_ (שׁפן) A quadruped which chews the cud like
a hare (Lev. xi. 5; Deut. xiv. 7); which lives gregariously on rocks, and
is remarkable for its cunning (Ps. civ. 18; Prov. xxx. 26). The Rabbins
render _coney_, or _rabbit_; more correctly the LXX. in three places
χοιρογρύλλιος, _i.e._ an animal resembling the _marmot_.
SÉ. _Span._ I know; from _saber_.
SEA. _Span._ May he be; from _ser_.
SECO. _Span._ and _Port._ Dry. See ii. 82.
SECRETARIO. _Span._ and _Port._ Secretary.
SEGUN. _Span._ According to.
SEGUNDO. _Span._ and _Port._ Second.
SENHOR, SENHORA. _Port._ SEÑOR, SEÑORA. _Span._ Gentleman, lady.
SEÑORITO, SEÑORITA. _Span._ Dimin. of the above.
SEO. _Span._ A cathedral church.
SEREKA. _Arab._ A theft. More correctly, _sarika_.
SERRA. _Port._ A high range of mountains; the Spanish sierra.
SERRADOR. _Span._ and _Port._ A sawyer. Although according to some
authorities this was the real name of the person mentioned in i. 138,
233, it seems that he was really a sawyer, by name José Miralles, born in
Valencia, on the borders of Aragon. He served under _El Fraile_ (The
Friar), a Guerilla chief in the Napoleonic wars, and was rather the rival
than the lieutenant of Cabrera, who imprisoned him, on which occasion he
broke both his legs in a vain attempt to escape. He subsequently took
part in the rising at Maeztrazgo, in 1844, and died in the campaign of
that year, while serving under General Villalonga.
SERRANIA. _Span._ and _Port._ District or country of _sierras_, or
mountain ridges.
SERVIL. _Span._ and _Port._ Servile. Applied, as a substantive, as a
party nickname to the Royalists on the outbreak of the first civil war in
1820.
SESÓ (fem. SESÍ, plur. SESÉ, also = Spain). _Rom._ A Spaniard. In
Spanish the word signifies “brain,” P. ii. 249.
SHAITÁN. _Arab._ Satan, the devil.
SHEE. _Arab._ Thing.
SHEKEL. _Hebr._ A Hebrew coin of uncertain value. The word itself
means merely “a weight.”
SHEM. _Hebr._ Name.
SHEM HAMPHORASH. _Hebr._ The separated, reserved, or special Name, i.e.
_Yahweh_. Always transliterated _Adonai_. Lord (a word which itself,
perhaps, contains the Span. _Don_), whence Κύριος, _Dominus_, and the
LORD, have found their way into translations of the Old Testament. Our
English “Jehovah” contains the forbidden consonants of _Yahweh_ and the
vowel points of _Adonai_.
SHEREEF. _Arab._ Noble.
SHILLAM EIDRI. Apparently meant for _lashon ivri_ = the Hebrew tongue.
SHOOB. Borrovian for the Russian _shuba_, a fur cloak or pelisse. The
word has made its way into Eng. Rom. as _shooba_, a gown.
SHRIT. Apparently for the Arabic _ishtari_ = buy.
SIBAT. _Arab._ Slippers. More correctly, _sabbāt_.
SIDI. _Arab._ My lord. More usually written _Said_ or _Sayyid_, the
same as the more familiar Cid. The fem. _Sitti_ = my lady, is familiar
to every lady who has visited North Africa.
SIERRAS. _Span._ Lit. saws; applied to mountain ranges, from their
serrated outline.
SIESTA. _Span._ Lat. _sexta_ (_hora_), noon. Noontide or afternoon
sleep. _Sext_ is one of the canonical hours of the Catholic Church.
SIETE. _Span._ Seven.
SIGLO. _Span._ Century, age.
SIGNOR, SIGNORE. _Ital._ Sir.
SIN. _Span._ Without.
SINAH. See DAR.
SINAR. _Rom._ To be. _Sin_, he is; _sinava_, I was. P. ii. 250; Pp.
255; M. vii. 66.
SŌC. _Arab._ A market. More correctly, _sūḳ_. _Soc de barra_ = outer
market.
SOCIEDAD. _Span._ Society.
SOGA. _Span._ A rope; a well-rope; a halter for beasts; the halter for
hanging a man.
SOLABARRI. _Rom._ Bridle. P. ii. 239; Pp. 487; M. viii. 69.
SOMBRERO. _Span._ A hat; that which gives _sombra_, or shade.
SON. _Span._ They are; from _ser_.
SONACAI. _Rom._ Gold. P. ii. 227; Pp. 481; M. viii. 68.
SOPA. _Span._ (1) Soup. (2) The entire dinner.
SOTEA. _Port._ Flat roof; balcony; platform.
SOU. _Port._ SOY. _Span._ I am; from _ser_.
SOWANEE. _Rom._ A sorceress. Used by Borrow, i. 122, for the more
correct _chuajañi_, Eng. Rom. _chovihoni_. P. ii. 190; Pp. 549; M. vii.
37.
SU. _Span._ SUUS. _Lat._ His.
SVEND. _Dan._ Swain.
* * * * *
TABLA. _Span._ A board, or plank.
TAL. _Span._ and _Port._ Such. _Que tal_? “How goes it?”
TALIB. _Arab._ Learned, Lit. “a seeker,” used in some countries for “a
devotee.” More correctly, _ṭālib_.
TAMBIEN. _Span._ Also, likewise, as well.
TAN. _Span._ So.
TARDE. _Span._ and _Port._ Afternoon, evening.
TEATRO. _Span._ Theatre.
TEBLEQUE. _Rom._ God the Saviour, Jesus. P. ii. 312; J.
TENER. _Span._ To take, hold, have. See MODO. _Tuvose_, it was held,
or, thought.
TERELAR._ Rom._ To have, hold. P. ii, 294; A. 41; Pp. 512; M. viii.
79.
TERREIRO. _Port._ A parade, promenade.
TERTULIA. _Span._ An assembly, conversazione.
TINAJA. _Span._ A large earthen jar.
TINTO. _Span._ and _Port._ Coloured. _Vino tinto_, red wine.
TIO, TIA. _Span._ Uncle; aunt. Applied in common life as a term of
familiar address to any one, not related to the speaker. Something like
the Old English _gaffer_ and _gammer_.
TIPOTAS. _Grk._ Nothing (πίποτε).
TIRAR. _Span._ and _Port._ To throw, remove, shoot. _Tirar por
detras_, to kick out behind.
TOCINO. _Span._ Bacon, pork.
TODO. _Span._ and _Port._ All.
TOMA. _Span._ Lit. take; as an interjection, “Come!” “Look here!”
TOMATE. _Span._ The tomato (_Lycopersicum esculentum_).
TONSURA. _Span._ and _Port._ (1) A cutting, of hair or wool. (2) The
first of the ecclesiastical orders.
TORAH, or THORAH. _Hebr._ The books of the Law; the Pentateuch.
TOREADOR. See TORERO.
TORERO. _Span._ A professional bull-fighter. These are of three
classes—the _picadores_, or horsemen; the _bandarilleros_, or placers of
_banderillos_; and the _matador_, or _espada_. Each company, or
_cuadrilla_, of fighters consists of a _matador_, chief of the band,
three _bandarilleros_, and two _picadores_. There is also usually a
_sobresaliente_ (or understudy) _de espada_, in case of accidents; and a
certain number of _chulos_, or men with cloaks, complete the personnel of
the ring.
TRADUCIDO. _Span._ Translated. From _traducir_.
TRAER. _Span._ To bear, carry.
TRAGUILLO. _Span._ Dim. of _trago_. A draught, drink.
TRAMPA. _Span._ and _Port._ A trap, snare.
TRINIDAD. _Span._ Trinity.
TSADIK. _Hebr._ Righteous. Hence Tsadok, the leader of the Sadducees,
derived his name.
TUCUE. _Rom._ Thee, with thee. See TUTE.
TUERTO. _Span._ One-eyed.
TUNANTE. _Span._ and _Port._ Truant; lazy scoundrel.
TUTE. _Rom._ Thou, thee. P. i. 229; Pp. 66; M. viii. 87.
TUVOSE. See TENER.
* * * * *
UNDEVEL, UNDEBEL. _Rom._ God. According to Borrow, the first syllable
of the word is the _Om_ of the Brahmins and Indian Buddhists, one of the
names of the Deity. Pott, however, denies this, ii. 75, 311; A. 285 Pp.
205; M. vii. 42; G. i. 177.
URIA. _Basque_. City. So translated by Borrow, but I cannot find the
word. The correct Basque is _iri_ or _hiri_.
USTED. _Span._ Contracted form of _vuestra merced_, your worship; used
for “you;” now written simply Vd or V.
USTILAR. _Rom._ To take, take up, steal. Z. ii. * 118; J. Cf.
_ostilar_, to steal. P. ii. 72, 246. See PASTESAS.
VALDEPEÑAS. _Span._ The red wine made in the neighbourhood of that
town, in die heart of La Mancha. It is about the best in Spain.
VALER. _Span._ To be worth, prevail, protect. _Valgame Dios_! “May
God protect me!” “S’help me!”
VALIDO. _Span._ and _Port._ Powerful, respected. See note, ii. 376.
VALIENTE._ Span._ (1) As an adjective, strong or valiant. (2) As a
substantive, in a less honourable sense, as “cock of the walk,” or bully.
VAMOS, or VAMONOS. _Span._ “Let us go!” “Come along!”
VÁSTACO. _Span._ Stem, bud, shoot.
VAYA. _Span._ A very common interjection or expression, “Come!” “Get
along!” “Let it go!” Imper. of _ir_, to go.
VECINO. _Span._ An inhabitant; as an adjective, neighbouring.
VEGA. _Span._ A meadow or plain; an open tract of level and fruitful
ground, more particularly applied to the country around Granada;
generally an alluvial tract formed by the bend of a river or expansion of
a valley.
VELHO. _Port._ Old.
VENTA. _Span._ VENDA. _Port._ Strictly speaking, an isolated country
inn, or house of reception on the road; and if it be not of physical
entertainment, it is at least one of moral, and accordingly figures in
prominent characters in all the personal narratives and travels in Spain.
The _venta_ is inferior in rank to the _posada_, q.v. The original
meaning of the word is “sale.”
VERDADERO. _Span._ True.
VERDUGO, VERDUGA. _Span._ and _Port._ Said of an exceedingly cruel
person. Prim. a switch, then a flogger, or executioner.
VIAJE. _Span._ A voyage.
VID. _Span._ Vine.
VIEJO. _Span._ Old; an old man.
VILLA. _Span._ A town; greater than an _aldea_ or village, less than a
_ciudad_ or city.
VILLANO, VILLANA. _Span._ Countryman, peasant; country girl or woman.
VINO. _Span._ Wine.
VIRGEN. _Span._ VIRGO. _Lat._ Virgin.
VISE. _Nor. Dan._ A ballad.
VISÉ. _Fr._ Endorsed, or furnished with the official visa. As commonly
applied to passports, neither the verb nor the substantive has any exact
equivalent in English.
VIVER. _Span._ and _Port._ To live. _Que viva_! “Long life to him!”
VOSSÉ, or VOSSEM. _Port._ _Vossa mercé_, your worship; you. Gal.
_vusté_; Span. _usted_. See note, i. 89.
VOY. _Span._ I am going; from _ir_.
* * * * *
WADY. _Arab._ River. _Wady al kebir_ = the great river, the
Guadalquivir.
WAKHUD. _Arab._ A, the article. More correctly, _waḥid_.
WULLAH. _Arab._ “By God!”
WUSTUDDUR. _Arab._ Home; abode. Lit. the middle of the houses. See
DAR.
* * * * *
Y. _Span._ And.
YAW. Borrovian for the Germ. _ja_ = yes.
YDOORSHEE. _Arab._ It signifies; lit. it hurts.
YERBA. _Span._ (1) Grass. (2) Poison.
YESCA. _Span._ Under.
YO. _Span._ I.
YOUM. _Arab._ A day.
YUDKEN. _Germ._ A little Jew; more correctly, _Jüdchen_.
* * * * *
ZAMARRA. _Span._ A sheepskin coat, the woolly side turned inwards; from
the Basque _echamarra_ (having the same signification), usually worn by
shepherds. The French _chamarrer_, to deck out, or bedizen, is said to
be a word of kindred origin.
ZARZA. _Span._ A bramble.
ZINCALO. plur. ZINCALI. _Span. Rom._ Gypsy. P. ii. 259; M. viii. 65.
ZOHAR. _Hebr._ Brilliancy. See note, ii. 318.
INDEX.
Abades, ii. 209
Abyla, Mount (Gibil Muza), ii. 295
Aguilar, Antonio Garcia de, i. 282–286
Alcalá de Guadaira, i. 223
Aldea Gallega, i. 19, 58, 71
Alemtejo, i. 16, 72
Algeziras, ii. 296
Andalusia, Desert of, i. 224
Andalusians, The, ii. 261
Andujar, i. 253
Antigola, ii. 206
Antonio, the gypsy, i. 106
Antonio Buchini, i. 265; ii. 161, 171, 217
Aranjuez, 1. 254; ii. 202
Arroyolos, i. 84
Astorga, i. 318
Asturias, The, ii. 59
Azeca, Bridge of, 11. 192
Azido, Jozé Dias, i. 74
* * * * *
Badajoz, i. 96, 105
Bailen, i. 253
Balmaseda, ii. 211
Balseiro, i. 177; ii. 154
Baltasar, the National, i. 167, 206
Baralla Pass, ii. 60
Basques, The, and their language, ii. 112 _et seq._
Beckford, William, i. 9
Bembibre, i. 333
Benedict Mol, i. 190, 382, 385; ii. 73, 165, 181
Bermudez, Cean, i. 266
Betanzos, i. 364
Bilbao, ii. 93
Bonanza, i. 214; ii. 273
Borrego, Don Andrés, i. 259
Brackenbury, John (Consul at Cadiz), ii. 288
Buchini, Antonio, i. 265; ii. 161, 171, 217
Burgos, ii. 98
* * * * *
Cabrera, General, i. 233
Cacabelos, i. 338
Cadiz, i. 212; ii. 286
Caldas de Reyes, i. 394
Calzado, Pepe, ii. 101
Caneiro, ii. 62
Cantwell, Patrick, i. 280
Carmona, i. 224
Carolina, i. 253
Castro, John de, i. 9
Castro Pol, ii. 59
Christina, Queen Regent, i. 197
Chrysostom, Johannes, ii. 256
Cintra, i. 7
Clarendon, Lord, i. 164, 271; ii. 121, 124, 218
Cobeña, ii. 221
Coisa Doiro, ii. 46
Colhares, i. 10
Colunga, ii. 83
Compostella, i. 192, 377; ii. 183
Contrabandistas, Spanish, ii. 35, 45
Corcuvion, ii. 35
Cordova, i. 229, 238
Cordova, General, i, 180, 267
Correa, Joanna, ii. 355
Corunna, i. 367; ii. 41
Cuesta del Espinal, i. 228
* * * * *
D’Almeida, J. Ferreira, i. 98
D’Azveto, Don Geronimo, i. 25, 38
Dehesa, The, ii. 259
Despeñaperros Pass, i. 254
Diaz, Maria, i. 256; ii. 130, 159
Dionysius, ii. 263
Doddridge, Dr. P., i. 6
Dueñas, i. 303
Duero (Douro), i. 293
Duyo, ii. 23
* * * * *
Elvas, i. 94
Estremadura, i. 146
Estremoz, i. 87
Evora, i. 16, 33
Execution of criminals, i. 171
* * * * *
Fava, Pascual, ii. 381
Ferrol, ii. 42
Feyjoo, Benito, ii. 79
Fielding, Henry, i. 6
Finisterre, Cape, i. 209; ii. 21, 24
Flinter, G. D. (the Irishman), ii. 92
Fragey, Ephraim, ii. 369
Fuencebadon Pass, i. 344
* * * * *
Galiano, Alcala, i. 179, 181, 195
Galicia, i, 1, 347; ii. 59
Gallegan language, i. 351
Garcia, Sergeant, i. 197, 273
Gartland, Dr., i. 276
Gibraltar, ii. 300
Gijon, ii. 70
Gomez, i. 194, 212, 218, 233
Guadalquivir, i. 214; ii. 249, 272
Guadarrama Mountains, i. 151
Guadiana River, i. 102
Gypsies, Spanish, i. 105
* * * * *
Hervey, Lord William, ii. 211
Hirias, Archbishop (Toledo), ii. 174
* * * * *
Isturitz, Don Francis Xavier de, i. 179, 181, 196
* * * * *
Jaraicejo, i. 135
Judaism, i. 67, 247
* * * * *
Labajos, i. 210
La Granja, i. 197; ii. 208
La Mancha, i. 254
Lariategui, i. 262, 295
Las Batuecas, i. 152
Leganez, ii. 185
Leon, i. 315
Leyden, Dr. John, i. 76
Lib, Judah, ii. 317
Lisbon, i. 3, 15, 58, 66, 212
Llanes, ii. 88
Los Angeles, ii. 7
Luarca, ii. 61
Lugo, i. 354, 358
Luigi Piozzi, ii. 370
* * * * *
Madrid, i. 162, 173, 256, 270; ii. 99, 121, 217, 334
Mafra, i. 12
Manzanal, i. 327
Manzanares, ii. 216, 248
Maragatos, The, i. 321
Medina del Campo, i. 291
Mendizabal, Juan Alvarez y, i. 164
Merida, i. 114, 125
Miguelets, The, i. 363
Mirabete Pass, i. 145
Mol, Benedict, i. 190, 382, 385; ii. 73, 165, 181
Moncloa, i. 225
Montaneda, ii. 96
Monte Almo, i. 29
Monte Moro, i. 28, 53, 75
Monte Moro Novo, i. 87
Montes, Francisco, i. 170
Moore, Sir John, i. 374
Moors, The, i. 116, 239
Munoz, i. 198
Muros, ii. 65
* * * * *
Naval Carnero, ii. 232
Navias, ii. 59
New Castile, i. 150
Nogales, i. 350
Novales, ii. 45
Noyo, ii. 13
* * * * *
Ocaña, ii. 204
Ofalia, Count, ii. 121, 124, 141
Old Castile, i. 274; Plains of, i. 290
Oliban, the secretary, i. 183, 195
Oñas, ii. 98
Oropesa, i. 150
Oviedo, ii. 70
* * * * *
Padron, i. 392; ii. 1
Palencia, i. 309
Pascual Fava, ii. 381
Pedroso, i. 286
Pegões, 1. 24, 74
Peña Cerrada Pass, ii. 207
Peñaranda, i. 275
Petulengres, i. 204
Philippi, Mr., ii. 276, 278
Pico Sacro, i. 377
Piozzi, Luigi, i. 370
Pitiegua, i. 281
Pontevedra, i. 395
Portuguese Jews, i. 409
Puerto de Lumbreras, ii. 246
* * * * *
Quesada, i. 181, 199, 202
* * * * *
Rey Romero, i. 380
Ribida de Sella, ii. 88
Rivadeo, ii. 53
Rivas, Duke of, i. 183
* * * * *
Sabocha, the robber, i. 21
Sagra of Toledo, The, i. 257, ii. 194
Saint James of Compostella, i. 192, 377
Salamanca, i. 275
Sanchez, Antonio, i. 170
San Lucar, i. 214; ii. 274
San Martin de Duyo, ii. 23
Santa Colombo, ii. 89
Santa Marta, ii. 45
Santander, ii. 90
Santi Ponce, i. 217
Santillana, ii. 90
San Vicente, ii. 89
Scio, Padre Filipe, i. 259
Segovia, ii. 209
Serra Dorso, i. 33, 87
Sevilla Francesco, i. 170, 176
Seville, i. 215; ii. 214, 248
Sierra de Buron, ii. 60
Sierra de Ronda, i. 215
Sierra Morena, i. 241
Soto Luino, ii. 64
Southern, Mr., i. 271; ii. 133, 135, 139
* * * * *
Tagus, The, i. 3, 18, 145
Talavera, i. 155
Tangier, ii. 342
Tarifa, ii. 294, 341
Taylor, Baron, i. 220
Toledo, ii. 102–107
Tormes River, i. 276
Toro, i. 300
Trafalgar Bay, ii. 292
Triana, i. 216
Trujillo, i. 130
* * * * *
Valladolid, i. 294
Vargas, ii. 187, 195
Vendas Novas, i. 27, 55, 74
Vendas Velhas, i. 21
Villa del Padron, i. 392; ii. 1
Villafranca, i. 341
Villa Seca, ii. 185
Villa Viciosa, ii. 83
Vigo, i. 403
Villiers, Sir George. _See_ Clarendon, Lord
Viveiro, ii. 50
* * * * *
Zariategui, i. 262, 295
* * * * *
THE END.
* * * * *
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.
Footnotes
{2} See note, vol. i. p. 120.
{12} A fanciful word of Portuguese etymology from _nuvem_, cloud = the
cloud-man.
{14} _Inha_, when affixed to words, serves as a diminutive. It is much
in use amongst the Gallegans. It is pronounced _ínia_, the Portuguese
and Galician _nh_ being equivalent to the Spanish _ñ_.
{22} “Flock of drunkards.” _Fato_, in Gal. as in Port. = a herd or
flock. Span. _hato_.
{23} San Martin de Duyo, a village, according to Madoz, of sixty houses.
There are no remains of the ancient Duyo.
{26} Galician; lit. the shore of the outer sea.
{28} “By God! I am going too.”
{29} Who served as a subordinate general in the Carlist armies.
{37} “The good lad.”
{43a} In Spanish, _guardacostas_.
{43b} More correctly, _el Ferrol_ or _farol_, the lighthouse. Nothing
can more strikingly give the lie to the conventional taunt that Spain has
made no progress in recent years than the condition of the modern town of
el Ferrol compared with the description in the text. It is now a
flourishing and remarkably clean town of over 23,000 inhabitants, with an
arsenal not only magnificent in its construction, but filled with every
modern appliance, employing daily some 4000 skilled workmen, whose club
(_el liceo de los artesanos_) might serve as a model for similar
institutions in more “advanced” countries. It comprises a library,
recreation-room, casino, sick fund, benefit society, and school; and
lectures and evening parties, dramatic entertainments, and classes for
scientific students, are all to be found within its walls.
{45} A little town charmingly situated on a little bay at the mouth of
the river Eo, which divides Galicia from Asturias, famous for oysters and
salmon.
{46} Signifying in Portugese or Galician, “A thing of gold.”
{47} Tertian ague, or intermittent three-day fever.
{49} “Come along, my little Parrot!”
{58a} A town on the sea-coast about half-way between Rivadeo and Aviles.
{58b} Query. See note, p. 45.
{59} On the right bank of the Eo, over against Rivadeo.
{62a} The port of Oviedo.
{62b} See the Glossary, _s.v._ COPLA.
{66} “God bless me!”
{67} I.e. _Bascuence_, or _Vascuence_, the Basque language.
{70} Query, Aviles?
{71} Job xxxix. 25: “. . . the thunder of the captains, and the
shouting.”
{75} “Good heavens!”
{76} I.e. _jacas_.
{79a} The cathedral at Oviedo is one of the oldest and most interesting
foundations in Spain. The first stone was laid by Alfonso II. in 802;
the greater part of the existing edifice is of the fourteenth century.
But the great glory of Oviedo, entitling it to rank as second among the
holy cities of Christian Spain, is the Camara Santa, and the relics
therein contained (see Burke’s _History of Spain_ vol. i. pp. 122–124,
140, 141, 147–150, 165, 275; vol. ii. pp. 8–11; and Murray’s _Handbook_,
sub. _Oviedo_).
{79b} Benito Feyjoo was born in 1676, and having assumed the Benedictine
habit early in life, settled at length in a convent of his order at
Oviedo, where he lived for hard on fifty years. He died in 1764.
A strange mixture of a devout Catholic and a scientific innovator, he was
an earnest student of Bacon, Newton, Pascal, Leibnitz, and others, whose
opinions he embodied in his own works. Learned, judicious, and diligent
rather than a man of genius, he was original at least as regards his
conceptions of the nature and limits of scientific research in Spain. He
kept on good terms with the Inquisition, while he continued to publish in
his _Teatro Critico_ and his _Cartas Eruditas y Curiosas_ all that the
Inquisitors would desire to remain unread; attacked the dialectics and
metaphysics then taught everywhere in Spain; maintained Bacon’s system of
induction in the physical sciences; ridiculed the general opinion as
regards eclipses, comets, magic, and divination; and laid down canons of
historical criticism which would exclude many of the most cherished
traditions of his country and his Church. The best edition of his works
is that by Campomanes, the minister of the enlightened Charles III., with
a Life of the author. 16 vols. Madrid, 1778.
{80} Charles III. of Spain (1759–1788), the most enlightened of the
Bourbon kings.
{82} Literally, _dry_.
{92} George Dawson Flinter began life in an English West India regiment,
served in the Spanish American forces, and afterwards obtained a
commission in the Spanish army. In 1833, on the outbreak of the civil
war, he declared for Isabella, and served with considerable distinction
in the constitutional army. A prisoner in 1836, he was entrusted with a
high command at Toledo in 1837, but having failed to satisfy the Cortes
in an engagement in September, 1838, he cut his throat (see _Gentl.
Mag._, 1838, vol. ii. p. 553, and Duncan, _The English in Spain_, pp. 13,
189).
{98} There is still a fairly frequented high-road from Santander to
Burgos, inasmuch as the railway from Santander to Madrid takes a more
westerly route through Palencia, the actual junction with the main line
from Irun being at Venta de Baños, a new creation of the railway not even
mentioned in the guidebooks a few years ago, and now one of the most
important stations in Spain.
Yet in railway matters Spain has still some progress to make. From
Santander to Burgos _viâ_ Venta de Baños is just 120 English miles; but
the time occupied in the journey by train in this year 1895 is just
seventeen hours, the traveller having to leave Santander at 1 p.m. in
order to reach Burgos at 6 o’clock the following morning!
{100} See Introduction.
{101} “_Office of the Biblical and Foreign Society_,” rather an odd
rendering of the original title!
{103a} The briefest of all abbreviations and modifications of the
objectionable _Carajo_.
{103b} Rather south-south-west.
{104} Domenico Theotocoupoulis, a Greek or Byzantine who settled at
Toledo in 1577. He is said to have been a pupil of Titian. The picture
so highly praised in the text is said by Professor Justi to be in “his
worst manner,” and is indeed a very stiff performance. There are many of
_El Greco’s_ pictures in Italy, where his work is often assigned to
Bassano, Paul Veronese, and Titian. His acknowledged masterpiece is the
Christ on Mount Calvary in the cathedral of Toledo. _El Greco_ died in
1625, after an uninterrupted residence of nearly forty years in Spain.
{107} See _The Zincali_, part. ii. chap. vi.
{111a} Borrow’s translation of St. Luke into Spanish gypsy was published
with the following title: _Embéo e Majaró Lucas_. _Brotoboro randado
andré la chipe griega_, _acána chibado andré o Romanó ó chipe es Zincales
de Sesé_. (No place) 1837. A new edition was published five and thirty
years later by the British and Foreign Bible Society, as _Criscote e
Majaró Lucas chibado andré o Romano ó chipe es Zincales de Sesé_.
Lundra, 1872. Both these works are now out of print, but I have had the
advantage of seeing a copy of each in the library of the Society in Queen
Victoria Street.
{111b} _The Zincali_, part ii. ch. viii.
{114} Modern linguistic science is so entirely at variance with these
theories that it is difficult to add a note at once modest, instructive,
or of reasonable length. On the whole it is perhaps better to leave the
chapter entirely alone.
{116a} See the Glossary.
{116b} _Evangelioa San Lucasen Guissan_. _El Evangelio Segun S. Lucas_.
_Traducido al vascuence_. _Madrid_: _Imprenta de la Compañia
Tipografica_. 1838.
{117} See _Proverbes Basques suivis des Poésies Basques_, by Arnauld
Oihenart, 1847.
{118a} See F. Michel, _Le Pays Basque_, p. 213, and the Glossary, _s.v._
ICHASOA.
{118b} No one who has ever read the work of this _Abbé_ would ever think
of citing it as a serious authority. It is entitled, _L’histoire des
Cantabres par l’Abbé d’Iharce de Bidassouet_. Paris, 1825. Basque,
according to the author, was the primæval language; _Noah_ being still
the Basque for _wine_ is an etymological record of the patriarch’s
unhappy inebriety!
{118c} This work is entitled, _Euscaldun anciña anciñaco_, _etc._
_Donostian_, 1826, by Juan Ignacio de Iztueta, with an Introduction in
Spanish, and many Basque songs with musical notation, but without
accompaniment.
{120} See further as to the Basques, Burke’s _History of Spain_, vol. i.
App. I.
{121a} 1838.
{121b} See _ante_, p. 100, and Introduction.
{121c} Ofalia was prime minister from November 30, 1837, to August,
1838, when he was succeeded by the Duke of Frias.
{127} The mayor or chief magistrate. _Politico_ is here used in the old
sense of civic, πολιτικὸς, of the πόλις; _gefe_, now spelt _jefe_ =
chief.
{129a} In _The Zincali_, part ii. ch. iv., Borrow places his
imprisonment in March.
{129b} Rather _civic_; see note on p. 127.
{131} “The city prison.” _La Corte_ is the _capital_, as well as the
_court_.
{133} “My master! the constables, and the catchpolls, and all the other
thieves . . . ”
{134a} See the Glossary, _s.v._ JARGON.
{134b} “He is very skilful.”
{136} “Are there no more?”
{141} More like the French _Juge d’Instruction_.
{143a} “Come along, Sir George; to your house, to your lodgings!”
{143b} Acts xvi. 37.
{146} People of renown.
{147a} “Mashes” and mistresses. _Majo_ is a word of more general
signification than _manolo_. The one is a dandy, or smart fellow, all
over Spain; the other is used only of a certain class in Madrid.
{147b} More correctly, _Carabanchel_ or _Carabancheles_, two villages a
few miles south of Madrid.
{148} This in prison!
{149} _E.g._ in the citadel of Pampeluna. See _Journal of the Gypsy
Lore Society_, i. 152.
{152} Perhaps Waterloo.—[Note by Borrow.]
{154} “It distresses me.”
{155} Robbing the natives.
{156} See chap. xiii.
{164} The sun was setting, and Demos commands. “Bring water, my
children, that ye may eat bread this evening.” Borrow has translated
this song in the _Targum _(_v._ p. 343).
{165} The treasure-digger.
{170} See _The Zincali_, part ii. chap. iv.
{171} The duke became prime minister in August, 1838.
{175} In Gams’ _Series Episcoporum_, the standard authority on the
subject, the archiepiscopal see of Toledo is noted as _vacant_ from 1836
to 1847. Nor is any hint given of how the duties of the office were
performed. Don Antonio Perez Hirias figures only as Bishop of Mallorca,
or Majorca, from December, 1825, to December, 1847.
{178a} Kicks from behind.
{178b} “I do not know.”
{179a} See note, p. 103.
{179b} “To the gallows! To the gallows!”
{180a} “To the country! To the country!”
{180b} “Ride on, because of the word of truth, of meekness, and
righteousness” (Ps. xlv. 5, P.B.V.).
{188} A nickname, unhappily too commonly justified in Southern Spain,
where ophthalmia and oculists are equally dangerous.
It is remarkable how many of the great men in Spanish history, however,
have been distinguished by this blemish: Hannibal, Viriatus, Táric, Abdur
Rahman I., and Don Juan el Tuerto in the reign of Alfonso XI.
{190} Byron, _Don Juan_, xiii. 11. Borrow probably knew well enough
where the lines came from. _Don Juan_ had not been published more than
fifteen years at the time, and was in the zenith of its popularity. But
Byron and his ways were alike odious to the rough manliness of Borrow
(see _Lavengro_, ch. xxxix.), and, in good truth, however much the poet
“deserves to be remembered,” it is certainly not for this line, which
contains as many _suggestiones falsi_ as may be packed into one line.
Yet the “sneer” is not in the original, but in Borrow’s misquotation;
Byron wrote “smiled.” The idea of the poet having spent a handful of
gold ounces in a Genoese posada at Seville and at a bull-fight at Madrid,
that he might be competent to tell the world that Cervantes sneered
Spain’s chivalry away, is superlatively Borrovian—and delicious. The
entire passage runs thus—
“Cervantes smiled Spain’s chivalry away;
A single laugh demolish’d the right arm
Of his own country;—seldom since that day
Has Spain had heroes.”
{192} About thirty pounds, at the exchange of the day.
{195a} “I wish to enlist with you.”
{195b} “_Gee up_, donkey!” From this _arrhé_, of Arabic origin, is
derived the word _arriero_, a muleteer.
{197} “Blessed be God!”
{198} See note, _ante_, p. 190.
{201} See vol. i. p. 257.
{202} Aranjuez, the Roman _Ara Jovis_, was, until the absorption of the
great military order by the Crown under Isabella and Ferdinand, a
favourite residence of the Grand Masters of Santiago.
{203} “Die schönen Tage in Aranjuez
Sind nun zu Ende.”
The opening lines of _Don Carlos_.
{204} An exceedingly ancient town, celebrated in the days before the
Roman dominion.
{205} See Glossary, _sub. verb_. SCHOPHON. As to rabbits in Spain, see
note, vol. i. p. 25.
{208} The modern La Granja or San Ildefonso is, in the season, anything
but desolate: the beautiful, if somewhat over-elaborate gardens, are
admirably kept up, and the general atmosphere of the plain is bright and
cheerful, though the Court of to-day prefers the sea-breezes of Biscay to
the air of the Guadarrama, when Madrid becomes, as it does, well-nigh
uninhabitable in summer.
{211a} A particular scoundrel. His massacre of prisoners, November 9,
1838, was remarkable for its atrocity, when massacre was of daily
occurrence. See Duncan, _The English in Spain_, pp. 247, 248.
{211b} See note, vol. i. p. 164.
{213} August 31, 1838.
{215} Don Carlos, who probably died a natural death in 1568.
{217} The etymology of Andalusia is somewhat of a _crux_; the various
authorities are collected and reviewed in an appendix to Burke’s _History
of Spain_, vol. i. p. 379. The true etymology may be Vandalusia, the
abiding-place of the Vandals, though they abode in Southern Spain but a
very short time; but the word certainly came into the Spanish through the
Arabic, and not through the Latin, long years after Latin was a spoken
language. The young lady was quite right in speaking of it as _Betica_
or _Bœtica_; though the _Terra_ would be superfluous, if not incorrect.
{218} He had succeeded to that title on the death of his uncle, December
22, 1838.
{219} _I.e._ “My Lord the Sustainer of the Kingdom.” See preface to
_The Zincali_, second edition.
{221a} _Tio_. A common method of address, conveying no reference to
real relationship. So the Boers in South Africa speak of “Oom (uncle)
Paul.”
{221b} “What beautiful, what charming reading!”
{223} _No hay otro en el mundo_.
{224a} See note on p. 147.
{224b} Κατὰ τὸν τόπον καὶ ὁ τρόπος, as Antonio said.—[Note by Borrow].
_I.e._ “As is the place, such is the character (of the people).”
{225} Alcalá de Henares. See note, vol. i. p. 223.
{228a} “Good night!”
{228b} “Good night to you!”
{234} Or _Nevski_ = of the Neva; as we have a Thames Street.
{236} Spanish, _duende_. See p. 238. Oddly enough in _Germanía_, or
thieves’ slang, _duende_ = _ronda_, a night patrol.
{237} Madrid is not a city or _ciudad_, but only the chief of _villas_.
{240} In Romany, _Chuquel sos pirela cocal terela_.
{242a} _El Nuevo Testamento Traducido al Español de la Vulgata Latino
por el Rmo. P. Phelipe Scio de S. Miguel de las Escuelas Pias Obispo
Electo de Segovia_. _Madrid_. _Imprenta á cargo de D. Joaquin de la
Barrera_. 1837.
{242b} The church of San Gines is in the Calle del Arenal; the chapel of
Santa Cruz in the Concepcion Jerónima.
{246} This is a curious slip; the spelling is found in the first and all
subsequent editions. The true name of the defile—it is between Velez el
Rubio and Lorca—is, as might be supposed, _La Rambla_, but the narrowest
part of the pass is known as the _Puerto de Lumbreras_ (the Pass of
Illumination), and from _Rambla_ and _Lumbrera_ Borrow or the printer of
1843 evolved the strange compound _Rumblar_!
{248} This would naturally mean, “Most reverend sir, art thou still
saying, or, dost thou still say Mass?” which seems somewhat irrelevant.
Possibly what “the prophetess” meant to ask was, “Most reverend sir, hast
thou yet said Mass?”
{251a} “Knowest thou the land where the lemon-trees bloom?” The song of
Mignon in Goethe’s _Wilhelm Meister_, introduced in the opera of _Faust_.
{251b} See note, vol. i. p. 216.
{256} Born at Amalfi, 1623, a simple fisherman. He headed the rebellion
of the Neapolitans against the Spanish viceroy, in 1647. His success as
a leader led to a revulsion of popular feeling, and he was executed or
murdered within a few days of his greatest triumph.
{261} Chiefly in their pronunciation of the characteristic G and Z of
the Castilian as S instead of TH. The South-American Spaniards, so
largely recruited from Andalusia, maintain the same sibilation, which is
about as offensive to a true Castilian as the dropping of an H is to an
educated Englishman.
{262} Safacoro is the Romany name for Seville; and Len Baro for the
great river, _arabicé_ Wady al Kebir, the Guadalquivir. See Glossary.
{263} For further information about Manuel and Luis Lobo, who compiled a
manuscript collection of the pseudo-gypsy writings of _los del aficion_,
or those addicted to the _Gitanos_ and their language, see _The Zincali_,
part iii. chap. ii.
{264a} Κύριε, voc. of κύριος, the usual mode of address, “sir.”
{264b} The name of a famous family of Dutch printers (1594–1680).
{266} Priests. Greek, παπᾶς; not Spanish, in which language _Papa_
means the Pope (of Rome).
{267} Τίποτε = nothing at all.
{273} The secondary signification of “prosperity” or “good fortune” is
more familiar to English ears; the word having come to us by way of the
Spanish, American, and Californian mining camps.
{274} “The Illustrious Scullion.”
{282} Lit. a butterfly.
{288} This was Mr. John Brackenbury.
{292a} The great Danish poet, born in 1779, died 1850; see _ante_, note,
vol. i. p. 29.
{292b} October 21, 1805.
{293a} It is an American in our own day, Captain Mahan, U.S.N., who has
called attention, in his masterly _influence of Sea Power upon History_,
to the transcendent importance of the battle of Trafalgar, hardly
realized by the most patriotic Englishman, who had well-nigh forgotten
Trafalgar in celebrating the more attractive glories of Waterloo.
{293b} Storm of east wind; wind from the Levant.
{293c} I.e. _Kafirs_, the Arabic term of reproach, signifying an
unbeliever; one who is _not a Moslem_!
{294} The title formally granted to this Alonzo Perez de Guzman, under
the sign-manual of King Sancho the Bravo, was that of “The Good.” His
son was not crucified, but stabbed to death by the Infante Don John, with
the knife that had been flung over the battlements of the city by the
poor lad’s father, A.D. 1294 (see _Documentos Ineditos para la Historia
de España_, tom. xxxix. pp. 1–397).
{295} Rather of Muza, the commander-in-chief of the army that conquered
Gothic Spain in 711. Tarifa similarly perpetuates the memory of one of
his lieutenants, Tárif; and Gibraltar is Gibil Tarik, after Tarik, his
second in command (see Burke’s _History of Spain_, vol. i. pp. 110–120).
{296a} The hill of the baboons.
{296b} Rather, “The Island;” _Al Jezirah_.
{298} According to Don Pascual de Gayangos, Thursday, April 30, 711.
{301} In more modern slang, “a rock scorpion.”
{302} Του λόγου σας, a polite locution in modern Greek, signifying
“you,” “your good self, _or_, selves.”
{307} More correctly, the _Preobazhenski_, _Semeonovski_, and
_Findlandski polks_. The first is a very crack regiment, and was formed
by Peter the Great in 1682. In 1692 it took part in the capture of Azov
(Toll, “Nastolny Slovar,” _Encyclop._ tom. iii.).
{309} This would have been General Sir A. Woodford, K.C.B., G.C.M.G.
{310} “A holy man this, from the kingdoms of the East.”
{311} A street in West Hamburg, near the port and the notorious
_Heiligegeist_, frequented by a low class of Jews and seafaring men.
{312a} The living waters.
{312b} Into the hands of some one else—_manû alicujus_. _Peluni_ is the
Fulaneh of the Arabs, the Don Fulano of the Spaniards; Mr. So-and-So;
Monsieur Chose.
{314} _I.e._ “The Hill of the English,” near Vitoria. Here, in the year
1367, Don Tello, with a force of six thousand knights, cut to pieces a
body of four hundred men-at-arms and archers, under the command of Sir
Thomas Felton, Seneschal of Guienne, and his brother Sir William. See
Froissart, i. chap. 239; Ayala, _Cronicas de los Reyes de Castilla_, i.
p. 446; Mérimée, _Histoire de Don Pèdre Ier_, p. 486.
{316} The popular name for _Etna_—an etymology most suggestive, _Mons_
(Latin) and _gibil_ (Arabic) each signifying “a mountain.”
{318} The book Zohar (Hebrew, “Brilliancy”) is, next to the canonical
Scripture, one of the ablest books in Hebrew literature, having been
written by the Rabbi Simeon bar Jochaï, “The Great Light” and “Spark of
Moses,” early in the second century of our era. The mysteries contained
in the Zohar are said to have been communicated to Jochaï during his
twelve years’ seclusion in a cave; and they are specially revered by a
sect of modern Jews known as Zoharites, or Sabbathians, from their
founder Sabbataï Zevi, who was born at Smyrna in 1625, and claimed to be
the true Messiah, but who, to save himself from death as an impostor,
embraced the faith of Islám at Adrianople, and died a Moslem in 1676.
Yet a hundred years later another Zoharite pretender, Jankiev Lejbovicz,
who acquired the name of Jacob Frank, of Offenbach, near Frankfort, and
died only in 1792, made himself famous in Germany. The Zoharites were
Cabalistic, as opposed to Talmudic, in their theology or theosophy, and
in later times have claimed to have much in common with Christianity.—See
M. J. Mayers (of Yarmouth), _A Brief Account of the Zoharite Jews_
(Cambridge, 1826); and Graetz, _History of the Jews_, vol. v. pp. 125,
289.
{322} Rabat.
{330} 1 Kings xix. 11–13.
{337} _On_ as a termination is usually indicative of size without
admiration, bigness rather than greatness, as in the Italian _one_.
{343a} The tomato was hardly known in England in 1839, and was not
common for forty years after, so Borrow may be excused for giving the
word in its Spanish form. The plant was introduced into Spain from Peru
in the sixteenth century.
{343b} “Lord of the World.” _Adun_ or _Adon_ is the well-known Hebrew
word for Lord, and is said to be the origin of the Spanish title _Don_.
_Oulem_ is the Arab ‘_Olam_. The following lines are the first poem in
the _Targum_, a collection of translations by Borrow from thirty
languages, printed at St. Petersburg in 1835:—
“Reigned the universe’s Master, ere were earthly things begun:
When his mandate all created Ruler was the name he won;
And alone he’ll rule tremendous when all things are past and gone,
He no equal has, nor consort, he, the singular and lone,
Has no end and no beginning; his the sceptre, might and throne.
He’s my God and living Saviour, rock to whom in need I run;
He’s my banner and my refuge, fount of weal when called upon;
In his hand I place my spirit at nightfall and rise of sun,
And therewith my body also; God’s my God—I fear no one.”
{348} In 1684, on the familiar official plea of “economy.”
{349} “Good morning, O my lord.”
{351} “There is no God but one.”
{354} “Buy here, buy here.”
{357a} This youth followed Borrow to England, where he was introduced to
Mr. Petulengro as a _pal_, but rejected by him as “no Roman.” See _The
Zincali_, Preface to Second Edition.
{357b} “Hail, Mary, full of grace, pray for me.”
{357c} “Remove the faithless race from the borders of the believers,
that we may gladly pay due praises to Christ.”
{359} This has been already alluded to as regards Southern Spain.
{360} Algiers.
{361} Essence of white flowers. The Arabic _attar_ = essence is well
known in combination as _otto_ or _attar_ of roses. _Nuar_ is a form of
_Nawār_ = flowers.
{362} This was still market-day in 1892.
{364} Nowhere has the destruction of locusts been undertaken in a more
systematic manner, or carried to greater perfection than in the island of
Cyprus, where a special tax is levied by the British Government to defray
the expenses of what is called “the war.” The system is the invention of
a Cypriote gentleman, Mr. Mattei.
{365} More commonly known as the prickly pear (_Opuntia vulgaris_).
{367a} The house of the trades [Borrow], or rather “of the handicrafts.”
{367b} Seashore. See the Glossary.
{372} Friday.
{375} The etymology of Granada is doubtful. Before the invasion of
Spain by the Arabs, a small town of Phœnician origin, known as Karnattah,
existed near Illiberis (Elvira), and probably on the site of the more
modern city of Granada. The syllable _Kar_ would, in Phœnician, signify
“a town.” The meaning of _nattah_ is unknown (Gayangos, i. 347; Casiri,
_Bib. Ar. Hisp. Esc._, ii. 251; Conde, _Hist. Dom._, i. pp. 37–51). The
supposition that the city owes its name to its resemblance to a ripe
pomegranate (_granada_) is clearly inadmissible. As in the case of Leon,
the device was adopted in consequence of its appropriateness to an
existing name—although the modern city of Granada is probably not older
than 1020. The Arabic word, moreover, for a pomegranate is _romàn_; and
Soto de Roma, the name of the Duke of Wellington’s estate in Andalusia,
means “the wood of the pomegranates;” and an _ensalada romana_ is not a
Roman, but a pomegranate salad (see Pedaza, _Hist. Eccl. de Granada_
[1618], fol. 21, 22; Romey, _Hist._, i. 474, 475).—Burke’s _Hist. of
Spain_, vol. i. p. 116.
{376a} The most powerful, or the most respected, man in Tangier. Power
and respect are usually enjoyed by the same individual in the East.
{376b} “It does not signify.”
{378} See note, vol. i. p. 240.
{382} “Algerine,
Moor so keen,
No drink wine,
No taste swine.”
{383a} “That is not lawful.”
{383b} “Everything is lawful.”
{383c} “Hail, star of the sea, benign Mother of God, and for ever
virgin, blessed gate of heaven.”
{395} Andalusian for _ciego_.