APPOINTED CHIEF SANITARY OFFICER FOR THE ISTHMUS
Early in the year 1902, while still stationed at Havana, I wrote to
Surgeon-General Sternberg concerning the discoveries made by the
Reed Board, and the application made of these discoveries to the
eradication of yellow fever in Havana, and invited attention to the
fact that they would have a most important bearing upon the work of
the construction of the Panama Canal.
I invited General Sternberg’s attention to the enormous loss of life
that had been caused among the French working at Panama, due to
tropical diseases; that by far the most important of the diseases
were yellow fever and malaria; that if we could protect our laborers
on the Canal as we had the people of Havana, we should be able to
build the Canal without anything like such losses as had occurred to
the French. I also invited his attention to the fact that while there
was a considerable difference in the conditions and environment at
Havana, still I believed that the methods worked out at Havana could
be so modified as to be applied successfully at the Isthmus.
General Sternberg approved the idea, and recommended that, on account
of my experience in similar work at Havana, I be placed in charge of
the sanitary work on the Isthmus.
In all discussion with regard to canal construction at this time
Nicaragua was looked upon as the point where the United States would
build its canal. Delays entirely unexpected to the authorities
occurred on account of the failure of the treaty with Colombia, and
it was not until the fall of 1903 that it was settled that we were
to build a canal at Panama, under a concession from the Republic of
Panama.
I was relieved from duty at Havana in the fall of 1902 and ordered to
the United States, in order that I might be in personal contact with
the preparations for canal work on the Isthmus. While waiting for the
organization to commence, I was sent to Egypt as the representative
of the Medical Department of the United States Army to the first
Egyptian Medical Congress, and I was directed while on this duty
to examine into what had been the sanitary conditions during the
construction of the Suez Canal.
This turned out to be a very interesting trip, though I did not get
much information that was useful to us at Panama. The conditions
were so entirely different at the Isthmus of Suez from the conditions
at the Isthmus of Panama from a sanitary point of view that there was
no similarity in the sanitary measures applicable to the two places.
The route of the Suez Canal was through a dry, sandy desert, where,
at the time of construction, they suffered from neither yellow fever
nor malaria. The route of the Panama Canal lay through a low, swampy
country, alternating with rugged mountainous regions, where the
rainfall was excessive, and yellow fever and malaria prevailed to an
alarming extent.
During my visit there, however, I found that they were suffering
severely from malaria at Ismalia, a town on the canal about half-way
across the Isthmus, and the headquarters of the Canal Company.
During the early period of their construction work they had a great
deal of trouble supplying their laborers with drinking water. They
were obliged to carry this on camel-back a number of miles from the
nearest branch of the Nile. I was informed that, at one time, they
had to employ some sixteen hundred camels in this work.
In order to obviate this expense and inconvenience, De Lesseps
reopened the old canal of the Israelites, leading up from the Nile
through the land of Goshen. This old canal came within a few miles
of the present route of the Suez Canal. The French extended it
to the Suez Canal, and then made a small canal parallel with the
route of the Suez, which conveyed fresh water all along this route.
Wherever in the desert fresh water is applied to the soil, the land
becomes very fruitful and productive. At Ismalia, this sweet-water
canal, just described (the Arabs usually refer to fresh water as
sweet water), was used for irrigation purposes. When I saw the canal
in 1902, the town and neighborhood were covered with a beautiful
growth of trees and shrubbery, and vegetation appeared on every side.
Unfortunately, the water which produced this wonderful oasis in the
desert also bred the malarial mosquito freely and Ismalia had become
a hotbed for malaria.
Sir Ronald Ross, the great English sanitarian, who had taken so
prominent a part in discovering that malaria was carried by the
anopheles mosquito, was employed by the French Company to advise them
how they should protect themselves against this plague. The plans
which he advised were carried into execution, and Ismalia in a short
time was entirely free from malaria.
When I returned from Egypt, I found the canal project still being
delayed. Pending organization, I was sent to Paris, France, as the
representative of the United States Army Medical Department to the
Hygiene Congress which met in Paris in October, 1903. I was directed
to get while there such sanitary information as might be obtained
from the Paris offices of the French Panama Canal Company. Besides
having a very agreeable and delightful stay, I collected a great deal
of valuable data with regard to the sanitary conditions which had
existed under the French at Panama.
Finally, in January, 1904, the Isthmian Canal Commission was
organized by the President under the Spooner Act. The President was
very strongly urged by the medical profession generally to make a
medical man one of the commissioners. It was pointed out to him that
sanitation at Panama was fully as important as engineering; that if
our force suffered as much from disease as had the French fifteen
years before we should have great difficulty in carrying through
our project. His attention was invited to the fact that in this
Commission of seven men, where the sanitary phase of the work to be
controlled by them was just as important as the engineering phase,
there were five engineers and not a single physician.
The American Medical Association took a most active part in urging
this matter upon the attention of the President, and hundreds of
telegrams came in to him on this subject from all parts of the
country. The President was not convinced by these arguments as they
were presented to him, and organized the Commission of seven members
without putting a physician on it.
During the latter part of March, 1904, I was ordered to accompany
the Commission to Panama as their sanitary adviser, and for the
purpose of drawing up a scheme of sanitation whereby the force might
be protected during the construction of the Canal. I requested that
Medical Director John W. Ross, United States Navy, Major Louis A. La
Garde, Surgeon, United States Army, and Major Cassius E. Gillette,
Corps of Engineers, United States Army, be detailed to assist me.
We went to Panama with the Commission, and were absent on this trip
about a month looking into conditions and examining the locality.
After much study and careful consideration, we submitted a report
which embodied the organization which we thought necessary to
accomplish the desired ends. The report also gave detailed estimate
of the cost of this organization.
The French Company still had possession, and their representatives
were in charge when we made this visit. They treated us very
hospitably, and we were their guests during our stay on the Isthmus.
We were housed on the Atlantic side, in the building known as the
De Lesseps Palace. There was, however, nothing palatial about this
building. It was simply a good, comfortable, frame building, such as
can be found on many of the well-to-do plantations in our southern
states. De Lesseps is accused of having erected it at a cost of more
than $100,000. As I afterwards came to be more familiar with the
history of the French régime at Panama, I found that this was on a
par with most of the other stories of French extravagance on the
Isthmus, and had no more foundation in fact than many of the other
tales that fill the books of a few of our American writers concerning
the Canal, to the discredit of the French.
On one occasion we were invited across the Isthmus to dine with the
Administrator who was in charge of the work. It is somewhat startling
to an inhabitant of the United States to contemplate traveling from
the Atlantic to the Pacific to keep a dinner engagement, but at
Panama this was not unusual. We not only left the Atlantic in the
afternoon and dined on the shores of the Pacific the same evening,
but we returned from the Pacific and slept on the shores of the
Atlantic that same night. I was familiar with the history of the
house in which the French Director lived, where we dined that night.
I could not help recalling the sad story of Monsieur Dingler, the
great French Director, who first attempted canal construction on the
Isthmus. In this house had died his wife, daughter and son-in-law,
and scores of other French engineers of prominence. The French butler
who waited on us at dinner that evening and presided over the
servants who attended us, remained with the Americans in the same
capacity during the whole period of construction on the Isthmus, and
is still there as the majordomo of the Chairman of the Isthmian Canal
Commission.
We spent a delightful evening, and returned to the “North Sea” after
dinner, reaching Colon about one o’clock in the morning. An amusing
incident of our stay on the Isthmus occurred on our return. One of
the commissioners was sick, and for this reason did not attend the
dinner. In my business of looking up sanitary matters at Colon I had
come to know the Mayor of the town quite well. Much to my surprise
I found him at this late hour of the night awaiting our return. He
took me aside and told me in a whisper that the Commissioner whom we
had left behind sick had appeared on the street most uproariously
drunk, had fought the Colon police to a finish, and was at that
moment in the Colon jail raising pandemonium. The Mayor said that he
had endeavored in every way to keep the matter quiet and protect the
honor of the American Commission, but that the Commissioner himself
had been so noisy and pugnacious that he feared the matter had gotten
pretty well noised about the town.
I was, of course, much chagrined at this account of the
Commissioner’s conduct. I knew well his reputation in the United
States, and knew that he had lived a perfectly correct life for fifty
years, enjoying the respect and consideration of the community, and
that at home he was known as a sober and abstemious gentleman as far
as alcoholic drink was concerned.
I took the Chairman of the Commission aside and unfolded to him the
astounding story which the Mayor had just confided to me. We got
into a carriage with the Mayor and hurried to the jail. As we neared
this building our worst fears were confirmed; pandemonium seemed let
loose. We could hear our honored Commissioner swearing and shouting,
to the great delight and amusement of the crowd outside. We hurried
in to see what we could do with our friend. Upon being ushered into
the room in which he was raising such an uproar, we found that it
was not the Commissioner, but one of our clerks. He had developed
delirium tremens as the result of too much French hospitality, and
insisted that he was the Commissioner above mentioned. The Mayor was
never quite convinced that this was not the case. The Commissioner
rather rose in the estimation of the townspeople, as being a jolly
good fellow, but the Mayor always thought that he had carried things
a little too far for a man occupying such a dignified position.
In April, 1904, I was finally ordered to report to the Commission as
the chief sanitary officer for the Isthmus. Having been there, we had
a very good idea of how great the difficulties would be in getting
either supplies or personnel. We therefore requested the Commission
to authorize our taking down a certain number of men and a certain
quantity of supplies. They authorized our spending $50,000 for these
purposes, and this we did, taking the men and supplies with us to the
Isthmus early in June, 1904.
As I have before stated, when we visited the Isthmus in March, 1904,
the French were still in possession of the property and we were their
guests. On May 4, 1904, the property was formally transferred to
the representatives of the United States, so that when we reached
the Isthmus in June we were at once able to take possession of such
sanitary equipment as there was, and to begin our organization.