and Creuxius's (1660), _prom. Episcopi_. Bellin's map of the St.
Lawrence River (1761) enables us to identify this point as the present
Cape Magdalen, or Magdalaine, west of Cape Rosier. Cf. Laverdière's
_Champlain_, p. 116, _note_; and _Champlain_ (Prince Soc.), vol. i., p.
281, _note_.
_Chat_, a corruption of _Chaste_, the name of Champlain's early
patron. Sieur Aymar de Chaste (Chattes, or Chastes), for many years
the governor of Dieppe, distinguished both as soldier and sailor, and
a personal friend of Henry IV., had formed at Rouen, under a royal
commission, a company to prosecute further explorations in Canada.
In March, 1603, he sent Pontgravé and Champlain thither, to select
a location for the colony he proposed to establish, and to make
other preliminary explorations and arrangements; see Laverdière's
_Champlain_, pp. 700-704, and 1090, _note_. During their absence, De
Chaste died (May 13, 1603), and his schemes were soon taken up by De
Monts (vol. i., _note_ 2).--See Faillon's _Col. Fr._, vol. i., pp.
74-84. An account of De Chaste's voyage to Terceira (whither he was
sent in 1583, with a military force by Catherine de Médicis), forms
part of Thévenot's _Relations de divers Voyages Curieux_ (Paris, 1596),
under the heading "Voyage de la Tercere."
65 (p. 209).--Of these five settlements, the first was made in 1535,
by Jacques Cartier, at the mouth of the river called by him St. Croix,
but afterwards named St. Charles, by the Récollet missionaries, in
honor of Charles des Boues, grand vicar of Pontoise.--See Shea's ed. of
Le Clercq's _Establishment of the Faith_ (N. Y., 1881), p. 149. Those
of De Monts, at St. Croix and Port Royal, have been already described
by Lescarbot. In regard to the settlement at Quebec, which the text
inadvertently mentions as the third, instead of the fourth, it was on
the northern bank of the St. Lawrence, not the southern, as he says
here. The fifth, that of St. Sauveur, is fully described in the present
volume.
66 (p. 209).--Pointe St. Croix, now named Point Platon, about 35 miles
above Quebec. A small island, not far from this point, was called Ste.
Croix Island, up to 1633; after that time, Richelieu, for the great
cardinal. As intimated in the text, there has been a difference of
opinion as to the place where Cartier spent the winter of 1535-36.
Charlevoix (Shea's ed., vol. i., p. 116), claimed that the point
mentioned above (Platon) was the St. Croix of Cartier; but Champlain
and other authorities have shown that it was, instead, at St. Charles
River. See Laverdière's _Champlain_, pp. 90-93, and 304-309; also
Faillon's _Col. Fr._ vol. i., pp. 496-499.
67 (p. 209).--Named by Cartier (1535), Island of Bacchus, from the
profusion of wild grapes found there. Thévet (_Gr. Insul._) says it was
called by the natives Minigo. Its later name, Isle of Orleans, would
seem to have been given by Cartier, during his first sojourn at Quebec.
See Laverdière's _Champlain_, p. 88. Le Jeune (_Relation_ of 1632,
_post_) mentions it as St. Lawrence Island. It is 20 miles long, and
six miles in its greatest width.
68 (p. 211).--Pierre Coton (also written Cotton) was born in 1564, at
Neronde, and belonged to a distinguished family of Forez; became a
Jesuit priest, and confessor of Henry IV. (see _note_ 7, _ante_, and
vol. i., _note_ 39), and afterwards of Louis XIII. This position he
resigned about 1618, then spent six years at Rome. Returning to France
(1624) as provincial of his order, he died at Paris, March 19, 1626.
69 (p. 217).--_Institutum_, the published collection of the laws
regulating the order of Jesuits (official ed., Prague, 1757; new ed.,
Avignon, 1827-38). For description of this work, see McClintock &
Strong's _Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature_, vol. iv., pp. 865, 866.
70 (p. 217).--See vol. i., _note_ 2.
71 (p. 221).--De Monts's lieutenant, Pontgravé, who is mentioned by
Champlain as Sieur de Pont Gravé, also as Pont. Lescarbot, in _Nouv.
France_, calls the lieutenant "du Pont, surnamed Gravé." He was a
merchant of St. Malo, interested with Chauvin in the Canada trade, and
an intimate friend of Champlain; he made trading voyages to Canada
during some thirty years. Concerning his son, see vol. i., _notes_
13, 44. See Dionne's account of Chauvin and his enterprises (_Nouv.
France_, pp. 193-212, 318-328); on p. 198, he cites from Bréard some
information regarding Pontgravé's family.
72 (p. 221).--Faillon discusses at length the statement of Charlevoix,
that Canada was first called New France in 1609; and he brings much
evidence, both circumstantial and direct, to show that this appellation
was of much earlier date. He considers it highly probable that this
name was applied to Canada at least as early as Cartier's first voyage
(1534).--See his _Col. Fr._, vol. i., pp. 511-513. The "Shorte and
briefe narration" of Cartier's second voyage, given in Goldsmid's
_Hakluyt_, vol. xiii., p. 146, says: "Here endeth the Relation of Iames
Cartiers discouery and Nauigation of the Newfoundlands, by him named
New France." Biard says (_Relation_ of 1616, _post_): "I believe it was
Jean Verazan who was godfather to the title of New France."
73 (p. 225).--Josse, the priest Jessé Fléché; see vol. i., _note_ 25.
74 (p. 233).--Probably referring to the anonymous author of the
_Factum_; see _post_, _Relation_ of 1616, chap. x., and _note_ 97, on
the _Factum_.
75 (p. 233).--Robin de Coulogne; see vol. i., _notes_ 31, 37.
76 (p. 235).--This man, whom Champlain calls Simon Imbert Sandrier, is
said by Biard (chap. xx., _post_) to have been formerly a tavern keeper
at Paris.
77 (p. 245).--_Chiquebi_, the "MicMac potato," as Bourinot calls
it (_Canad. Mo._, vol. vii., p. 292); the ground-nut, _sgabun_ or
_segubbun_, in the Micmac tongue. See _note_ 35, _ante_; also Trumbull,
in _Conn. Hist. Colls._, vol. ii., p. 26.
78 (p. 247).--Father Jacques Quentin, born in February, 1572, at
Abbeville, France; entered the order of Jesuits, June 30, 1604. He
was appointed at the close of his novitiate, professor at Bourges;
here and at Rouen he remained three years; and in 1609 he was sent
to the college of Eu, as acting superior. Four years later, he went
to Acadia. After returning to France he devoted himself to preaching
in cities and villages. In 1616, he became a "spiritual coadjutor"
in his order--according to Littré, one who publicly takes the three
religious vows, but not the fourth, which is to go on whatever mission
he may be sent. His death occurred April 18, 1647.--See Rochemonteix's
_Jésuites_, vol. i., p. 83, _note_.
79 (p. 247).--These colonial experiments were not, for a long time,
favorably regarded by the Protestants, or by most Catholics. Sully,
minister of Henry IV., says in his _Memoirs_ (Bonn's ed., London,
1856), vol. ii., p. 453: "The colony that was sent to Canada this
year (1603) was among the number of those things that had not my
approbation; there was no kind of riches to be expected from all those
countries of the New World which are beyond the fortieth degree of
latitude. His majesty gave the conduct of this expedition to the Sieur
du Mont."
80 (p. 249).--Louis Hébert, born at Paris, an apothecary, was one of
Pontrincourt's colony at Port Royal. In 1617, he returned to Canada
with his family, at Champlain's request, as one of the latter's
colonists at Quebec. He was the first settler with a family, and the
first at Quebec to cultivate the soil as a means of livelihood; and
on this account has sometimes been called "the father of Canada,"--an
appellation also given, and with even more propriety, to Champlain. His
dwelling was the first in Upper Town, and, according to Ferland (_Cours
d'Histoire_, vol. i., p. 190), was between the present Ste. Famille
and Couillard streets.--Cf. Laverdière's _Champlain_, p. 988. He was
in many ways prominent in the early history of the colony. In 1621, he
bore the title of "royal procurator." In 1622, he was, according to
Champlain, in Tadoussac, acting as commander of De Caen's ship during
the latter's temporary absence. In 1626, the fief of St. Joseph, on the
river St. Charles, was granted by Ventadour to Hébert, under the title
of Sieur d'Espinay. In January, 1627, a fall caused Hébert's death;
he was buried in the cemetery of the Récollets, by whom, as well as
by Champlain, he seems to have been greatly esteemed.--See Sagard's
_Canada_, pp. 590, 591. When Quebec was taken by the English, in 1629,
Louis Kirk, at Champlain's solicitation, sent a guard of soldiers to
protect the widow Hébert's house, as well as the mission chapels. Many
distinguished Canadian families trace their descent from Hébert; as is
shown in Tanguay's _Dictionnaire Généalogique_ (Montreal, 1871-90),
vol. i., p. 301.--Cf. Ferland's _Cours d'Histoire_, vol. i., p. 180,
_note_. His daughter Anne married Stephen Jonquest, in the autumn of
1617--this was the first marriage in Canada according to church rites,
and was performed by the Récollet Father Le Caron; she died in 1620.
Another daughter, Guillemette, married William Couillard, August 26,
1621; she died in October, 1684. An island in the harbor of Port Royal
was named for Hébert, but is now known as Bear Island.
81 (p. 249).--The name given by the natives to the river now called
Kenduskeag, apparently a corruption of Kadesquit. It enters the
Penobscot near the present city of Bangor, on which site Biard and
Massé had intended to establish their mission. See _Champlain's
Voyages_ (Prince Soc.), vol. i., p. 42.
82 (p. 249).--Frenchman's Bay; see vol. i., _note_ 61.
83 (p. 251).--Nicholas de la Mothe, or de la Motte le Vilin. After
his capture by the English, he was among those taken to Virginia, and
finally sent back to France. In 1618, he came with Champlain to Canada,
where he remained during the following winter.
84 (p. 251).--Champlain says (Laverdière's ed., pp. 61, 1307), that
Virginia was at first called Mocosa by the English. Ortelius's map
of 1570 shows Mocosa lying southwest of New France; and his second
map (1572) names the region south of the St. Lawrence and east of the
Richelieu River, Moscosa. Biard (_Relation_ of 1616) seems to apply
this name to the region of Chesapeake Bay.
85 (p. 253).--A group of islands 25 leagues from St. Sauveur, according
to Biard's _Relation_ of 1616, _post_; but 16 leagues, according
to Champlain (Laverdiere's ed., p. 773). Apparently the Matinic or
Matinicus Islands (also spelled Emmetinic). See also Emmetenic, on p.
31 of this volume.
86 (p. 253).--Argall's ship was named "Treasurer." Champlain says
(Laverdière's ed., p. 773), that ten other English ships were
approaching, but without the knowledge of the French; these, however,
were probably part of the usual fishing fleet, and not directly under
Argall's command.
87 (p. 255).--_English heretic_: Captain Samuel Argall, of Virginia,
afterwards governor of that colony (see vol. i., _note_ 63): during
the first quarter of the 17th century, prominent as an English
naval commander. His mother was married a second time, to Laurence
Washington, an ancestor of George Washington. His destruction of the
French settlements has been bitterly censured by some writers, as the
act of a buccaneer and pirate; but he was commissioned to do this by
the Virginia colonial authorities, who afterwards declared that, in
the encounter at St. Sauveur, the first shot was fired by the French.
A letter was written by Montmorency, admiral of France, to King James
of England, October 28, 1613, asking for the release of the Jesuit
fathers, and redress for the injuries done to the property of Madame
de Guercheville. The Virginia Council, when called to account for
Argall's doings, made a spirited reply in his and their own defense;
and the English Privy Council refused to make any reparation to Madame
de Guercheville, alleging that "her ship entered by force the territory
of the said colony [Virginia] to settle there, and to trade without
their permission." These documents are given in Brown's _Genesis of the
United States_, pp. 573, 664, 665, 725-734. Cf. "Aspinwall Papers," pp.
41-46, in _Mass. Hist. Colls._, 4th series, vol. ix. The ship, however,
was afterwards restored (see Biard's _Relation_ of 1616, _post_).
88 (p. 259).--This pilot is called Le Bailleur, of Rouen, in Biard's
_Relation_ of 1616. Charlevoix (Shea's ed., vol. i., pp. 280-281)
erroneously confounds him with one Lamets, named by Champlain as among
the five who escaped from the ship, but after the pilot had left it on
his reconnoitring trip. These men seem to have later joined the pilot,
as he had 14 men when he encountered La Saussaye.
89 (p. 261).--See vol. i., _note_ 66.
90 (p. 263).--_Orignac_, in the original; see _note_ 34, _ante_.
91 (p. 263).--_Passepec_, shown on Sanson's map (1656), as Paspey;
on Bellin's (1744) and D'Anville's (1746), as Paspebiac; named Sheet
Harbor on Gesner's (1849).
92 (p. 265).--This allusion is a word-play upon Argall's name--_argali_
being an appellation of the wild ram (_Ovis aries_), found in the
mountains of Greece, in Corsica, and in the steppes of Tartary.
93 (p. 273).--_Vuallia_; Wales.
94 (p. 275).--Sieur de Buisseaux (also spelled Bisseaux); he also aided
Sieur de la Motte to regain his liberty, as Biard narrates in his
_Relation_ of 1616. In 1617, he was addressed by Raleigh as "member of
the Council of State of France."
95 (p. 275).--_Itius Portus_, the place whence Cæsar sailed for
Britain; generally identified with Wissant, a village in Pas-du-Calais,
ten miles S. W. of Calais. Biard says, however, in the _Relation_ of
1616, that it was Calais where they landed.
96 (p. 275).--The modern Amiens occupies the site of the ancient
Samarobriva, capital of the Ambiani; hence its name.
[Illustration: MAP OF NEW FRANCE (PARTS OF UNITED STATES AND CANADA)
1610-1791.
To Illustrate THE JESUIT RELATIONS AND ALLIED DOCUMENTS.
THE BURROWS BROTHERS COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.]
This extra copy of the "MAP OF NEW FRANCE, 1610-1791," is sent, with
the compliments of THE BURROWS BROTHERS COMPANY, to subscribers to "THE
JESUIT RELATIONS AND ALLIED DOCUMENTS." It may be found convenient in
consulting volumes subsequent to Volume I.
Transcriber's Note.
Variable spelling and hyphenation have been retained. Minor punctuation
inconsistencies have been silently repaired.
Corrections.
The first line indicates the original, the second the correction.
p. 12:
reste totalement rude, pauvre at confuse
reste totalement rude, pauvre et confuse
p. 30:
Mais, départans un peu de pensée d avec eux,
Mais, départans un peu de pensée d'avec eux,
p. 62:
in tenui exiguóque principio satis feliciter, próque disiderio esse
assecuta.
in tenui exiguóque principio satis feliciter, próque desiderio esse
assecuta.
p. 64:
aut fuccessu Societas missionem
aut successu Societas missionem
p. 68:
quod finum Frācicum excipit.
quod sinum Frācicum excipit.
p. 76:
aruspicum multum iam de auctoriate
aruspicum multum iam de auctoritate
p. 98:
cruciculas ænaes aut imagunculas
cruciculas æneas aut imagunculas
p. 108:
imminente morte assueti sunt imlare
imminente morte assueti sunt immolare
p. 158:
on a donné des filleules à celles qui enfuiuent
on a donné des filleules à celles qui ensuiuent
p. 186:
ici le renouveau, pour aller revoir les qens.
ici le renouveau, pour aller revoir les gens.
p. 216:
doudenis diebus, quotannis ferè liquari.
duodenis diebus, quotannis ferè liquari.
p. 220:
animos gauiter afflixit
animos grauiter afflixit
p. 240:
Non committam, vd quod mones
Non committam, vt quod mones
p. 252:
neqj ab æneis tormentis validè instructam
neq; ab æneis tormentis validè instructam
p. 264:
annonam beneuolentissimè diuiferunt.
annonam beneuolentissimè diuiserunt.