THE EVE OF REVOLUTION.
GATHERING OF POLITICAL FORCES--GENERAL REVOLUTION--CIVIL REFORMS--DECAY
OF OLD INSTITUTIONS--ROSSEAU AND HIS WRITINGS--VOLTAIRE--HOLLAND, A
POLITICAL REFUGE--AMERICAN SETTLERS--LINES OF ALBERT B. STREET--GROWTH
OF THE COLONIES--LOVE FOR ENGLAND--CAUSES OF REVOLUTION--MANUFACTURES
FORBIDDEN--STAMP ACT--TAX ON TEA--PHILADELPHIA CONVENTION--ADDRESS TO
THE KING--APPEAL TO ENGLAND--TO CANADA--INCIDENT IN OLD SOUTH CHURCH,
BOSTON--PAUL REVERE'S RIDE.
"Freedom, thy brow,
Glorious in beauty though it be, is scarred
With tokens of old wars; thy massive limbs
Are strong with struggling. Power at thee has launched
His bolts, and with his lightnings smitten thee.
They could not quench the light thou hast from heaven."
Who has failed to observe on a calm summer day the elements of a storm
collecting silently, and gradually, until the whole heavens grew dark,
and the light of the sun was hid? The calm was changed into a tempest,
the lightning flashed, the thunder roared, the clouds piled up {162}
thicker and heavier until at length the storm burst, the rain fell in
torrents deluging the earth and in some cases uprooting the plants it
was designed to nourish and strengthen.
So, too, in the political world the forces gather gradually, until they
have attained sufficient power, and then burst upon the affrighted
nations in all the tumult of a terrible revolution.
There are few intelligent people in this age but what have a general
idea of the history of the world; yet how comparatively few are there
who realize the fact, that in the seventy-five years which elapsed
between 1775 and 1850 the great majority of civilized nations passed
through a great social and political change. Among the nations so
affected may be mentioned the United States, France, Spain, Portugal,
Italy, Greece, Belgium, Poland, Hungary, Turkey, Mexico, Central
America and nearly all the South American states. To this may be added
the great commotions in Russia, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Holland,
Switzerland and the states of the German empire caused by the wars of
Napoleon. In England, Ireland and Canada, wars were only averted by
civil reforms and concessions to popular rights.
For Europe this epoch was the result of the struggles of generations.
At the close of the seven years' war in 1763 the representatives of
even the Catholic powers admitted the decay of old institutions. The
Catholic monarchies headed by the pope, in their struggle against
Protestantism and free thought had encountered defeat. From this
great struggle came forth a principle of all-pervading energy. The
life-giving truth of the Reformation was the right of private judgment.
The world was rising up against superstition; the oppression of
industry was passing away. The use of reason was no longer considered
a crime, but was on the other hand, considered a duty. Ideas of the
brotherhood of man were flashing across the minds of leading men.
At this juncture a remarkable political writer made his appearance.
From the discipleship of Calvin, from the republic of Geneva, from
the abodes of poverty, Jean Jacques Rosseau came as the advocate of
the poor and the oppressed. Through him the "sons of toil" breathed
out their wrongs, {163} and a new class gained a voice in the world
of published thought. Though full of weaknesses and jealousies and
betrayed by poverty into shameful deeds, he possessed a deep and real
feeling for humanity. In an age of skepticism he solaced the ills
of life by trust in God. Fearlessly questioning all the grandeurs
of the world, he breathed the spirit of revolution into words of
flame. What though the church of Rome cursed his writings with her
ban; and parliaments burned them at the gibbet by the hangman's hand!
What though France drove him from her soil, and the republic of his
birth disowned her son! What though the wise and noble hooted at his
wildness! Yet from the woes of the world in which he had suffered,
from the wrongs of the down-trodden which he had shared, he derived an
eloquence that went to the heart of the masses of Europe. Beyond most
men of his time he saw the hand of Providence in the history of men.
"Nor God alone in the still calm we find,
He mounts the storm and rides upon the wind."
Institutions may crumble and governments fall, but it is only that
they may renew a better youth; the petals of the flower wither that
fruit may form. On the banks of the stream of time not a great deed
has been done by a hero, or monument raised by a nation, but tells
the story of human progress. Each people that has disappeared, every
great institution that has passed away, has been but a step in the
ladder by which humanity ascends to a higher plane. The generations
that handed the truth, from rank to rank down the ages, have themselves
become dust; but the light still increases its ever-burning flame. From
the intelligence that had been slowly ripening sprang the American
revolution. While Rosseau was putting his burning thoughts in print,
and Voltaire, the prince of scoffers, was hurling his venomed shafts
of sarcasm at the priesthood of the Roman church, farther north was
the little country, Holland, which had already gained a large share
of civil and religious liberty. Here thought ranged through the
wide domain of speculative reason; here the literary fugitive found
an asylum, and the boldest writings, which in other countries were
circulated by stealth, were openly published to the world.
{164} While the learned and thoughtful men of Europe were thinking,
the pioneers of America were acting. Nothing could restrain them from
peopling the wilderness. To be a land-owner was the ruling passion
of the New England man. In general, marriages were early and very
fruitful. The sons, as they grew up skilled in the use of the ax and
the rifle, would, one after another, move from the old homestead; and,
with a wife, a yoke of oxen, a cow and a few necessary implements,
build a small hut in the forest and by dint of industry soon win for
themselves plenty and independence. The beautiful lines of Albert B.
Street well describe the circumstances as well as the character of
the men who founded American institutions and moulded the national
character:
"His echoing ax the settler swung
Amid the sea-like solitude,
And rushing, thundering down were flung
The Titans of the wood.
Loud shrieked the eagle as he dashed
From out his mossy nest, which crashed
With its supporting bough,
And the first sunlight leaping flashed
On the wolf's haunt below.
"Rude was the garb, and strong the frame
Of him who plied his ceaseless toil:
To form the garb, the wild-wood game
Contributed their spoil;
The soul that warmed that frame disdained
The tinsel gaud and glare, that reigned
Where men their crowds collect;
The simple fur untrimmed, unstained,
This forest tamer decked.
"His roof adorned a pleasant spot,
'Mid the black logs, green glowed the grain,
And fruits and plants the woods knew not
Bloomed in the sun and rain.
The smoke-wreath curling o'er the dell,
The lowing herds--the tinkling bell,
All made a landscape strange.
Which was the living chronicle
Of deeds that wrought the change.
{165} "Humble the lot, yet his the race,
When liberty sent forth her cry,
Who thronged in conflict's deadliest place
To fight--to bleed--to die;
Who cumbered Bunker's hight of red.
By hope through weary years were led
And witnessed Yorktown's sun
Blaze on a nations banner spread--
A nation's freedom won."
A century and a half had now passed since the first colony had been
planted on American soil. The colonists were fast ripening into fitness
for independence. They had increased with marvelous rapidity. Europe
never ceased to send forth her needy thousands. America opened wide her
hospitable doors and gave assurance of liberty and comfort to all who
came. The thirteen colonies now contained a population of about three
millions.
Up to the year 1764, the Americans cherished a deep reverence and
affection for the mother country. They were proud to be considered
British subjects, and of the lofty place England held among the
nations of the earth. They gloried in the splendor of her military
achievements. They copied her manners and her fashions. Her language,
laws and literature were as fondly cherished by the colonists as by the
English themselves.
Why was it then that such a marvelous change should take place in
the minds of the American people, during the next twelve years? In
1764 the colonists loved England as their mother country. In 1776
they had learned to despise her authority. They bound themselves, by
solemn oaths, to use no article of English manufacture. They publicly
burned the Acts of the English Parliament. They even killed the king's
soldiers and cast from them forever his authority. By what terrible
magic was this change wrought so swiftly: that three millions of people
should be taught to abhor the country they once loved?
To answer this question rightly we must remember that the cause of the
colonists was one of popular rights against royal prerogative, that the
best and wisest men in England were in favor of the colonists; that
even William Pitt, the {166} greatest statesman England had ever seen,
declared openly in Parliament, "I rejoice that America has resisted."
We must also bear in mind that for many years England had governed her
American colonies harshly; and in a spirit of undisguised selfishness,
America was ruled not for her own good but for the good of English
commerce. The colonists were not allowed to export their products
except to England. No foreign ships were permitted to enter colonial
ports. Whatever were the exorbitant demands of English manufacturers or
merchants, still the colonists were not permitted to buy at a cheaper
market. Still more, certain goods, woolen for example, were not allowed
to be sent from one colony to another. The manufacture of hats was
forbidden, and even the Bible was not allowed to be printed in America.
The colonists had long borne the cost of their own government and
defense. But in that age of profuse expenditure on useless wars, the
king and nobility of England thought to gather from America's toiling
sons the means to pay for their own misrule. The Parliament of England
passed a law to tax America. The colonists replied they were willing to
vote what moneys the king required of them; but they vehemently denied
the right of any assembly, in which they were not represented, to take
from them any portion of their property. Another law was also passed
requiring a royal stamp to be placed on every legal document. Benjamin
Franklin had been sent to England by the colonists. He went to plead
their cause before the British government. He told them plainly that
the colonists could not submit to such taxation. The act was to come
in force on the first of November, 1763. On that day the church bells
were tolled, and the people wore the aspect of those on whom some heavy
calamity had fallen. Not one of the stamps was ever sold in America.
Without stamps mercantile transactions ceased to be binding, notes were
not legal, marriages were null. Yet the business of life went on. Men
married; they bought; they sold--illegally, because without stamps; but
no harm came of it.
England heard with amazement that America refused to obey the law. The
great statesman, Pitt, denounced the act, {167} and, at length, it was
repealed. The repeal of the stamp act only delayed for a little the
fast-coming crisis.
It was during this agitation that the colonists first felt the need of
a commercial and political union. The idea of a general congress of the
states was suggested, which soon afterwards met in the city of New York.
The king of England was still determined to tax America, and soon
levied a tax on tea. The people determined they would drink no more tea
rather than pay the tax. One day ships loaded with taxed tea arrived
in Boston harbor. There was a great commotion; the men ran together to
hold council. It was Sunday, and the people of Boston were very strict,
yet here was an emergency in the presence of which all ordinary rules
were suspended. The crisis had come at length. If that tea was landed,
it would be sold; it would be used, and American liberty would become a
by-word upon the earth.
The brave and liberty-loving Samuel Adams was the leading man of Boston
at that time. He was a man in middle life just forty-two years of age,
of cultivated mind and stainless reputation, a powerful speaker and
writer, and a man in whose sagacity and moderation all men trusted. He
resembled Cromwell in some particulars--his love of liberty, undaunted
courage and trust in God. He was among the first to see that there was
no resting place short of independence. He said: "Our forefathers were
driven from the land of their birth in the cause of religious liberty.
They made themselves homes in the wilds of America. We have earned a
competence and are self-sustaining. We are free and need no king but
God." The men of Boston felt the power of his resolute spirit and
manfully followed where Samuel Adams led. Several days of excitement
and discussion followed. People flocked in from the neighboring towns.
The time was spent mainly in political meetings. At Fanueil Hall, in
the churches and at the market place, the rights of the people were
discussed. One day a meeting was held and the excited people continued
in hot debate till the shades of evening fell. At length Samuel Adams
stood up in the dimly lighted church and announced: "This meeting can
do nothing more to save the country." With a stern shout the meeting
broke up. Fifty men disguised {168} as Indians hurried down to the
wharf, each man with a hatchet in his hand. The crowd followed, and
stood on the shore in silence while the so-called Indians went on
board the ship, broke open the chests of tea and threw them and their
contents into the sea. No wonder King George was in a rage. No wonder
that he demanded that the guilty parties, if they could be found,
should be sent to England for trial. The great statesman, William Pitt,
also called the Earl of Chatham, pleaded for measures of conciliation;
but all in vain. General Gage with four regiments was sent to Boston.
He threw up fortifications and lay as in a hostile city. The colonists
appointed a day of fasting and prayer. They knew that their cause was
just. They looked to Him for protection, who "holds the nations in the
hollow of His hand." They knew that He, who had guided them across
the rolling deep and had preserved them in the wilderness, could also
protect them from the rage and avarice of wicked men. They also formed
themselves into military companies. They occupied themselves with
drill. They laid up stores of ammunition. Most of them had muskets and
could use them. He who had no musket, now got one. They hoped that
civil war might be averted, but there was no harm in being ready.
While these things were going on in Boston, a congress of delegates
had met in Philadelphia and were busy discussing measures in regard
to the troubles that were thickening around them. Twelve colonies
were represented but Georgia, the youngest and feeblest colony, still
paused timidly on the brink of the perilous enterprise. Some of the
truly great men of America met in that congress. Of it the great Earl
of Chatham said: "For genuine sagacity, for singular moderation, for
solid wisdom the congress of Philadelphia shines unrivalled." That
quaint old building where they met became one of the spots ever dear
to the patriot's heart. Among the famous men assembled there were
George Washington whose massive sense and copious knowledge attracted
attention, and made him a guiding power, and Patrick Henry, then a
young man. He brought to the council a wisdom beyond his years, and
a fiery eloquence, which, to some of his hearers, seemed almost more
than human. He had already shown that he was {169} unfitted for farming
or merchandising. He was now to prove that he could utter words which
would sweep over a continent, thrill men's hearts like the most sublime
strains of music, and rouse them up to high and noble deeds. There also
was Richard Henry Lee, with his bewitching voice, his ripe scholarship,
and rich stores of historical and political knowledge, which would have
graced the highest assemblies of the old world. Nor should we forget
to mention the noble-minded farmer, John Dickinson, whose published
letters had done so much to form the public sentiment. His enthusiastic
love of England was now overborne by a sense of wrong. And last, but by
no means least, we may place on the list the name of Benjamin Franklin,
the sage philosopher, the practical scientist, the shrewd diplomatist,
the incorruptible patriot, the wise philanthropist. Such were some of
the men whom God raised up to mould the character of the infant nation.
Still they did not wish for separation. They wished to have their
wrongs redressed and continue British subjects. They drew up a
narrative of their wrongs. They implored King George to remove those
grievances. They even addressed the people of Great Britain, as
subjects of the same empire, as men possessing common sympathies and
common interests; yet they added that "they would not be 'hewers of
wood and drawers of water' to any nation in the world." Had all the
colonists been Englishmen or descendants of Englishmen no more could
have been expected. When we recollect that they had been gathered from
many nations and different climes, their subserviency to the interests
of the British empire is remarkable. The colonists even appealed to
their fellow-colonists in Canada for aid and sympathy. But Canada,
newly conquered from France, was peopled almost wholly by Frenchmen.
They were strangers to the religious struggles through which the
more southern colonists had passed. And so from Canada there came no
response of sympathy or help.
King George now determined to reduce the colonists to obedience. All
trade with the colonies was forbidden. No ship of any nation was
permitted to enter American ports or bring supplies to the settlers in
America. In justice to the {170} English people it should be said, that
in those days they had no control over the government of their country.
All this was managed for them by a few great families. Their allotted
part was to toil hard, pay their taxes, and be silent. If they had been
permitted to speak, their voice would have been on the side of popular
rights. They would have vindicated the men who asserted the right of
self-government--a right which the great mass of Englishmen were not to
enjoy for many a long year after.
Two incidents occurred about this time which well illustrate the
spirit of the people. It was the Sabbath morning before the battle of
Lexington. The scene of the first is the Old South Church, itself rich
with the mementos of the past. Its walls are lined with monuments. The
burying-ground around the church is a picturesque spot and was first
used about 1660. The trees interweave their branches above the tombs,
and only pencil-rays of sunlight break the broad, cool shadows of the
spot. The Boston branch of the Winslow family rests here, and here also
sleeps the famous Mary Chilson, who is said to have been the first
to step on shore from the Mayflower. She died in 1679. Here lie the
remains of Governor John Winthrop; Hon. John Philips, the first mayor
of the city; Robert Treat Paine, one of the signers of the Declaration
of Independence; and many others among which should not be forgotten
the name of Paul Revere.
At this church the governor of the colony and other British government
officials usually attended. On this beautiful April Sabbath morning
they had come as usual; and the happy yet determined people were
quietly talking and loitering among the graves of their ancestors. At
length the pastor came, and they followed him into the church. The hymn
they sang is known as the ninety-fourth psalm. It commences:
"O Lord our God, to whom alone, all vengeance doth belong;
O mighty God, who vengeance ownest, shine forth avenging wrong,
Thy folk they break in pieces, Lord, thine heritage oppress,
The widow they and stranger slay, and kill the fatherless."
The pastor's text was Psalms xlvi., 1: "God is our refuge and strength,
a very present help in trouble.
{171} He spoke of the wrongs the colonists had endured, the position
they held in regard to posterity, and the responsibility which rested
upon them to plant the institutions of liberty for the benefit of
future generations. Warming with his theme, he uttered sentences which
caused the hearts of foes to quake and the hearts of friends to glow
and burn within them. Standing on the platform of truth and right, he
dared to hurl defiance at a tyrant king.
The governor, Berkley, interrupted the speaker, and, calling him a
traitor, demanded that he should cease.
Some of the militia of Boston foreseeing the danger of the daring
speaker had followed him to the church, and already stood in the
vestibule. Just at that moment the trumpet sounded, the drums beat and
the great church-bell rang out its clarion notes calling the citizens
to arms. Such was the spirit of the people that the governor sought in
vain to stay their indignation which swept like a flood over the land.
With the Puritans liberty was a part of their religion.
The other incident occurred on the eve of the battle of Lexington.
Early in April 1775, General Gage learned that considerable stores of
ammunition were collected at the village of Concord, eighteen miles
from Boston, and he determined to capture them. Late on the night of
April 18th, eight hundred soldiers set out on this errand. The patriots
observed that there was something more than ordinary in progress.
Companies of soldiers were massed on Boston common under pretense of
learning a new military exercise.
Doctor, afterwards General, Joseph Warren, who fell at Bunker Hill,
received notice of the design of the troops, and at once sent Paul
Revere to arouse the country. It was agreed that a signal light should
be placed in the tower of the Old North Church to notify the watchers
of the direction the troops had taken--one if by land, two if by sea.
Paul Revere then rowed across the stream to Charlestown. He was not a
moment too soon. General Gage heard that his plans were discovered, and
orders were at once given that no person should be allowed to leave
Boston. Had these orders been given five minutes sooner, the whole
course of the revolution {172} might have been changed. As it was
Revere reached the other side in safety. Having obtained a fleet and
sure-footed steed he stood impatiently watching the belfry tower of the
Old North Church. Meanwhile Warren, in disguise, wandered through the
darkness and listened with eager ears till he heard the measured tread
of the grenadiers marching down to the boats. Then with lantern in
hand he climbed up into the belfry and a gleam of light shone over the
dark and silent city. Paul Revere sprang into the saddle, but paused
a moment and gazed until a second light gleamed out distinctly and
clearly. Then
"A hurry of hoofs in a village street,
A shape in the moonlight, a bulk in the dark,
And beneath from the pebbles in passing, a spark
Struck out by the steed that flies fearless and fleet;
That was all! And yet thro' the darkness and gloom
The fate of a nation was riding that night,
And the spark struck out by the steed in his flight
Kindled the land into flame with its heat.
It was twelve by the village clock
When he crossed the bridge into Medford town.
It was one by the village clock
When he rode into Lexington.
He saw the gilded weathercock swim
In the moonlight as he passed,
And the meeting-house windows blank and bare
Gaze at him with a spectral glare
As if they already stood aghast,
At the bloody work they would look upon.
You know the rest. In the books you have read
How the British regulars fired and fled,
How the farmers gave them ball for ball,
From behind each fence and farm-yard wall,
Chasing the red-coats down the lane,
Then crossing the fields to emerge again
Under the trees, at the turn of the road,
And only pausing to fire and load.
So through the night rode Paul Revere;
And so through the night went his cry of alarm
To every Middlesex village and farm--
A cry of defiance and not of fear--
A voice in the darkness, a knock at the door,
{173} A word that shall echo for evermore!
For, borne on the night wind of the past
Through human history to the last
The good shall pray and by faith shall hear
A delivering foot-fall as of that steed
And a midnight message as of Paul Revere."