There are many tragedies at the mouth of_The Columbia River: Its History, Its Myths, Its Scenery, Its Commerce

just off the Bar and the best time to draw the nets is at the turn of the

tide. In a fishing boat in the chill of the early morning, the fishermen

will frequently become benumbed and drowsy, and will neglect the critical

moment. When the tide fairly turns on the Bar it runs out like a mill

race, and woe to the boat that waits too long. It goes out to sea,

reappearing perhaps, bottom-up, in the course of the day, with owners and

cargo gone. Some experienced men have asserted that not less than a

hundred fishermen are lost every summer. Many boats are now fitted with

gasoline power, and loss of life is lessened thereby.

To the visitor at the River's mouth the fairest sight of all in connection

with the fishing industry is the incoming fleet of boats in the early

morning, or the outgoing fleet of evening. On a June night it scarcely

grows really dark at all, and as the faint glow of the north turns at two

or three o'clock into the morning flush, the lateen sails can be seen like

a flock of gulls on the rim of the ocean. When the full radiance of the

dawn, with its bars of carmine and saffron, has "turned to yellow gold the

salt-green streams," the fleet is within the outer headlands. Hundreds,

sometimes thousands of them, a regular cloud of them, converge from all

parts of the offing to the wharves of lower Astoria.

With all its benefits the fishing industry brings almost infinite trouble.

The two States of Oregon and Washington never agree on laws governing the

periods of lawful fishing. Sometimes Federal authorities bear a part in

the imbroglio. Gill-net men, seiners, fish-trap men, union men, non-union

men, local, State, and Federal officials, all combine in one great general

mix-up. In the midst of the confusion the countless salmon pursue their

course up the River and its tributaries in summer, back to the ocean

again in autumn. The Federal Government maintains fish hatcheries on a

number of streams, and from them young salmon to the number of millions

are turned out each year to replenish the diminishing supply.

[Illustration: Chinook Salmon, Weight 80 Pounds. Photo. by Woodfield,

Astoria.]

A great and constantly growing tide of tourists from all parts of the

Willamette Valley and the upper Columbia region go to Astoria during the

summer. The fine steamers, _T. J. Potter_, _Hassalo_, _Charles D.

Spencer_, and others of less size, convey these thousands of tourists to

Astoria, while the railroad from Portland brings yet other thousands. From

Astoria, the North Beach is reached by steamer to Ilwaco, and thence by

rail to all points of the fishhook of land which extends from the northern

headland of the River to the mouth of Willapa Harbour. During the season

this beach is almost a continuous city from Cape Hancock to Leadbetter

Point, twenty miles distant. Clatsop Beach on the south side of the River

is reached by rail from Astoria. Every charm that an ocean resort can

possess has been lavished on these two beaches on either side of the

River. The bathing, boating, climbing, fishing, hunting, clamming,

crabbing,--they are all there. To the population of that part of the River

country east of the Cascades, the transition from the dust and heat of the

summer to the cool and rest and freshness of the beach, with its breath

from six thousand miles of unbroken sea, is almost like a change of scenes

in a play. Both these beaches, especially Clatsop Beach, are the location

of a rich store of Indian legend and romance. "Cheatcos" and "Skookums"

haunt the forests, and the spirits of Tallapus and Nekahni and Quootshoi

have been enthroned on every peak and cape.

* * * * *

All rivers must reach the sea, and all journeys must end. And so both our

River and our journey find their end in the ocean. From Astoria we can see

the outer headlands and the ocean space between. As we survey this merging

of the Great River with the greater deep, our eyes turn in fancy to that

clear, bright lake, fourteen hundred miles away in the snowy peaks of

British Columbia, from which the River flows. And in imagination we view

again the vistas of lagoons and islands, cliffs and glaciers, lakes and

canyons, plains and forests, through which the Columbia takes its course,

while once more the changing scenes of the historical drama associated

with that splendid waterway are enacted before our eyes.

[Illustration: Lake Adela, near Head of Columbia River, B. C. Photo. by C.

F. Yates.]

But now all these scenes and vistas must be left behind, and we must pass

between the capes. The long sandspit of Point Adams lies on the south, and

the bold rock-promontory of Cape Hancock on the north, seven miles apart,

each crowned with a lighthouse. Between them we secure a view of the great

jetty in course of construction by the Federal Government. This is one of

the most important improvements in connection with the River. When this

work, together with the canal and locks at Celilo, is completed, the River

may be regarded as really navigable on a large scale. The work on the

jetty was inaugurated soon after the jetty-building by Captain Eads at the

mouth of the Mississippi River had drawn the favourable attention of

people and Government to this method of deepening river mouths. The

jetty consists of a double line of piling, filled with rock and mattresses

of woven willows. This constitutes a solid core against which the current

of the River on one side piles the silt, while on the other the ocean

waves pound the sand into a permanent barrier-reef. The philosophy of it

is so to narrow the entrance that the accelerated current of the River

will scour out the channel to an increased depth. Piles have been set in

place by an ingenious system of pneumatic pipes by which compressed air

bores a hole in the sand. Into this hole the pile is dropped, and the

sea-waves in a moment fill in and tamp the sand around it. Thus the ocean

is made to fence itself out. Upon the jetty a railroad has been built, and

a train, loaded with rock and willows, runs out on this every eleven

minutes for dumping material into the space between the piles. Very

gratifying results have already been secured. There is now a depth of

twenty-six feet on the Bar at low water. The crest of the Bar has been cut

much deeper at several narrow points, and this indicates the progress that

may be expected. It is hoped that the completed jetty will maintain a

permanent channel of forty feet at low water. In stormy weather the work

on the jetty is difficult and dangerous. The impact of the Pacific waves

when lashed by a sixty-mile "sou'-wester" is something terrific. Large

sections of piling have been torn out, and much loss has resulted. But

patience and money triumph over all obstacles, and the work goes steadily

on. Some conception of the magnitude of the commerce to be accommodated by

this great work may be formed from the fact that in the year 1907 the

freight handled on the lower River by both river and ocean vessels

amounted to 4,251,681 tons, valued at $76,583,804. This is but a fraction

of what will come with the full development of the Columbia Valley and

with the needed improvements to navigation. The Federal Government

maintains life-saving stations on both sides of the River. Many a tale of

daring could these heroes of the beach tell, should we stop to question

them.

We are at the point of the jetty. The buoys rise and fall behind us. The

horrible blare of the fog-horn sounds across the thunder of the surf, as

we cross the imaginary line from headland to headland. Sea-captains tell

us that ten miles from the River's mouth--so powerfully does the mighty

current cleave the sea--they can dip up fresh water. But now, to west and

north and south, the deep blue, though crossed by the pale green of the

River water, assures us that we are fairly upon the Bar. The River of the

West is all behind us. If it be very clear, we can just discern upon the

horizon's verge, cameo-like and glistening white, Mt. Hood, monarch of the

Oregon Cascades, for ever standing guard over the disappearing River.

[Illustration: Bridal Veil Bluff, Columbia River, Ore. Photo. by E. H.

Moorehouse, Portland.]

As the shore line grows vague, it would not be difficult for the

imagination to conjure up the navigators of the Old World who sailed these

seas, then unknown seas of mystery and romance. Looming up through the

ocean mists we may see strange ships and stranger crews emerge,--junks

with Oriental castaways swept hither by storms and ocean currents;

caravels with the dauntless sailors of the sixteenth century; buccaneers

and pirates, a motley flotilla. Then the stout crafts of Drake, Behring,

Heceta, Cook, Malaspina, Valdez, Bodega, Vancouver, La Perouse; ships of

discovery, of trade, of war, of adventure, of science; flags of Spain, of

Russia, of Portugal, of France, of England;--on they throng from the hazy

Pacific rim toward the Oregon shore. And soon we seem to see, circling

around them, canoes with their red-skinned paddlers from the River's

mouth. But ships and flags, explorers and natives, fade like a dissolving

view. In their place appears a gallant bark, with banner streaming free.

What ship? What banner? The _Columbia Rediviva_, and the Stars and

Stripes--the flag that still waves over the land of the Oregon.

* * * * *

And now our vessel rises and falls upon the long swell of the Pacific. Our

journey on the Columbia River is ended, and we are upon the open sea.

[Illustration: Band of Kootenai Indians, B. C. Photo. by Allan Lean,

Nelson.]

INDEX

Abernethy, Clark & Co., builders of steamers on Columbia, 236

Abernethy, George, first Provisional Governor, 194

Adams, Mount, origin of, in Indian myth, 22-24;

elevation of, 358;

caves of, 359;

sport in vicinity, 360;

structure of, 361-362;

storm on, 364;

ascent of, 365-366;

views from, 366-368

Aguilar, Martin, Spanish explorer, 44-45

Ainsworth, J. C., first captain of steamer _Lot Whitcomb_, 235;

joins new company, 237;

skill in running rapids, 243

_Albatross_, ship connected with Winship enterprise, 109-11

American Board of Foreign Missions undertakes work for Oregon Indians,

145

Applegate, Jesse, disasters of family on Columbia River, 174;

extract from pioneer address, 178

Armstrong, Capt. F. P., trip on Kootenai River, 280-281

Arrow Lakes, steamboat journey on, 292;

scenery of, 293 _et seq._

Arteaga, voyage on the Alaskan coast, 55

Astor, John Jacob, founder of Pacific Fur Co., 89;

establishes company at Astoria, 113;

his plans and mistakes, 115-116

Astoria, founding of, 120;

restored to United States, 125, 182;

amplitude of harbour, 389;

scenery of surroundings, 390;

industries of, 390-391;

fishing fleets, 392;

resorts adjoining, 393

Astoria and Columbia River Railroad, 362

Baker, Dr. D. S., railroad builder, 363-364

_Baker, D. S._, the steamer, running the Dalles, 243

_Bailey Gatzert_, steamer on Columbia River, 248

Balch, Frederick, his story, _The Bridge of the Gods_, 22

Bancroft, H. H., discussion of loss of _Tonquin_, 203

Banff, attraction as a resort, 274

Bannock Indian War, 233

Barlow, S. K., building road across Cascade Mountains, 176

Barrell, Joseph, originator of fur company at Boston, 102

Bassett, W. F., first gold discovery in Idaho, 253

Bateaux, description of, 134

Baughman, Capt., pilot on Columbia and Snake Rivers, 241

_Beaver_, vessel of the Pacific Fur Company, 123-124

_Beaver_, first steamship on Columbia River, 235

Beers, Alanson, members of Executive Committee of Provisional

Government, 194

"Beeswax Ship," story of, 41-42

Behring, Vitus, explorations on Pacific Coast, 50-51

Belcher, Sir Edward, expedition to Columbia River, 164

_Belle_, steamer on Columbia River, 236

Benton, Thomas H., expressions in regard to Oregon, 187;

special advocate for Oregon, 197

Bishop, B. B., steamboat builder on Columbia River, 235

Blakeney, Capt., in charge of steamer _Isabel_ on Upper Columbia, 278

Blalock, Dr. N. G., connection with large enterprises, 328

Blanchet, Rev. F. N., book on Catholic Missions, 154;

journey to Oregon, 155;

locates in Willamette Valley, 155

Blanchet, Rev. Magloire, Catholic Mission at Walla Walla, 157

Boas, Dr. Franz, investigator of Indian legends, 35

Bodega, first voyage, 51;

later voyage, 55

Bonneville, Capt. E. L. E., organises trading company, 161;

makes explorations on Columbia River, 162;

meets Washington Irving, 162

Bradford, Daniel, steamboat building on Columbia River, 235

Bradford & Co., steamboat line on Columbia River, 236

Broughton, Lieut. W. R., in command of the _Chatham_, 62;

entrance of Columbia River and exploration, 66-67;

erroneous statements, 67-68

Buchanan, James, course in regard to boundary of Oregon, 199

Bullfinch, account of American fur-trade, 101

Burnett, Peter, speech to immigrants, 169;

governor of California, 170;

opinion in regard to Provisional Government, 195

Cabinet Rapids, 321

Cabrillo, navigator on coast of California, 43

Calhoun, John C., attitude on Oregon question, 186;

peculiar situation of, 198-199

Cameahwait, chief of Shoshone Indians, meeting with Lewis and Clark

party, 77;

finding Sacajawea, 78

Canadian boatmen, their skill and gayety, 132-133

Canadian Pacific Railroad, route of, over Rocky Mts., 274;

over Selkirks, 285-286;

excellence of management, 288;

steamboats on lakes, 292

Canadian Rockies, character of, and steepness of descent, 275

Canoes, 133

Cape Horn, 349

_Carolina_, steamer crossing Columbia Bar, 235

Cascades, a dividing line, 340;

historic and physical interest of, 340;

locks, 341;

first notice of tide, 341;

fish-wheels and spearmen, 342

Cascade Mountains, general description, 12-13;

the great peaks, 13-14;

valleys on east side, 14;

valleys on west side, 15-16;

cleft by Columbia River, 333

Cass, Senator, speech in regard to Oregon, 199

Castle Rock, unique appearance, 343;

ascents of, 344;

cave and arrowheads, 346

Catlin, George, account of Indians who sought "Book of Life," 138

Cayuse War, beginning, 210;

ending, 212

Celiast, Indian woman, 34

Champoeg, meetings for Provisional Government, 192-193

Chelan Lake, type of Columbian lakes, 298;

first appearance, 299;

glacial origin, 300;

depth of canyon, 300;

comparison with other scenes, 300-301;

storms on, 301-302;

sunset on, 303

Chemeketa, the Indian council ground, 142

Chinook wind, legend of, 24-27

Chittenden, Major H. M., book on American fur-trade, 203

Choteau, Pierre and Auguste, founding of St. Louis, 108

_Christian Advocate_, account of Indians looking for "Book of Life," 137

Clark, William, lieutenant of exploring party, 73;

Indians think him "medicine man," 82;

Indians looking for "Book of Life," 136-137

Clarke, Gen. N. S., in command of Columbia, 224

Clatsop Plains, favourite resort of Indians, 34

Clay, Henry, attitude on Oregon question, 186

Coe, Capt. Lawrence, building steamer _Colonel Wright_, 235;

account of first trip on upper Columbia and Snake Rivers, 243-244

Coeur d'Alene, Lake, as a resort, 297;

its mines, 298

Colleges founded as result of missions, 157

_Colonel Wright_, the steamer, on upper Columbia, 235;

makes first trip on upper rivers, 243-244

Columbia Basin, forces that wrought it, 6-7;

general description, 10-15;

climate, 17-18

Columbia River, many names, 3;

early attracts attention, 4;

connection with Kootenai River, 11;

tomanowas bridge, 21;

damming at Cascades, 21-22;

discovery by Heceta, 55;

discovered and named by Robert Gray, 64;

results of discovery, 65;

first navigation by Lewis and Clark party, 82;

falls passed by party, 83;

submerged forests, 84;

descent by Lewis and Clark, 84-85;

first sight by Hunt's party, 95;

_Tonquin_ on bar, 117;

forts on, 129-131;

crossing of Bar by the ship, _L'Indefatigable_, 156;

descent by immigrants of 1843, 172-174;

description of Bar by Provost, 184;

massacres upon, by Indians, 221;

steamboat business, 239 _et seq._;

first steamboats on lower part, 235;

on upper part, 243;

railroads along, 261-262;

navigability of, 266;

prospective traffic of, 267-269;

character above Golden, 278 _et seq._;

character below Golden, 285;

lakes of, 291 _et seq._;

from Robson to Kettle Falls, 296;

from Kettle Falls to Wenatchee, 298;

rapids and shores from Wenatchee to Pasco, 321;

irrigating enterprises, 323-324;

between Pasco and The Dalles, 328-329;

canal, 330;

section beginning at The Dalles, 234-236;

peculiar character at Cascades, 239;

tomanowas bridge, 340;

compared with other scenes, 350;

appearance below Rooster Rock, 374;

between Portland and the ocean, 387-389;

farewell to, 396

Columbia River Navigation Co., 237

_Columbia_, the steamer, on River, 235

Condon, Professor Thomas, geological theories, 5

Cook, Capt. James, journey on Oregon coast, 55;

death, 56

Cortereal, Gaspar, Straits of Anian, 43

Coxe, account of fur-trade, 100

Coyote god, fight with Kamiah monster, 19-21

Coyote Head, 337

Crooks, Ramsay, partner of Pacific Fur Co., 89;

hard experience with Indians, 96

Culliby Lake, 42

Cultee, Charley, Indian story teller, 35

Curry, Governor, calling for volunteers, 221

Dalles, The, historical interest of, 330;

varied resources of, 330-331;

scenery, 331

Day, John, treatment by Indians and death, 96-97

Dayton, Congressman, expressions about Oregon, 187

Dawson, Professor, explanation of sources of Columbia, 278

De Haro at Nootka, 55

De May in battle of Pine Creek, 227

Demers, Rev. Modest, missionary to Indians, 155

De Smet, Rev. Pierre J., books on Catholic missions, 154;

in Northern Idaho, 155;

in Europe for reinforcements, 156;

crossing Bar, 156

Disoway, G. P., account of Indians who sought "Book of Life," 137

Dixson, figures on profits of fur-trade, 102

Donation Land Law attracts immigration, 177

Dorion, Madame, desperate situation in Blue Mountains, 126

Drake, Francis, explorations, 44

_Eagle_, steamer above Cascades, 235;

rescuing victims of Indian war, 236

Edwards, Rev. P. L., associate missionary, 141

Eells, Rev. Cushing, missionary to Oregon Indians, 151;

locating at Tshimakain, 152

Elliott, S. G., first railroad surveys, 259

England, difficulty with Spain over Nootka Sound, 62

Farnham, T. J., in command of Peoria party, 164;

history of Oregon and California, 164

Ferrelo, explorations on the coast, 43

Field, mountain resort, 276

Fiske, Wilbur, leading missionary movements, 140

Florida Treaty with Spain, 184

Fonte, extravagant stories, 46

Fort Clatsop built by Lewis and Clark, 85

France, assistance to American colonies, 50

Franchere, Gabriel, history of Pacific Fur Co., 118;

founding of Astoria, 120;

account of destruction of _Tonquin_, 203

Fuca, Juan de, 44

Fur-trade, beginnings, 56-57;

on Oregon coast, 60-61;

connection with discoveries, 89;

historical importance, 99;

financial profits of, 103

Gale, Joseph, building of _Star of Oregon_, 166;

sails to California, 167;

on Executive Committee of Provisional Government, 194

Gale, William, on ship _Albatross_, 109;

extract from journal, 113

Galiano, voyage around Vancouver Island, 55

Garnett, Major, in Yakima War, 225

Gaston, Lieutenant, in battle of Pine Creek, 226

Gervais, Joseph, location in Oregon, 142

Ghent, Treaty of, 182

Gilliam, Cornelius, in Cayuse War, 201

Glacier, Canadian resort, 286-287

Glacier Lake, 310

Glacier Peak, 311

Golden on Columbia River, 277

Grande Ronde Valley, first view by Hunt Party, 94

Grant, Captain, attempting to keep back American immigration, 171

Gray, Capt. Robert, in command of _Lady Washington_, 60;

as a fur-trader, 61;

discovers Columbia River, 64

Gray, W. H., history of Oregon, 147;

characteristics, 149;

four sons, 149;

estimate of population, 188;

in Provisional Government, 190-191;

steamboat enterprises, 241;

adventure on Snake River 241

Gray, Capt. Wm. P., story of ascent of Snake River, 241;

trip down Snake River, 247

Great Britain, claims to Oregon, 180-181

Halhaltlossot, or Lawyer, 151

Hallakallakeen (Joseph), summer camp, 297

Hard winter of 1861, 257

_Hassalo_, the steamer, 235-237

_Hassalo, No. 2_, 248

Hathaway, Felix, building schooner, _Star of Oregon_, 166

Heceta, first voyage, 51;

discovery of Columbia River, 52-54

Henry, Andrew, trading post on Snake River, 108-109

Hickey, Capt. F., at restoration of Astoria, 125

Hill, David, on Executive Committee of Provisional Government, 194

Hill, J. J., railroad builder, 262

Holladay, Ben, president of Oregon Central Railroad, 259

Holmes, Oliver W., quotation, 275

Hood, Mount, origin of, in Indian myth, 22-24;

first appearance of, 333;

elevation, 354;

approach to, 354;

Cloud Cap Inn, 355;

view from, 356;

historic character of view, 357;

appearance from La Camas, 376

Hood River and Valley, appearance and productions of, 238

Howard, General O. O., in Nez Perce War of 1877, 230;

description of Joseph, 231

Hudson's Bay Company, organisation of, 104;

joined with North-western Fur Co., 107;

forts, 128 _et seq._;

boats and boatmen, 131-134;

policy toward Americans, 150-153;

attitude toward Provisional Government, 192, 195;

treatment of Dr. McLoughlin, 196

Hunt, Wilson P., forms land division of Pacific Fur Co., 89;

leader in journey, 92 _et seq._

Idaho, name of, 32;

reached by Lewis and Clark, 79-81;

first steamboat, 235;

gold discoveries, 252 _et seq._;

university, 315;

irrigation systems, 317

Illecillewaet River, 287

Immigration of 1843, beginnings, 168;

at Fort Hall, 171;

constructing flatboats on Columbia, 173;

disasters on River, 174-175;

succoured by Dr. McLoughlin, 176;

settlement in Willamette Valley, 176

Indians, sad history, 18;

myths, 19 _et seq._;

names, 31-32;

traders in furs, 103

Indians', the three Nez Perce, quest for the "Book of Life," 139

Indian War of 1855, beginning, 219;

battle at Walla Walla, 221;

unsatisfactory end, 224

Indian War of 1858, 225 _et seq._

Inland Empire, origin, 6;

general description, 14

_Intelligencer, National_, expressions in regard to Oregon, 187

Irving, Washington, author of _Astoria_, 113

_Jason P. Flint_, steamer on Columbia, 235

Jefferson, Thomas, connection with Pacific Coast, 69-70;

organisation of Lewis and Clark expedition, 72-73;

instructions to party, 74

_Jenny Clark_, steamer on Willamette, 236

Jetty, at mouth of River, construction, 395;

prospective results, 396

Joint Occupation Treaty, 134

Joseph, Indian chief, in Walla Walla council, 217-218

Joseph (Hallakallakeen), in great war of 1877, 229;

captured, 231;

later life and character, 232

Joseph War of 1877, 229 _et seq._

Kamiah monster, myth of, 19-21

Kamiakin, Yakima chief, 213;

at Walla Walla Council, 214;

conspiracy to kill Governor Stevens, 216;

description of by Stevens, 216;

breaking up of treaties, 218;

new force of warriors, 220;

apparent success, 224

Kamm, Jacob, engineer on steamer _Lot Whitcomb_, 235

Keith, J., at restoration of Astoria, 125

Kelley, Hall J., home and character, 159;

expedition to California and Oregon, 160;

return to New England, 161

Kelley, Col. J. K., in battle of the Walla Walla, 221

Kendrick, Capt. John, in command of the _Columbia Rediviva_, 60;

in fur-trade, 61

Kettle Falls, historic interest, 296

Kennewick, 227

Kicking Horse River (Wapta), origin of name, 277

Kilbourne, Ralph, builder of _Star of Oregon_, 166

Kimooenim River, or Snake River, first view by Lewis and Clark party, 81

Kip, Lieutenant, account of Walla Walla Council, 214-215

Klickitat Indians, legends, 28-30;

atrocities of, at Cascades, 221

Kobaiway, Indian chief, 35

Konapee, story of, 37-39

Kooskooskie River, discovered by the Lewis and Clark party, 79;

navigation on, by Lewis and Clark party, 81

Kootenai River, character of navigation, 280-281;

Bonnington Falls of, 294

Kootenai Lake, description of, 295-296;

sporting on, 296

La Camas, paper mill, 375

_Ladd, Carrie_, steamer on Willamette, 236

Lamazee, or Lamazu, brings news of destruction of _Tonquin_, 123

_Lark_, wreck of, 124

_Lausanne_, Methodist mission ship, 142

Lawyer, Indian chief favourable to whites, 214-216

Le Breton, G. W., part in founding Provisional Government, 192

Ledyard, John, connection with Jefferson, 70;

comprehension of fur-trade, 101

Lee, Rev. Daniel, missionary to Indians, 141;

mission at The Dalles, 142

Lee, Rev. Jason, missionary to Indians, 140;

locating mission at Chemawa, 142;

in the East for reinforcements, 142;

death, 143;

connection with Ewing Young, 144;

memorial to Congress, 144;

influence, 145;

lecture at Peoria, 163;

chairman of meeting of settlers, 189

Lewis and Clark expedition, its inception by Jefferson, 71;

summary by Captain Lewis, 87;

mention of, by Jefferson, 88

Lewis, Jo, part in Whitman massacre, 206

Lewis, Meriwether, selection by Jefferson for leader of party, 72;

description of crossing Divide, 75

Lewiston, founding of, 245

Linn Senator, presenting memorials to Congress, 189;

his death, 197

Lisa, Manuel, organises the Missouri Fur Company, 108

Looking Glass, famous speech, 215

_Lot Whitcomb_, the steamer, on Columbia River, 235

Louise, Lake, beauties of, 274

Louisiana Purchase, significance, 71

Macbeth, Miss Kate, opinion about Indians who looked for "Book of Life,"

136-137

Mackenzie, Alexander, expedition to Pacific Coast, 71;

journey to the Arctic Ocean, 106;

reaches Pacific Ocean, 106

McBean, Wm., account of Walla Walla Council, 217

McCellan, Robert, partner of Pacific Fur Company, 89

McClellan, Geo. B., assists Stevens in reconnaissance for Pacific

Railroad, 260

McDougall, Duncan, smallpox bottle, 122;

marries daughter of Comcomly, 122;

sells out Company, 124

McKay, Dr. W. C., physician at Pendleton, 319

McKenzie, Donald, partner of Pacific Fur Company, 89;

leads division of party, 92;

sells out Company, 124

McKinley, Allen, building of steamer on Columbia, 235

McLoughlin, Dr. John, as factor of Hudson's Bay Company, 130;

reception of Methodist missionaries, 141;

meets the Whitman party of missionaries, 150;

connection with building _Star of Oregon_, 166;

sees approaching success of Americans, 167;

stories connecting him with Americans, 168;

account of Provisional Government, 195;

becomes an American citizen, 196;

land troubles, 196;

sadness of old age, 196;

summary of character, 197

Maldonado, extravagant stories, 46;

map, 48

Maquinna, Indian chief, 202

Martinez, voyage on coast of Oregon, 55

_Mary_, steamer on Upper Columbia, 235;

rescues victims of Indian war, 236;

on her regular route, 237

Mazama Club, influence of, 353

Meares, Capt. John, English explorer, 44;

voyages to Oregon Coast, 58;

at mouth of Columbia, 59-60

Meek, Jo, part in founding Provisional Government, 192

Memaloose Island, 337

Miller, Joseph, partner of Pacific Fur Company, 89

Minto, John, account of founding of Provisional Government, 190

Montcachabe, Indian who first crossed the continent, 70

_Moody, Mary_, steamer, first steamer on Pend Oreille Lake, 245

Moody, Z. F., builds steamer, 245

Moorehouse, Major Lee, Indian photographer, 320

Morigeau, Baptiste, pioneer on Lake Windermere, 283

Moscow, site of University of Idaho, 315

Moses, Indian chief, 297

_Mountain Buck_, steamer on Columbia, 236

Mountaineers' Club, purpose and location, 353

Mowry, Wm., report of speech by Nez Perce Indian, 139

_Multnomah_, steamer on Columbia, 236

Multnomah Falls, 348

Nekahni, Mt., location of, 33;

beauty of, 39;

the "treasure ship," 40-41

Nelson, metropolis of the Kootenai, 294;

fruit industries of, 294;

mines of, 295;

transportation of, 295

Nesmith, J. W., extract on immigration of 1843, 169;

account of Indian guide, Sticcus, 172;

in Indian War of 1855, 221

Nez Perce Indians, origin of, 21;

first meeting with Lewis and Clark party, 80;

looking for "Book of Life," 137

Nootka Sound, discovery of, 51;

important centre, 55;

as a cause of dispute between England and Spain, 62

North Bank Railroad, 262;

cost of, 377;

bridge, 377

North-west Fur Company, organisation, 105;

unites with Hudson's Bay Company, 107, 128;

in possession of Columbia Basin, 125

Oak Point founded by Winship brothers, 110

Ogden, Peter Skeen, ransoms survivors of Whitman massacre, 207

_Okanogan_, the steamer, first to run Tumwater Falls, 242

Okanogan Indians, story of, 284-285

Oneonta Gorge, 347

Oregon, name of, 31

Oregon Question, its complicated and momentous character, 200

Oregon Railroad and Navigation Co. organised, 246

Oregon Short Line Railroad, 262

Oregon Steam Navigation Co. organised, 237;

development of business, 238;

its portages, 238;

sells out, 246

Oregon Transportation Co. organised, 237

_Oregonian_, newspaper, influence of, 386

Osborne, Mr., escape from Whitman massacre, 207

Pacific Fur Co., organisation of, 89;

its dissolution, 125

Paha Cliffs, 336

Pakenham, British envoy, and his course in regard to Oregon, 199-200

Pambrun, Pierre, instructed Indians in Catholic faith, 137

Parker, Rev. Samuel, in Oregon to investigate condition of Indians, 145;

his traits, 146;

book, 146

Pasco, lands around, 326;

prospects of, 327

_Patriot, Illinois_, report of the Indians looking for "Book of Life,"

137

_Peacock_, ship of Wilkes Expedition lost on Columbia Bar, 165

Pearce, E. D., connection with discovery of gold in Idaho, 252

Pearson, express rider, rides to notify Stevens of Great Yakima War,

219-220

Pendleton, its industries and some of its citizens, 319-320

Peoria party of immigrants, 163

Perez, voyage of, 51

Perkins, Rev. H. K. W., mission at The Dalles, 142

Peupeumoxmox, Indian chief in war of 1855, 213;

leads force to Walla Walla, 214;

killed, 221

Polk, President, management of Oregon Question, 199-200

Poppleton, Irene Lincoln, article in _Oregon Historical Quarterly_, 237

Portland developed by discovery of gold in California, 251;

location, 381;

transportation facilities, 382;

commerce, 382-383;

buildings, 384;

artistic character of, 385;

Historical Society, 385-386

_Potter, T. J._, steamer on Columbia, 248

Priest Rapids, character of, 322;

origin of name, 322;

power for pumping, 324

Provisional Government, origin of, 190-192;

organisation of, 193;

officers of, 194;

state house for, 194

Provost, J. B., at restoration of Astoria, 125;

agent of United States for receiving Astoria from Great Britain, 182;

describes Columbia Bar, 182-183

Pullman, site of State College, 315

_Raccoon_, British man-of-war at Astoria, 124

Railroad Creek, scenery about, 309-310

Rainier, Mt., origin of name, 32

Rector, Wm., road across Cascade Mountains, 176

Revelstoke, character as a junction, 292

Rock Island Rapids, 321

Roosevelt, Theodore, view of Calhoun's policy in regard to Oregon, 198;

reference to Columbia River, 246

Rooster Rock, appearance of, 349-350;

River below, 375

Rosalia, monument of Steptoe, 315

Ross, Alexander, adventure in Yakima country, 126-127;

narration of profits in fur-trade, 131;

on blowing up of _Tonquin_, 203

Ruckle and Olmstead put steamer on Columbia, 236

Russia, entrance upon American exploration, 50-51

Sacajawea, with Lewis and Clark party, 75;

sees the whale, 85;

finds her brother, Cameahwait, 78

St. Helens, Mt., origin of, in Indian myth, 22-24

St. Joe River, its beauties, 297

St. Peter's Dome, 346

Salmon River, Lewis and Clark party at the head of, 79

Saltese, Coeur d'Alene chief, 226

_San Jose_, ship connected with Indian story, 42

Scott, Harvey, character and influence as an editor, 386

Sea-otter, importance in the fur-trade, 100

_Senorita_, steamer on Columbia, 236

Shakspere, his location of Caliban and Ariel in the Far West, 47

Shaw, Col. B. F., battle of Grande Ronde, 222

Shepard, Rev. Cyrus, missionary to Indians, 141

Sheridan, battle at Cascades, 22

Shoshone Indians, meeting with Lewis and Clark party, 76-78

Shuswap Indians, story of, 284-285

_Sierra Nevada_, the steamship, its cargo of treasure, 239

Simpson, S. L., extract from poem of, 380

Smith, Rev. A. B., minister to Oregon Indians, 151;

at Kamiah, 152

Smith, J. C., connection with gold mines in Idaho, 253

Smith, Jedediah, American trapper thought to have taught religion to

Indians, 137

Smith, William, mate on _Albatross_, 109

Snake River, orchards of, 316;

heat, 317;

irrigation systems of, 317;

Shoshone Falls of, 317

Snow-peaks, general group of, 353;

zones of, 370-372

Snickster, adventure in Steptoe expedition, 228

Sowles, Capt. Cornelius, character of, 116

Spain, connection with Oregon exploration, 48;

downfall, 48-49;

settlement of California, 49;

favouring conditions for exploration, 50;

conflict with England over Nootka, 62;

character of claims to Oregon, 180

Spalding, Rev. H. H., in Oregon as missionary, 147;

his traits of character, 148;

among Nez Perces, 151;

first printing press west of Rocky Mountains, 152

Spalding, Mrs. H. H., characteristics, 148

Speelyei, Indian god, struggle with Wishpoosh, 8-9;

creates Indian tribes, 9

_Spencer Chas. D._, steamer on Columbia, 248

Spokane, remarkable character as a city, 315;

water power of Falls, 315;

grandeur as spectacle, 315;

railway system, 316

Spokane House, location of, 315

Spotted Eagle, remarkable speech, 223

_Star of Oregon_, schooner built on Willamette River, 166;

trip to San Francisco, 167

Stark, Benjamin, in steamboat business, 236

_Statesman, Washington_, extracts in regard to Idaho mines, 255-256

Stehekin River, canyon of, 303;

Rainbow Falls of, 305;

Horseshoe Basin of, 306

Steptoe, Col. E. J., dissension with Stevens, 223;

fort at Walla Walla, 224;

disastrous expedition to Spokane, 225 _et seq._

Stevens, Hazard, account of Walla Walla Council, 215

Stevens, I. I., appointed Governor of Washington, 213;

makes treatise, 213;

Council at Walla Walla, 214;

goes to northern country to make treaties, 215;

describes Kamiakin, 216;

makes treaty with Flatheads, 218;

returns to Olympia, 221;

organises volunteers, 222;

second Council at Walla Walla, 222;

trouble with Steptoe, 223;

trouble with Wool, 224;

battle at Walla Walla, 224;

reconnaissance for railroad in 1853, 260

Sticcus, Indian guide of immigrants, 172;

tries to save the Whitman Mission, 206

Stuart, David, founding of Fort Okanogan, 121

Stump, Capt. T. J., on first steamer down Tumwater Falls, 242

Sturgis, profits of fur-trade, 103

Sutter, Captain, connection with discovery of gold, 250

Swan, data on income of furs, 103

Swift, Jonathan, placing of Gulliver near the coast of Oregon, 47

"Takhoma, Mt.," origin of name, 32

Tallapus, Indian deity, 33

Tamahas, part in Whitman massacre, 206, 212

Tamsaky, in Whitman massacre, 206;

killed, 212

Taylor, Captain, part in battle of Pine Creek, 226

Telaukait, part in Whitman massacre, 206

_Tenino_, the steamer, value of its business, 239

Tetons, Three, first seen by Hunt party, 81

Thompson, David, crossing the continent, 106;

at Astoria, 121;

remains of his fort on Lake Windermere, 282

Thompson, R. R., builds steamer _Colonel Wright_, 235

Thorn, Jonathan, disposition as captain of _Tonquin_, 116;

tyrannical course in entering Columbia River, 117-118

Thornton, J. Quinn, description of Oregon State House, 194

Timothy, Nez Perce Indian guide to Steptoe's command, save command,

226-227

_Tonquin_, fitting out for Astoria, 117;

entrance of Columbia River, 118-119;

destroyed by Indians, 124;

account of capture, 203

Touchet Valley, adaptability to orchards, 325

Trappers, two general classes of, 90

Treaty with England in regard to Oregon, 200

Trevett, Vic, tomb of, 337

Troup, Capt. James, skill in running rapids, 242;

on _D. S. Baker_ over The Dalles, 243

Umatilla Plains first seen by the Hunt expedition, 94

Umatilla Rapids, singular character of, 328

Union Transportation Co. organised, 237

United States, character of claims to Oregon, 181;

notifies Great Britain to regain Astoria, 182

Valdez, circumnavigation of Vancouver Island, 55

Vancouver, Capt. George, as English commissioner, 62;

equipment for exploration, 62;

at mouth of Columbia River, 63;

meets Gray, 63;

at Columbia Bar, 66

Vancouver Island, location of important explorations, 56-57

Vancouver, Fort, its condition as a Hudson's Bay post, 128-129

Vancouver, city of historic interest, 376;

scenery, 377

_Venture_, the steamer, carried over Cascades, 236

Verendrye, first European to enter Rocky Mountains, 70

Villard, Henry, first arrival in Oregon, 260;

railroad on Columbia River, 261;

financial disasters, 261

Vizcaino, commander of Spanish fleet of exploration, 44

Von Holst, opinion in regard to Calhoun's management of the Oregon

matter, 198

Walker, Rev. Elkanah, missionary to Oregon Indians, 151;

at Tshimakain, 151

Walker's Prairie, location of first church, 315

Walker, Wm., account of Indians who sought the "Book of Life," 137

Walla Walla, Fort, arrival at, by immigrants of 1843, 173

Walla Walla City, historic nature of, 318;

appearance and surroundings, 318;

Whitman Mission, 318

Walla Walla Council of Stevens with Indians, 213 _et seq._

Wallowa Lake, beauty and historic interest of, 320

Wallula, 328

Wapatoo Island, first seen by Lewis and Clark party, 86;

description of, 378

Wapta River, 277

_Wasco_, steamer built on Columbia, 235;

rescues victims of Indian War, 236;

under new management, 237

Washington, State, evidences of development, 314 _et seq._;

views of, from Mt. Adams, 366 _et seq._

Washington Territory, created by Congress, 212;

volunteers for Indian War, 222

Washougal, historic interest of, 375

Webster, Daniel, attitude on Oregon question, 186-187;

inclined to yield to England, 197

Wehatpolitan, story of, 345

Wenatchee, interest as an irrigated region, 314

Whitcomb, Lot, builds steamer of same name, 235

White, Dr. Elijah, in Oregon in 1837 as Indian agent, 142

White, Capt. Lew, commands steamer _Colonel Wright_ on trip up Columbia,

243-244;

launches steamer _Forty-nine_ on Columbia, 245

Whitman, Dr. Marcus, entrance upon work for Oregon Indians, 145;

popularity with trappers, 146;

return to New York, 146;

marriage and return to Oregon, 147;

his appearance and character, 147;

getting waggon across continent, 150;

among Cayuses, 151;

conception of value of Oregon, 153;

journey in midwinter to St. Louis, 154;

helps organise immigration of 1843, 168;

guides immigrants, 171;

doctors Indians for measles, 205;

assassinated, 206;

connection with Dr. McLoughlin, 196

Whitman, Mrs. Narcissa, appearance and qualities, 147;

her death, 207

Whitman massacre, 206-208

Whitman College, 319

Whitman County, agricultural resources of, 316

White Salmon River and Valley, 338

Wilkes, Lieut. Chas., commands expedition to Columbia River, 165;

establishes idea of unity of Pacific Coast, 165;

assists in equipping schooner _Star of Oregon_, 160;

advice to settlers about a government, 190

Willamette River, scenery around mouth, 378;

tributaries and Valley, 380;

apostrophe to, by S. L. Simpson, 380

Willamette Valley, general view, 15

Willamette University grows out of mission to Indians, 143

Williams in the Steptoe retreat, 228

Windermere Lake, 280

Winship brothers, project for trading company on Columbia River, 109-113

Wishpoosh, the Beaver, Indian legend, 8

Wool, Gen. J. E., discord with Stevens, 222, 224

Wright, Colonel, campaign against Spokane Indians, 225, 229

Wyeth, Nathaniel, takes Methodist missionary party across continent in

1834, 141;

commendation by Lowell, 162;

plans great enterprise on Columbia, 162;

builds fort at mouth of Willamette, 163;

attracts attention to Oregon, 163

Yakima Valley, productive capacity of, 325

Yaktana, Indian chief in adventure with Ross, 127

Young, Ewing, in California, 160;

drives cattle to Oregon, 161;

death of, 189

Zaltieri, map of America, 47

[Illustration: COLUMBIA RIVER ENTRANCE]

[Illustration: THE COLUMBIA RIVER And Surrounding Country]

_American Waterways_

The Romance of the Colorado River

The Story of its Discovery in 1540, with an account of the Later

Explorations, and with Special Reference to the Voyages of Powell through

the Line of the Great Canyons.

By Frederick S. Dellenbaugh

Member of the United States Colorado River Expedition of 1871 and 1872

_435 pages, with 200 Illustrations, and Frontispiece in Color. $3.50 net_

"His scientific training, his long experience in this region, and his eye

for natural scenery enable him to make this account of the Colorado River

most graphic and interesting. No other book equally good can be written

for many years to come--not until our knowledge of the river is greatly

enlarged."--_The Boston Herald._

"Mr. Dellenbaugh writes with enthusiasm and balance about his chief, and

of the canyon with a fascination that make him disinclined to leave it,

and brings him thirty years later to its description with undiminished

interest."--_New York Tribune._

The Ohio River

A COURSE OF EMPIRE

By Archer B. Hulbert

Associate Professor of American History, Marietta College, Author of

"Historic Highways of America," etc.

_390 pages, with 100 Illustrations and a Map. $3.50 net_

An interesting description from a fresh point of view of the international

struggle which ended with the English conquest of the Ohio Basin, and

includes many interesting details of the pioneer movement on the Ohio. The

most widely read students of the Ohio Valley will find a unique and

unexpected interest in Mr. Hulbert's chapters dealing with the Ohio River

in the Revolution, the rise of the cities of Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and

Louisville, the fighting Virginians, the old-time methods of navigation,

etc.

"A wonderfully comprehensive and entirely fascinating book."--_Chicago

Inter-Ocean._

Narragansett Bay

_Its Historic and Romantic Associations and Picturesque Setting_

By Edgar Mayhew Bacon

Author of "The Hudson River," "Chronicles of Tarrytown," etc.

_340 pages, with 50 Drawings by the Author, and with Numerous Photographs

and a Map. $3.50 net_

Impressed by the important and singular part played by the settlers of

Narragansett in the development of American ideas and ideals, and strongly

attracted by the romantic tales that are inwoven with the warp of history,

as well as by the incomparable setting the great bay affords for such a

subject, the author offers this result of his labor as a contribution to

the story of great American Waterways, with the hope that his readers may

be imbued with somewhat of his own enthusiasm.

"An attractive description of the picturesque part of Rhode Island. Mr.

Bacon dwells on the natural beauties, the legendary and historical

associations, rather than the present appearance of the shores."--_N. Y.

Sun._

The Great Lakes

_Vessels That Plough Them, Their Owners, Their Sailors, and Their Cargoes;

together with A Brief History of Our Inland Seas_

By James Oliver Curwood

_With about 80 Full-page Illustrations, $3.50 net_

This profusely illustrated book, as entertaining as it is informing, has

the twofold advantage of being written by a man who knows the Lakes and

their shores as well as what has been written about them. The general

reader will enjoy the romance attaching to the past history of the Lakes

and not less the romance of the present--the story of the great commercial

fleets that plough our inland seas, created to transport the fruits of the

earth and the metals that are dug from the bowels of the earth. To the

business man who has interests in or about the Lakes, or to the

prospective investor in Great Lakes enterprises, the book will be found

suggestive. Comparatively little has been written of these fresh-water

seas, and many of his readers will be amazed at the wonderful story which

this volume tells.

The St. Lawrence River

_Historical--Legendary--Picturesque_

By George Waldo Browne

Author of "Japan--the Place and the People," "Paradise of the Pacific,"

etc.

_385 pages, with 100 Illustrations and a Map. $3.50 net_

While the St. Lawrence River has been the scene of many important events

connected with the discovery and development of a large portion of North

America, no attempt has heretofore been made to collect and embody in one

volume a complete and comprehensive narrative of this great waterway. This

is not denying that considerable has been written relating to it, but the

various offerings have been scattered through many volumes, and most of

these have become inaccessible to the general reader.

This work presents in a consecutive narrative the most important historic

incidents connected with the river, combined with descriptions of some of

its most picturesque scenery and delightful excursions into to its

legendary lore. In selecting the hundred illustrations care has been taken

to give as wide a scope as possible to the views belonging to the river.

The Niagara River

By Archer Butler Hulbert

Professor of American History, Marietta College; author of "The Ohio

River," "Historic Highways of America," etc.

_350 pages, with 70 Illustrations and Maps. $3,50 net_

Professor Hulbert tells all that is best worth recording of the history of

the river which gives the book its title, and of its commercial present

and its great commercial future. An immense amount of carefully ordered

information is here brought together into a most entertaining and

informing book. No mention of this volume can be quite adequate that fails

to take into account the extraordinary chapter which is given to

chronicling the mad achievements of that company of dare-devil bipeds of

both sexes who for decades have been sweeping over the Falls in barrels

and other receptacles, or who have gone dancing their dizzy way on ropes

or wires stretched from shore to shore above the boiling, leaping water

beneath.

The Hudson River

FROM OCEAN TO SOURCE

_Historical--Legendary--Picturesque_

By Edgar Mayhew Bacon

Author of "Chronicles of Tarrytown," "Narragansett Bay," etc.

_600 Pages, with 100 Illustrations, including a Sectional Map of the

Hudson River. $3.50 net_

"The value of this handsome quarto does not depend solely on the

attractiveness with which Mr. Bacon has invested the whole subject, it is

a kind of footnote to the more conventional histories, because it throws

light upon the life and habits of the earliest settlers. It is a study of

Dutch civilization in the New World, severe enough in intentions to be

accurate, but easy enough in temper to make a great deal of humor, and to

comment upon those characteristic customs and habits which, while they

escape the attention of the formal historian, are full of

significance."--_Outlook._

The Connecticut River and the Valley of the Connecticut

THREE HUNDRED AND FIFTY MILES FROM MOUNTAIN TO SEA

_Historical and Descriptive_

By Edwin Munroe Bacon

Author of "Walks and Rides in the Country Round About Boston," etc.

_500 Pages, with 100 Illustrations and a Map. $3.50 net_

From ocean to source every mile of the Connecticut is crowded with

reminders of the early explorers, of the Indian wars, of the struggle of

the Colonies, and of the quaint, peaceful village existence of the early

days of the Republic. Beginning with the Dutch discovery, Mr. Bacon traces

the interesting movements and events which are associated with this chief

river of New England.

The Columbia River

_Its History--Its Myths--Its Scenery--Its Commerce_

By William Denison Lyman

Professor of History in Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington

_Fully Illustrated_

This is the first effort to present a book distinctively on the Columbia

River. It is the intention of the author to give some special prominence

to Nelson and the magnificent lake district by which it is surrounded. As

the joint possession of the United States and British Columbia, and as the

grandest scenic river of the continent, the Columbia is worthy of special

attention.

_In Preparation:_

_Each will be fully illustrated and will probably be published at $3.50

net_

1.--Inland Waterways

By Herbert Quick

2.--The Mississippi River

By Julius Chambers

3.--The Story of the Chesapeake

By Ruthella Mory Bibbins

4.--Lake George and Lake Champlain

By W. Max Reid

Author of "The Mohawk Valley,"

"The Story of Old Fort Johnson," etc.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Columbia River, by William Denison Lyman

The Columbia River: Its History, Its Myths, Its Scenery, Its Commerce · 第 14 / 14 章

There are many tragedies at the mouth of the River. The best fishing is