Place. | Date. | Time. | Thermometer. | Wind. | Remarks.
| | +----+----+-----+ |
| | | A. | W. |W. B.| |
-----------+-------+--------+---------------+-----------+------------------------------
| 1851. | | ˚| ˚| ˚| |
Huallaga | Aug. 4| 3 p.m.| 84| 72| ...|... |Many obstructions from pebbly
River | | | | | | | shoals, small rocky islets,
| | | | | | | and drift-wood.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 4| 8 p.m.| 78| ...| ...|Southward |Lt. breeze; cloudy; river not
| | | | | | | navigable for anything but a
| | | | | | | canoe.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 5| 7 a.m.| 75| ...| 70|Calm |Cloudy; river 60 yards broad;
| | | | | | | smooth; current 3 miles;
| | | | | | | depth 1½ fathom; pebbly
| | | | | | | bottom.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 5| 5 p.m.| ...| ...| ...|... |Heavy clouds, with thunder and
| | | | | | | lightning in the northwest;
| | | | | | | during the night a fresh puff
| | | | | | | of wind from that direction;
| | | | | | | passed several rapids to-day;
| | | | | | | also through a hilly country,
| | | | | | | which accounts for the stormy
| | | | | | | weather.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 6| 6 a.m.| 70|71.5| 70|Westward |Light breeze and light rain;
| | | | | | | river to-day free from
| | | | | | | rapids, with some
| | | | | | | obstructions from drift-wood
| | | | | | | between the islands; average
| | | | | | | depth 2½ fathoms; average
| | | | | | | current 1½ mile; passed a
| | | | | | | range of hills on the right;
| | | | | | | mountains in sight, bearing
| | | | | | | from northwest to west; heavy
| | | | | | | cumulus clouds in the
| | | | | | | northeast, with thunder;
| | | | | | | thick stratus clouds in
| | | | | | | northwest.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 6| 5 p.m.| 78| 76| | |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 7| 7 a.m.|71.5| ...| 71.5|Calm |Cloudy; upper stratum, light
| | | | | | | cirrus clouds; lower,
| | | | | | | cirro-cumulus, moving to
| | | | | | | southwest; river 50 yards
| | | | | | | broad; current 3¼ miles;
| | | | | | | depth 2¾ fathoms.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 7| Noon| ...| ...| ...|N. and W. |Breeze light; heavy clouds in
| | | | | | | the north, with thunder;
| | | | | | | passed one or two salt
| | | | | | | streams and several rapids;
| | | | | | | rain all night.
| | | | | | |
Tocache | 8| 7 p.m.| 73| ...| ...|Calm |Cirrus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 9| Noon| 77|75.5| 73|Calm |Cumulus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 9| 3 p.m.| 79| ...| ...|... |Squall from the northward,
| | | | | | | with rain.
Do. | 10| 7 a.m.| 68| 73| 66.5|... |Cloudy; mist rising from the
| | | | | | | river and hanging on the
| | | | | | | hills.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 10| 1 p.m.| 82| | | |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 10| 5 p.m.| 82| ...| ...|Northward |Squall of wind from the
| | | | | | | northward, with a short
| | | | | | | shower of rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 11| 8 a.m.| 70| 74| 68|Calm |Misty.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 11| 1 p.m.| 82| ...| ...|... |Heavy clouds, with thunder,
| | | | | | | to the northward and
| | | | | | | eastward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 11| 6 p.m.| 83| | | |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 11| 9 p.m.| 79| | | |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 12| 8 a.m.| 69| 74| 68.5|Calm |Cloudy; river here 50 yards
| | | | | | | broad, 3 fathoms deep; smart
| | | | | | | shower, from the southward
| | | | | | | and eastward, between 1 and 2
| | | | | | | p.m.; passed several rapids,
| | | | | | | which make the river
| | | | | | | innavigable; rain all night.
| | | | | | |
Huallaga | 13| 8 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|Calm |River 70 yards broad, with 4
River | | | | | | | miles of current; many
| | | | | | | rapids.
| | | | | | |
Sion | 13| 5 p.m.| 80| | | |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 14| 8 a.m.| 71| ...| 70|Calm |Clear.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 14| 1 p.m.| 84| ...| ...|... |Cumulus clouds to the
| | | | | | | eastward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 14| 8 p.m.| 74| ...| 70|Calm |Clear.
| | | | | | |
Huallaga | 15| 9 a.m.| 70| ...| ...|... |Passed to-day several
| | | | | | | dangerous rapids, effectual
| | | | | | | bars to navigation.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 16| 8 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|Northward |Light breeze; at noon entered
| | | | | | | the mouth of the Huayabamba;
| | | | | | | 100 yards broad; shallow;
| | | | | | | clear water; pebbly bottom;
| | | | | | | rapid current.
| | | | | | |
Lupuna | 16| 6 p.m.| 84| ...| 76|... |Clear; river to-day broad and
| | | | | | | shallow; current 3¾ miles;
| | | | | | | left Lupuna at 10½ a. m.
| | | | | | |
Huallaga | 17| 7 a.m.|74.5| ...| 70.5|N. and E. |Light air; light clouds; soon
River | | | | | | | dissipated by the sun; at
| | | | | | | 11¼ passed abreast the town
| | | | | | | of Juan Juy; at 1 passed the
| | | | | | | mouth of river Sapo; 50 yards
| | | | | | | broad; muddy; hilly country;
| | | | | | | heavy clouds and rain. This
| | | | | | | is always the case where a
| | | | | | | range of hills rises above
| | | | | | | the plain. The Indians speak
| | | | | | | of "Cerros mui bravos," to
| | | | | | | indicate the fierceness of
| | | | | | | the weather about them.
| | | | | | | Arrived at Juan Comas at 5
| | | | | | | p.m.
| | | | | | |
Juan Comas | 18| 7 a.m.| 70| 74| ...|Northward |Light breeze; thick mist;
| | | | | | | left Juan Comas at 7.30 a.m.
| | | | | | |
Huallaga | 18| 11 a.m.| 82| 76| ...|Northward |Sun 108°; cumulus clouds; at
River | | | | | | | 2¼ passed the mouth of river
| | | | | | | Mayo, coming in on the left
| | | | | | | between moderately high
| | | | | | | hills, about 30 yards broad.
| | | | | | | Just above the Mayo the
| | | | | | | Huallaga contracts to 40
| | | | | | | yards, with 5 and 6 fathoms
| | | | | | | of depth, and a current of
| | | | | | | 4¼ miles per hour. At 2.20
| | | | | | | arrived at Shapaja, the port
| | | | | | | of Tarrapoto.
| | | | | | |
Shapaja | 18| 6 p.m.| 74| ...| 72|N. and E. |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 19| ...| ...| ...| ...|... |Rained in showers all the
| | | | | | | morning.
| | | | | | |
Tarrapoto | 20| Noon| 78| | | |
| | | | | | |
Shapaja | 22| 7 a.m.| 75| 77| ...|... |Left Shapaja at 8½ a.m.;
| | | | | | | passed the malos pasos of the
| | | | | | | Pongo or Strait of Chasuta.
| | | | | | | These are called Estero,
| | | | | | | Canoayacu, Matijuelo, and
| | | | | | | Chumia, and are the most
| | | | | | | difficult of the river. At
| | | | | | | 2.20 p.m. arrived at Chasuta.
| | | | | | |
Chasuta | 23| 4 p.m.| 82| ...| 77| |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 24| 8 a.m.| 74| ...| 69.5|Northward |Light air; misty. It seems
| | | | | | | very generally misty in the
| | | | | | | morning, but the clouds yield
| | | | | | | to the sun about 10 a. m.
| | | | | | | Cumulus clouds in the
| | | | | | | horizon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 24| Noon| 79| | | |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 24| 7 p.m.| 76| ...| ...|Eastward |
| | | | | | |
Huallaga | 25| Noon| 86| 76| ...|... |Left Shapaja at 11 a. m.;
River | | | | | | | river below Shapaja flows
| | | | | | | through the pongo; narrow,
| | | | | | | tranquil, and deep; country
| | | | | | | generally flat, with a few
| | | | | | | hills here and there. At 3¼
| | | | | | | p. m. entered a more hilly
| | | | | | | country; river narrow,
| | | | | | | shallow, and rapid, about 40
| | | | | | | yards wide, with 2½ fathoms
| | | | | | | of depth, and about 5 miles
| | | | | | | of current.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 25| 6 p.m.| 75| ...| ...|Calm |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 26| 6 a.m.| 76| 76| ...|... |Started at 5½ a. m. misty
| | | | | | | morning; rain from 4 to 5;
| | | | | | | shores of the river hilly and
| | | | | | | bold; 9½ fathoms water; hard
| | | | | | | bottom. At 6¼ passed the end
| | | | | | | of the Pongo de Chasuta, and
| | | | | | | entered a flat country where
| | | | | | | the river spreads out very
| | | | | | | wide, and has many small
| | | | | | | islands. In passing the
| | | | | | | channels between these
| | | | | | | islands we had but from 3 to
| | | | | | | 5 feet water, pebbly bottom,
| | | | | | | current very rapid; passed
| | | | | | | these sandy flats in an hour,
| | | | | | | and found the river 150 yards
| | | | | | | broad, without obstruction,
| | | | | | | with 3½ fathoms depth, and a
| | | | | | | velocity of only 2 miles the
| | | | | | | hour. Here I take to be the
| | | | | | | head of navigation on this
| | | | | | | river. Passed the mouth of
| | | | | | | the Chipurana; the first
| | | | | | | musquitoes; much dew.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 26| 6 p.m.| 78| | | |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 27| 6 a.m.| 74| 76| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; foggy; saw
| | | | | | | light-colored porpoises; a
| | | | | | | small seal; got turtle-eggs;
| | | | | | | cumulus clouds; sun 102.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 27| Noon| ...| ...| ...|N. and E. |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 27| 7 p.m.| 75| ...| ...|Calm |Clear; heavy dew; no rocks or
| | | | | | | stones since passing the
| | | | | | | pongo.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 28| 6 a.m.| 70| 78| ...|Calm |Clear; started at 6; arrived
| | | | | | | at Yurimaguas at 8¾; left at
| | | | | | | 11½.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 28| 4 p.m.| 87| ...| ...|... |Current 2¼ miles the hour;
| | | | | | | large sand islands in the
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 28| 7 p.m.| 82| ...| ...|Calm |Clear; much dew.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| 6 a.m.| 70| 79| ...|Calm |Clear.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| 8 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; |Stopped at
| | | | | | | cirrus clouds.| 5 p. m. on
Do. | 29| Noon| 84| ...| ...|Northward |Cumulus clouds;| a sand beach
| | | | | | | sun 110. | on the right
| | | | | | | bank. This beach stretches
| | | | | | | out into the river and
| | | | | | | occupies nearly its whole
| | | | | | | bed, leaving a narrow
| | | | | | | channel between it and the
| | | | | | | left shore, where I found but
| | | | | | | 5 feet water, though there is
| | | | | | | probably more depth very
| | | | | | | close in shore. The beach
| | | | | | | belongs to what is an island
| | | | | | | when the river is full, but
| | | | | | | the right-hand channel is now
| | | | | | | dry. At 6 p. m. fresh squall
| | | | | | | of wind and rain from the
| | | | | | | northward and eastward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| 6 p.m.| 82| ...| ...|N. and E. |
| | | | | | |
Huallaga | 30| 6 a.m.| 72| ...| ...|N. and W. |Light breeze; stratus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Sta. Cruz | 30| Noon| 85| | | |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 30| 8 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|... |Heavy dew.
| | | | | | |
Huallaga | 31| 6 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy and misty.
| | | | | | |
Do. |Sept. 1| 6 a.m.| 74| 80| ...|Calm |Misty.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 1| Noon| 87| ...| ...|N. and E. |Heavy clouds and rain both in
| | | | | | | the northeast and southwest
| | | | | | | with an occasional spit at
| | | | | | | us.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 1| 2 p.m.| 85| ...| ...|N. and E. |
| | | | | | |
Laguna | 2| 8 a.m.| 74| ...| ...|... |Rain all the morning in
| | | | | | | showers.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 2| 4 p.m.| 83| ...| ...|... |At night clear; much dew.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 3| 6 a.m.| 75| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy; left Laguna at 9¼
| | | | | | | a.m.; arrived at mouth of
| | | | | | | Huallaga at 4 p.m.; it flows
| | | | | | | into the Marañon in a
| | | | | | | southeast direction. There
| | | | | | | are several islands at the
| | | | | | | mouth. The channel runs near
| | | | | | | the left bank and has 7¼
| | | | | | | fathoms.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 3| 10 a.m.| ...| 81| | |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 3| 4 p m.| 80| 82| | |
| | | | | | |
Amazon | 4| 6 a.m.| 74| 80| ...|N. and E. |Light breeze; cloudy; shores
| | | | | | | of Amazon low; water very
| | | | | | | muddy; many shovel-nosed
| | | | | | | porpoises in the river. At
| | | | | | | noon heavy clouds; squally
| | | | | | | appearances, with rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 4| Noon| 75| ...| ...|Northward |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 5| 6 a.m.| 74| 80| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; cloudy and
| | | | | | | misty; current 2 miles per
| | | | | | | hour.
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 5| 3 p.m.| 84| ...| ...|Calm |Cumulus clouds; saw several
| | | | | | | small seals.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 5| 6 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; clear.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 6| 6 a.m.| 74| 80| ...|N. and E. |Clouded up at 2 a.m.; squall
| | | | | | | of wind and rain from the
| | | | | | | northward and eastward, with
| | | | | | | thunder and lightning;
| | | | | | | cleared up at 4; at 2½ p. m.
| | | | | | | sharp squall of wind and
| | | | | | | rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 6| 2½ p.m.| 76| ...| ...|N. and E. |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 7| 6 a.m.| 72| 80| ...|S. and E. |Foggy; sun shone out at 7 a.m.
| | | | | | | a.m.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 7| Noon| 84| ...| ...|N. and E. |Light breeze; cumulus clouds;
| | | | | | | at 3 p.m. squall of wind and
| | | | | | | rain from the northward and
| | | | | | | eastward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 8| 6 a.m.| 74| 80| ...|Calm |At 4½ a.m. squall of wind,
| | | | | | | rain, thunder and lightning,
| | | | | | | from the eastward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 8| Noon| 82| ...| ...|S. and E. |Heavy cumulus clouds in the
| | | | | | | north.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 8| 4 p.m.| 74| ...| ...|N. and E. |Squall of wind and heavy
| | | | | | | rain, with thunder and
| | | | | | | lightning.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 9| 6 a.m.| 72| 80| | |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 9| 1 p.m.| 82| ...| ...|N. and E. |Light breeze; cumulus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Nauta | 9| ...| ...| ...| ...|... |In afternoon heavy clouds,
| | | | | | | with thunder in the west;
| | | | | | | clear night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 10| 6½ a.m.| 71| ...| 71|Northward |Light breeze; thin clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 11| 6½ a.m.| 74| ...| ...|... |Thin cirrus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 11| Noon| 84| ...| 81|... |Heavy cumulus clouds; hot
| | | | | | | sun.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 12| 6 a.m.| 76| ...| 73|... |Thin cirrus clouds; misty
| | | | | | | about the horizon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 12| Noon| 84| ...| 81|Eastward |Heavy cumulus clouds;
| | | | | | | powerful sun; shower of rain
| | | | | | | at 2 p.m.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 13| 7 a.m.| 74| ...| 73|... |Light clouds and mist; soon
| | | | | | | dissipated by the sun;
| | | | | | | showers of rain at 2 p.m. and
| | | | | | | at 7.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 14| 6½ a.m.| 73| ...| 72|Calm |Cloudy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 14| Noon| 84| ...| 83|... |Cumulus clouds; two squalls,
| | | | | | | with showers, in the
| | | | | | | afternoon—one from southward
| | | | | | | and the other, and strongest,
| | | | | | | from northward and eastward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 15| 7 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|Westward |The first perfectly clear
| | | | | | | morning we have seen since
| | | | | | | entering the Amazon; at 1 p.
| | | | | | | m. cumulus clouds; shower at
| | | | | | | 2½.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 15| 1 p.m.| 86| ...| 82| |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 16| 9 a.m.| 82| ...| ...|... |Rain; river rose 2 inches
| | | | | | | since 6 p. m. yesterday.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 17| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|... |Clear; river rose 10 inches
| | | | | | | in the last 24 hours.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 17| 1 p.m.| 87| ...| 80½|... |Cumulus clouds, with thunder.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 17| 9½ p.m.| 75| ...| ...|... |Rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 18| 9 a.m.| 75| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; cirrus clouds;
| | | | | | | river rose 10 inches.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 19| 11 a.m| 82| ...| 76|Calm |Clear all night; river rose 5
| | | | | | | inches from 6 p. m. yesterday
| | | | | | | to 8 a. m.; light
| | | | | | | cirro-cumulus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 20| 9½ a.m.| 81| ...| 77|S. and E. |Clear.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 20| 3 p.m.| 89| ...| 79|Southward |Cumulus clouds round the
| | | | | | | horizon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 20| 9 p.m.| 78| ...| ...|Calm |Light clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 21| 9 a.m.| 81| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 21| 8 p.m.| 76| ...| ...|... |Lightning; heavy squall of
| | | | | | | wind and rain from southward
| | | | | | | and eastward; much rain
| | | | | | | during the night; river rose
| | | | | | | 2½ inches in the 24 hours.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 22| 9 a.m.| 77| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy; river rose 5 inches.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 23| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| 75|S. and E. |Light breeze; clear last
| | | | | | | night; river rising.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 23| 3 p.m.| 88| ...| 79|... |At 4 p. m. strong squall of
| | | | | | | wind from southward and
| | | | | | | eastward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 23| 9 p.m.| 74| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 24| 10 a.m.| 81| ...| 74|Eastward |Light breeze; cloudy; river
| | | | | | | rose 3½ inches.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 25| ...| ...| ...| ...|... |Left Nauta at 12¼; shores of
| | | | | | | the river low and thickly
| | | | | | | covered with trees; heavy
| | | | | | | cumulus clouds; showers of
| | | | | | | rain. At 1¼ entered the
| | | | | | | Ucayali; ¼ mile wide; low
| | | | | | | green banks; 2 fathoms' depth
| | | | | | | close to the left bank;
| | | | | | | current 2 miles per hour.
| | | | | | |
Ucayali | 26| 6 a.m.| 76| 83| ...|Calm |Light cirrus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 26| Noon| 82| ...| ...|S. and E. |Cumulus clouds; hot sun.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 26| 5½ p.m.| 78| ...| ...|N. and E. |Squall of wind and rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 27| 6 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|Calm |Misty; rained all night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 27| Noon| 82| 83| ...|... |At 1 rain squall from
| | | | | | | northward and eastward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 27| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds; current 2 miles.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 28| 8 a.m.| 78| 82| ...|Calm |Cloudy, with rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 28| Noon| 76| ...| ...|Northward |Moderate breeze.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 28| 6 p.m.| 79| ...| ...|N. and E. |Current 1½ mile.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| 6½ a.m.| 74| 81| ...|Calm |Cloudy; had moderate breeze
| | | | | | | from northward nearly all
| | | | | | | night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| 3 p.m.| 81| ...| ...|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; rain shower.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| 4 p.m.| ...| ...| ...|S. and W. |Fitful breeze; heavy nimbus
| | | | | | | clouds in all directions.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 30| 6 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|N. and W. |Light breeze; cloudy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 30| 3 p.m.| ...| ...| ...|N. and E. |Squall of wind and heavy
| | | | | | | shower.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 30| 6 p.m.| 77| 82| ...|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; stratus
| | | | | | | clouds; cumuloni in
| | | | | | | southwest.
| | | | | | |
Do. | Oct. 1| 6½ a.m.| 76| ...| ...|... |Misty morning.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 1| 1 p.m.| 88| ...| ...|S. by E. |Fresh breeze; wind changed to
| | | | | | | northward and eastward; in a
| | | | | | | squall of heavy rain; thunder
| | | | | | | and lightning.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 2| 10 a.m.| 77| 82½| 76|Calm |Cloudy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 2| Noon| ...| ...| ...|N. and E. |Heavy shower.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 3| 8 a.m.| 75| 81| ...|Calm |Thin clouds; light
| | | | | | | cirro-cumulus clouds; hot all
| | | | | | | day.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 3| 5 p.m.| 86| | | |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 4| 6 a.m.| 78| 81| ...|... |Clear all night; much dew.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 4| 3 p.m.| 87| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; small cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds round the horizon; sun
| | | | | | | 103½.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 5| 7 a.m.| 70| ...| ...|Calm |Clear; river rose 6 inches
| | | | | | | from 8½ p. m. to 5 this
| | | | | | | morning; clear all night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 5| 2 p.m.| 88| 84| ...|Calm |Cumulus clouds; sun 108;
| | | | | | | current 2¼ miles.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 6| 7 a.m.| 78| 83| ...|Southward |Light breeze; light cirro
| | | | | | | stratus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 6| 12½| 85| ...| ...|Eastward |Cumulus clouds; at 2 p. m.
| | | | | | | squall of wind and rain; at 3
| | | | | | | wind changed to southwest;
| | | | | | | steady rain; current 2½
| | | | | | | miles.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 6| 5 p.m.| 76| ...| ...|Southward |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 7| 6 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|S. and E. |Cloudy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 7| 2 p.m.| 84| ...| ...|N. and E. |Light breeze; sun 106; river
| | | | | | | ½ mile broad; rising fast;
| | | | | | | trunks of trees beginning to
| | | | | | | come down the stream.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 8| 6 a.m.| 77| 82| ...|... |At 2½ p. m. squall of wind,
| | | | | | | shifting suddenly to all
| | | | | | | points and settling at
| | | | | | | southwest; heavy nimbus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 8| 2 p.m.| 85| | | |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 9| 4½ p.m.| 84| ...| ...|Calm |Cirro-cumulus clouds; river
| | | | | | | rose 2 inches last night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 10| 6 a.m.| 76| 80| ...|Calm |Thick mist; river fell last
| | | | | | | night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 10| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|Calm |Cumulus clouds; sun
| | | | | | | oppressive.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 10| 4 p.m.| 87| ...| ...|Calm |Clear; current 3¼ miles; much
| | | | | | | dew.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 11| 5 a.m.| ...| ...| ...|N. and W. |Light breeze; partial stratus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 11| 1 p.m.| 85| ...| ...|N. and E. |Rain showers; at 2½ fresh
| | | | | | | wind from the northward, with
| | | | | | | rain; sharp lightning in the
| | | | | | | northeast; at night clouds
| | | | | | | round the horizon; distant
| | | | | | | lightning and thunder in the
| | | | | | | north and north-west.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 12| 7 a.m.| 79| 83| ...|Westward |Light breeze; cloudy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 12| 1 p.m.| 83| ...| ...|Northward |Squall of wind and rain; at 2
| | | | | | | calm; heavy rolling thunder
| | | | | | | in the northwest; at 3 fresh
| | | | | | | breeze from northward and
| | | | | | | westward; more rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 13| 6 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 13| Noon.| 80| ...| ...|S. and E. |Moderate breeze, with
| | | | | | | showers; thunder.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 13| 3 p.m.| 79| ...| ...|N. and W. |Moderate breeze; thunder.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 13| 6 p.m.| 78| ...| ...|N. and E. |Light breeze; thick clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 14| 7 a.m.| 74| 80| ...|Southward |Light breeze; cirrus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 14| 2½ p.m.| 84| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 14| 6 p.m.| 82| ...| ...|Westward |Light breeze; heavy clouds in
| | | | | | | the west; saw the hills about
| | | | | | | Sarayacu.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 15| 7 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|Southward |Light breeze; thin clouds;
| | | | | | | river commenced its regular
| | | | | | | rise; stopped to breakfast at
| | | | | | | Tierra Blanca; night cool and
| | | | | | | cloudy; southerly wind.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 16| 6 a.m.| 69| ...| ...|Southward |Cloudy; smart cool breeze.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 16| Noon.| 75| ...| 72|S. and E. |Cumulus stratus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 16| 5½ p.m.| 80| ...| ...|Southward |Light breeze; stratus clouds;
| | | | | | | opposite mouth of river
| | | | | | | Catalina.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 17| 7 a.m.| 78| 80| ...|Southward |Light breeze; cirrus clouds;
| | | | | | | warm and close night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 17| Noon.| 80| ...| 78|Southward |Light breeze; cirrus clouds
| | | | | | | overhead; cumuli around the
| | | | | | | horizon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 17| 6 p.m.| 83| ...| ...|N. and W. |Light air; stratus clouds.
| | | | | | | The sky of the Ucayali is
Do. | 18| 6 a.m.| 78| | | | frequently very soft, rich,
| | | | | | | and beautiful, after sunset.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 18| 11 a.m.| 82| ...| ...|N. and E. | Moderate breeze; cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds; rain shower in
| | | | | | | southwest. Entered the caño
| | | | | | | of Sarayacu. It is about 15
| | | | | | | or 20 feet wide and quite
| | | | | | | deep. About a mile from the
| | | | | | | entrance, the caño, or arm of
| | | | | | | the river, receives a small
| | | | | | | stream, which runs about a
| | | | | | | mile per hour. The water is
| | | | | | | clear; its temperature 78,
| | | | | | | with the air at 84. It is
| | | | | | | obstructed with the roots and
| | | | | | | branches of trees, and we had
| | | | | | | to drag our canoes 2 or 3
| | | | | | | miles up the stream to
| | | | | | | Sarayacu.
| | | | | | |
Sarayacu | 19| 8½ a.m.| 76| ...| 74|Calm |Large, watery, but light
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 19| Noon.| 82| ...| 79½|S. and E. |Light breeze.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 19| 5 p.m.| 82| ...| ...|N. and W. |Moderate breeze; shower of
| | | | | | | rain—large drops.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 20| 9 a.m.| 76½| ...| 76|Calm |Cloudy; at noon light rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 20| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| 78|Calm |Clear overhead; cirro-cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds around the horizon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 20| 9 p.m.| 76| ...| ...|Calm |Cirro-cumulus clouds; rain
| | | | | | | during the night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 21| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| 76½|S. and W. |Light air; cumulus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 21| Noon.| 80½| ...| 78|Southward |Cumulus clouds, with light
| | | | | | | rain showers.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 21| 3 p.m.| 84| ...| 80|Southward |Cumulus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 21| 6 p.m.| 82| ...| 81|Calm |Clear.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 22| Noon.| 84½| ...| 81½|N. and E. |Heavy cumulus clouds; thunder
| | | | | | | in the west.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 22| 3 p.m.| 79½| ...| ...|N. and E. |Gusts of wind, with heavy rain
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 22| 6 p.m.| 78| ...| ...|Calm |Clear overhead; cirro stratus
| | | | | | | clouds in the horizon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 23| 9 a.m.| 74½| ...| ...|Calm |Rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 23| Noon.| 78| ...| 77½|Calm |Clouds, with occasional
| | | | | | | showers.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 24| 9 a.m.| 77| ...| 77|Calm |Rain all the morning.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 24| Noon.| 78| ...| ...|Calm |Cumulus clouds in the
| | | | | | | horizon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 24| 3 p.m.| 79| ...| ...|S. and W. |Fresh breeze, with thunder;
| | | | | | | shower coming up.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 25| 9 a.m.| 74| ...| 73½|Eastward |Light breeze; stratus clouds;
| | | | | | | heavy thunder storm, with
| | | | | | | rain, lasting about an hour
| | | | | | | in the afternoon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 26| 10 a.m.| 76| ...| 74½|S. and W. |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 27| 9 a.m.| 77| ...| ...|Calm |Cirro-cumulus clouds. River
| | | | | | | of Sarayacu has risen 7 feet
| | | | | | | since our arrival; rose, last
| | | | | | | night, 10 inches.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 27| Noon.| 78½| ...| 77|S. and W. |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 27| 3 p.m.| 79| ...| 77|Calm |Cumulus clouds in the
| | | | | | | horizon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 28| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| 76½|Calm |First clear night since our
| | | | | | | arrival in Sarayacu. Left
| | | | | | | Sarayacu at 10½ a.m. The
| | | | | | | river of Sarayacu is quite
| | | | | | | full, but we met with some
| | | | | | | obstructions from the thick
| | | | | | | grass and water growth, and
| | | | | | | from the branches of small
| | | | | | | trees overhanging the stream.
| | | | | | | Found the Ucayali much
| | | | | | | swollen, and nearly covered
| | | | | | | with drift-wood. Depth here
| | | | | | | in mid-stream 8 fathoms.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 28| 6 p.m.| 82| 78| 77½|N.and E. |
| | | | | | |
Ucayali | 29| 9 a.m.| 82| 79| 81|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; thin cirrus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| Noon| 82| ...| ...|N. N. W. |Moderate breeze; cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds about the horizon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| 6 p.m.| 79| ...| ...|N. and E. |Heavy clouds; rain coming up.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 30| 7 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|N. and E. |Light breeze; cirro-stratus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 30| Noon| 82| 78½| 79½|N. and E. |Cumulus clouds; thunder.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 30| 3 p.m.| 84| ...| ...|E. S. E. |Moderate breeze. At 3½ wind
| | | | | | | changed to northeast, and
| | | | | | | brought up rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 30| 5 p.m.| 77| ...| ...|N. and E. |Fresh cool wind, with rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 31| 7 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|S. and E. |Light air; cirro-stratus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 31| Noon| 81| 79| 80|Northward |Moderate breeze;
| | | | | | | cirro-cumulus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 31| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| ...|Calm |Heavy rain clouds, with
| | | | | | | thunder, in the northwest.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 31| 6 p.m.| ...| ...| ...|Northwest |Light rain; sharp lightning
| | | | | | | in the northwest.
| | | | | | |
Do. | Nov. 1| 3 p.m.| 76| ...| ...|S. and E. |Rain all day; examined a pole
| | | | | | | planted at the village of
| | | | | | | Guanache as we went up on
| | | | | | | October 7th; found that the
| | | | | | | river had risen 9 feet 7
| | | | | | | inches in the interim, though
| | | | | | | it fell a little between
| | | | | | | October 7th and 15th.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 2| 7 a.m.| 72| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; light, moist,
| | | | | | | misty clouds low down;
| | | | | | | cirro-stratus clouds above;
| | | | | | | 72° is the least we have yet
| | | | | | | had the mercury in the
| | | | | | | Montaña.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 2| 9 a.m.| 73| ...| 73|Eastward |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 3| 7 a.m.| 76| ...| 75|N. and W. |Cirro-stratus clouds; current
| | | | | | | 3 miles the hour.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 3| 3 p.m.| 83| ...| ...|N. and W. |Fresh breeze and rain squall.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 4| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|Northward |Fine breeze; clear sky;
| | | | | | | entered the Marañon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 4| 10 a.m.| 83| 79| 80½|... |Had 3 hours from mouth of
| | | | | | | Ucayali to Nauta.
| | | | | | |
Amazon | 5| 5½ p.m.| ...| ...| ...|Calm |Clear; sailed from Nauta;
| | | | | | | sounded in mid-stream off
| | | | | | | mouth of Ucayali; 6 and 7
| | | | | | | fathoms; hard sand; river 1½
| | | | | | | mile wide below island of
| | | | | | | Omaguas.
| | | | | | |
Omaguas | 6| 9 a.m.| 81| ...| ...|Calm |
| | | | | | |
Amazon | 6| 11 a.m.| ...| ...| ...|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds; ¾ of a mile broad;
| | | | | | | anchored near mid-stream in
| | | | | | | 14 fathoms water, and found
| | | | | | | 2½ miles current; shores of
| | | | | | | the river thickly wooded with
| | | | | | | apparently small trees.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 6| Noon| 86| 81| 83|N. and E. |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 6| 3 p.m.| 87| ...| 82|
| | | | | | |
Do. | 6| 6 p.m.| 84½| ...| ...|Westward |Light breeze; heavy
| | | | | | | cumulo-stratus clouds in the
| | | | | | | northwest.
| | | | | | |
Iquitos | 7| 9 a.m.| 82| ...| ...|... |Cumulus clouds about the
| | | | | | | horizon; cirrus overhead.
| | | | | | |
Amazon | 7| Noon| 86| 82| 80½|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 7| 3 p.m.| 87| ...| ...|N. and E. |River at Tinicuro contracts
| | | | | | | (within its true banks) to ½
| | | | | | | a mile; I had no bottom with
| | | | | | | 25 fathoms; stopped at
| | | | | | | Pucallpa.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 8| 3 p.m.| 85| 82| ...|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds; mouth of Napo 150
| | | | | | | yards broad; gentle current;
| | | | | | | soundings across the mouth 6
| | | | | | | and 7 fathoms; current in the
| | | | | | | Amazon, just below mouth of
| | | | | | | Napo, 1¾ mile.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 8| 6 p.m.| 84| | | |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 9| 9 a.m.| 80| ...| 77½|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds; arrived at Pebas.
| | | | | | |
Pebas, or | 10| 9 a.m.| 76| ...| 75½|Eastward |Light breeze; cumulo-stratus
Echenique | | | | | | | clouds, threatening rain;
| | | | | | | squall of rain, thunder, and
| | | | | | | lightning, from the westward,
| | | | | | | last night.
| | | | | | |
Echenique | 10| Noon| 79½| ...| ...|Southward |Light breeze; clouds breaking
| | | | | | | up into cumuli; heavy shower
| | | | | | | in the afternoon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 10| 9 p.m.| 77| ...| ...|... |Thunder clouds in the north,
| | | | | | | but settling down.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 11| 9 a.m.| 77| ...| 76|S. and E. |Moderate breeze; cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds; clearing up; wind and
| | | | | | | rain from northward last
| | | | | | | night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 11| 6 p.m.| 76| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 11| 10 p.m.| 74| | | |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 12| 8 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|Calm |A few cirrus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 12| Noon| 82| ...| 80|Eastward |Moderate breeze; much rain
| | | | | | | during the night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 13| 9 a.m.| 75| ...| 75|Calm |Lowering cumulo-stratus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 13| Noon| 80| ...| ...|Calm |Thin clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 13| 6 p.m.| 77½| ...| ...|Westward |Moderate breeze.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 13| 9 p.m.| 76| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 14| Noon| 81| ...| 78|N. and E. |Moderate breeze;
| | | | | | | cumulo-stratus clouds.
| | | | | | |
San José de| 16| 3 p.m.| 83| ...| 79|Northward |Cumulus clouds. The
los Yaguas| | | | | | | atmosphere here seems drier
| | | | | | | than on the banks of the
| | | | | | | river. We had few musquitoes,
| | | | | | | through the padre says there
| | | | | | | are plenty here generally.
| | | | | | | This little village is about
| | | | | | | 12 miles ENE of Echenique.
| | | | | | | The atmosphere seemed
| | | | | | | particularly clear at night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 17| 10 a.m.| 78| ...| 76| |
| | | | | | |
Echenique | 19| 9 a.m.| 73| ...| 72|Westward |Moderate breeze.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 19| Noon| 76| ...| ...|Westward |Light air; cloudy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 19| 7 p.m.| 76| ...| ...|Calm |Cirro-stratus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 20| 7 a.m.| 73| ...| ...|Calm |Cirrus clouds; the Amazon has
| | | | | | | fallen considerably during
| | | | | | | the last two or three days.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 20| 9 a.m.| 76| ...| 76|S. and E. |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 20| 6 p.m.| 82| ...| ...|Westward |Light breeze; heavy rain
| | | | | | | during the night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 21| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; clear overhead;
| | | | | | | cumulus clouds about
| | | | | | | the horizon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 21| 10 p.m.| 75| ...| ...|Calm |Clear; lightning in the west.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 22| 9 a.m.| 75| ...| ...|N. and W. |Light breeze; clear.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 22| Noon| 83| ...| 77|N. and E. |Fresh breeze.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 22| 6 p.m.| 82½| ...| ...|Northward |Light breeze; at 9 p.m.
| | | | | | | thermometer 78°; calm.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 23| 9 a.m.| 77| ...| 74½|Calm |Clear.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 23| 3 p.m.| 86½| ...| 80½|N. and E. |Fresh breeze; cumulus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 23| 6 p.m.| 82½| ...| ...|Calm |Clear.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 23| 10 p.m.| 79| ...| ...|Calm |Clear.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 24| 10 a.m.| 79| ...| 77½|Eastward |Light breeze; clear.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 24| 3 p.m.| 85| ...| ...|Westward |Moderate breeze, after a
| | | | | | | shower of rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 24| 6 p.m.| 77| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy, after squall of wind
| | | | | | | and heavy rain from
| | | | | | | northeast.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 24| 10 p.m.| 76| ...| ...|Calm |Rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 25| 10 a.m.| 75| ...| ...|Northward |Light breeze; stratus clouds;
| | | | | | | much heavy rain during the
| | | | | | | night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 25| 4 p.m.| 80½| ...| 77|N. and E. |Light breeze; clear.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 26| 9 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|Calm |Light rain. Very heavy rain
| | | | | | | during the night. At 1½ p. m.
| | | | | | | sailed from Echenique. This
| | | | | | | little town is situated on a
| | | | | | | small stream called Ambiyacu,
| | | | | | | about ¼ of a mile from its
| | | | | | | mouth, and 2 miles up the
| | | | | | | main stream of the Amazon
| | | | | | | from Pebas. There is an
| | | | | | | abundance of water (5, 6, and
| | | | | | | 7 fathoms) from the mouth of
| | | | | | | the river to the town. The
| | | | | | | Amazon, below Pebas and above
| | | | | | | Sancudos islands, is a mile
| | | | | | | wide, has 11 fathoms of
| | | | | | | depth, and a current of 2½
| | | | | | | miles per hour.
| | | | | | |
Amazon | 26| 3 p.m.| 77| ...| ...|S. and E. |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 26| 6 p.m.| 76| ...| ...|S. and E. |
| | | | | | |
Old | 27| Noon| 80½| ...| 79|Calm |Cloudy. The banks of the
Cochiquinas| | | | | | | river here are abrupt, and 25
| | | | | | | feet above the water, formed
| | | | | | | principally of a black, hard
| | | | | | | clay that looks like coal.
| | | | | | |
Amazon | 27| 3 p.m.| 85| ...| ...|Calm |Clear overhead; cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds about the horizon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 28| 4½ a.m.| 73| | | |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 28| 9 a.m.| 81| ...| 79|S. and W. |Moderate breeze;
| | | | | | | cumulo-stratus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 28| Noon| 86½| ...| ...|S. and E. |Light breeze; clear overhead;
| | | | | | | cumulus clouds about the
| | | | | | | horizon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 28| 3 p.m.| 90| ...| ...|Calm |Thunder clouds coming up from
| | | | | | | northeast; most of the rain
| | | | | | | passed to the northward; had
| | | | | | | some wind. At 6¼ arrived at
| | | | | | | Moromoroté.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 28| 6 p.m.| 82| ...| 78½|Eastward |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| 9 a.m.| 80| ...| 78½|N. and E. |Light breeze; cumulus clouds
| | | | | | | round the horizon; clear
| | | | | | | overhead.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| 4 p.m.| 84| | | |
| | | | | | |
Caballo- | 30| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| 77½|Calm |Cirro-cumulus clouds.
cocha | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 30| Noon| 80| ...| ...|... |Sun shining through thin
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 30| 3 p.m.| 83| ...| ...|Westward |Light breeze; cumulo-stratus
| | | | | | | clouds; heavy rain all night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | Dec. 1| Noon| 76| ...| ...|... |Light rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 1| 3 p.m.| 79| ...| 76|Westward |Light breeze; cloudy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 1| 6 p.m.| 75| ...| ...|Calm |Stratus clouds; partly clear;
| | | | | | | much rain during the night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 2| 9 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy. Sailed from Caballo
| | | | | | | cocha at 2½ p. m.; arrived at
| | | | | | | Loreto at 7½. River much
| | | | | | | divided by islands, which
| | | | | | | appear to be of recent
| | | | | | | formation, and which change
| | | | | | | their size and shape with
| | | | | | | every great rise of the
| | | | | | | river.
| | | | | | |
Amazon | 4| 6½ a.m.| 76| ...| ...|N. and E. |Cold wind; rain. Sailed from
| | | | | | | Loreto.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 4| 9 a.m.| 81| 81| 80|Calm |Clear; cumulus clouds about
| | | | | | | the horizon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 4| Noon| 84| ...| ...|N. and E. |Light air; sun very hot.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 4| 3 p.m.| 86| ...| ...|N. and E. |Light air; cumulus clouds.
| | | | | | | Arrived at Tabatinga.
| | | | | | |
Tabatinga | 5| Noon| 84| ...| ...|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; showery.
| | | | | | | River here straight and
| | | | | | | narrow, (½ a mile;) no
| | | | | | | islands.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 6| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| 79|Calm |Cloudy; rain all the morning.
| | | | | | | Left Tabatinga at 1½ p. m.
| | | | | | |
Amazon | 7| 6 a.m.| 75| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy. River 1½ mile wide;
| | | | | | | 11 fathoms deep in the
| | | | | | | middle, and with a current of
| | | | | | | 2¾ miles per hour.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 7| 9 a.m.| 78| 82| 76|Calm |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 7| Noon| 80| ...| ...|Calm |Between 9 and noon there has
| | | | | | | been a breeze from northward
| | | | | | | and eastward, with light
| | | | | | | rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 7| 3 p.m.| 76½| ...| ...|Northward |Fresh breeze; blowing in
| | | | | | | squalls; quite a sea in the
| | | | | | | river.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 7| 6 p.m.| 75| ...| ...|Northward |Light air; squally
| | | | | | | appearances; severe squall
| | | | | | | during the night from the
| | | | | | | eastward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 8| 9 a.m.| 75| 79| 74|S. and E. |Light breeze; stratus clouds;
| | | | | | | rainy morning; rain at
| | | | | | | intervals all day.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 9| 6 a.m.| 74½| ...| ...|Eastward |Moderate breeze; light rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 9| 1 p.m.| 80| 81| 78|Calm |Cloudy; banks of the river
| | | | | | | generally low, though there
| | | | | | | are reaches where the banks
| | | | | | | are 30 or 40 feet high, and
| | | | | | | of white or red clay.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 9| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| ...|Calm |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 9| 9 p.m.| ...| ...| ...|... |Heavy rain from southward and
| | | | | | | eastward, with much thunder
| | | | | | | and lightning. At 4¼ entered
| | | | | | | the mouth of the Iça, a fine
| | | | | | | looking river of ½ a mile
| | | | | | | width at the mouth, though
| | | | | | | opening into a sort of
| | | | | | | estuary of a mile. Found 23
| | | | | | | fathoms of depth in the
| | | | | | | middle, and a current of 3
| | | | | | | miles the hour. The Amazon
| | | | | | | has islands in this estuary
| | | | | | | curtaining the mouth of the
| | | | | | | Iça to the southward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 10| 6 a.m.| 75| ...| ...|Northward |Light breeze; |Went ½ mile
| | | | | | | light cirrus | up the
| | | | | | | clouds; | Tunantins
| | | | | | | | river to the
Do. | 10| 9 a.m.| 80| ...| 78|N. and E. |Light air; | village; river
| | | | | | | cirro-cumulus| 75 yards
| | | | | | | clouds. | broad, and has
| | | | | | | 5, 4, and 3 fathoms up to the
| | | | | | | town, except at the mouth,
| | | | | | | where there is a bar of but
| | | | | | | 1, running well out in to the
| | | | | | | Amazon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 10| 3 p.m.| 81| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; heavy
| | | | | | | threatening clouds in the
| | | | | | | northwest.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 11| 6 a.m.| 77| ...| ...|Westward |Light breeze; cumulo-stratus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 11| Noon| 82| 82| 80|Calm |Cirro-cumulus clouds; at 2
| | | | | | | squall of wind from northward
| | | | | | | and eastward, with shower.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 11| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|Calm |Clear overhead; cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds about the horizon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 12| 6 a.m.| 77| ...| ...|Northward |Light breeze; cirro-stratus
| | | | | | | clouds. The heads of the
| | | | | | | islands are generally bluff,
| | | | | | | and they tail down to low
| | | | | | | sandy points. There are many
| | | | | | | evidently new islands in the
| | | | | | | river. At 2 p.m. air 85, sun
| | | | | | | 111; heavy squall brewing in
| | | | | | | the east; came on, with rain
| | | | | | | in large drops from the
| | | | | | | northeast; fresh breeze.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 12| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| ...|Calm |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 12| 6 p.m.| 81| ...| ...|N. and E. |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 13| 6 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|N. and E. |Moderate breeze;
| | | | | | | cirro-stratus clouds; quite
| | | | | | | cool.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 13| 9 a.m.| 76½| 80| 77|S. and E. |Light air; cirro-stratus
| | | | | | | clouds; went into Fonteboa.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 13| 3 p.m.| 85| ...| ...|N. and E. |Light breeze; cumulo-stratus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 14| 6 a.m.| 75| ...| ...|S. and E. |Light air; sun shining white
| | | | | | | through the mist.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 14| 9 a.m.| 79| 81| 78|S. and E. |Moderate breeze; cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds; at 10 entered mouth
| | | | | | | of Juruá; ½ a mile wide at
| | | | | | | the mouth; 11 fathoms deep;
| | | | | | | current 1½ mile the hour;
| | | | | | | bottom fine white and black
| | | | | | | sand; temperature of water
| | | | | | | 82.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 14| 3 p.m.| 77| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze, with light
| | | | | | | rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 15| 9 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|S. and W. |Moderate breeze, with cold
| | | | | | | rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 15| 3 p.m.| 83| ...| ...|Calm |Heavy rain, with thunder
| | | | | | | passing from south of us to
| | | | | | | the westward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 16| 6 a.m.| 75| ...| ...|S. and W. |Light breeze; cirro-stratus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 16| 9 a.m.| 77| 81| 76|Calm |Cloudy; entered mouth of the
| | | | | | | Japurá at 3 p. m.;
| | | | | | | temperature of its water 85;
| | | | | | | ½ a mile up found 9½ fathoms,
| | | | | | | at the mouth 7; current ¾ of
| | | | | | | a mile; clear night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 16| Noon| 80| ...| ...|Calm |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 17| 6 a.m.| 74| ...| ...|S. and E. |Fresh breeze; cloudy; cold.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 17| 9 a.m.| ...| ...| ...|Calm |Light rain; entered the river
| | | | | | | Teffé; 150 yards broad; water
| | | | | | | clear, dark-green color; very
| | | | | | | little current.
| | | | | | |
Egas | 18| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| 78½|N. and E. |Light breeze; light cirrus
| | | | | | | clouds; cumuli about the
| | | | | | | horizon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 19| 9 a.m.| 81| ...| 78½|N. and E. |Light breeze; a little hazy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 19| 3 p.m.| 84| ...| ...|Eastward |Moderate breeze; cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds; sun very hot.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 20| 9 a.m.| 80½| ...| 77|Eastward |Moderate breeze; clear.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 20| 3 p.m.| 84| ...| ...|Eastward |Moderate breeze; cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 21| 9 a.m.| 82| ...| 78½|Eastward |Light breeze; clear.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 21| 3 p.m.| 87| ...| ...|Eastward |Moderate breezes.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 22| Noon| 86| ...| 82|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 22| 3 p.m.| 86½| ...| ...|Calm |Cumulus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 23| 9 a.m.| 83| ...| 80½|Eastward |Moderate breeze; clear; most
| | | | | | | of the afternoons and
| | | | | | | evenings here are calm and
| | | | | | | warm.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 23| 3 p.m.| 87| ...| ...|Eastward |Light air; heavy cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds in the horizon;
| | | | | | | thunder.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 24| 9 a.m.| 83½| ...| 80|Eastward |Light breeze; cumulo-stratus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 24| 3 p.m.| 83½| ...| ...|Eastward |Heavy shower, with one sharp
| | | | | | | flash of lightning;
| | | | | | | thermometer at 2½, 88.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 25| 9 a.m.| 79½| ...| ...|Eastward |Moderate breeze; |In the long
| | | | | | | continuous rain.|route from
Do. | 25| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|Calm |Clearing up. |Tabatinga to
| | | | | | | Egas, I had got ahead of the
| | | | | | | rains. They are now catching
| | | | | | | up.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 26| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze, with rain
| | | | | | | squalls.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 26| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| 78|Eastward |Moderate breeze;
| | | | | | | cirro-cumulus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 27| 10 a.m.| 79| ...| 78|Calm |Cloudy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 27| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| ...|Calm |Thunder storm brewing in the
| | | | | | | northeast.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 28| 10 a.m.| 78| ...| 78|Eastward |Moderate breeze; cloudy; left
| | | | | | | Egas at 2½ p. m., in the
| | | | | | | rain.
| | | | | | |
Amazon | 29| 6 a.m.| 75| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; cloudy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| Noon| 83| 82| 79|Eastward |Moderate breeze; cirrus
| | | | | | | clouds; cumuli in the
| | | | | | | horizon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| 3 p.m.| 83| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; clear; fresh
| | | | | | | breeze from the eastward all
| | | | | | | night; clear, except a bank
| | | | | | | of light white clouds in the
| | | | | | | eastern horizon, breaking off
| | | | | | | and rising in fleecy
| | | | | | | flocculi, with cumulus clouds
| | | | | | | in the northwest.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 30| 6 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|... |Light cirro-cumulus clouds
| | | | | | | moving from east and
| | | | | | | northeast.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 30| 9 a.m.| 78| 82| 78|Eastward |Breeze light; clear overhead.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 30| 3 p.m.| 86| ...| 79|Eastward |Light breeze; cumulus clouds;
| | | | | | | at 6 sharp squall of wind and
| | | | | | | heavy rain from the
| | | | | | | northward; at 8 arrived at
| | | | | | | mouth of Lake Coari; light
| | | | | | | breeze from the northward;
| | | | | | | heavy clouds, with sharp
| | | | | | | lightning and thunder in that
| | | | | | | direction.
| | | | | | |
Lake Coari | 31| 6 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|Calm |Light breeze. The water of
| | | | | | | Lake Coari is clear, and of a
| | | | | | | brown color. A quarter of a
| | | | | | | mile inside of the canal that
| | | | | | | connects the lake with the
| | | | | | | river we found 9 fathoms of
| | | | | | | depth, with ¾ of a mile
| | | | | | | current; muddy bottom. The
| | | | | | | bottom near the shore, in 2
| | | | | | | fathoms water, is of sand,
| | | | | | | mixed with red clay. Thunder
| | | | | | | and lightning in the north in
| | | | | | | the early part of the night.
| | | | | | |
Amazon | 31| 3 p.m.| 84| 82½| 80½|Eastward |
| | | | | | |
| 1852 | | | | | |
Do. | Jan. 1| 6 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|Eastward |Moderate; light cirrus clouds
| | | | | | | overhead; cirro-cumuli about
| | | | | | | the horizon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 1| 9 a.m.| 79| 82| 77|Eastward |Fresh breeze; quite a sea in
| | | | | | | the river.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 1| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| ...|Eastward |Fresh. Passed the mouth of
| | | | | | | the Codajash. At 8 p. m.
| | | | | | | calm; nearly clear.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 2| 6 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; stratus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 2| 9 a.m.| 77| 80½| 76|Eastward |Fresh breeze. This breeze
| | | | | | | sets in strong about 9
| | | | | | | o'clock; generally continues
| | | | | | | until 4 or 5, when it goes
| | | | | | | down until 9 p. m., when it
| | | | | | | freshens up again, and blows
| | | | | | | till 2 or 3 in the morning.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 2| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| ...|Westward |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 3| 6 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|Eastward |Moderate breeze; stratus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 3| 9 a.m.| 78| 81| 78|Eastward |Light breeze; cirro-stratus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 3| 3 p.m.| 84| ...| 82|N. and E. |Fresh breeze; clear overhead;
| | | | | | | cumuli about the horizon.
| | | | | | | This breeze sets in now
| | | | | | | between 10 and 11, (higher up
| | | | | | | the river it commenced at 9,)
| | | | | | | and lasts till 5 p. m.; it
| | | | | | | gets up again about midnight
| | | | | | | and lasts till daybreak.
| | | | | | | Passed the mouth of river
| | | | | | | Purus; about ¾ of a mile
| | | | | | | wide; depth 13 fathoms;
| | | | | | | current about ¾ of a mile per
| | | | | | | hour; temperature of the
| | | | | | | water 84½.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 4| 6 a.m.| 77| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; clear.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 4| 9 a.m.| 82| 82| 78½|Eastward |Light breeze; clear overhead;
| | | | | | | cumuli about the horizon.
| | | | | | | Breeze freshened at 10, and
| | | | | | | hauled more to the northward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 4| 3 p.m.| 83| ...| ...|N. and E. |Fresh breeze; cumulus clouds,
| | | | | | | thickening and blackening
| | | | | | | into nimbi. At 3½ sharp
| | | | | | | squall of wind and rain from
| | | | | | | the eastward; after the
| | | | | | | squall the wind fell. At 5
| | | | | | | heavy thunder clouds in the
| | | | | | | south and east; cirrus clouds
| | | | | | | overhead.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 5| 6 a.m.| 77| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze, with occasional
| | | | | | | spits of rain; fresh breeze
| | | | | | | from the eastward, set in at
| | | | | | | 9 and continued till 4.
| | | | | | | Entered the mouth of the Rio
| | | | | | | Negro at 5 p. m.; 2 miles
| | | | | | | wide; 17½ fathoms deep in mid
| | | | | | | stream.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 6| ...| ...| ...| ...|Eastward |Moderate breeze; blowing in
| | | | | | | squalls, with rain. At 5½ a.
| | | | | | | m. arrived at Barra.
| | | | | | |
Barra | 7| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| 77|Calm |Rain during last night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 7| 3 p.m.| 80½| ...| ...|Eastward |Moderate breeze; cloudy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 8| 9 a.m.| 80| ...| 78|Calm |Cloudy and showery.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 8| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze, (has been
| | | | | | | fresh;) light cirrus clouds;
| | | | | | | sun out hot.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 9| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| 78|Eastward |Light air, with occasional
| | | | | | | showers.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 10| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|Eastward |Moderate breeze; rain all the
| | | | | | | morning.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 10| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; clouds rolled
| | | | | | | up into cumuli.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 12| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| 78|Calm |Showery.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 12| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|Eastward |Light air; heavy rain cloud
| | | | | | | in the north; rain all the
| | | | | | | evening.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 13| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| 77|S. and E. |Light air; misty morning,
| | | | | | | with showers of rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 13| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|... |Heavy cumuli in the northward
| | | | | | | and eastward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 14| 9 a.m.| 80| ...| 79|Calm |Cloudy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 14| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|... |Showery.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 15| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| 77|Eastward |Light air.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 15| 3 p.m.| 81| ...| ...|Eastward |Moderate breeze; cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 16| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| 77|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; cloudy;
| | | | | | | thick rain clouds gathering
| | | | | | | in northeast.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 16| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; no rain;
| | | | | | | cloudy at night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 17| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| 77|... |Heavy and continued rain all
| | | | | | | the early part of the
| | | | | | | morning; showery all day.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 17| 3 p.m.| 79| ...| ...|N. and E. |Light breeze; clouds breaking
| | | | | | | up into cumuli.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 18| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; cloudy in
| | | | | | | the morning; smart shower in
| | | | | | | the afternoon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 19| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| 76½|... |Cloudy morning; clear in the
| | | | | | | afternoon and early part of
| | | | | | | the night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 20| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|Calm |Stratus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 20| 3 p.m.| 85| ...| 77½|N. and E. |Light breeze; cumulus clouds.
| | | | | | | Substituted a light gauze
| | | | | | | covering to the bulb of the
| | | | | | | thermometer for the thick
| | | | | | | cotton one it before had,
| | | | | | | and, instead of dipping it in
| | | | | | | the water, merely dampened it
| | | | | | | with a brush.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 21| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| 75½|Calm |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 22| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| 78|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds; rainy morning;
| | | | | | | showery in the afternoon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 23| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| 76|Calm |Cloudy; occasional light
| | | | | | | showers.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 23| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| ...|N. and E. |Moderate breeze;
| | | | | | | cirro-cumulus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 24| 9 a.m.| 76| ...| 73|Calm |Showery.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 24| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| ...|Calm |Cumulus clouds; rain during
| | | | | | | the latter part of the night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 25| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|... |Cloudy and sultry all the
| | | | | | | morning.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 25| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| 78|Eastward |Light breeze; cumulus clouds;
| | | | | | | clear at night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 26| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| 76|Calm |Sultry; thin stratus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 26| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|... |Clouds rolled up into cumuli.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 27| 9 a.m.| 77| ...| ...|... |Heavy rain from 4 a.m. to
| | | | | | | noon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 27| 3 p.m.| ...| ...| ...|... |Sun out between the clouds;
| | | | | | | hot. At 5 squall of wind and
| | | | | | | rain from northward and
| | | | | | | eastward, with thunder and
| | | | | | | lightning; rain nearly all
| | | | | | | night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 28| 9 a.m.| 77| ...| 76|Calm |Rainy morning.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 28| 3 p.m.| 79| ...| ...|... |Light stratus clouds;
| | | | | | | pleasant afternoon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| 9 a.m.| 77| ...| ...|... |Thin cirro-stratus clouds;
| | | | | | | damp morning.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| 3 p.m.| 82½| ...| 78½|Eastward |Moderate breeze;
| | | | | | | cirro-cumulus clouds; at 6
| | | | | | | smart rain squall from
| | | | | | | northeast.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 30| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy; cirro stratus.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 30| 3 p.m.| 84½| ...| 79|Westward |Light breeze; stratus clouds
| | | | | | | in the west; cumuli in the
| | | | | | | east and northeast.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 31| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|Calm |Thin stratus clouds; light
| | | | | | | rain occasionally.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 31| 3 p.m.| 78| ...| 75½|Calm |Cloudy; showery all the
| | | | | | | forenoon, with cool damp wind
| | | | | | | from southward and westward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | Feb. 1| 9 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy; thin stratus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 1| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; cirrus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 2| 9 a.m.| 79½| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; cirrus clouds;
| | | | | | | generally clear.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 2| 3 p.m.| 83| ...| 79|Calm |Cumulus clouds gathering
| | | | | | | thick in northward and
| | | | | | | eastward; much heavy rain
| | | | | | | during the night, with
| | | | | | | thunder and lightning.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 3| 9 a.m.| 77| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 3| 3 p.m.| 78½| ...| 76|N. and E. |Light breeze; clouds breaking
| | | | | | | up into light cumuli.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 4| 9 a.m.| 77| ...| ...|Calm |Clear; fresh pleasant breeze
| | | | | | | from the eastward, with hot
| | | | | | | sun, nearly all day; calm,
| | | | | | | with cirro-cumulus clouds
| | | | | | | gathering in the evening.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 5| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|Calm |Clear.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 6| 9 a.m.| 77½| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; clear.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 6| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| 79|S. and E. |Light breeze; rain clouds
| | | | | | | gathering in the southeast;
| | | | | | | at 4 squall of wind and heavy
| | | | | | | rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 7| 3 p.m.| 81½| ...| 78½|S. and E. |Light breeze; cumulus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 8| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; stratus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 8| 3 p.m.| 79½| ...| 79|... |Shower of rain from southward
| | | | | | | and eastward, wind afterwards
| | | | | | | changing to the northward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 9| 9 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|Calm |Clear; light cumuli around
| | | | | | | the horizon, breaking off
| | | | | | | into cirri.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 9| 3 p.m.| 81| ...| 78|... |Cumulo stratus clouds; has
| | | | | | | been rain between 9 and 3.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 10| 9 a.m.| 79½| ...| ...|Calm |Cumulus clouds; sun hot.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 10| 3 p.m.| 83½| ...| ...|Northward |Light air; rain up the river,
| | | | | | | in the west; at 4 squall of
| | | | | | | wind and rain from the
| | | | | | | eastward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 11| 9 a.m.| 80| ...| ...|N. and E. |Moderate breeze;
| | | | | | | cirro-cumulus clouds; showers
| | | | | | | during the forenoon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 11| 3 p.m.| 83| ...| 79|N. and E. |Cumulus clouds, with cirrus
| | | | | | | haze overhead.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 12| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|Calm |Cirro-cumulus clouds; rain
| | | | | | | squall from the northward all
| | | | | | | the forenoon after 10.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 12| 3 p.m.| 78| ...| ...|Calm |Rain all day.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 13| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy; very pleasant day;
| | | | | | | rain during the night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 14| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|Southwardly|Light breeze; cumulo-stratus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 14| 3 p.m.| 78| ...| ...|Calm |Rainy; heavy rain during the
| | | | | | | night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 15| 9 a.m.| 77| ...| ...|Northward |Light air; pleasant morning;
| | | | | | | at 3 p. m. calm; light
| | | | | | | drizzle; thermometer 79.
| | | | | | |
Rio Negro | 18| 8 a.m.| 80| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy; sailed from Barra at
| | | | | | | ½ to 9 a. m.; very little
| | | | | | | current in the river.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 18| Noon.| 86| ...| ...|Eastward |Fresh breeze; current not
| | | | | | | sufficiently strong to carry
| | | | | | | us, with the aid of our 5
| | | | | | | paddles, against the breeze;
| | | | | | | so we had to stop till the
| | | | | | | breeze went down; dropping
| | | | | | | rain; thunder.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 18| 3 p.m.| 77| 83½| ...|S. and E. |Light air; current of the
| | | | | | | Amazon 1½ mile the hour.
| | | | | | |
Amazon | 19| 9 a.m.| 82½| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; saw the mark of
| | | | | | | high water about 8 feet above
| | | | | | | the present level.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 19| 3 p.m.| 81½| ...| 80|N. and E. |Light breeze; stratus
| | | | | | | overhead and to the westward;
| | | | | | | cumuli in the east.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 20| 6 a.m.| 76½| ...| 75|Calm |Stratus clouds; rain nearly
| | | | | | | all night, with distant
| | | | | | | lightning to the eastward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 20| 9 a.m.| 77½| 82| ...|S. and E. |Moderate breeze, with light
| | | | | | | rain squalls; at 12½ squalls
| | | | | | | ceased; wind came out from
| | | | | | | northward and westward light.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 20| 3 p.m.| 77| ...| 77|N. and W. |Fresh breeze; stopped at
| | | | | | | mouth of the Madeira.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 21| 6 a.m.| 75| 81| ...|Eastward |Moderate breeze;
| | | | | | | cirro-stratus clouds; mouth
| | | | | | | of the Madeira about 2 miles
| | | | | | | broad; depth 11 fathoms;
| | | | | | | current 3½ miles the hour.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 21| 11 a.m.| 80| ...| ...|Eastward | |Stopped a few hours
| | | | | | | | at Serpa; high-water
Do. | 21| 3 p.m.| 83½| ...| 79|Eastward |Cumulus | mark 12 feet above
| | | | | | | clouds.| the present level.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 21| 6 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|Eastward |Squally, and rainy
| | | | | | | appearances.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 21| 9 p.m.| 78½| ...| ...|Calm |Light rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 22| 6 a.m.| 78| ...| 76|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; patches of
| | | | | | | blue sky, with all sorts of
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 22| 9 a.m.| 76| 82| ...|N. and E. |Fresh breeze; stratus clouds;
| | | | | | | quite a high sea; had to stop
| | | | | | | several hours on account of
| | | | | | | it.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 22| 6 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; cirro-cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 22| Mid.| 77| ...| ...|Eastward |Cool damp breeze.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 23| 6 a.m.| 76| ...| 75|Eastward |Light breeze; stratus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 23| 9 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|N. and E. |Squally, with light rain;
| | | | | | | stopped at 1 p. m. on account
| | | | | | | of heavy squall of wind from
| | | | | | | the northward and eastward,
| | | | | | | with high sea; current of the
| | | | | | | Amazon 3¼ miles; it has
| | | | | | | increased very much since the
| | | | | | | entrance of the Madeira.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 23| 9 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|Calm |
| | | | | | |
Villa Nova | 24| 9 a.m.| 76| | | |
| | | | | | |
Amazon | 25| 6 a.m.| 77| ...| 76|Northward |Light air; stratus clouds;.
| | | | | | | rain till 8½
| | | | | | |
Do. | 25| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|Northward |Light air; cirro-cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 25| 3 p.m.| 85| ...| 80|Calm |Cirro stratus clouds; rain
| | | | | | | nearly all night; wind from
| | | | | | | northward and eastward, with
| | | | | | | thunder.
| | | | | | |
Obidos | 26| 10 a.m.| 81| ...| ...|... |Rain all the afternoon and
| | | | | | | nearly all night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 27| ...| ...| ...| ...|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; very
| | | | | | | pleasant day; rain most of
| | | | | | | the night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 28| ...| ...| ...| ...|... |Rain nearly all the morning
| | | | | | | and all night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| 6 p.m.| 79| ...| ...|Southward |Rainy morning; sailed from
| | | | | | | Obidos; smart rain during the
| | | | | | | night.
| | | | | | |
Amazon | Mar.1| 6 a.m.| 77| ...| ...|S. and E. |Light air; rainy. Entered the
| | | | | | | Tapajos by a creek 100 yards
| | | | | | | wide, 5 fathoms deep, and 3
| | | | | | | miles long. Tapajos 1¼ mile
| | | | | | | wide at Santarem; dark water;
| | | | | | | deep. Heavy rain from 10 p.
| | | | | | | m. to 1 a. m.
| | | | | | |
Santarem | 2| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|S. and E. |Moderate breeze; stratus
| | | | | | | clouds; pleasant day.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 2| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| ...|... |Heavy rain during the night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 3| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|S. and E. |Squalls of wind; rain all the
| | | | | | | early morning.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 3| 3 p.m.| 81| ...| ...|Eastward |Moderate breeze; clouds and
| | | | | | | rain down the river.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 4| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|S. and E. |Rainy morning.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 4| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| 79|... |Cirrus clouds floating about.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 5| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|S. and E. |Light breeze; cloudy; heavy
| | | | | | | rain and strong wind from the
| | | | | | | eastward all last night; from
| | | | | | | 10 to 3 fresh wind from the
| | | | | | | northward and eastward,
| | | | | | | veering to the eastward, with
| | | | | | | heavy rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 5| 3 p.m.| 81| ...| ...|... |Rain again during the night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 6| ...| ...| ...| ...|... |Cloudy; showery morning;
| | | | | | | moderate breeze from the
| | | | | | | eastward, subsiding into
| | | | | | | calm, with heavy showers;
| | | | | | | clear and pleasant afternoon
| | | | | | | and evening, with light
| | | | | | | breeze from the westward. The
| | | | | | | afternoons are mostly clear.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 7| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|N. and E. |Light breeze; drizzly
| | | | | | | morning, with showers.
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 8| ...| ...| ...| ...|... |Pleasant day; heavy rain all
| | | | | | | the afternoon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 9| 9 a.m.| 79½| ...| ...|Calm |Cumulo-stratus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 9| 3 p.m.| 82½| ...| 79|N. and E. |Light air; a few cirrus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 10| 9 a.m.| 78½| ...| ...|... |Raining till noon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 10| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| 78|Calm |Cumulo-stratus clouds; rain
| | | | | | | during the night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 11| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy; drizzly.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 11| 3 p.m.| 79| ...| 77½|... |Cloudy; pleasant night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 12| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|Eastward |Cumulo-stratus clouds;
| | | | | | | occasional showers; moderate
| | | | | | | and pleasant breeze.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 12| 3 p.m.| 80½| ...| 79|N. and E. |Light breeze; cirro-stratus
| | | | | | | clouds; rain during the
| | | | | | | night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 13| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|S. and E. |Moderate breeze; cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds; nearly clear all day.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 13| 3 p.m.| 84½| ...| 81|Eastward |Light breeze; cumulus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 14| 9 a.m.| ...| ...| ...|N. and E. |Light breeze; rainy morning;
| | | | | | | pleasant day.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 14| 3 p.m.| 82½| ...| 79½|Eastward |Light breeze; cirro-cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds; at 8 p. m. squall of
| | | | | | | wind, rain, thunder, and
| | | | | | | lightning, from northeast;
| | | | | | | much heavy rain during the
| | | | | | | night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 15| 9 a.m.| 77½| ...| ...|... |Rain all the morning.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 15| Noon.| 78| ...| ...|... |Raining.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 16| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| 79|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; light
| | | | | | | cirro-cumulus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 17| 9 a.m.| 80| ...| ...|Southward |Cool, pleasant breeze; cumulo
| | | | | | | stratus clouds; hot and close
| | | | | | | afternoon; heavy squalls of
| | | | | | | wind, rain, thunder, and
| | | | | | | lightning, from the northward
| | | | | | | and eastward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 18| 9 a.m.| 78½| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; rainy morning;
| | | | | | | breeze freshened up, and blew
| | | | | | | all the forenoon from
| | | | | | | northward and eastward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 18| 3 p.m.| ...| ...| 82|Calm |Close and hot all the
| | | | | | | afternoon; squall of wind and
| | | | | | | rain, with thunder and
| | | | | | | lightning during the night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 19| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|N. and E. |Rainy morning; clearing
| | | | | | | gradually.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 19| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| 80½|N. and E. |Light air; light
| | | | | | | cirro-stratus clouds; from 10
| | | | | | | p.m. to 6 a.m. heavy rain
| | | | | | | squalls, with very sharp
| | | | | | | lightning and thunder.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 20| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy, but breaking away.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 20| 3 p.m.| 81½| ...| 80|Eastward |Light breeze; cirro-cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 21| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy, stratus; close and
| | | | | | | calm all day; at sunset
| | | | | | | misty, smoky atmosphere.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 22| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|Northward |Light breeze; squally, with
| | | | | | | occasional showers, during
| | | | | | | the day.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 22| 3 p.m.| 76½| ...| 75|N. and E. |Fresh breeze; cumulo-stratus
| | | | | | | clouds; raining.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 23| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|N. and E. |Light breeze; cirro-stratus;
| | | | | | | pleasant day.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 23| 3 p.m.| 80½| ...| 78½|N. and E. |Light breeze; cirro-stratus.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 24| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|Eastward |Moderate breeze;
| | | | | | | cirro-stratus clouds above;
| | | | | | | light watery cumuli flying,
| | | | | | | with the wind beneath.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 24| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| 79½|Eastward |Light breeze; sun hot;
| | | | | | | pleasant day.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 25| ...| ...| ...| ...|... |Showery all day; breeze from
| | | | | | | northward, northward and
| | | | | | | eastward, and eastward; sun
| | | | | | | hot.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 26| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|N. and E. |Light breeze; pleasant,
| | | | | | | though warm day.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 26| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| 78½|Eastward |Moderate breeze; cirrus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 27| 3 p.m.| 83| ...| 80½|Northward |Light breeze; cumulus clouds;
| | | | | | | sun hot.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 28| 3 p.m.| 85| ...| 80|... |Moderate breeze from eastward
| | | | | | | all day; cirro-cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds; sun hot. Left
| | | | | | | Santarem at 7 p.m.
| | | | | | |
Amazon | 28| Mid.| ...| ...| ...|... |Squall of wind and rain from
| | | | | | | northward and eastward, with
| | | | | | | thunder and lightning;
| | | | | | | frequent showers during the
| | | | | | | night.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| 6 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| 9½ a.m.| 82| ...| ...|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| 3 p.m.| 83| ...| 79½|N. and E. |Light air; cirro-cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| 6 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|Northward |Light air; at 6½ a fine
| | | | | | | breeze sprung up from the
| | | | | | | northward and westward, and
| | | | | | | arrested the clouds that were
| | | | | | | flying over the moon from the
| | | | | | | eastward, banking them up.
| | | | | | | Lightning in the northeast.
| | | | | | | The easterly bad weather was
| | | | | | | too strong; the westerly
| | | | | | | breeze fell, and we had heavy
| | | | | | | rain from the eastward. Took
| | | | | | | shelter in a patch of grass
| | | | | | | on the right bank at 7 p. m.
| | | | | | | Started at 8; weather looking
| | | | | | | dirty, we stopped again at 9;
| | | | | | | had furious squall of wind,
| | | | | | | with thunder and lightning,
| | | | | | | from northeast.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 30| 6 a.m.| ...| ...| ...|... |Heavy rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 30| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|... |Rain all the morning. High
| | | | | | | land of Monte Alegre
| | | | | | | opposite, accounting for the
| | | | | | | bad weather.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 30| 3 p.m.| 81| ...| 78|Calm |Cirro-stratus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 31| 6 a.m.| 77| ...| ...|N. and E. |Light breeze; cirro-stratus
| | | | | | | clouds; cumuli, threatening
| | | | | | | rain, in east and southeast.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 31| 9 a.m.| 80| ...| ...|N. and E. |Moderate breeze;
| | | | | | | cirro-cumulus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 31| 3 p.m.| 83| ...| 80|Calm |Cumuli about the horizon;
| | | | | | | cirrus clouds overhead.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 31| 6 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|N. and E. |Fresh breeze; cumulo-stratus
| | | | | | | clouds, threatening rain. We
| | | | | | | have found cumulus clouds and
| | | | | | | rain over all the chains of
| | | | | | | hills we have passed to-day;
| | | | | | | and this is generally the
| | | | | | | case.
| | | | | | |
Do. | Apr. 1| 6 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|N. and E. |Light air; sun rising clear.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 1| 9 a.m.| 81| ...| ...|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 1| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze, and rainy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 1| 6 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; stratus clouds;
| | | | | | | rain during the night.
| | | | | | |
Garupá | 2| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|Calm |Cirro-cumulus clouds; noticed
| | | | | | | the tide first at Gurupá; it
| | | | | | | fell about 2 feet during the
| | | | | | | 3 hours we were there.
| | | | | | |
Amazon | 2| 3 p.m.| 83| ...| 79|Calm |Cumulo-stratus about the
| | | | | | | horizon, threatening bad
| | | | | | | weather.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 3| 6 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|Calm |Cirro-stratus clouds. We are
| | | | | | | now navigating in narrow
| | | | | | | channels between islands,
| | | | | | | near the right bank of the
| | | | | | | Amazon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 3| 9 a.m.| 82| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; stratus clouds,
| | | | | | | breaking up into cumuli;
| | | | | | | heavy squall of wind and rain
| | | | | | | from the eastward between 12
| | | | | | | and 1 p. m.; rain, in very
| | | | | | | large drops.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 3| 3 p.m.| 77| ...| ...|Calm |Rainy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 4| 6 a.m.| 77| ...| ...|Calm |Stratus clouds; find the
| | | | | | | flood tide so strong now as
| | | | | | | to compel us to stop whilst
| | | | | | | it is running.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 4| 9 a.m.| 82| ...| ...|N. and E. |Light air; stratus, breaking
| | | | | | | into cumuli; at 11 passed
| | | | | | | Breves.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 4| 3 p.m.| 85½| ...| 82|Eastward |Light air; heavy cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds round the horizon;
| | | | | | | distant thunder.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 5| 6 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|Calm |Light cirro-stratus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 5| 9 a.m.| 80| ...| ...|Eastward |Light air; cumulo-stratus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 5| 3 p.m.| 81| ...| ...|N. and W. |Light breeze; cumulus clouds;
| | | | | | | dirty, disagreeable night;
| | | | | | | wind from southward and
| | | | | | | eastward; cold rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 6| 6 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|N. and W. |Light breeze; cloudy,
| | | | | | | stratus.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 6| 9 a.m.| 77½| ...| ...|N. and E. |Moderate breeze;
| | | | | | | cumulo-stratus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 6| 3 p.m.| 83| ...| 80|Eastward |Fresh breeze; cumulus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 7| 6 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|Calm |Clear; a few watery-looking
| | | | | | | cumuli about the horizon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 7| 9 a.m.| 84| ...| ...|Calm |Heavy cumuli about the
| | | | | | | horizon; sun very hot.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 7| 3 p.m.| 86½| ...| ...|S. and E. |Light breeze; cumulus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 7| 6 p.m.| 82| ...| ...|Calm |Clear, except in the west;
| | | | | | | rainy night, with thunder and
| | | | | | | lightning; wind from the
| | | | | | | eastward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 8| 6 a.m.| ...| ...| ...|Northward |Light breeze; |At 8 started
| | | | | | | raining hard.| to cross
Do. | 8| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|Northward |Moderate | Limociro bay,
| | | | | | | breeze; still| wind blowing
| | | | | | | raining. | fresh; thick
| | | | | | | mist and rain; smart sea
| | | | | | | running; lying at an island
| | | | | | | in Limociro bay.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 8| 3 p.m.| 81| ...| ...|N. and E. |Moderate breeze, with squalls
| | | | | | | of wind and rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 8| 6 p.m.| 79| ...| ...|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; light,
| | | | | | | fleecy, and windy-looking
| | | | | | | clouds; crossed from the
| | | | | | | island to the western shore
| | | | | | | of Limociro bay, 5 miles.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 9| 6 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|Calm |Stratus clouds; entered again
| | | | | | | into the creeks and channels
| | | | | | | on the right bank of the
| | | | | | | Amazon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 9| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|Calm |Light stratus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 10| 6 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|Calm |Light stratus clouds, with an
| | | | | | | occasional sprinkle of rain;
| | | | | | | at town of Sta. Ana.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 10| 9 a.m.| 79| 78| ...|Calm |Cloudy.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 10| 3 p.m.| 78| ...| ...|N. and E. |Light breeze; cumulo-stratus
| | | | | | | clouds; entered the river
| | | | | | | Moju.
| | | | | | |
Rio Moju | 11| 6 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|Calm |Stratus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 11| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; drizzly.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 11| 3 p.m.| 78| ...| ...|S. and E. |Fresh breeze; misty, with
| | | | | | | occasional light rain;
| | | | | | | arrived at Pará at 9½.
| | | | | | |
Pará | 12| 6 a.m.| 76| ...| ...|Calm |Thin stratus clouds, sun
| | | | | | | shining through them.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 12| 11 a.m.| ...| ...| ...|N. and E. |Fresh breeze set in, bringing
| | | | | | | rain shower.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 12| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|... |Pleasant, clear evening;
| | | | | | | barometer 29.730.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 13| 9 a.m.| 81| ...| ...|Calm |Misty morning; usual breeze
| | | | | | | from NNE., with rain set in
| | | | | | | at noon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 13| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| ...|... |Clear evening; barometer
| | | | | | | 29.690.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 14| 8 a.m.| 80| ...| ...|Calm |Light cirro-cumulus clouds;
| | | | | | | breeze from NNE. during the
| | | | | | | day, with rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 14| 3 p.m.| 83½| ...| ...|... |Barometer 29.665.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 15| ...| ...| ...| ...|S. and W. |Light breeze; misty morning;
| | | | | | | wind set in from NNE. at 12,
| | | | | | | with clouds and rain;
| | | | | | | continued cloudy, with
| | | | | | | occasional light rain, till
| | | | | | | after 3.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 15| 3 p.m.| 80½| ...| 75|Eastward |Barometer 29.685.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 16| 9 a.m.| 81| ...| ...|Eastward |Moderate breeze; barometer
| | | | | | | 29.735; at 12 breeze from
| | | | | | | ENE., with rain squalls.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 16| 3 p.m.| 81½| ...| 76½|ENE. |Cumulo-stratus clouds;
| | | | | | | thunder; barometer 29.675.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 17| 9 a.m.| 82½| ...| 77½|NE. |Light air; cirro-cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds; barometer 29.732.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 17| 3 p.m.| 84½| ...| 78½|NE. |Fresh breeze; cumulo-stratus
| | | | | | | clouds; barometer 29.640.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 18| 9 a.m.| 81½| ...| 77½|NE. |Light breeze just set in;
| | | | | | | light flying cumuli.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 18| 3 p.m.| 81½| ...| 77|NNE. |Moderate breeze;
| | | | | | | cumulo-stratus clouds;
| | | | | | | occasional showers of rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 19| 9 a.m.| 83| ...| 78|Eastward |Light air; watery-looking
| | | | | | | cumuli moving southwest.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 20| 9 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze, and cloudy;
| | | | | | | cirro-stratus; heavy rain
| | | | | | | squalls all the forenoon;
| | | | | | | pleasant afternoon and
| | | | | | | evening.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 21| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| 76½|Eastward |Light air; cirro-cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 21| 3 p.m.| 81½| ...| 77½|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; heavy
| | | | | | | cumulus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 22| 3 p.m.| 85½| ...| 79|NNE. |Moderate breeze;
| | | | | | | cumulo-stratus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Pará | 23| 3 p.m.| 79½| ...| 77|Variable |Light winds; showery; calm in
| | | | | | | the morning; at 11 the breeze
| | | | | | | set in from the northward and
| | | | | | | eastward, with showers.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 24| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy all the morning.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 24| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| 75|Westward |Light air; cloudy, stratus.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 25| 9 a.m.| 79½| ...| ...|Calm |Light cirrus clouds overhead;
| | | | | | | cumuli about the horizon;
| | | | | | | during the forenoon moderate
| | | | | | | breeze from the northwest,
| | | | | | | changing about 2 p. m. to
| | | | | | | northward.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 25| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| 76| |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 26| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| ...|Calm |Cloudy, cirro-stratus;
| | | | | | | pleasant morning.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 27| 9 a.m.| 75½| ...| ...|WNW. |Cool breeze, with light rain;
| | | | | | | breeze gradually hauled to
| | | | | | | the northward and eastward,
| | | | | | | and the weather changed to
| | | | | | | pleasant.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 28| 9 a.m.| 79½| ...| 75|Calm |Cirrus clouds overhead;
| | | | | | | cumuli about the horizon;
| | | | | | | pleasant weather.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 28| 3 p.m.| 84| ...| 75½|N. and E. |Moderate breeze; light cirri
| | | | | | | overhead.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| 9 a.m.| 80½| ...| ...|NE. |Light breeze; cumulus clouds
| | | | | | | round the horizon, breaking
| | | | | | | off and rising up as
| | | | | | | cirro-cumuli.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 29| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| 77|NW. |Moderate breeze; heavy clouds
| | | | | | | in the northwest; light spits
| | | | | | | of rain from passing clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 30| 9 a.m.| 80| ...| 76|Northward |Cirro-stratus clouds; sun
| | | | | | | oppressive.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 30| 3 p.m.| 80½| ...| 76½|NW. |Moderate breeze; blowing in
| | | | | | | squalls from NNE. at 2, to
| | | | | | | NW. at 3; cumulo-stratus
| | | | | | | clouds, with spits of rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | May 1| 9 a.m.| 77| ...| ...|Northward |Moderate breeze, with light
| | | | | | | clouds and rain.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 1| 3 p.m.| 82| ...| 76|NNW. |Moderate breeze; cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 2| 9 a.m.| 79| ...| 75|NE |During the morning moderate
| | | | | | | breeze from WSW., (with thin
| | | | | | | stratus clouds,) hauling
| | | | | | | round, by west and north to
| | | | | | | northeast; at 1 clouds
| | | | | | | breaking up into thin cumuli.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 2| 3 p.m.| 85½| ...| 77½|WNW. |Clear overhead; cumuli about
| | | | | | | the horizon.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 3| 9 a.m.| 80½| ...| ...|Eastward |Light breeze; stratus clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 3| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| ...|Calm |Showery, with thunder and
| | | | | | | lightning.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 4| 9 a.m.| 80| ...| 77|N. and E. |Light breeze; cirro-cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 4| 3 p.m.| 80| ...| 77|NNE. |Moderate breeze, (has been
| | | | | | | fresh, with rain;) cloudy,
| | | | | | | cumulo-stratus.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 5| 6 a.m.| 78| ...| ...|Calm |Misty.
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Do. | 5| 9 a.m.| 80½| ...| 76½|N. and E. |Light breeze; cirro-cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 5| 3 p.m.| 84| ...| 78½|Northward |Moderate, but unsteady and
| | | | | | | uncertain breeze; heavy rain
| | | | | | | clouds in northeast and east.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 6| 9 a.m.| 80| ...| 77|Southward |Light air; cirro-cumulus
| | | | | | | clouds; very heavy rain
| | | | | | | between 5 and 8 p. m., with
| | | | | | | sharp lightning and thunder.
| | | | | | |
Do. | 7| 9 a.m.| 80| ...| 77|S. and E. |Light breeze; light.
| | | | | | | cirro-cumulus clouds
ADDENDUM.
Since I had the honor of submitting the foregoing report, events
concerning the political and social condition of the countries drained
by the Amazon and its tributaries have occurred, which make it highly
expedient and proper, for the better information of the government and
people of this country, that I should make this addendum.
My report, which sets forth the extreme fertility of the Amazonian
regions, their varied and rich natural productions, and the salubrity of
the climate, joined to the report of discoveries of gold in the sands
of the Santiago and Napo, and in the valleys of Carabaya, has excited
great attention; and a crowd of emigrants is already flocking into
those parts. My friend and companion Ijurra, in company with a German
named Shütz, has carried out, under the auspices, and at the expense,
of the Peruvian government, a colony of about two hundred Germans and
Peruvians. Another company nearly as large, consisting of Peruvians
and North Americans, has followed, under the guidance of a Peruvian
named Montesa; and lately a ship has arrived from Australia, bringing
out a hundred emigrants, bound to the gold regions. This ship, the
"Lancaster," reports that great excitement exists in Australia regarding
the Peruvian mines; that her passenger list was filled in less than
twenty-four hours after being advertised; and that there will be an
immense emigration to Peru from Australia within the next three or four
months. A slip from the Lima "Foreign News" of March 25, 1854, says:
"The stories of 25-pound lumps found on the Amazon have had a similar
effect in Australia to the first news received in the United States of
the discovery of gold in California. It is difficult to judge correctly,
from so many different reports, the probable number that will soon
arrive here. Some say 5,000; others 30,000; but we imagine the former to
be nearer the mark. Many of them no doubt will be greatly disappointed.
They will arrive here expecting at least to find a good road opened
to the reported mines; but in place of that they will learn—so little
interest is here taken in the matter—that not a single river has been
bridged, nor a single mountain trail been improved. Since writing the
above, we have learned that a party of natives have, for some time past,
been working on the trail beyond Moyobamba. As we understand there is
a good mule-road from the coast to that place, parties will probably
experience no difficulties in going clear through to the headwaters."
Dr. Whitmore, an American, has carried up two small steamers for the
Peruvian government, to be used in the exploration and survey of the
Peruvian tributaries of the Amazon. American engineers, firemen, and
mechanics, with one or two adventurers, went out in them.
Here, then, we have, and that, too, upon no contemptible scale, the
commencement of the settlement of that great country. Whether the
settlers find gold or not, of which I have no doubt, though I cannot
endorse the reports of its being found in 25-pound lumps, and I think
that its collection will be attended with great exposure, privation,
and hardship, I am satisfied that they will never come away. The few
things there necessary for the maintenance of a comfortable life, the
little labor required to obtain those necessaries, the delicious and
rather enervating climate, and the absence of all the restraints that
are found tedious and irksome to the natural man amid the refinements
of civilization, all operate with a powerful force to keep them there;
and I think that, from this time forth, population, civilization, and
prosperity will march with an ever forward step over those wild domains.
I have been always cautious in my report in speaking of the salubrity
of that country; and I feared that, even only in so far as I had gone
in this respect, my account should be disbelieved by many; but hear what
Wallace, an English naturalist, who was in the country at the same time
that I was, and has since published a narrative of his sojourn there,
says (p. 16) upon this point:
"The climate, so far as we have yet experienced, was delightful. The
thermometer did not rise above 87 in the afternoon, nor sink below 74°
during the night. The mornings and evenings were most agreeably cool;
and we had generally a shower and a fine breeze in the afternoon, which
was very refreshing, and purified the air. On moonlight evenings,
till 8 o'clock, ladies walk about the streets and suburbs without
any head-dress, and in ball-room attire; and the Brazilians in their
_roçinhas_ sit outside their houses, bare-headed, and in their shirt
sleeves, till 9 or 10 o'clock, quite unmindful of the night airs and
heavy dews of the tropics, which we have been accustomed to consider so
deadly."
He is speaking of the climate at Pará. Again he says, (p. 429:) "Had I
only judged of the climate of Pará from my first residence of a year, I
might be thought to have been impressed by the novelty of the tropical
climate; but on my return from a three years sojourn on the upper Amazon
and Rio Negro, I was equally struck with the wonderful freshness and
brilliancy of the atmosphere, and the balmy mildness of the evenings,
which are certainly not equalled in any other part I have visited."
At Santarem, (p. 157) he says: "The constant exercise, pure air, and
good living, notwithstanding the intense heat, kept us in the most
perfect health, and I have never, altogether, enjoyed myself so much."
Page 80. "In the districts we passed through, sugar, cotton, coffee,
and rice might be grown in any quantity, and of the finest quality. The
navigation is always safe and uninterrupted, and the whole county is
so intersected by _Igarapés_ and rivers, that every estate has water
carriage for its productions. But the indolent disposition of the
people, and the scarcity of labor, will prevent the capabilities of
this fine country from being developed till European or North American
colonies are formed. There is no country in the world where people can
produce for themselves so many of the necessaries and luxuries of life;
Indian corn, rice, mandioca, sugar, coffee, cotton, beef, poultry,
and pork, with oranges, bananas, and abundance of other fruits and
vegetables, thrive with little care. With these articles in abundance,
a house of wood, calabashes, cups and pottery of the country, they
may live in plenty, without a single exotic production. And then
what advantages there are in a country where there is no stoppage of
agricultural productions during winter, but where crops may be had,
and poultry may be reared, all the year round; where the least possible
amount of clothing is the most comfortable, and where a hundred little
necessaries of a cold region are altogether superfluous. With regard to
the climate, I have said enough already; and I repeat, that a man can
work as well here as in the hot summer months in England, and that if
he will only work three hours in the morning and three in the evening,
he will produce more of the necessaries and comforts of life, than by
12 hours daily labor at home."
(P. 334.) "It is a vulgar error, copied and reported from one book
to another, that, in the tropics, the luxuriance of the vegetation
overpowers the efforts of man. Just the reverse is the case; nature and
the climate are nowhere so favorable to the laborer, and I fearlessly
assert, that here the 'primeval' forest can be converted into rich
pasture and meadow lands, into cultivated fields, gardens, and orchards,
containing every variety of produce, with half the labor, and what is
of more importance, in less than half the time that would be required
at home, even though there we had clear instead of forest ground to
commence upon."
This is the testimony of a man who suffered great hardships in the
pursuit of science, amid the rapids and falls of the rivers Negro and
Uapes—who was beset with the chills and fever, incident to the great
labor and exposure necessary in passing those rapids in an open boat—who
lost his brother of yellow fever at Pará, and who finally had the ship
in which he had taken passage to England, with all his collections,
burned under him on the broad Atlantic.
He cannot be supposed to have seen things "couleur de rose," or to be a
witness with a favorable bias; and I quote him in order to support my
own opinion that the climate is good, the country generally healthy,
and that few who undertake to settle there will be willing to come away.
With the fact before us that many persons have gone even by the
tedious, difficult, and dangerous passes of the Cordillera, to settle
in the Amazonian basin, and that, to my personal knowledge, many more
are desirous to go, the action of the Brazilian government in closing
the lower waters of that river, and forbidding access, at least for
any purposes of trade or exploration, to the countries drained by the
tributaries of the Amazon belonging to the Spanish American republics,
becomes a matter of grave importance to the world at large, and induces
a disposition to scrutinize with severity her right to do so.
I have too little acquaintance with the "jus gentium" to attempt to
argue the question; nor is it my province to do so; but I believe it to
be clearly my duty to place all the facts and circumstances of the case
before this government and people, that they may take the matter into
consideration, and judge for themselves.
My own opinion is, that Brazil herself doubted this right, or else why
should she have sent ambassadors to the Spanish American republics for
the purpose of making exclusive treaties of navigation with them? She
did not need these treaties, for I know that her vessels passed freely,
enjoying, without let or hindrance, all the privileges that treaty could
give, and traded upon any tributaries of the Amazon where they pleased,
and that Peru and Bolivia were glad to have them do this, though she
denied the same privileges to them on the Brazilian Amazon. Indeed, a
writer in the government paper at Rio de Janeiro, and one apparently
who "spoke by the card," declared that the principal object in these
treaties was the keeping of the "_pirate Yankees_" out of the Amazon.
Let us see how they succeeded. The Chevalier Da Ponte Ribeiro was
sent by the Emperor to Lima for the purpose of making the treaty with
Peru. He was an able and astute negotiator, but, unfortunately for his
object, he had the hawk-eye of the best-trained, most experienced, and
probably in an official sense, ablest diplomat of the United States upon
him. Clay threw no obstacles in his way; he permitted him to make his
treaty, (by which Peru gave to Brazil the right to navigate her interior
waters,) and then immediately demanded of the Peruvian government the
fulfilment of the obligations of a treaty which that government had
just concluded with him, by which it was bound to give to the citizens
of the United States all the rights and privileges which it should
hereafter grant to those of the most favored nation, and by which also
it guaranteed to American citizens the right to "frequent with vessels
all the coasts, ports, and _places_, at which foreign commerce is or
may be permitted."
The case was too strong to admit of question. Tirado, the Peruvian
minister, immediately admitted the justice of the claim, and his
government issued a decree throwing open to us the same ports that she
had thrown open to Brazil.
Cavalcanti, the Brazilian minister in Peru, protested earnestly against
this decree, but was told that Peru must perform her treaty stipulations
as well with the United States and with England as with Brazil.
I supposed that Clay had completely and finally triumphed; but a
remarkable change, for which I am entirely unable to account, (however
much I may suspect,) suddenly and unexpectedly took place in the aspect
of the affair. The wise, liberal, and enlightened Tirado retires from
the Bureau of Foreign Affairs, and is succeeded in that office by Don
José Gregorio Paz Soldan, who adopts an entirely different policy;
declares that the treaty of navigation concluded with Brazil on the 23d
of October, 1851, was a special one regarding the interior waters of
the republic, and induces the President to issue a decree explanatory
of that of April 15th, 1852, which virtually repeals the 2nd article
of that decree, which 2nd article gives to our citizens and vessels the
same rights in the Peruvian waters of the Amazon that are given to the
subjects and vessels of Brazil by the treaty of 23d of October, 1851.
Clay makes a masterly reply to the reasonings of Paz Soldan upon the
subject—protests against the action of the Peruvian government—and
declares that "his government will not be disposed to regard such a
course as a proof of the desire that Peru has manifested to preserve
friendly relations between this republic and that of the United States."
Thus has Peru, at the instance of the Brazilian government, taken a
step backward, and sought to again throw over herself the dark mantle of
exclusiveness, thereby shutting out the improvement and advantages that
would accrue to her from intercourse with the great commercial nations
of the earth.
But this exclusive policy does not at all affect the question of the
right of Brazil to close the Amazon.
Miguel Maria Lisboa was instructed by Brazil to make a treaty with
Bolivia, similar to the one made by Da Ponte with Peru, but he entirely
failed in his object. The Bolivian government issued the following
decree, dated "La Paz, 27th January, 1853:"
"Whereas, 1st, the eastern and western parts of the republic, enclosing
vast territories of extraordinary fertility, intersected by navigable
rivers flowing to the Amazon and to the La Plata, offers the most
natural channels for the commerce, population, and civilization of these
districts;
"Whereas, 2d, the navigation of these rivers is the most efficacious and
certain means of developing the riches of this territory, by placing
it in communication with the exterior, and applying to its waters the
fruitful principle of free navigation, as useful to the interests of
the republic as to those of the world;
"Whereas, 3d, by the law of nature and of nations, confirmed by the
conventions of modern Europe, and applied in the New World to the
navigation of the Mississippi, Bolivia, as owner of the Pilcomayo, of
the tributaries and the greater part of the Madeira, of the left shore
of the Itenes from its junction with the Saravé to its emptying into
the Mamoré, of the western bank of the Paraguay to the Marco del I——, as
far as 26° 54´ of south latitude, and of the greater part and the left
shore of the Bermejo, has the right to navigate these rivers from the
point in her territory in which they may be susceptible of it to the
sea, without any power being able to arrogate to itself the exclusive,
sovereignty over the Amazon and La Plata;
"Whereas, 4th, this navigation cannot be effected without the necessary
ports are afforded for trade;
"Therefore, be it decreed:
"ART. 1. The Bolivian government declares free to the commerce and
mercantile navigation of all the nations of the globe the waters of the
navigable rivers which, flowing through the territory of this nation,
empty into the Amazon and Paraguay.
"ART. 2. The following are declared free ports, open to the traffic
and navigation of all vessels of commerce, whatever may be their flag,
destination, or tonnage:
"In the river Mamoré—Exaltacion, Trinidad, and Loreto.
"In the Beni—Renenavaque, Muchanis, and Magdalena.
"In the Piray—Cuatro, Ojos.
"In the Chaparé—Coni and Chimoré, tributaries of the Mamoré, the points
of Asunta, Coni, and Chimoré.
"In the rivers Mapiri and Coroico, tributaries of the Beni, the points
of Guanay and Coroico.
"In the Pilcomayo—the port of Magriños, on the east coast of the
Paraguay, La Bahia Negra, and the point of Borbon.
"In the Bermejo—the point situated in 21° 30´ south latitude, at which
embarked, in 1846, the national engineers Ondarza and Mujia.
"ART. 3. The vessels of war of friendly nations will also be permitted
to visit these ports.
"ART. 4. The government of Bolivia, availing itself of the
unquestionable rights which the nation has to navigate these rivers as
far as the Atlantic, invites all the nations of the earth to navigate
them, and promises—
"1st. To donate in the Bolivian territory, for the purposes which the
law allows, tracts of land from one league to twelve leagues square,
to the individuals or companies who, sailing from the Atlantic, shall
arrive at any one of the points declared to be ports of entry, and may
wish to found near them agricultural or industrial establishments.
"2d. To guaranty the reward of ten thousand dollars ($10,000) to the
first steamer which, through the La Plata or Amazon, may arrive at
either of the above mentioned points.
"3d. To declare free the river exportation of the products of the earth,
and of the national industry.
"4th. In due time there will be established and regulated at the
above-mentioned points, where it may be necessary, custom-houses for
the loading and unloading of merchandise, the government seeing that
the charges for the use of these custom-houses may be as moderate as
possible.
"5th. This decree will be submitted for the examination and approval of
Congress on their next meeting.
"6th. The Minister of State, in the office, of foreign relations, is
charged with its fulfilment, by circulating it and communicating it to
all whom it may concern.
"Given in the Palace of the Supreme Government, in the place of
Ayacucho, 27th of January, 1853, 44th of independence, and 4th of
liberty.
"MANUEL ISIDORO BELZU.
"RAFAEL BUSTILLO.
"_Minister of Foreign Relations._
A certified copy:
"AMARO ALVAREZ,
"_El Official Mayor_."
Lisboa also failed in Ecuador. Here is a copy of a law passed by the
Congress of Ecuador, on the 26th of November 1853:
"_To the Senate and House of Representatives of Ecuador, in Congress
assembled._
"Whereas it is a necessary measure to open to foreign trade
the Amazon and all the Ecuadorian rivers which flow into it;
and whereas, in order to attract navigation and commerce, we
should hold out some privileges and stimulants to immigrants
intending to trade on the said rivers: Therefore we decree—
"1. That the rivers Chinchipes, Santiago, Morona, Pastasa,
Tigre, Curaray, Naucuna, Napo, Putumayo, and other streams
flowing into the Amazon, are declared of free navigation,
including that part of the last named river which belongs to
Ecuador.
"2. Vessels navigating the said rivers, to whatever nation
they belong, will be free during twenty years from paying any
kind of tax, and goods imported during the same time will also
be admitted duty free.
"3. The public authorities of Napo, or of any other canton
established now, or which may be established hereafter, are
authorized to concede thirty _cuadras_ of land to foreign or
Ecuadorian families, on condition that this land be cultivated
for the term of five years from the date thereof, under
the penalty of forfeiting the same if this condition is not
accomplished. A larger extent of land may be obtained, on the
recipient giving a bond for payment twelve and a half years
after, if a foreigner, and twenty-five years after if an
Ecuadorian, &c.
"4. The present inhabitants of Napo, and along the other
Ecuadorian rivers which flow into the Amazon, will have the
same privileges as hereinbefore mentioned, the preference in
the selection of the land being given to them, as well as a
perfect and inalienable title to the possession of the land
which they now occupy.
"Given in Quito, capital of the republic, the 26th of
November, 1853.
"MANUEL BUSTAMENTE,
_President of the Senate_.
"NICHOLAS ESPINOSA,
_President of the House of Representatives_.
"JOSE M. MESTANZA,
_Secretary of the Senate_.
"FRANCIS J. MONTALVO,
_Secretary of the House of Representatives_.
"Government House in Quito, capital of the republic, 26th of
November, 1853.
"JOSE MARIA URBINA,
"MARCOS ESPINEL,
_Minister of the Interior and Foreign Relations_.
"Certified:
CAMILO PONCE."
He succeeded in making an exclusive treaty with the executive
authorities of New Granada, but it is believed that the Congress of
that Republic will not ratify that treaty. I have the copy of a letter
from an eminent statesman of New Granada, to an American diplomatic
functionary, of date the 5th of January 1854, of which the following is
a translation:
"I said to Don Andres Bello by letter of the 3d of December:
"—— is of opinion, and his government also, that the great
American rivers, whose navigation is of interest to various
nations, ought to be considered as prolongations of the sea,
open to all the world, by natural right, and without the
necessity of special treaty stipulations, the Amazon being in
this category.
"How far will this doctrine, which modifies substantially the
principles set forth by the Congress of Vienna, be acceptable?
"He replied to me on the 14th. In the question of the freedom
of the Amazon and its tributary rivers, I coincide with
the opinion of —— to which you refer. The high station and
importance, tending to the general benefit, which commerce has
taken in international affairs, and which cannot fail to be
higher and greater every day, ought to lead to modifications
in the doctrines of international law, which you know is
not a stationary or stereotyped science. It has always lent
itself to the variable exigencies of civilization; and being
progressive, it will accept new principles, or, rather, new
applications of old principles to present circumstances;
faithful to its primitive intention of moderating the
antagonism of nationalities; of overthrowing the barriers of
a too exclusive spirit; of embodying the Christian sentiment
in international relations; and of fraternizing the people.
"'I would undertake with pleasure a new exposition of the laws
of nations in this relation, but I have not time. _Mors atris
circumvolat alis._ Others with greater knowledge and strength,
will take charge of this beautiful subject.'
"I have a real pleasure in transcribing for you the opinion
of the patriarch of South American literature—the publicist,
venerated amongst us for his knowledge and his virtues—an
opinion so much in accordance with ours, and which, I have no
doubt, will have its weight in the decision of the Granadian
Congress, against the Brazilian treaty of navigation lately
concluded at Bogota, and disapproved by the general sentiment
of my countrymen."
* * * * *
We have now the facts of the case before us. Of the five Spanish
American republics who own tributaries of the Amazon, two have made
exclusive treaties with Brazil regarding their navigation, and I have
shown that there is a prospect that the legislative power of one of
them (New Granada) will not ratify the treaty; of the action of one,
(Venezuela,) I know nothing, though I believe that, by general law, the
navigation of all of her rivers is free. Two (Bolivia and Ecuador) have
refused to make an exclusive treaty with Brazil; have issued decrees
declaring their tributaries of the Amazon open to the navigation and
commerce of the world, and are stretching out their hands asking foreign
aid for the development of the great resources of their respective
countries. The question comes up, has Brazil the right, under the
circumstances, to close the highway to the navigable waters of these
countries, and thus deny them what they conceive to be their rights?
It has been argued that this is no business of ours; that it belongs
to those Spanish American republics to obtain from Brazil the right of
way to and from their ports as we did from France and Spain in the case
of the Mississippi; but the argument is not a good one; it leads to no
practical results; the cases are not parallel. We were, from the first,
a maritime and commercial people. We had ships and seamen; and an outlet
for the productions of the Mississippi valley was of so vital importance
to us as to make us ready, if necessary, to go to war with France on
that question. With the Spanish American republics, on the contrary, "Le
jeu n'en vaut pas la chandelle." They have no ships or seamen, and no
means of making either, and a war between them and the powerful empire
of Brazil would be hopeless. The navigation of the Amazon, restricted
to themselves alone, would be valueless to them. We have a greater
interest in the matter; for, although the benefit derived from trade and
an exchange of commodities is reciprocal, yet we should have (on account
of our geographical position with regard to the mouth of the Amazon,
and our skill in the construction and management of the river steamboat)
nearly all the carrying trade. They have done all they could. Desirous
to develop the resources of their country, and to improve their social
condition, and knowing that they can do nothing of themselves in the way
of trade and commerce, they hold out their hands to us; they throw open
their ports to the commerce of the world; and they invite all people to
come, offering as inducements, privileges, lands, and money. I think,
then, it belongs peculiarly to us to consider whether they have the
right to give the invitation, and we the right to accept it.
Let us suppose a case in illustration of this. Suppose that the St.
Lawrence were navigable from the sea to the lakes; and that we were to
invite the nations of Europe to a free trade with our ports of Buffalo,
Cleveland, and Detroit, offering them money, grants of lands, and great
advantages if they should come. It seems to me that it would be unwise
and improper in us to enter into controversy with England on this point;
and that it would be clearly the business of the invited nation, if they
desired to come, to demand of that country the right of way to and from
these ports.
Although the opening of the navigation of the Amazon would redound
greatly to our advantage, I am very far from desiring that we should
enter into controversy, far less into hostile controversy, with Brazil.
She is an American nation; she is a friendly nation; she is next
to ourselves in power and wealth on this continent. There are great
reciprocal advantages in the trade between the two countries, though
far the greatest on her side; and there is a sort of bond between us,
in the fact that we are both slaveholding nations. Yet, I do think that
in her broadly and openly expressed fear of us, she is doing us a wrong,
standing in the way of our just rights, and I think that this sentiment
should be strongly expressed by our people and our government.
It is true that she does a greater wrong to herself; that she bars the
way to her advancement and her glory; but that is her own business, and
she has a right to judge for herself.
I have heard it said, and Paz Soldan uses the argument in his
correspondence with Clay, that we are exclusive and jealous in this
respect, and that we keep the navigation of our rivers to ourselves.
This is not so. A Brazilian vessel, or the vessel of any foreign nation,
passing through the formalities of the custom-house at New Orleans,
may carry her cargo under her own flag to St. Louis, to Memphis, to
Cincinnati, ports of delivery, discharge it there, and take in a return
cargo for her own country. This is the case on the Hudson, the Potomac,
the James, the Rappahannock, and I have no doubt that, whenever a town
on navigable waters may desire to be made a port of delivery, the boon
will be instantly granted by Congress, unless there be special reasons
against it, and foreign vessels will be permitted to load and unload
there.
This, too, is on waters belonging exclusively to us. Little, then, would
we be disposed to follow the lead of Brazil, and undertake, contrary to
right and the laws of nations, to interpose obstacles to foreign nations
trading with each other, because the way of this trade was along rivers
passing through our territories. Did Great Britain own a navigable
tributary of the Mississippi, and were she to declare a port situated
on this tributary free and open to the commerce of the world, we would
not think of closing the Mississippi, and shutting out that trade. This
matter has been discussed, and our ablest statesmen have allowed that
we would have no right to do so. It is a bad rule that won't work both
ways; what we demand we should always be ready to give, and what we are
ready to give, we ought, if just and necessary, to demand.
It is a perfectly well-known and universally admitted fact that no
nation holding the strait that connects two seas, has the right to block
up that strait, and prevent the free passage of commerce. Turkey has no
right to block up the Dardanelles. Did England own both sides of the
straits of Gibraltar, she would have no right to shut up that strait.
Denmark has no right to close the Belts; nor Denmark and Sweden together
the Sound.
I have read with great interest, a memorial addressed to this Congress
by the Commercial Convention that met at Memphis, in June 1853, through
Lieut. Maury. Its arguments appear sound and just. I think it important
that they should be read and considered as widely as possible, and I
therefore quote its concluding pages. It is speaking of the Spanish
American Republics of the Amazon.
"They have established the freedom of the seas upon their
navigable tributaries of the Amazon. They have invited the
world to come and use these waters—to settle upon their
banks—to subdue the wilderness there, and replenish the
solitary places—to make those lovely countries their homes,
and to enjoy perfect freedom of trade for all time.
"Here is a boon to the world; therefore, neither Brazil nor
any other nation has the right to oppose that world in the
enjoyment of a common good, nor to throw herself in the way
of civilization nor of human progress, nor to adopt any policy
adverse to the rights of man.
"By these decrees, and the enlightened course of policy
which dictated them, the riparian republics have removed the
navigation of the Amazon from the condition of a diplomatic
question with Brazil, and placed it in the category of a
great international question, to be decided and settled,
regulated and adjusted, not according to the selfish policy
of any government, but according to the enlightened principles
which sanctify, give strength to, and make binding the law of
nations.
"These decrees have, to all intents and purposes, converted
the navigable tributaries of the Amazonian republics into
arms of the high seas. Bolivia not only gives all friendly
nations the right to navigate these waters for the purposes
of commerce, but she gives them the right to send there their
men-of-war also. And all the republics offer homes to the
immigrant. He is invited to come, and is promised a homestead
in fee simple if he will come. The homestead bill has been
enacted there upon a grand scale, for whoever will come is
to be supplied gratis with land, seeds, and farming utensils.
The Congress of Peru has voted half a million of dollars, to
encourage settlement and cultivation upon the Amazon.
"This masterly, humane, and wise action, on the part of these
republics, has changed, in the international eye of the law,
the character of the Amazon, as it flows through the territory
of Brazil, and has converted it from a river into a strait,
connecting arms—free navigable arms—of the sea with the main
ocean. And no nation, even though she own both shores of such
a strait, can have the right to shut it up against the world
as a common highway. Such is the doctrine of the international
code.
"'Straits,' says Wheaton, 'are passages communicating from
one sea to another. If the navigation of the two seas thus
connected is free, the navigation of the channel by which
they are connected ought also to be free. Even if such
strait be bounded, on both sides, by the territory of the
same sovereign, and is at the same time so narrow as to be
commanded by cannon-shot from both shores, the exclusive
territorial jurisdiction of that sovereign is controlled by
the right of other nations to communicate with the seas thus
connected. Such right may, however, be modified by special
compact, adopting those regulations which are indispensably
necessary to the security of the State whose interior waters
thus form the channel of communication between different seas,
the navigation of which is free to other nations. Thus the
passage of the strait may remain free to the private merchant
vessels of those nations having a right to navigate the seas
it connects, whilst it is shut to all foreign armed ships in
time of peace.
"'So long as the shores of the Black sea were exclusively
possessed by Turkey, that sea might, with propriety, be
considered a _mare clausum_; and there seems no reason to
question the right of the Ottoman Porte to exclude other
nations from navigating the passage which connects it with
the Mediterranean—both shores of this passage being at the
same time portions of the Turkish territory; but since the
territorial acquisitions made by Russia, and the commercial
establishments formed by her on the shores of the Euxine, both
that empire and other maritime powers have become entitled to
participate in the commerce of the Black sea, and consequently
to the free navigation of the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus.
This right was expressly recognised by the seventh article of
the treaty of Adrianople, concluded, in 1829, between Russia
and the Porte, both as to Russian vessels and those of other
European States in amity with Turkey.'—_Wheaton's Elements of
International Law, page 229._
"The international code, though it affords cases which rest
upon the principles involved in this question of the Amazon,
yet it affords no case precisely similar and parallel to it.
"In the first place, there is no other river in the world
like the Amazon. The treaties of Vienna respecting the great
European rivers, and by which the navigation of the Rhine,
&c., was declared to be entirely free throughout its whole
course, included no case so broad, so comprehensive, so
strongly urgent, as is this of the Amazon.
"In the next place, the European rivers simply involved
questions purely of commercial convenience; whereas the Amazon
not only involves these, but actually includes questions of
civilization, of settlement, and of the use of vacant lands,
which their proprietors have offered in fee-simple to the
laboring men of whatever tongue.
"The valley of the Rhine was already peopled and subdued
to cultivation; and, in case the people on its upper waters
were barred out through it from the sea, the features of the
country were not such as to cut them off from all commercial
intercourse with the rest of the world.
"Now, all commercial intercourse between the rest of the world
and the Atlantic slopes of those three republics is cut off
from the Pacific by the Andes, and there is no other channel
to the high seas left except that by way of the Amazon.
"In the case of the great European rivers, the question, as
already stated, was chiefly one of commercial convenience
and facility of communication; but with the republics of the
Amazon it is not only a question of commercial convenience,
but a question also of national well-being—of commercial
_necessity_—a question of cultivation and settlement, of
immigration, of civilization, and it is even a question of
humanity; for, unless the Amazon be opened to those republics,
their territories bordering upon it must forever remain
a wilderness, and the people who dwell there must ever be
stinted in their enjoyment of the blessings of civilization
and refined culture.
"If the Mediterranean were shut up—if the nations bordering
upon it were denied access, through the straits of Gibraltar,
to and from the great common highway of all nations—then, and
in that contingency, we should have, in a commercial sense,
a case precisely similar to that of the Amazon.
"The Mediterranean powers (that sea being closed) would, we
will suppose, do as the three riparian republics of the Amazon
have done, viz: proclaim, each for its own ports and waters,
the freedom of the seas, and invite all nations to come and
trade with them. Would the nation commanding the straits of
Gibraltar have the right to do what Brazil has done, less than
one month ago, touching this great South American strait, viz:
proclaim to the world that no foreign flag should enter there?
"Wheaton is very clear upon this point. Let him answer:
"'As to straits and sounds,' says he, 'bounded on both
sides by the territory of the same State, so narrow as to be
commanded by cannon-shot from both shores, and communicating
from one sea to another, we have already seen that the
territorial sovereignty may be limited by the right of other
nations to navigate the seas thus connected. The _physical
power_ which the State bordering on both sides the sound or
strait has of appropriating its waters, and of excluding
other nations from their use, is here encountered by the
moral obstacle arising from the right of other nations to
communicate with each other. If the straits of Gibraltar,
for example, were bordered on both sides by the possessions
of the same nation, and if they were sufficiently narrow to
be commanded by cannon-shot from both shores, this passage
would not be the less freely open to all nations, since the
navigation both of the Atlantic ocean and of the Mediterranean
sea is free to all. Thus, it has already been stated that the
navigation of the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus, by which
the Mediterranean and Black seas are connected together,
is free to all nations, subject to those regulations which
are indispensably necessary for the security of the Ottoman
empire.'—_Wheaton's Elements of International Law, p. 240._
"Now, Bolivia and Ecuador have both established the _freedom
of the seas_—that is the term used by President Belzu—upon
their Amazonian waters, as Russia did upon the Black sea, by
her acquisitions along its shores, and as the Baltic powers
did before her. These republics have made a free gift of their
waters to commerce, as the nations of the Baltic and Black
seas did; and they have brought the Amazon, in Brazil, exactly
within the case so well put by this distinguished jurist.
"The international code, like all others of human origin,
requires occasional revision; for the principles which have
been laid down in Europe with regard to seas, rivers, and
other questions, have not always been either sanctioned or
acquiesced in on this side of the water.
"We have filed in the great international court our bill of
exceptions to the European doctrine concerning blockades,
the right of search, closed seas, and other points, as to
which the grand inquest of the world at large—the people, not
kings—have pronounced judgment; and their verdict is, WE ARE
RIGHT.
"Hence the stronger necessity and greater propriety in laying
down now the international doctrine which ought to obtain with
regard to the Amazon.
"In 1821, Russia claimed the exclusive right of navigating the
North Pacific ocean, upon the ground that she owned portions
both of the Asiatic and American shores, which brought that
ocean within the category of a closed sea.
"This claim was contested _in limine_, and successfully
resisted by the statesmen of America.
"In like manner, the American doctrine with regard to
navigable water-courses owned by two or more nations is well
understood, for it has been often proclaimed touching our own
Mississippi, as well as the St. Lawrence.
"In each of these cases there were but two riparian States;
but with regard to the Amazon there are no less than six. This
complicates the question, and makes any special arrangement
among them with regard to the navigation of that river very
difficult, if not impossible. Two of the riparian republics
are already at war, and, owing to this circumstance, one
of them is excluded from the proposed Amazonian Congress.
Inaction, the _statu quo_, the sealed river and closed strait,
and unsubdued wilderness—these are what Brazil wants. And,
therefore, after having exhausted argument, there is no
way left for the adjustment of this question by the United
States—and the United States ought to adjust it, for it is an
American question—but that which the laws of nations suggest.
"In such a case—in cases where the riparian States, desiring
to confine the navigation of their own waters to their own
citizens and subjects, cannot agree among themselves as to
the terms and conditions, then, according to Puffendorf, the
sovereign rights 'are distributed according to the rules
applicable to neighboring proprietors on a lake or river,
supposing no compact has been made.'
"It would, therefore, appear that this government would have
the right on its side, were it, without further ado, to yield
to the entreaties of its citizens, and give safe conduct up
and down the Amazon to those who desire to penetrate through
it up into Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador, with the river steamer,
and to push their enterprise into these remote regions in
search of that commerce and those important privileges which
the liberality and laws of these governments guaranty to them.
"Brazil has no treaty of commerce and navigation, or of amity
and friendship, with this government; the quarter of a century
has elapsed since the last one was made, and she has steadily,
for the last fifteen or twenty years, refused to renew it.
Therefore, if she be dealt with now strictly according to the
law of nations in this matter of the Amazon, she could not
rightfully complain.
"But your memorialists love peace, and value exceedingly
the relations of amity and friendship that have ever existed
between this country and Brazil. They believe that there is
virtue in forbearance, and therefore pray for such action
only, on the part of your honorable bodies, as may secure the
free navigation of the Amazon peaceably, and with the consent
of Brazil: peaceably if we can—forcibly if we must.
"To accomplish the former, it is only necessary, in the
judgment of your memorialists, to lay down the doctrine which
this nation holds upon this subject, and then to remind Brazil
of the rights which American citizens have upon the headwaters
of the Amazon; of the doctrine which we on this side of
the equator have always held as to the navigation rights of
riparian States; and to pass in review, for her edification,
the relations of commerce, business, and friendship between
the two countries, which it is not the wish of this country,
and certainly not the interest of that, to disturb.
"There are few countries, having friendly dealings with
each other, between which commerce is more one-sided in its
operations than is our commerce with Brazil. On one side
it is all free trade, but on the other it is restrictive in
the highest degree. Owing to the illiberal policy of Brazil,
our commerce with her is carried on upon very unequal and
disadvantageous terms.
"Coffee, drugs, hides, and India rubber, are the chief
articles that are exported from Brazil and brought to this
country, and this country is Brazil's best customer. We take
about two-thirds of her whole coffee crop; we admit her coffee
duty free; and also the other staples enumerated above are
either on the free list, or are admitted at rates merely
nominal.
"On the other hand, the coffee which Brazil sells to us is
first taxed with heavy excise duties, and the flour which she
receives from us is saddled at her custom-house with enormous
charges, thus greatly restricting the consumption of the one
and keeping down the demand for the other.
"We send to Brazil the manufactured article; she gives us in
return the raw; yet so unequal is the trade, that the balance
is largely against us. We have to send heavy remittances in
bullion to pay for our purchases in her markets, and yet we
have never threatened her with retaliatory duties.
"The annals of commerce among friendly Christian nations may
be challenged almost in vain for another case like this—a
case where the nation supplying the elaborated article, and
receiving in exchange raw produce, finds herself at such odds
as to leave the balance, year after year, heavily against her.
"Nevertheless, we are the friends of Brazil and her best
customer, and it may be well for her to bear in mind the
liberal policy and the marked degree of friendly consideration
which this government has ever observed towards her people.
A duty in this country of a few cents a pound on Brazilian
coffee would touch a popular nerve in that, which would
vibrate through every department of the empire, and convey its
impressions to the throne itself. To provoke such retaliation
would be a crime scarcely short of deliberate regicide on this
continent.
"As for the rights of riparian States to rivers that are owned
in common, the doctrines held by the United States with regard
to the navigation of the Mississippi, when both banks at its
mouth were owned by France or Spain, are too well known to
require repetition here. Suffice it to say that the American
people were not only prepared to maintain that right by force,
but they also insisted for a place of free deposite at its
mouth—a place where they might load and unload, tranship and
deposite, without any fees or charges whatever, save those of
wharfage and storage.
"With regard to the St. Lawrence, the doctrine held by the
United States was, that the right of American citizens to use
the waters of that river for floating their vessels to and
from the sea rested on the same ground and obvious necessity
which had been urged to the Mississippi; that the treaties
concluded at the Congress of Vienna, which stipulated that
the navigation of the Rhine, the Moselle, the Meuse, and
other great rivers of Europe, should be free to all nations,
covered this ground; and, finally, that this claim, while its
enjoyment was necessary to the development and prosperity of
many States of this Union, was not injurious to Great Britain,
nor could its exercise violate any of her just rights.[13]
"This claim was resisted by the British government chiefly on
the ground that the St. Lawrence was not navigable from the
sea all the way up to the lakes; that there were connected
with it portages, or artificial canals, leading through
British territory; and that the right, if vested in a foreign
nation, to use these in war, might prove inconvenient, if not
injurious, &c. And, furthermore, it was held that the American
government could not insist upon its claim unless we were
prepared to concede to British subjects the rights of free
navigation upon the Mississippi river.[14]
"In reply to this, it was held that, so far as geographical
knowledge then extended, the Mississippi and all of its
tributaries laid wholly within the territory of the United
States; that Great Britain had no more right than any other
foreign nation to the navigation of this river. But if
further research and discovery should establish the fact
that the waters of the Mississippi connect themselves with
Upper Canada, as those of the St. Lawrence do with the United
States, then, and in that case, the American government would
be both willing to recognise and ready to concede the right
of British subjects freely to navigate the Mississippi through
such connexion from the lakes, or the land, to the sea.[15]
"With regard to the St. Lawrence, the American Executive
advanced, among other arguments, the very doctrine that, in
its comprehensive sense, now applies to the Amazon.
"In the case of the St. Lawrence, two powers, and only two,
were concerned in its navigation. Though each owned a portion
of the great lakes, yet neither of them did as the upper
riparian States of the Amazon have done, viz: convert those
upper waters into inland seas, by declaring their navigation
free, and inviting all the world to come, and each nation
under its own flag, for traffic and trade.
"Had the United States been the sole proprietor of the great
lakes, and had it been thought proper to proclaim the freedom
of the seas for these waters, and to make the navigation
of them as free to all nations as is the navigation of the
blue waters of the deep sea, then the navigation of the
St. Lawrence would have been a question in which the whole
commercial world would have been equally interested with
this government. It would have represented the case of the
Dardanelles after Russia became part owner of the Black sea,
and the navigation of it was thrown open to the world. It
would have been an exact type of the case presented with
regard to the Amazon since the decrees of Bolivia, Peru, and
Ecuador, which have made the running waters of it and its
navigable tributaries as free to man's use as is the air we
breathe, or the blue waters ploughed by American keels in the
middle of the ocean.
"But as it is, principles broad enough to cover this case of
the Amazon were laid down by American statesmen with regard
to the St. Lawrence, when they maintained that if that river
had been 'regarded as a _strait_ connecting navigable seas, as
it ought properly to be, there would be less controversy. The
principle on which the right to navigate straits depends is,
that they are accessorial to those seas which they unite, and
the right of navigating, which is not exclusive, but common
to all nations—_the right to navigate the seas drawing after
it that of passing the straits_.'
"And this is the doctrine upon which the people represented
in the Memphis convention, and who are again, in the persons
of their representatives, about to assemble in the city of
Charleston for the further consideration of this and other
great questions, found their hopes. They believe it just, and
desire to see it endorsed and to hear it proclaimed from the
chambers of the Capitol.
"If it be urged, in the case put by the United States,
the waters contemplated were in the shape of great lakes,
whereas, in the case of the Amazon, they are in the shape of
rivers only, and that, therefore, the comparison cannot be
fairly drawn: if it be urged that neither can comparison be
drawn with regard to the Dardanelles and Black sea, because,
in that case, it is a real strait and salt water that are
concerned,—whereas, in this, it is really a river, and fresh
water only: if it be urged that this government, not having
dominion over any of these South American waters and their
littorals, has, therefore, no right to interfere with Brazil
in any policy she may choose to adopt with regard to the
Amazon, its navigation, and riparian States,—the reply is both
ready and plain.
"Neither shape of water-way, nor the sweetness of its
fountains, has anything to do with its free use by man. Lake
Titicaca is salt. Lake Titicaca, its waters, and its shores,
lay within the dominions of both Peru and Bolivia. Now,
suppose it were connected with the headwaters of the Amazon
through navigable channels, and that Peru and Bolivia were to
proclaim the freedom of the seas for Lake Titicaca, as they
have done for the water-courses of the Amazon, should we not
have the case of the Black sea and the Baltic, with the sound
and the Dardanelles, and their bitter waters, all repeated
here upon the Amazon over again; and would not the great
powers of the earth have the same right to interfere, with
regard to the passage of their citizens and vessels through
the Amazon, in Brazil, to Titicaca, in Peru, that they have
had in the case of the sound and the Dardanelles; or that
they would have in case Turkey or Denmark should attempt,
arbitrarily, to close either the one or the other?
"The Amazon presents a case in which the commercial nations
have as much right to interfere as the riparian States
themselves. It is a question of navigation which is as broad
as the sea; it is a question of commerce, of civilization,
of human progress, advancement, and improvement, and never
before did the free navigation of any river or strait present
questions of such momentous concern to the whole human family.
"Apply the principles of international law to this case, is
the prayer of the memorialists. If, in obedience to these
principles, the Amazon be opened to free navigation, then the
capacity of the earth to sustain population becomes two-fold
greater than it now is, or than, with that river closed, it
can ever well be. It is a question and a prayer, therefore,
which teaches the well-being of the whole human family.
"Having thus endeavored to set forth the state of this
important question, and to explain the views of your
memorialists, and the grounds of their prayer with regard to
it, the opinion is ventured that these enlightened decrees
of the Amazonian republics have, to all intents and purposes,
converted the Amazon itself, as it flows through Brazil, into
a mere strait, and its upper waters also, to all intents and
purposes, into arms of the sea. Those States have given to
American citizens the same right to sail and steam up and
down that river, from the sea to the riparian shores of Peru,
Bolivia, and Ecuador, that they have to pass the sound in
their commerce with the Baltic powers of Europe.
"As to the mode of exercising this right upon the "king of
rivers," the conditions upon which it is to be enjoyed, your
memorialists desire that Brazil should be consulted, and
that deference should be paid to her wishes, in so far that
reasonable restrictions may, by mutual agreement, be placed
upon it, as, without necessarily trammeling the exercise of
it, may, nevertheless, secure her from any inconvenience or
injury with regard to it.
"But if Brazil should prove contumacious; if she should deny
our rights, refuse to treat, and persist in her attempts
to keep the waters of the Amazon shut up against man's free
use, then, in the language of one of the most distinguished
of America's jurisconsults, your memorialists would have her
reminded that 'mutual intercourse and a reciprocal interchange
of benefits between the different nations which compose
the great family of mankind, are ordained by Providence as
essential to the moral well-being of the whole human race.
Who, then, shall dare to oppose his will to the accomplishment
of this divine law?'
"And, as in duty bound, your memorialists will ever pray, &c.
"M. F. MAURY,
"_Lieut. U. S. N., in behalf of the Memphis Convention_.
"FEBRUARY, 1854."
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Montaña (pronounced Montanya) is the name given by the
Peruvians to any wooded country, "monte" being the Spanish
term for a thick and tangled forest. As there is no other
wooded country in Peru except to the eastward of the Andes,
the term applies only to the eastern slope, and the level
country at the base of the mountains, stretching as far as
the confines of Brazil.
[2] As I shall have occasion, in speaking of routes, to
refer again to this river, I would like to draw particular
attention to it, simply stating here, however, that all who
have penetrated into the Montaña to the northward and eastward
of Cuzco, agree in reporting a large and navigable river
arrived at soon after clearing the skirts of the mountains.
Different tribes of Indians inhabit its banks, and I presume
it is on this account that so many different names—such as
Amarumayo, Mano, Tono, Inambiri, Guariguari, Cachihuara, and
Madre-de-dios—have been given it.
[3] Pongo means a rapid.
[4] A very green and pretty kind of lucern, universally used
in this country for pasturage.
[5] Chupe is a universal article of diet in the Sierra. It
is a broth, or soup, made generally of potatoes, cheese, and
lard; sometimes meat is boiled in it. It is the last dish
served at dinner at a gentleman's table before the dessert.
[6] Masato is made from the yucca by rasping the root to a
white pulp, and then boiling it. During the boiling the Indian
women, who are making it, take portions into their mouths,
chew it, and spit into the pot. After it is sufficiently
heated it is put into large earthen jars, covered and
suffered to ferment. When used it is taken out of the jar by
the handful, mixed with water in a gourd, stirred with the
fingers and drunk. It is a disgusting beverage, and powerfully
intoxicating.
[7] This is its value in barter. It may be bought for six and
a quarter cents money. The same is the case with the wax and
the balls of thread, which are held at double the price for
what they may be bought with coin.
[8] Hammocks, "de travessa," are those that are woven with
close stripes across them.
[9] Sausages made from the flesh of the Peixe-boi.
[10] Piasaba is a palm, from the bark of which is made nearly
all the rope used upon the Amazon. The appearance of the rope
made from it is exactly that of the East India _coir_. It is
very strong, but liable to rot in the heat and moisture of
this climate. The fibres of the bark are brought down the
rivers Negro and Branco, put up in large bundles, and are
at Barra made into cables and running rigging. The coils are
always sixty fathoms in length, and they are sold at so much
per inch of circumference.
[11] Guaraná is the fruit of a low wide-spreading tree. It
is about the size of a common walnut, and contains, within,
five or six small seeds. These seeds are toasted, ground,
mixed with a little water, pressed into moulds, and dried in
an oven. Two spoonfuls, grated into a tumbler of water, is
thought to make a very refreshing drink. It is said to be a
stimulant to the nerves, and, like strong tea or coffee, to
take away sleep. It grows principally on the banks of the
upper Tapajos, and is much used by the inhabitants of _Matto
Grosso_.
[12] This is isinglass, taken from a fish called _piraiba_.
I heard in Pará of a fish called gurijuba, which yielded an
isinglass worth sixteen dollars the arroba.
[13] Pub. Doc No. 43, 1827-'8.
[14] Cong. Doc. No. 43, 1827-'8.
[15] Mr. Clay to Mr. Gallatin, June, 1836.
* * * * * *
Transcriber's note:
Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have
been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
The following lists possible misspellings, different names for the same
person/place/thing, or people/places/things with close spelling
differences in their names.
Alegre and Allegre
alquier and alquiere
alquieres and alquiers
Amarumayo and Amarumayu
andiroba and andirobá
assacú and assacu
benificiation and beneficiation
Boulognaise and Boulonnaise
Caballococha and Caballo-cocha
Canamas and Cauamas
capirono and capirona
cassave and cassava
Caxarmarquilla and Caxamarquilla
Cerro Pasco and Cerro de Pasco
chinchona and cinchona
Chochiquinas and Cochiquinas
Chrisostomo and Crisostomo
Cocamillas and Cocamillos
Coelho and Coelbo
Cuiaba, Cuyaba, Cuyabá and Cuiabá
Cuyabanos and Cuiabanos
demi-oitavo and demi-oitava
dissentions and dissensions
earthern and earthen
embarcation and embarkation
Eretria and Eretrea
Garupá and Gurupá
givara and givaro
Granada and Grenada
Hackett and Hacket
Itenes, Itenez and Ytenes
Japura and Japurá
Limoeiro and Limociro
litoral and littoral
magnetiser and magnetizer
mandioca and mandioc
Manoel and Manuel
Manseriche and Manseriché
Marajó and Marajo
Maraya and Maraia
masata and masato
Maynas and Mainas
Mayobamba and Moyobamba
Nicolas and Nicholas
Noguera and Nogueyra
Obydos and Obidos
Orejones and Oregones
Pachita and Pachitea
Pachiza and Pachisa
Palâcios and Palacios
pamacari and parmacari
paranimiri and paranamiri
parica and paricá
Pastasa and Pastaza
payshi and paishi
peixi-boi and peixe-boi
Perené and Perene
Peruate and Peruaté
Piasaba and Piassaba
Pichitea and Pachitea
piraiba and paraiba
Portugese and Portuguese
Puy-puy and Puypuy
roucou and rocou
sárnango and sarnango
tabardillo and tarbardillo
tapuio and tapuia
Tarapota, Tarrapoto and Tarapoto
Ticumas, Ticunas and Tucunas
tuyuyus and tuyuyús
Ucuyali and Ucayali