jaw, behind and below the eyes. A long excretory duct extends from
this gland to the outer surface of the upper jaw, and opens above
and before the poison teeth, by which means the poison flows along
the sheath into the upper opening of the tooth in such a manner as
to secure its insertion into the wound. The hollow interior of the
bones with which the South American and other Indians arm the poisoned
arrows secures the same object (Fig. 85); it contains the poisonous
liquid, and provides a channel for its insertion into the wound. In
the bravo’s dagger of Italy, a specimen of which from my collection
is shown in Fig. 86, a similar provision for the insertion of the
poison is effected by means of a groove on either side of the blade,
communicating with two rows of small holes, into which the poison
flows, and is retained in that part of the blade which enters the
wound. Nearly similar blades, with holes, have been found in Ireland,
of which a specimen is in the Academy’s Museum, and they have been
compared with others of the same kind from India, but I am not aware
that there is any evidence to show that they were used for poison. Some
of the Indian daggers, however, are constructed in close analogy with
the poison apparatus of the serpent’s tooth, having an enclosed tube
running down the middle of the blade, communicating with a reservoir
for poison in the handle, and having lateral openings in the blade
for the diffusion of the poison in the wound. Similar holes, but
without any enclosed tube, and having only a groove on the surface
of the blade to communicate with the holes, are found in some of the
Scotch dirks, and in several forms of _couteau de chasse_, in which
they appear to have been used merely with a view of letting air into
the wound, and accelerating death (Figs. 87 _a_ and _b_). The Scotch
dirk, here represented, has a groove running from the handle along
the back of the blade to within three and a half inches of the point.
In the bottom of this groove ten holes are pierced, which communicate
with other lateral holes at right angles, opening on to the sides of
the blade. Daggers are still made at Sheffield for the South American
market, with a small hole drilled through the blade, near the point, to
contain the poison; and in my collection there is an iron arrow-point
(Fig. 88), evidently formed of the point of one of these daggers,
having the hole near the point.
It often happens that forms which, in the early history of an art,
have served some specific object, are in later times applied to other
uses, and are ultimately retained only in the forms of ornamentation.
This seems to have been the case with the pierced work upon the blades
of weapons which, intended originally for poison, was afterwards used
as air-holes, and ultimately for ornament only, as appears by a plug
bayonet of the commencement of the eighteenth century in the Tower
Armoury, No. 390 of the official Catalogue, for a drawing of which, as
well as that of the Scotch dirk, I am indebted to Captain A. Tupper, a
member of the Council of this Institution.
The second point of analogy to which I would draw attention is that of
the multi-barbed arrows of most savages to the multi-barbed stings of
insects, especially that of the bee (Fig. 89), which is so constructed
that it cannot usually be withdrawn, but breaks off with its poisonous
appendage into the wound. An exact parallel to this is found in
the poisoned arrows of savages of various races, which, as already
mentioned, are frequently armed with the point of the sting-ray, for
the express purpose of breaking in the wound. In the arrows of the
Bushmen, the shaft is often partly cut through, so as to break when it
comes in contact with a bone, and the barb is constructed to remain in
the wound when the arrow is withdrawn (Fig. 90). The same applies to
the barbed arrows used with the Malay blowpipe (Fig. 91), and those
of the wild tribes of Assam (Fig. 92), which are also poisoned. The
arrow-points of the Shoshones of North America (Fig. 93), said to
be poisoned, are tied on, purposely, with gut in such a manner as to
remain when the arrow is withdrawn. The arrows of the Macoushie tribe
of Guiana (Fig. 94) are made with a small barbed and poisoned head,
which is inserted in a socket in the shaft, in which it fits loosely,
so as to detach in the wound. This weapon appears to form the link
between the poisoned arrow and the fishing arrow or harpoon, which is
widely distributed, and which I propose to describe on a subsequent
occasion. Mr. Latham, of Wilkinson’s, Pall Mall, has been kind
enough to describe to me a Venetian dagger of glass, formerly in his
possession; it had a tube in the centre for the poison, and the blade
was constructed with three edges. By a sharp wrench from the assassin,
the blade was broken off, and remained in the wound.
It has also been supposed that from their peculiar construction most of
the triangular and concave-based arrow-heads of flint that are found in
this country, and in Ireland, were constructed for a similar purpose
(Fig. 95).
The serrated edges of weapons, like those of the bee and the sting-ray,
when used as arrow-points, were likewise instrumental in retaining the
poison and introducing it into the wound, and this form was copied with
a similar object in some of the Florentine daggers above mentioned, a
portion of the blade of one of which, taken from Meyrick’s _Ancient
Arms and Armour_, is shown in Fig. 96.[119]
Although the use of poison would in these days be scouted by all
civilized nations as an instrument of war, we find it still applied to
useful purposes in the destruction of the larger animals. The operation
of whaling, which is attended with so much danger and difficulty, has
of late been greatly facilitated by the use of a mixture of strychnine
and ‘woorali’, the well-known poison of the Indians of South America.
An ounce of this mixture, attached to a small explosive shell fired
from a carbine, has been found to destroy a whale in less than eighteen
minutes, without risk to the whaler.[120]
When we consider how impotent a creature the aboriginal and
uninstructed man must have been, when contending with the large and
powerful animals with which he was surrounded, we cannot too much
admire that provision of nature which appears to have directed his
attention, during the very earliest stages of his existence, to the
acquirement of the subtile art of poisoning. In the forests of Guiana
there are tribes, such as the Otomacs, apparently weaponless, but
which, by simply poisoning the thumb-nail with ‘curare’ or ‘woorali’,
at once become formidable antagonists.[121] Poison is available for
hunting as well as for warlike purposes: the South American Indians
eat the monkeys killed by this means, merely cutting out the part
struck,[122] and the wild tribes of the Malay peninsula do not even
trouble themselves to cut out the part before eating.[123] The Bushmen,
and the Stiens of Cambodia, use their poisoned weapons chiefly against
wild beasts and elephants.
Thus we see that the most noxious of herbs and the most repulsive of
reptiles have been the means ordained to instruct mankind in what,
during the first ages of his existence, must have been the most
useful of arts. We cannot now determine how far this agent may have
been influential in exterminating those huge animals, the _Elephas
primigenius_ and _Rhinoceros tichorhinus_, with the remains of which
the earliest races of man have been so frequently associated, and
which, in those primaeval days, before he began to turn his hand to
the destruction of his own species, must have constituted his most
formidable enemies.
_Missiles._ Amongst the offensive weapons of animals, the use of
missiles cannot be altogether excluded, although the examples of
their use by the lower creation are extremely rare. Some species of
cuttle-fish have the power of ejecting water with a good aim.[124]
The Toxotes, or archer-fish, obtains its name from its faculty of
projecting drops of water at insects some three or four feet from
the surface of the water; which it seldom fails to bring down. The
llama has a habit of ejecting its saliva, but I am not aware of the
object of this singular practice. I only know from experience that its
manners are offensive, and that it has the power of spitting with a
good aim and for some distance. The porcupine has the power of throwing
its quills, and is said to do so with effect, although it is not now
believed to dart them with any hostile intention. The Polar bear is
described in Captain Hall’s recent publication as an animal capable of
capturing the walrus by missile force.[125] It is said that the bear
will take advantage of an overhanging cliff, under which its prey is
seen asleep upon the ice, to throw down, with its paws, large stones,
and with such good aim as to hit the walrus on the head, after which,
running down to the place where the animal lays stunned, it will take
the stone to beat out its brains. That animals are instinctively
acquainted with the force of gravitation is evident by their avoiding
precipices that would endanger them, and it certainly requires a slight
(but at the same time most important) advance upon this knowledge,
to avail themselves of large stones for such purposes as are here
attributed to the bear; but as the story only rests on the authority of
the Esquimaux, it must, I think--although they certainly are careful
observers of the habits of animals--be rejected, until confirmed by
the direct testimony of white men. It has even been doubted whether
the alleged habit of monkeys, in throwing coco-nuts at their pursuers,
has not arisen from the mistake of the hunter in supposing that fruit
accidentally detached from their stalks by the gambols of these animals
in the trees, may have been intended as missiles; but it appears now
to be clearly established that monkeys have the intelligence, not only
to throw stones, but even to use them in breaking the shells of nuts.
Major Denham, in his account of his travels in Central Africa, near
Lake Tshad, says: ‘The monkeys, or as the Arabs say, men enchanted,
“Beny Adam meshood,” were so numerous, that I saw upwards of 150
assembled in one place in the evening. They did not at all appear
inclined to give up their ground, but perched on the top of a bank,
some 20 feet high, made a terrible noise, and rather gently than
otherwise, pelted us as we approached within a certain distance.’ This,
I think, is clear evidence of a combined pelting on the part of these
untutored animals.
The monkey thus furnishes us with the only example of the use of
any external substance for offensive purposes, by any member of the
animal kingdom. All others, except, perhaps, the missile fishes above
described, use, for offence and defence, the weapons with which nature
has furnished them, and which are integral parts of their persons. It
is this which so essentially distinguishes man from the lower creation.
Man is the tool-using animal. We have no knowledge of man, in any state
of existence, who is not so; nor have we (with the exception of the
ape, the link indirectly connecting him with the lower creation, in the
same manner that the savage connects the civilized with the aboriginal
man, both being branches from the same stem) any knowledge of animals
that employ tools or weapons. Herein lies the point of separation,
which, in so far as the material universe is concerned, marks the
dawn of a new dispensation. Hitherto Providence operates directly
on the work to be performed, by means of the living, animated tool.
Henceforth, it operates indirectly on the progress and development of
creation, first, through the agency of the instinctively tool-using
savage, and by degrees, of the intelligent and reasoning man.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES VI-XI
[_Revised and abridged from the ‘Description’ appended to the original
text. The roman numeral refers to the Plate on which the figure is
printed._]
1. _a._ Adze of iron, constructed by Captain Cook’s armourer for
the use of the natives of Tahiti, _b._ Adze of stone, Tahitian,
used as model in making the above. Meyrick (Skelton), _Engraved
Illustrations of Ancient Arms and Armour_ (1830), vol. ii. pl.
cxlix.
PLATE VI.
2. _a._ Pipe-handled Tomahawk, of European manufacture, constructed
for the use of North American Indians. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
Meyrick (Skelton), l. c., vol. ii. pl. cxlix. _b._ Pipe and
Tomahawk of pipe-stone, used by the Dacotas of N. America.
Schoolcraft, _Information concerning the History, &c., of the
Indian Tribes of the United States_, vol. ii. pl. lxix.
VI.
3. Maeotian, or Scythian Bow, from a vase-painting. Hamilton,
_Etruscan Antiquities_, vol. iv. pl. cxvi; Meyrick, _Critical
Enquiry into Ancient Armour_ (1824) vol. i. pl. ii. 14; Rawlinson,
_Herodotus_ (1862), vol. iii. pp. 3, 35.
VI.
4. Bow of the Tartar tribes on the borders of Persia. (Mus. R. U.
S. Inst.) Meyrick (Skelton), l. c., vol. ii. pl. cxliv.
VI.
5. Iron Sword (_minus_ the wooden handle) and War-Axe of native
manufacture, constructed by the Fans of the Gaboon country, West
Africa. (Author’s Collection; similar spec. in Mus. R. U. S.
Inst.) The patterns of ornamentation are taken partly from the Fan
War-Axe, and partly from iron knives brought from Central Africa by
Mr. Petherick. (Author’s Coll.)
VI.
6. Leaf-shaped Bronze Sword (_minus_ the handle), from Ireland
(Author’s Coll.); and a Bronze Celt (Mainz Mus.), Lindenschmit,
_Die Alterthümer unserer heidnischen Vorzeit_ (1864 ff.). The
patterns of ornamentation are taken partly from Lindenschmit,
l. c., pl. iii.; partly from Irish bronze-work in Sir W. Wilde,
_Catalogue of the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy_ (1863),
Bronze, pp. 389-90.
VI.
7. ‘Manilla,’ or ring-money of copper and iron, used in the Eboe
country, W. Africa. (Author’s Coll.) In 1836, a ship laden with a
quantity of these ‘manillas’, made in Birmingham, after the pattern
in use in Africa (the spec. here figured forming part of the
cargo), was wrecked on the coast of co. Cork. By this means their
exact resemblance to the gold and bronze ‘penannular rings’ found
in Ireland (Fig. 8) attracted the attention of Mr. Sainthill, of
Cork, by whom the subject was communicated to the _Ulster Journal
of Archaeology_, No. 19 (July, 1857).
VI.
8. ‘Penannular Ring,’ found in Ireland. Wilde, l. c., Bronze,
p. 570, Gold, p. 53. Similar forms are found in England and on
the Continent. Lindenschmit, pl. iv; Keller, _Lake Dwellings of
Switzerland_ (tr. Lee, 1866), pl. lii _a_, fig. 9.
VI.
9. Kaffir Assegai-head of iron, of native manufacture, with section
of blade. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
VI.
10. Saxon Spear-head of iron, having the same section as fig. 9;
from a Saxon grave. Neville, _Saxon Obsequies_ (London, 1852), pl.
xxxv; Akerman, _Saxon Pagandom_ (London, 1855), Introd., p. x.
VI.
11. War-dress of a Patagonian Chief, composed of seven thicknesses
of hide on the body part, and three on the sleeves. (Mus. R. U. S.
Inst.)
VII.
12. Section of the above, upon the breast, showing how the seven
thicknesses are united at the top.
VII.
13. Kayan Cuirass of untanned hide, with the hair outside; and
Helmet of cane wickerwork. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.; pres. by Capt. D.
Bethune, R.N.)
VII.
14. Egyptian Breast-plate, made of a crocodile’s back. Meyrick
(Skelton), l. c., vol. ii. pl. cxlviii.
VII.
15. Suit of Armour, supposed to have formerly belonged to the Rajah
of Guzerat. The four breast- and back-pieces are of rhinoceros
hide, having an inscription upon them, beginning with an invocation
to Ali. The remaining portions are of black velvet, ornamented with
brass studs, and padded. Meyrick (Skelton), l. c., vol. ii. pl.
cxli.
VIII.
16. Four Plates of steel (Sikh), of similar form to those of
rhinoceros hide in fig. 15, ornamented with patterns of inlaid
gold. They are fastened with straps over a coat of chain-armour,
and are called in Persian ‘char aineh,’ i.e. ‘the four mirrors.’
(Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
VIII.
17. Helmet of basket-work, from the Sandwich Islands, resembling
the Grecian in form. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.; presented by H. Shelley,
Esq.)
VIII.
18. Suit of Armour of coco-nut fibre, from Pleasant Island, in
the Pacific. It is probable that the under tippet, which is now
attached to the back- and breast-piece at the top, may originally
have been intended to be worn round the loins, like a kilt. (Mus.
R. U. S. Inst.)
VII.
19. _a._ Quilted Pectoral of the Egyptians. Meyrick, l. c., vol.
i. pl. i. _b._ shows the manner in which it was worn. Rawlinson,
_Herodotus_ (1862), vol. iv. p. 47, No. iii. 3 (but this figure is
Kheta, not Egyptian.--ED.).
VII.
20. Quilted Head-dress of the Egyptian soldiers. Meyrick, l. c.,
vol. i. pl. i.
VIII.
21. Quilted Helmet of nearly the same form as fig. 20, from India.
(Author’s Coll.)
VIII.
22. Head-dress of nearly the same form as figs. 20, 21, from the
Nouaer tribe of Negroes, inhabiting both banks of the Nile from
8° to 10° N. latitude; brought to England by Mr. Petherick. It
resembles the Egyptian very closely, and is composed of cylindrical
white beads of European manufacture, fastened together with a kind
of string. (Author’s Coll.)
VIII.
23. Helmet of the same form as fig. 21, composed of united mail
and plate, formerly belonging to the Body-guard of the Moguls.
(Author’s Coll.)
VIII.
24. Suit of Quilted Armour, taken in action from Koer Singh, the
famous Rajpoot Chief, of Jugdespore in Behar, on August 12, 1857,
by Major Vincent Eyre, commanding the field force that relieved
Arrah. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.; presented by the captor.)
VII.
25. _a._ Suit of Quilted Armour, found upon the body of Tippoo
Sahib at his death, in the breach of Seringapatam. (Mus. R. U. S.
Inst.)
IX.
_b._ Portion of one of the nine thicknesses of quilting, of the
above, showing construction (see p. 62): reduced to 1/6.
IX.
_c._ Helmet of the above suit. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
IX.
26. Quilted Armour of the Bornouese Cavalry. Denham and Clapperton,
_Travels in Northern and Central Africa_ (1826), p. 328 (Denham).
VIII.
27. Suit of Armour from the Navigator Islands, composed of coco-nut
fibre, coarsely netted. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.; presented by Sir W.
Burnett, M.D.) Similar armour is used in the Kingsmill Group.
VII.
28. Part of a Chinese ‘Brigandine Jacket’ of cotton, quilted, with
enclosed plates of metal. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
VII.
29. Head-dress of Hercules wearing the Lion’s Skin, from a Bronze
in the Blacas Collection. (British Museum.)
VIII.
30. Head-dress of a North American Chief. Schoolcraft, l. c., vol.
iii. p. 68. pl. x. 2.
VIII.
31. Thracian Helmet of brass [?], with horns of the same. Meyrick,
l. c., vol. i. pl. iii.
VIII.
32. Ancient British Helmet of bronze, with straight horns of the
same, found in the Thames. (British Museum.)
VIII.
33. Greek Helmet, having horns of brass [?]. Meyrick, l. c., vol.
i. pl. iv.
VIII.
34. Back-plate and Breast-plate of the Bugo Dyaks, armed with the
scales of the Pangolin. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
IX.
35. Piece of Bark from Tahiti, studded with pieces of coco-nut
shell. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
VIII.
36. Fragment of Scale-Armour of horn found at Pompeii. [_Pictorial
Gallery of Arts_, vol. i. figs. 10, 61.]
VIII.
37. Piece of Scale-Armour, made of the hoofs of some animal, from
some part of Asia; said to be from Japan. Meyrick, l. c., vol. i.
pl. iii.
VIII.
38. An ancient Stone Figure in Scale Armour. Cuming, _Journ.
Archaeol. Assoc._, vol. iii. p. 31.
IX.
39. Back-piece and Breast-piece of Armour from the Sandwich
Islands, composed of seals’ teeth. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.; pres. by
H. Shelley, Esq.)
VIII.
40. Egyptian Suit of Scale-Armour. Rawlinson, _Herodotus_ (1862),
vol. ii. p. 65, fig. iii; Wilkinson (Birch), _Manners and Customs
of the Ancient Egyptians_ (1878), fig. 53 _a_.
IX.
41. Two Scales of Egyptian Armour, enlarged. Rawlinson, l. c., fig.
iv.
IX.
42. Japanese Armour, composed of chain, plate, and enclosed quilted
plates. (_a_) Left arm; (_b_) Greaves. (Author’s Coll.)
IX.
43. _a._ Chinese Suit of Armour, of cotton, having iron scales
attached to the inside, _b._ Iron Helmet of the same suit (Mus. R.
U. S. Inst.; presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher. R.N.)
IX.
44. A portion of the iron scales attached to the inner side of the
above suit.
IX.
45. Breast-piece of ‘Jazerine’ Armour of iron scales, xv-xvi cent.;
inner side. (Author’s Coll.) Cf. Grose, _Treatise on Ancient
Armour_ (London, 1786), p. 15, ‘Jazerant’: cf. pl. xxxiii. 3;
Meyrick. vol. ii. pl. lvi.
IX.
46. ‘Brigandine’ composed of large iron scales on the outside,
probably of the same date as the above; left by the Venetians in
the armoury of Candia on the surrender of the island to the Turks
in 1715. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.; presented by Lt.-Col. Patrick
Campbell, R.A.)
IX.
47. Horn of the Rhinoceros. (Author’s Coll.)
X.
48. Skull and Tusks of the Walrus. (Author’s Coll.)
X.
49. Weapon of the Sword-Fish; scale 1/2 inch to a foot. (Author’s
Coll.)
X.
50. Spear of the Narwhal; scale 1/2 inch to a foot. (Author’s Coll.)
X.
51. Section, showing part of the timber of the ship _Fame_, where
it was pierced by the narwhal in the South Seas, through 2-1/2-inch
oak. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.; presented by Lt. A. T. Tulloch, R.A.)
X.
52. Esquimaux Spear, from Greenland, armed with the spear of the
narwhal. 1/50. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
X.
53. Esquimaux Spear in the form of a fish, having fore-shaft
composed of a narwhal-tusk, inserted so as to represent the tusk of
the animal; scale 1/2 inch to a foot. (Author’s Coll.)
X.
54. Esquimaux Lance, pointed with a walrus-tooth. 1/20. (Mus. R. U.
S. Inst.)
X.
55. Esquimaux Tomahawk or Pickaxe, headed with a walrus-tooth.
1/20. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
X.
56. Arrow-head, probably from South America, headed with the point
of a deer’s horn. (British Museum, Christy Collection.)
X.
57. War-club of the Iroquois, called _Ga-ne-ú-ga-o-dus-ha_ or
‘Deer-horn War-Club.’ Lewis Morgan, _League of the Iroquois_
(Rochester, N.Y., 1851), p. 363.
X.
58. Club of the North American Indians, with a point of iron. 1/20.
(Mus. R. U. S. Inst.; presented by T. Hoblyn, Esq.)
X.
59. Arrow, from S. America, armed with the weapon of the ray,
probably _Trygon hystrix_. 1/2. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
X.
60. _a._ Spine of _Balistes capriscus, Cuv._, erect. Yarrell,
_British Fishes_ (2nd ed., London, 1841), vol. ii, p. 472. _b._
Horn of _Cottus diceraus, Pall_. Cuvier, _Animal Kingdom_ (1827),
s. v. _c._ Horn of _Naseus fronticornis, Lac._ Cuvier, l. c.
X.
61. Spear of the _Limulus_ or ‘King Crab.’
X.
62. Arrow, armed with the spine of the _Diodon_. 1/4. (Author’s
Coll.)
X.
63. ‘Khandjar’ or Indian Dagger, composed of the horn of the
buffalo, having the natural form and point. 1/10. (Author’s Coll.)
X.
64. ‘Khandjar’ of the same form, with metal blade and ivory handle.
1/10. (Author’s Coll.)
X.
65. ‘Khandjar’ of the same form, having both blade and handle of
iron. The handle is ornamented with the figures of a bird and some
small quadruped. 1/10. (Author’s Coll.)
X.
66. Dagger formed of the horn of the ‘sasin,’ or common antelope.
1/10. (Author’s Coll.)
X.
67. Dagger like fig. 66, but with the points armed with metal. 1/10
(Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
X.
68. Dagger like figs. 66, 67, but composed entirely of metal, with
a shield for the hand. Similar shields are sometimes attached to
daggers like those in figs. 66, 67. 1/12. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
X.
69. Weapon composed of the horn of the antelope; steel-pointed;
supposed to be that used by the Fakirs in India. (Author’s Coll.)
X.
70. Sword formed of the serrated blade of the saw-fish from New
Guinea. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
XI.
71-74. Weapons from the Pacific, edged with sharks’ teeth. The
teeth near the point are placed points forward; the remainder with
the points towards the handle. Two methods of fastening the teeth
are shown: _a._ in grooves; _b._ lashed between two strips of wood.
(Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
XI.
75. Implement from New Zealand, armed with sharks’ teeth. (British
Museum.)
XI.
76. Esquimaux Knife, from Davis Strait, armed with pieces of
meteoric iron, (British Museum.)
XI.
77. Knife, from Greenland, armed with pieces of iron along the
edge. (British Museum, Christy Collection.)
XI.
78-80. Mexican ‘Maquahuitl.’ Lord Kingsborough, _Antiquities of
Mexico_ (1830-48), vol. i (numerous examples on pl. x-xv: fig. 79 =
No. 1478).
XI.
81-82. Spear and Knife, from Australia, armed with pieces of
obsidian, or rock-crystal. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.)
XI.
83. Arrow-point of bone, armed with a row of sharp flint flakes on
each side. (Museum of Prof. Nilsson, at Lund, in Sweden.) Reduced
to 1/2 from the figure in Wilde, l. c., ‘Animal Materials,’ p. 254.
XI.
84. Arrow-point like fig. 83. (Copenhagen Museum.) _Illustr. Cat.
of the Copenhagen Museum._
XI.
85. Arrow-point of hollow bone, from S. America, the hollow of the
bone being filled with poison. (Mus. R. U. S. Inst.; Author’s Coll.)
XI.
86. Dagger of an Italian Bravo, with grooves and holes to contain
poison; the handle represents a monk in the act of supplication.
(Author’s Coll.)
XI.
87 _a._ Scottish Dirk, pierced with holes along the back and sides.
Along the back of the blade runs a groove eight inches long, in
which holes are pierced that communicate with lateral holes on the
side of the blade. (Author’s Coll.)
XI.
87 _b._ ‘Couteau-de-Chasse,’ with two grooves on each side near the
back of the blade, which is pierced through with holes. (Author’s
Coll.)
XI.
88. Arrow-head, of iron, with a hole near the point for poison;
from S. America. (Author’s Coll.)
XI.