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Transcriber’s note:
Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
Please see the transcriber’s note at the end of this text for
a list of corrections made.
.
CRANFORD
[Illustration: Publlisher's logo]
[Illustration: Miss Matty]
CRANFORD
by
MRS. GASKELL
With a preface by Anne Thackeray Ritchie
And Illustrations by Hugh Thomson
London
Macmillan and Co.
and New York
1891
Printed by R. & R. CLARK, Edinburgh
[Illustration: Preface]
_I_
_My father has written of the memories connected with the writing of
books, and of the scenes and feelings which are printed on the pages,
quite other from those which they recount. And there are also the
associations of the readers as well as of the writers. One scene in
Cranford always comes back to me, not only for its own most pathetic
value, but because I saw my father reading it. I can still remember him
coming through the doorway just as I had finished the chapter, when not
without some agitation and excitement I put the close printed number of
Household Words into his hand. It was in the little dining-room of his
house in Young Street, by gas light, just before dinner-time. The story
was that of Captain Brown and he sat down and read it then and there,
and afterwards told me the writer’s name. But indeed I did not think of
it as a story at all, it seemed to me rather that I had witnessed some
most touching and heroic deed, some sad disaster, and though I was a
grown girl at the time I had a foolish childish wish for my father’s
sympathy, and a feeling that even yet he might avert the catastrophe.
Dear Captain Brown! in his shabby wig and faded coat, loved and
remembered far beyond the narrow boundaries of Cranford—the city of the
Amazons, the home of Miss Pole, and Miss Matty, and Miss Jenkyns, the
place where economy was always ‘elegant,’ where ‘though some might be
poor we were all aristocratic.’ Ever since the winter’s evening when I
made my first acquaintance with that delightful place it has seemed to
me something of a visionary country home, which I have visited at
intervals all my life long (in spirit) for refreshment and change of
scene. I have been there in good company. ‘Thank you for your letter,’
Charlotte Brontë writes to Mrs. Gaskell in 1853. ‘It was as pleasant as
a quiet chat, as welcome as spring showers, as reviving as a friend’s
visit; in short, it was very like a page of Cranford.’ ... The quotation
breaks off with little dots, but I am sure that each one of them
represents a happy moment for Currer Bell, who had not many such in her
sad life._
_There is a most interesting notice of Mrs. Gaskell in the Biographical
Dictionary, in which Lord Houghton is quoted as writing of Cranford, as
‘the finest piece of humoristic description that has been added to
British literature since Charles Lamb.’ I had been thinking of Elia
after re-reading the book, and I was pleased to find myself on the steps
of such a critic as Lord Houghton. One could imagine Mrs. Sarah Battle
and the poor relation dwelling in Cranford, and if Charles Lamb could
have liked anything that was not London, he too might have fancied the
place. Perhaps Miss Austen’s ladies may also have visited there, but I
feel less certainty about them, they belong to a different condition of
things, to a more lively love-making set of people, both younger in age
and older in generation than the Cranford ladies. Cranford is farther
removed from the world, and yet more attuned to its larger interests
than Meryton or Kellynch or Hartfield. Drumble, the great noisy
manufacturing town, is its metropolis, not Bath with its succession of
card parties and Assembly Rooms. At Cranford love is a memory rather
than a present emotion; the sentimental locks of hair have turned to
gray, the billet doux to yellow, like autumn leaves falling from the
Tree of Life, but there is more of real feeling in these few signs of
what was once, than in all the Misses Bennett’s youthful romances put
together. Only Miss Austen’s very sweetest heroines (including her own
irresistible dark-eyed self, in her big cap and folded kerchief) are
worthy of the old place. I should give the Freedom of Cranford, were it
mine to bestow, in the usual ‘handsome casket,’ to Anne Elliott, to
Fanny Price perhaps . . . but as I write some spirit of compunction
disturbs the ‘obiter dicta’ of a hasty moment. Where is one to draw the
line! Lady Bertram and the Honourable Mrs. Jamieson would surely have
been kindred souls, delightful creatures both with their divergences.
Who will ever forget Lady Bertram’s plea for morality, or Mrs.
Jamieson’s languid replies to Miss Matty’s inquiries as to the
preparations expected in a gentleman’s dressing-room, those answers
given in the wearied manner of the Scandinavian prophetess, ‘Leave me,
leave me to repose.’_
_But it is all very well to decide who shall and who shall not in turn
be a dweller in this favoured spot! Cranford chooses its own
inhabitants, and is everywhere, where people have individuality and
kindliness, and where oddities are tolerated, nay, greatly loved for the
sake of the individuals._
_I am sure Cranford existed in the quarter in Paris where my own early
youth was passed. I can remember it in Kensington also, though we did
not quite go the length of putting our cows into gray flannel
dressing-gowns, as Miss Betsy Barker did. Perhaps Cranford did not even
stop at Kensington, but may have reached farther afield, taking Chiswick
on its way. Miss Debōrah, as she preferred to be called, is certainly
first cousin to Miss Pinkerton; can either of these ladies have been
connected with the unrivalled Miss Seward herself? I do not quite know
upon what terms Miss Seward and Dr. Johnson happened to be, but I could
imagine the great lexicographer driving them all before him and Miss
Pinkerton’s turban, or Miss Jenkyns in her little helmet-like bonnet._
_Miss Debōrah and Miss Pinkerton belong to an altogether bygone type,
but all the rest of the ladies in Cranford are as modern and as much
alive as if they had been born in the 60’s._
_‘I believe the art of telling a story is born with some people,’ writes
the author of Cranford; it was certainly born with Mrs. Gaskell. My
sister and I were once under the same roof with her in the house of our
friends Mr. and Mrs. George Smith, and the remembrance of her voice
comes back to me, harmoniously flowing on and on, with spirit and
intention, and delightful emphasis, as we all sat indoors one gusty
morning listening to her ghost stories. They were Scotch ghosts,
historical ghosts, spirited ghosts, with faded uniforms and nice old
powdered queues. As I think it over I am suddenly struck by the immense
superiority of the ghosts of my youth to the present legion of unclean
spirits which surround us, as we are told—wielding teacups, smashing
accordions and banjos, breaking furniture in bits. That morning at
Hampstead, which I recall, was of a different order of things, spiritual
and unseen; mystery was there, romantic feeling, some holy terror and
emotion, all combined to keep us gratefully silent and delighted._
_II_
_It is something for us Cockneys to know that Mrs. Gaskell belongs to
London after all, if only as a baby. Although so much of her life was
spent in the North, and Knutsford was the home of her childhood, and
Manchester that of her married life, yet she was born in Chelsea. She
was born in 1810, in pretty old Lindsay Place, of which the
windows—ancient lights even then—still look out upon the river at its
turn, as it flows from Cheyne Row, towards the sunset, past Fulham
Palace, where the Bishops dwell, and Hampton Court and its histories,
out into the country plains beyond._
_Mrs. Gaskell was born in that propitious hour of the great men and
women who came into the world in the beginning of this century: may the
next hundred years bring to our descendants many more such birthdays!
She belonged to a good stock on either side; her father came from
Berwick upon Tweed, that city built upon the rock; he was Mr. William
Stevenson, a Unitarian minister. There is a tradition that the
Stevensons came originally from Norway, and there are old family papers
in which the name is spelled Stevensen. Mrs. Gaskell liked to think of
her Scandinavian forefathers, and when she went away now and again for
little jaunts and expeditions, such as she always enjoyed, she used to
laugh and say that the blood of the Vikings her ancestors was rising in
her veins. She was always tenderly attached to her father’s memory, and
proud and fond of him, and he must have been indeed a most interesting
and delightful character. A letter lately written to the Athenæum,
evidently by some old friend of the family, gives a quotation from
Longman’s Annual Obituary for 1830 and of the notice of Mr. Stevenson’s
death, beginning thus: ‘The literary and scientific world has sustained
a great loss in the death of Mr. Stevenson, a man remarkable for the
stores of knowledge which he possessed, and for the simplicity and
modesty by which his rare attainments were concealed.’ Among other facts
we read that in early life while preaching at Manchester Mr. Stevenson
was also ‘Classical Tutor in the Manchester Academy, so well known
through the Aikens and Barbaulds. He was afterwards appointed secretary
to Lord Lauderdale, and finally Keeper of the Records to the Treasury,
both of which appointments brought him up to London.’ He laboured with
unremitting diligence, contributing to the Edinburgh Review, the
Westminster, and Dr. Brewster’s Encyclopedia. ‘He had the true spirit of
a faithful historian, and, contrary to the practice too prevalent in
those days, dived into original sources of information.’ Was not this
the father, one might imagine, for such a daughter? Mr. Stevenson
married, as his first wife, Miss Eliza Holland of Sandlebridge. It would
not be difficult to name some dozen families now existing which have set
their mark upon the times, trump cards in the game of life, so to speak,
and to one of these families Mrs. Gaskell’s mother belonged. The poor
young lady died very soon after her little girl was born, and the child
was taken away to the care of an aunt, her mother’s sister, who was
living at Knutsford in Cheshire with an only child, a cripple. The whole
story was very melancholy, and one can imagine that it may have been a
somewhat sad and silent home for a little girl full of life and
imagination. There was an uncle also dwelling in the same little country
town, Dr. Peter Holland, who was the father of the great physician Sir
Henry Holland, and the grandfather of the present Lord Knutsford.
Besides their houses in Knutsford the Holland family had a pretty old
country house some two or three miles beyond the town, from whence Mrs.
Gaskell’s own mother had come. The house where Mrs. Gaskell lived as a
little girl with her aunt is on the Heath, a tall red house, with a wide
spreading view, and with a pretty carved staircase and many light
windows both back and front._
_I have heard that Mrs. Gaskell was not always quite happy in those
days,—imaginative children go through many phases and trials of their
own,—in her hours of childish sorrow and trouble she used to run away
from her aunt’s house across the Heath and hide herself in one of its
many green hollows, finding comfort in the silence, and in the company
of birds and insects and natural things. But at other times she had
delightful games of play with her cousins in the sweet old family house
at Sandlebridge, where so many Hollands in turn had lived._
_The old house stands lonely in a beautiful and tranquil position, with
a waving prospect of fields and shady trees and hedges, reaching to the
hills which rise in the far distance. As we stood there we could see
Alderley Edge clean painted against the stormy sky. Just before reaching
the house the road dips into a green hollow, where stands a forge which
has been there for over two hundred years, handed down from father to
son. Just beyond the forge is an old mill, shaded by beautiful trees; we
could hear the peaceful sounds of labour, the clanking blows of the
anvil, the soft monotonous thud of the mill._
_Sandlebridge is now given up to a farmer; a pretty flagged stone path
leads up to the front door. There used to be two brick pediments with
balls at the garden gate. Years ago, so long ago that the great Lord
Clive was only a schoolboy in Knutsford at the time (his mother was a
Gaskell and had connections in the place), he used to come over to spend
his half holidays at Sandlebridge, and his pleasure was to jump across
from one stone ball to the other, to the great danger of his legs and
arms. Here too in later times, as we have said, Mrs. Gaskell used to
come as a little girl, and play with her cousins and gather flowers from
the garden. There was a great bed of saxifrage, which may still be
there, it was always her favourite flower. The old house is now
dismantled, but one or two things still remain out of its past; among
others are the fine old wooden chimney-pieces in the front parlour, one
within the other,—so it seemed to me,—and the old shuffleboard. A
shuffleboard is an immensely long table, standing upon legs of shining
oak with many drawers and cupboards underneath. There are hardly any
left anywhere now. They were once used for a game which consisted in
jerking heavy counters from one end to the other of the shining board,
and trying to keep your own and to throw your enemy’s over the side of
the table. As we were looking with interest at all these relics of
bygone times, we heard a sort of chucking noise from the big inner room
or kitchen; it came from a little person some two or three months old
lying in a huge carved oak cradle by the fire, which cradle must have
rocked any number of generations to sleep._
_Knutsford itself is a little town of many oak beams and solid brick
walls; there are so many slanting gables left, and lattices and corners,
that the High Street has something the look of a mediæval street. ‘’Tis
an old ancient place,’ said the shopwoman, standing by her slanting
counter, where Shakespeare himself might have purchased hardware. From
the main street several narrow courts and passages lead to the other
side of the little town, the aristocratic quarter, where are the old
houses with their walled gardens. One of these passages runs right
through the Royal George Hotel, itself leading from shadow into the
sunshine, where a goat disports itself, and one or two ladies seem
always passing with quiet yet rapid steps,—the inhabitants of Knutsford
do not saunter. My friend the shopwoman told us she had a beautiful
garden at the back of her ‘old ancient place’; all the houses in
Knutsford have gardens, with parterres beautifully kept, and flowers in
abundance. It was autumn, but everything was swept and tidy. Straggling
branches, plants overgrown and run to seed do not seem to be known in
Knutsford amidst its heathy open spaces. There is something so spirited
and fresh and methodical in the place that I can understand how even the
flower-beds have a certain self-respect, and grow trim and straight,
instead of straggling about in lazy abandon, as mine do at home._
_As we entered the Royal George Hotel out of the dark street, we came
upon a delightful broadside of shining oak staircase and panelled
wainscot; old oak settles and cupboards stood upon the landings. On the
walls hung pictures, one was of Lord Beaconsfield, one was a fine print
of George IV., and others again of that denuded classic school of art
which seems to have taken a last refuge in old English Inns. There were
Chippendale cabinets, old bits of china, and above all there were the
beautiful oak bannisters to admire. But these handsome staircases, the
china, the wood carvings are all about the place, to which the great
traffic of the coaches from Liverpool and Manchester brought real
prosperity for many years, so that the modest little houses are full of
worthy things, of pretty doorways, arched corners, carved landings and
mahogany doors, to make the fortune of a dealer in bric-à-brac, only
that these are not bric-à-brac, and this is their charm. The staircases
and chimney-pieces are their own original selves, the cupboards were
made to dwell in their own particular niches, and it is the passing
generations who turn and unturn the keys as they go by. Our kind
Interpreter at Knutsford patiently led us from one place to another;
sometimes we seemed to be in Cranford, greeting our visionary friends;
sometimes we were back in Knutsford again, looking at the homes of the
people we had known in the fact rather than in the fancy. And just as
one sometimes sees traces of another place and time still showing in the
streets of some new and busy town, so every here and there seemed
isolated signs and tokens of the visionary familiar city as it has been
raised by the genius of its founder._
_III_
_Mrs. Gaskell was a very beautiful young woman. I heard her described
only the other day by a friend who remembered her in her youth. She had
a well-shaped head, regular, finely-cut features; her mien was bright
and dignified, almost joyous, so my informant said, and among her many
other gifts was that of delightful companionship. She was very young
when she was married to the Reverend William Gaskell, minister of the
Cross Street Unitarian Chapel in Manchester. She was married from her
aunt’s house at Cranford at the Parish Church, and not in the beautiful
old Unitarian Chapel, with its ivy-clad walls and its latticed windows,
dating from Oliver Cromwell’s time. In those days marriages were only
solemnised in the Parish Church._
_The young couple settled in their new home, Mrs. Gaskell ‘co-operated
with her husband in his work,’ we are told, ‘and was always ready for
any useful work of charity or helpfulness.’_
_Mr. Gaskell was one of those ministers whose congregations are outside
as well as inside chapel walls, for I have heard his name mentioned
again and again by different people, and always with affection and
respect._
_For some years after her marriage Mrs. Gaskell lived a domestic life,
busy with her children, and ordering her household and training her
maids, for which indeed she had a special gift; then a terrible sorrow
fell upon her, and we know how she began to write to divert her mind
from brooding upon the loss of her only son._
_In 1847 she had finished that noble book, Mary Barton, that book with
‘a sob in it,’ as the French critic says._ ‘Ah! quelle musique
douloureuse dans un sanglot.’
_But there is something far beyond a sob in Mary Barton. The writer is
writing of what she has lived, not only of what she has read or even
looked at as she passed her way. It is true she read Adam Smith and
studied Social Politics, but with that admirable blending of the
imaginative and the practical qualities which was her gift, she knows
how to stir the dry skeleton to life and reach her readers’ hearts. Many
books and novels dealing with the poor are touchingly expressed and
finely conceived, but somehow this particular gift of the spirit is
wanting; we admire the books without being ourselves absorbed by them.
It is the difference in short between the light of genius and the rays
of the prism analysed, calculated, divided. This power of living in the
lives of others and calling others to share the emotion, does not mean,
as people sometimes imagine, that a writer copies textually from the
world before her, I have heard my father say that no author worth
anything, deliberately, and as a rule, copies the subject before him.
And so with Mrs. Gaskell. Her early impressions were vivid and dear to
her, but her world, though coloured by remembrance and sympathy, was
peopled by the fresh creations of her vivid imagination, not by stale
copies of the people she had known._
_Mary Barton made a great and remarkable sensation. Carlyle, Landor,
Miss Edgeworth praised and applauded, and nameless thousands also
praised and read the noble outspoken book. ‘Individuals may have
complained,’ so says the biographer, from whom I have so often quoted,
‘but the work has unquestionably helped to make the manufacturing world
very different from what it was forty years ago.’_
_The same intuition which guided her along the pleasant country lanes
made her at home in the teeming streets and crowded alleys of
Manchester._
_A very interesting article by Monsieur Emile Montégut, written some
thirty years ago, pays a fine tribute to Mrs. Gaskell’s striking
exposition of the life amidst which so much of her own was passed, to
her depth of feeling, to her moderation of statement._
_The article also, to my surprise, gives an answer to the little riddle
I was trying to solve in my own mind as to the difference between the
world of Cranford and that of Miss Austen. Each century possesses a
force of its own, says the critic, one particular means of action, to
the exclusion of others; it may be intelligence, it may be passion, it
may be determination, each rules in turn._
_In the sixteenth century will prevailed, and the character of the men
and the martyrs of that time were in value far beyond their convictions.
In the eighteenth century, on the contrary, the ideas were worth more
than the lives. Books and pamphlets were better than the men who wrote
them. What is the force, says Mr. Montégut, of the age in which we
ourselves are living? it is certainly not will, nor is it brilliant
intelligence, as in the days of Voltaire. It is a quality which, for
want of a better word, we will call the ‘force of sentiment.’...
‘People,’ he continues, ‘have little confidence in systems, a man with a
hobby is immediately a butt, but a man who is not obliged to be right in
order to guard his vanity, has but to describe in a few simple and true
sentences some fact, some moral wrong which needs redressing, and see
the effect, and the silent help which immediately follows, and for this
reason it is that in literature we have seen of late the almost
exclusive reign of fiction.’..._
_It is this quality of statement which we find in Mrs. Gaskell’s books
which distinguishes them from so many which preceded them, and which
gives them their influence. It was because she had written Mary Barton
that some deeper echoes reach us in Cranford than are to be found in any
of Jane Austen’s books, delightful as they are. Young people read books
to learn about their lives which are to come, old people read them to
forget the present; there is yet another class of readers, old and
young, who read to find expression to the indefinite unshaped feelings
by which they are haunted,—of all these will not each find response in
the books of Elizabeth Gaskell, in Ruth, in Cousin Phyllis, in Sylvia’s
Lovers, in that last fine work which she never finished?_
_It must be remembered that Mrs. Gaskell wrote in the great time of
literature, in the earlier part of the century. It remains for readers
of this later time to see how nobly she held her own among the masters
of her craft. ‘She has done what we none of us could do,’ said George
Sand to Lord Houghton; ‘she has written novels which excite the deepest
interest in men of the world, and yet which every girl will be the
better for reading.’_
_We all know what a friend Mrs. Gaskell proved herself to Charlotte
Brontë, and what happiness this friendship brought to the author of Jane
Eyre. Mrs. Gaskell had the gift of giving out in a very remarkable
degree. Miss Brontë, as we all know, was tortured and imprisoned by
shyness. ‘She does not, and cannot care for me, for she does not know
me, how should she,’ Miss Brontë says, writing of a child of Mrs.
Gaskell, but that child’s mother did Charlotte Brontë justice, and
guessed by happy intuition at the treasure concealed in the unpretending
casket._
_Mrs. Gaskell quotes a letter from Miss Brontë in her Life which is very
characteristic of them both. ‘Do you, who have so many friends, so large
a circle of acquaintance, find it easy when you sit down to write to
isolate yourself from all those ties and their sweet associations, so as
to be your own woman, uninfluenced or swayed by the consciousness of how
your work may affect other minds, what blame or what sympathy it may
call forth; does no luminous cloud ever come between you and the severe
truth in your own secret or clear-seeing soul?’ This question is best
answered by Mrs. Gaskell’s own pages. Whether or not she found it easy I
cannot say, but that she did not ‘isolate herself,’ but did on the
contrary entirely associate her own woman with the work of her life, her
readers can best realise. Her great natural gift and genius
instinctively led her to the secret of things, to the very soul of her
race. She must have felt its life and spirit too keenly indeed for her
own happiness at times, but how much has she not added to the sunshine
of the world!_
_Not long ago I found myself in Mrs. Gaskell’s old home in Manchester,
and the thought of the beautiful books created in those very rooms
seemed to give life to the stones and to light up the grim Manchester
streets outside. Cranford was written in the house in Plymouth Grove, as
were almost all Mrs. Gaskell’s books. But when tired or overdone she
used often to return to Knutsford for rest and for refreshment.
Sometimes in later life she stayed with her cousins, the Miss Hollands,
whose traditions she wove into shape, together with the quaint conceits
and stories which are still told in Knutsford. It has its customs and
oddities now, just as when Mrs. Gaskell was a girl. I am told that the
streets are sanded on certain days in pretty patterns all along the
pavement; there are temperance processions in which the immortal sedan
chair still figures, and I myself observed that some of the humbler
bonnets formed quite an important feature in the scene, while
recollections of Miss Matty’s successive caps seemed to float across
one’s mind. It was delightful to hear the people of Knutsford still
speak of Mrs. Gaskell, and of the pleasure her visits always brought,
and the pleasure she always took in them; of her long country drives
with an old friend, a doctor, going his rounds, twenty and thirty miles
at a time; of her talk and interest in all the details along the way.
She loved country things and farming things; she always kept her cow,
even in Manchester; she understood the practical facts of life as well
as its feelings. I have heard of her, tired and ill, starting on a three
mile walk on behalf of a poor dependent, so as to make sure that some
necessary help was properly administered. There is one thrilling
tradition of Knutsford far too melodramatic for our Cranford, where the
mere rumour of the housebreaker so alarmed Mr. Mulliner; this story is
that of the highwayman Higgins, who lived in Heath House, and who kept
his horses underground concealed in the cellar. The highwayman must have
enjoyed his lovely garden and his fine old staircase, when he was not
escaping by his secret passage._
_I heard of one Knutsford lady the other day, greatly excited by some
piece of news,—no highway robbery, but a wedding, I believe. To soothe
herself she was obliged to have a dish of toasted cheese prepared, and
to send for a friend to play bezique, and share the news and the dainty;
it might have been Miss Barker herself. Another little story amused us
greatly, so well was it told, and so characteristic of all times, old
and new. One of the young Hollands born in the South was greatly
interested in the family traditions, and he came for a holiday to
Knutsford to see the old home of his fathers. He looked all about
Knutsford, and then went on to Sandlebridge to call on the old farmer
there, and asked him many questions, and begged him to show him all over
the place. And the old farmer kindly welcomed the young man for his
parents’ and grandparents’ sake, and said, ‘O yes, Master Frank, I’ll
show you about. I’ll show you wonderful things; I’ll show you things
will mak’ your hair stan’ on end. Coom along o’ me.’ So they drove and
they drove along the lanes and under the hedgerows, and all the way the
young man wondered what was coming, until finally the old farmer, who
would not say a word beforehand, stopped his horse and triumphantly
pointed to the bran new red and yellow villas which had been built on
Alderley Edge, where he found such good custom for his butter and eggs.
And these were the wonderful things._
_Knutsford likes to associate itself with Cranford in a desultory
visionary sort of way. One house claims Miss Matty’s tea-shop. The owner
was standing in the doorway, and he kindly brought us into the little
wainscoted parlour, with the window on the street through which Aga
Jenkyns may have dispensed Miss Matty’s stock of sugar plums; here too
was a pretty carved staircase and arches belonging to the early Georges;
another most charming old house, Church House, with the lovely garden
where the children were gathering the apples and the gay flower beds
were skirting the turf walk, might almost have been the home of Molly
Gibson, and its present mistress said she liked to imagine her peeping
out from the side window at the old coaches as they clattered through
the town. As I sate there drinking my tea I thought I could almost hear
Mrs. Gibson herself conversing. ‘Spring! Primavera, as the Italians call
it,’ the lady was saying._
[Illustration]
PAGE
PREFACE v
CHAPTER I.
OUR SOCIETY 1