collected at Newbern and a consideration of the geology.
3. _Greenville, Pitt County._—In 1852, E. Emmons (Geol. Surv. North
Carolina, p. 106) said he had procured a grinder of a horse at
Greenville, in the sandy stratum just above the Miocene marl. In 1858
(Geol. Surv. North Carolina Agric., Eastern Counties, p. 197, fig. 21),
the same writer figured an incisor tooth found in the Miocene of Pitt
County. Conrad (Amer. Jour. Sci. 1871, vol. I, p. 468) spoke of the
finding of black and mineralized teeth of a horse, which he regarded as
_E. fraternus_, in Miocene marl. Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1871, p. 113) reported on the upper molar tooth which Conrad had found.
He regarded it as occurring accidentally in the Miocene and as belonging
to _E. complicatus_; but as the tooth was injured, Leidy thought it
might belong to _Hipparion_. In the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences at Philadelphia the writer has seen quite certainly the same
tooth. It appears to be an upper premolar, the third or the fourth. It
has a height of about 50 mm. and a length of 30 mm. The inner half has
been split off. It is that of _E. complicatus_.
4. _Plymouth, Washington County._—E. Emmons, in 1858 (North Carolina
Geol. Surv. Agric., Eastern Counties, p. 197, figs. 19, 20), figured 2
teeth, an upper left molar or premolar and a hindermost left molar,
which had been washed up on the beach at Plymouth. This place is on the
south bank of Roanoke River. Judging from Emmons’s figures, one must
conclude that these teeth belong to _Equus leidyi_.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
(Map 17.)
1. _Beaufort, Beaufort County._—In the museum of Rutgers College, at New
Brunswick, New Jersey, the writer has seen 6 teeth of _Equus_, presented
by Mr. G. U. Shepard jr., and obtained on Coosaw River; but no more
detailed information has been furnished. In the Charleston Museum is a
tooth of _Equus complicatus_ which was found by Mr. Earle Sloan, in
Coosaw River.
2. _Charleston, Charleston County._—The remains of horses, especially
teeth, are among the most abundant Pleistocene fossils in the region
around Charleston. Most of the specimens have been discovered in
dredging for phosphate rock, and usually nothing is recorded about the
exact locality where found or about the conditions of burial. A
considerable number of well-preserved teeth have, however, been
discovered in known localities and under defined conditions.
The earliest collection of fossils described from about Charleston was
made by Professor F. S. Holmes, of Charleston, and Captain A. H. Bowman,
U. S. Army. These fossils were sent to Dr. Joseph Leidy and described by
him as early as 1858, but more fully in 1860, in Holmes’s
“Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina.” Most of these fossils were
obtained on the shores of Ashley River, about 10 miles above Charleston.
From this locality were described 5 upper teeth of _Equus complicatus_
(Leidy, op. cit., p. 102, plate XV, figs. 2–5, 7) and 2 lower ones
(plate XVI, figs. 19, 21).
Of _Equus leidyi_ (=_E. fraternus_ Leidy) the author quoted described
from Ashley River 2 lower teeth (op. cit., plate XVI, figs. 20, 22).
Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, p. 98) reported that there
were in the collection of C. N. Shepard, at Amherst College, teeth of
_Equus major_ (=_E. complicatus_) and _E. fraternus_ (=_E. leidyi_)
secured in the Ashley River deposit. Leidy, in 1873 (Contrib. Ext. Vert.
Fauna West. Terrs., p. 245, plate XXXIII, figs. 14, 15) reported an
upper molar and a lower one of _E. complicatus_, found in the “phosphate
beds” of Ashley River.
From Doctor Swamp, Johns Island, southwest of Charleston, Leidy (op.
cit., p. 103, plate XV, fig. 6) described an upper tooth as that of his
_Equus fraternus_. This was afterwards made by Cope the type of this
species; but Gidley (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. XIV, p. 111) determined
that this type belongs itself to _E. complicatus_. It was this
determination which made it necessary to give a new name, _E. leidyi_,
to the teeth of medium size which had gone under the name of _E.
fraternus_.
In the National Museum is a finely preserved upper right third or fourth
premolar of what appears to be _Equus complicatus_ which is recorded
having been found in Wando River, northwest from Charleston. The tooth
is 75 mm. high, 31 mm. long on the grinding-face, and 27 mm. wide. The
enamel is much complicated. In Holmes’s “Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South
Carolina,” on pages 102 and 104, Leidy mentions an upper second premolar
of _Equus fraternus_ found on Goose Creek, about 12 miles from
Charleston. He added a paragraph on the geology. Further reference to
this will be found on page 363. In the Charleston Museum and in the
private collections about Charleston the writer has seen many teeth of
horses found in that region, most of them without statements about exact
localities, though some were found in Stono River. The teeth of _E.
leidyi_ appear to be more numerous in the collections than those of _E.
complicatus_. Many teeth of both species are contained in the Scanlan
collection, made in the region about Charleston and now owned by Yale
University. In this collection are found also two lower molars which the
writer refers to _Equus littoralis_. The reader is referred to pages 362
to 366.
3. _Richland County._—On the occasion referred to in the next paragraph,
Robert W. Gibbes presented a tooth of a horse found in Richland district
at a depth of 17 feet, in a slough, supposed to have been a former bed
of Congaree River.
4. _Darlington, Darlington County._—In 1850 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv.
Sci., vol. III, p. 67), Gibbes showed before the Association several
specimens of horse-teeth, referred to _Equus americanus_ (_E.
complicatus_), found in supposed Pliocene at Darlington. They were
reported as having been discovered associated with bones of a mastodon,
presumably of _Mammut americanum_. No additional information was
furnished. Darlington is situated on a branch of Black Creek, an
affluent of Great Pedee River. The teeth were probably found in a
Pleistocene terrace deposit.
GEORGIA.
(Map 17.)
Apparently remains of extinct horses have been found in Georgia in only
two places, as follows:
1. _Brunswick, Glynn County._—During the construction (in 1838–39) of a
canal which connected Altamaha and Turtle Rivers, remains of various
fossil vertebrates were discovered. A list of these will be given on
page 370. Among the remains was a lower left last premolar or first
molar of an extinct horse, described by Leidy in 1847 (Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1847, p. 266) and again in 1860 (Holmes’s Post-Pleiocene
Foss. South Carolina, p. 104, plate XVI, fig. 23). In the first
publication he referred the tooth to his species _Equus americanus_
(=_E. complicatus_); but in 1860 he referred it to his _Equus fraternus_
(=_E. leidyi_). The size of the tooth appears to justify his later
conclusion.
Lyell, in his “Second Visit to the United States,” made in 1845 (ed. 2,
vol. 1, p. 348), stated that remains of _Equus_ had been found in the
Brunswick Canal. He referred it to _Equus curvidens_, and stated that
this species had the upper teeth more curved than any living horse.
On page 436 of Bulletin No. 26 of the Geological Survey of Georgia, J.
W. Gidley furnished a list of vertebrates dredged up somewhere near
Brunswick. Among the species are 3 horses, _Equus fraternus_ (=_E.
leidyi_), _E. complicatus_, and _E. tau_ (probably _E. littoralis_).
Through the liberality of Professor S. W. McCallie, State Geologist of
Georgia, the writer has been permitted to study these teeth. There is
one damaged upper molar which belongs to _E. complicatus_; 4 upper and 1
lower grinders belong to _E. leidyi_; 2 upper left molars are certainly
those of _E. littoralis_; one having a height of 72 mm., a crown-length
of 23 mm., and a width of 22 mm. The length is slightly greater than
that of the type of the species.
In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia the
writer has examined an equine tibia presented by J. H. Couper, probably
found in the Brunswick Canal with the other remains presented by Mr.
Couper. It is compared in size with a tibia of the horse Edwin Forrest,
with that of a draft horse in the U. S. National Museum, and with that
of _E. scotti_, No. 10628, in the American Museum of Natural History.
_Measurements of tibiæ of horses, in millimeters._
┌─────────────────────────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐
│ │Brunswick│ Edwin │ Draft │ E. │
│ │ horse. │Forrest. │ horse. │ scotti. │
├─────────────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤
│Total length of tibia │ 455│ 365│ 420│ 370│
│Side-to-side diameter at │ 65│ 42│ 50│ 49│
│ middle of length │ │ │ │ │
└─────────────────────────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘
The Brunswick horse was evidently a very large one, but it may have been
an unusually large specimen of _Equus complicatus_.
2. _Skidaway Island, near Savannah, Chatham County._—On page 27 of
William B. Hodgson’s “Memoir on the Megatherium,” in Joseph Habersham’s
memorandum, is noted the fact that among the fossils found here was a
well-preserved tooth of a horse. The height of the tooth is given as
being 2.75 inches, greatest diameter 1.2 inches, the least 1 inch. The
tooth was evidently an upper premolar or molar. It belonged probably
either to _Equus complicatus_ or _E. leidyi_, but to which is uncertain.
In 1850 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. III, p. 67), Robert W.
Gibbes reported the discovery of horse remains, probably a tooth, in the
alluvium of Skidaway Island, a few miles southeast of Savannah. No
further information was furnished. The geological conditions at this
island and the fossils found there will be considered on pages 370 to
372.
FLORIDA.
(Maps 17, 18.)
1. _Stokes Ferry, St. Mary’s River, Nassau County._—In 1909 (2d Ann.
Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 147), Sellards stated, on authority of
notes received from Dr. L. W. Stephenson, that 3 teeth of a fossil horse
had been found at the place named. At the same place was discovered a
fragment of a tooth of an elephant, most probably _Elephas columbi_, and
some ear-bones of a whale. The writer has not seen these and does not
know to what species they belonged.
_Measurements of tibiæ of horses._
┌───────────────────────────────────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐
│ Dimensions taken. │Equus sp.│ E. │ E. │
│ │Florida. │ scotti. │caballus.│
├───────────────────────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤
│Total length of bone │ 396│ 370│ 392│
│Length on outer border │ 360│ │ │
│Length on inner border │ 378│ │ │
│Width across upper end │ 125±│ 107│ 108│
│Fore-and-aft diameter at middle of │ │ │ │
│ length │ 45│ 40│ 37│
│Side-to-side diameter at middle of │ │ │ │
│ length │ 56│ 49│ 43│
│Greatest width at lower end │ 94│ 93│ 86│
└───────────────────────────────────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘
2. _Almero Farm, St. John County._—In the collection of Mr. Fred R.
Allen, of St. Augustine, Florida, the writer has examined a left tibia
of an extinct horse, found in the Inland Waterway Canal, about 28 miles
south of St. Augustine. The species has not been determined, but it may
be well to put on record the measurements. It apparently belonged to a
rather large horse. For comparison, other corresponding measurements are
given, taken from _Equus scotti_, No. 10628 of the American Museum of
Natural History, and from _Equus caballus_, No. 74 of Mr. Chubb’s
collection at the museum mentioned, a trotting stallion.
It will be seen that the tibia found below St. Augustine is a relatively
stouter bone than those it is compared with. The large horse, known to
have existed in Florida, is _Equus complicatus_.
3. _Neals, Alachua County._—This place is near Newberry. Here have been
collected _Gomphotherium floridanum_, _Tapirus terrestris?_, and
_Hipparion_ sp. indet.
4. _Wade, Alachua County._—The writer has seen at Tallahassee, 4 fossil
_Equus_ teeth, found at this place. One is No. 1470 of the Florida
Geological Survey and labeled as found in the Buttgenbach “cummer” mine.
It is a lower left second premolar, 40 mm. high, 31 mm. long, and 14.5
mm. wide, not including the cement present. Another tooth, No. 1462,
from Buttgenbach’s river mine, near Wade, is the hindermost left molar
of the lower jaw, 32 mm. long, and 13 mm. wide in front. It is thought
these teeth belonged to _Equus leidyi_.
5. _Newberry, Alachua County._—This is the locality mentioned by Dall
(Bull. 84, U. S. Geol. Survey, p. 128) under the name of Hallowells; but
he mentioned no fossils from this place. In the Report of the Florida
Geological Survey, volume v, page 58, Sellards stated that a species of
_Hipparion_ had been discovered in the hard phosphate. In the eighth
report of the same survey, on page 42, the present writer described a
specifically undetermined species of _Parahippus_, also from the
phosphate deposits. On page 94 Dr. Sellards reported _Equus littoralis_
and _Odocoileus_ from Newberry. The writer has identified as _Equus
littoralis_, a horse represented by a lower left hindermost molar, found
at Newberry.
6. _Archer, Alachua County._—Dr. Joseph Leidy, in 1885 (Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., pp. 32, 33), described from this place a rhinoceros,
_Rhinoceros proterus_, and _Hippotherium ingenuum_. In 1886 (ibid., pp.
11, 12) he again mentioned these species and described in addition to
them _Mastodon floridanus_ and 3 species of camels which he referred to
the genus _Auchenia_. In a list furnished by Leidy to Dr. W. H. Dall
(Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 84, p. 129), there are listed, besides the
species mentioned, _Megatherium_ and _Cervus virginianus?_, all found in
the Alachua clays and usually referred to the Lower Miocene or Upper
Pliocene. In the list presented on page 375, under the geology of
Florida, a species of tapir is added. At present the writer assigns the
deposits known as the Alachua clays to lowermost Pleistocene.
7. _Williston, Levy County._—In the American Museum of Natural History,
New York, is an upper last molar of _Equus_, found at the place named
and presented by E. Mixon. The enamel is not much plicated. The size of
the tooth indicated that it belonged to _E. leidyi_. In the list of
vertebrates unearthed at Mixon’s (near Williston), furnished by Leidy to
Dall, were included two species of _Hippotherium_, _H. ingenuum_ and _H.
plicatile_. These species are now referred to the genus _Hipparion_. _H.
plicatile_ was described by Leidy in 1887 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
p. 309). A list of the species at present known to have been obtained
here is to be found on page 375 under the geology of Florida. They have
all been found in the Alachua clays and are usually regarded as
belonging to the late Tertiary.
8. _Ocala, Marion County._—In 1889 (Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. II, p.
13), Leidy reported the discovery of some fossil vertebrates in a
fissure in a limestone rock near Ocala. Some equine teeth he referred to
_Equus fraternus_ (=_E. leidyi_). The other species were identified as
_Smilodon floridanus_, _Elephas columbi_, and (with some doubt)
_Procamelus minimus_. For conclusions regarding the geology of the
locality see page 378.
9. _Dunnellon, Marion County._—The writer has examined 2 fossil
horse-teeth found near Dunnellon, now the property of the Florida
Geological Survey. No. 1366 is from the Camp Phosphate Company’s Blue
Run mine. It is a first or second upper molar, worn down to a height of
only an inch and having a grinding-surface 26 mm. long and 25 mm. wide
and with a protocone 12 mm. long fore-and-aft. No. 1444, also a first or
second upper molar, has a height of 47 mm., a length of 24 mm., a width
of 23 mm., and a protocone of 11.5 mm. The enamel of the lakes is much
plicated. The teeth are identified as those of _Equus leidyi_. No. 1444
has been figured by Sellards (7th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 111,
fig. 40) and described as dredged from the Schilmann and Bene river
mine, on Withlacoochee River.
On page 376, under the geology of Florida, will be found a list of the
species obtained at Dunnellon and the surrounding region. In this list
is included _Parahippus_ sp. indet. and _Hipparion plicatile_. Dr.
Sellards believes that many species of that list belong to the
Pleistocene. The horse-like species, the rhinoceros, and the camel are
held by him as being older than the Pleistocene.
10. _Hernando, Citrus County._—At this place have been secured
_Gomphotherium floridanum_, _Hipparion_ sp. indet., and _Procamelus_ sp.
indet., all from the phosphate deposits and referred by Sellards to the
Upper Miocene or the Lower Pliocene.
11. _Holder, Citrus County._—In the collection of Dr. H. G. Bystra, of
Holden, is a fossil horse-tooth dredged from Withlacoochee River, in
section 29, township 17 south, range 19 east. The species to which the
tooth belonged has not been determined.
12. _Orange County._—The writer has seen, in the collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, an upper right last molar
of Equus, labeled as found in the county named. Nothing more is known by
the writer about the tooth.
13. _Eau Gallie, Brevard County._—In 1916 (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol.
Surv., p. 105), Sellards stated that at this place, in the Hopkins
drainage canal, had been collected teeth of _Elephas columbi_ and _Equus
complicatus_.
14. _Kingsford, Polk County._—In the U. S. National Museum are 3
horse-teeth collected in 1903 by Mr. Juan C. Edmundoz, from some of the
phosphate mines in the region about Kingsford. Although most of the
fossils from these mines have been supposed to belong to the late
Miocene or early Pliocene, these horse-teeth are certainly of
Pleistocene age. One tooth, No. 8620, is an upper right true molar,
either the first or the second. It is worn down to about half its
original length. The length of the grinding-surface is 25 mm.; its width
is 26 mm. The enamel surrounding the lakes is extremely complicated.
Another tooth, No. 8619, is a right hindermost molar with the protocone
missing. A third tooth, No. 8618, is a little-worn lower molar, probably
the second. The height is 83 mm., the length 25 mm., width 14 mm. The
teeth are to be referred to _Equus leidyi_.
15. _Brewster, Polk County._—In volume VIII of the Florida Geological
Survey, pages 95, 96, Dr. Sellards states that from the phosphate mines
at Brewster have been obtained teeth of _Hipparion minor_. A list of the
associated species is to be found in the discussion of the Pleistocene
geology of Florida on page 380.
16. _Alafia River, Hillsboro County._—In the American Museum of Natural
History, New York, is a collection of 10 teeth of _Equus_, said to have
been dredged in Alafia River. Some belong to _E. leidyi_. One, a right
third or fourth upper premolar worn down to a height of 40 mm., has
still a length of 30 mm. and a width of 27 mm.; apparently it belongs to
_E. complicatus_. The writer has described an extinct species of
box-tortoise, _Terrapene putnami_ (Fossil Turtles, N. A., p. 360)
dredged by Professor F. W. Putnam in Alafia River about a mile above its
entrance into Tampa Bay. With the bone, which forms the type of the
species, were dredged a peripheral bone of a _Testudo_, possibly _T.
crassiscutata_, and remains of horses and tapirs. It is pretty certain
that the 10 teeth above mentioned were secured by Professor Putnam.
In Heidelberg University, Tiffin, Ohio, is a part of a lower right
premolar of _Equus_, apparently _E. leidyi_, said to have been found
near Tampa Bay.
17. _Palmetto, Manatee County._—At several places about the mouth of
Manatee River have been found relics of fossil horses. Mr. Ernest
Leitzel, of Palmetto, sent to the U. S. National Museum for
identification some teeth found in Manatee River, others in Terra Ceia
Bay. The teeth are all well fossilized; some are upper teeth, others
belong below. The writer regards them as belonging to _Equus leidyi_.
In the same museum are 2 lower right true molars, a second and a third,
sent from Manatee by Mr. N. B. Moore. The teeth are moderately worn. The
length of the grinding-surface of the hindermost molar is only 23 mm.,
the width 12 mm. They must have belonged to a small horse and are
referred to _Equus littoralis_.
From Mr. Charles T. Earle the U. S. National Museum received in February
1921, several teeth of _Equus leidyi_, 2 of _E. complicatus_, and 1 of
_E. littoralis_, which had been washed up on the beach at Palma Sola,
about 10 miles below Palmetto. With these teeth came parts of antlers of
a deer, a part of a metacarpal and an astragalus of _Bison latifrons?_,
a part of a beak of a platanistid porpoise, a part of a tooth of
_Elephas columbi_, a fragment or two of a terrapin (_Trachemys_ sp.
indet.), a fragment of the carapace of a soft-shelled turtle, and teeth
of sharks. The porpoise and the sharks, also a part of a metapodial of a
camel, may belong to Miocene or Pliocene deposits near the locality.
18. _Sarasota Bay, Sarasota County._—The region a little further south
than Manatee River has furnished remains of extinct horses. Sellards
(7th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 112, fig. 47) has figured a lower
tooth of a large horse, found by Mr. Joseph Willcox, at White Beach, on
Sarasota Bay. Inasmuch as the fore-and-aft dimension of the tooth is 30
mm., it very probably belonged to _Equus complicatus_. Mr. Willcox has
submitted to the writer 2 large lower teeth, regarded as belonging to
the species just mentioned. Another lower tooth, apparently a third or
fourth lower premolar, found on the same beach, has the fore-and-aft
dimension only 26 mm., the width 15 mm. This is referred to _Equus
leidyi_. At Blackburn’s place, 12 miles south of White Beach, Mr.
Willcox secured a tooth of _Equus_ apparently little worn. The height is
83 mm., the length at the summit 28 mm., but a little further down only
26 mm.; the width 12 mm. This tooth is to be referred to _Equus leidyi_.
In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, are 7 teeth of
_Equus_, collected in 1911 by Mr. Barnum Brown at a place 8 miles
southeast of Sarasota. They appear to belong to the Florida horse of
medium size, _Equus leidyi_.
19. _Calvenia, Hardee County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 4838)
is an upper right last molar of a horse labeled as found near the mouth
of Charlie Apopka Creek and as having been presented by Captain Le Baron
through L. C. Johnson. The tooth belongs to _Equus leidyi_. Another
tooth found at the same place, at the same time (December 16, 1883), and
presented in the same way, is a lower grinder. The height is 75 mm., the
length, 27 mm., the thickness 12.3 mm. It is to be referred to _E.
leidyi_.
20. _Arcadia, De Soto County._—Many remains of horses, especially teeth,
have been collected at and near this place, by Mr. Joseph Willcox, on a
sand-bar at Arcadia being explored for phosphate. The first published
description of these remains appears to be that of Leidy in 1889 (Trans.
Wagner Inst., II, p. 19). Leidy had at hand 17 upper molars, 2 lower
molars, and 2 incisors. He was, at that time, uncertain whether these
teeth pertained to an indigenous species of _Equus_ or to the domestic
horse. The manager of the Arcadia Phosphate Company, Mr. T. S. Moorhead,
informed Mr. Willcox that the main source of the materials of the bar
extended for miles along the shores of Peace Creek and was about 8 feet
thick.