The bison--universally, though improperly, called buffalo--is, perhaps,
the most interesting animal in America. Its great size and strength--
the prodigious numbers in which it is found--its peculiar _habitat_--the
value of its flesh and hide to the traveller, as well as to the many
tribes of Indians--the mode of its chase and capture--all these
circumstances render the buffalo an interesting and highly-prized
animal.
Besides, it is the largest ruminant indigenous to America, exceeding in
weight even the moose-deer, which latter, however, equals it in height.
With the exception of the musk-ox, it is the only indigenous animal of
the bovine tribe, but the latter being confined to a very limited range,
near the Arctic Sea, has been less subject to the observation and
attention of the civilised world. The buffalo, therefore, may be
regarded as the representative of the ox in America.
The appearance of the animal is well-known; pictorial illustration has
rendered it familiar to the eyes of every one. The enormous head, with
its broad triangular front--the conical hump on the shoulders--the small
but brilliantly-piercing eyes--the short black horns, of crescent
shape--the profusion of shaggy hair about, the neck and foreparts of the
body--the disproportioned bulk of the smaller hind-quarters--the short
tail, with its tufted extremity; all these are characteristics. The
hind-quarters are covered with a much shorter and smoother coat of hair,
which adds to their apparent disproportion, and this, with the long
hirsute covering of the breast, neck, hump, and shoulders, gives to the
buffalo--especially when seen in a picture--a somewhat lion-like figure.
The naked tail, with its tuft at the end, strengthens this similarity.
Some of the characteristics above enumerated belong only to the bull.
The cow is less shaggy in front, has a smaller head, a less fierce
appearance, and is altogether more like the common black cattle.
The buffalo is of a dark brown colour--sometimes nearly black--and
sometimes of a burnt or liver hue; but this change depends on the
season. The young coat of hair is darker, but changes as the season
advances. In autumn it is nearly black, and then the coat of the animal
has a shiny appearance; but as winter comes on, and the hair lengthens,
it becomes lighter and more bleached-like. In the early part of summer
it has a yellowish brown hue, and at this time, with rubbing and
wallowing, part of it has already come off, while large flakes hang
raggled and loose from the flanks, ready at any moment to drop off.
In size, the American buffalo competes with the European species (_Bos
aurochs_), now nearly extinct. These animals differ in shape
considerably, but the largest individuals of each species would very
nearly balance one another in weight. Either of them is equal in size
and weight to the largest specimens of the common ox--prize oxen, of
course, excepted.
A full-grown buffalo-bull is six feet high at the shoulders, eight feet
from the snout to the base of the tail, and will weigh about 1500
pounds.
Rare individuals exist whose weight much exceeds this. The cows are, of
course, much smaller than the bulls, and scarcely come up to the
ordinary standard of farm-cattle.
The flesh of the buffalo is juicy and delicious, equal, indeed superior,
to well-fed beef. It may be regarded as beef with a _game flavour_.
Many people--travellers and hunters--prefer it to any other species of
meat.
The flesh of the cow, as may be supposed, is more tender and savoury
than that of the bull; and in a hunt when "meat" is the object, the cow
is selected as a mark for the arrow or bullet.
The parts most esteemed are the tongue, the "hump-ribs" (the long
spinous processes of the first dorsal vertebra), and the marrow of the
shank bones. "Boudins" (part of the intestines) are also favourite
"tit-bits" among the Indians and trappers.
The tongues, when dried, are really superior to those of common beeves,
and, indeed, the same may be said of the other parts, but there is a
better and worse in buffalo-beef, according to the age and sex of the
animal. "Fat cow" is a term for the super-excellent, and by "poor
bull," or "old bull," is meant a very unpalatable article, only to be
eaten by the hunter in times of necessity.
The range of the buffalo is extensive, though not as it once was. It is
gradually being restricted by hunter-pressure, and the encroachments of
civilisation. It now consists of a longitudinal strip, of which the
western boundary may be considered the Rocky Mountains, and the eastern
the Mississippi River, though it is only near the head waters of the
latter that the range of this animal extends so far east. Below the
mouth of the Missouri no buffalo are found near the Mississippi, nor
within two hundred miles of it--not, in fact, until you have cleared the
forests that fringe this stream, and penetrated a good distance into the
prairie tract. At one period, however, they roamed as far to the east
as the Chain of the Alleghanies.
In Texas, the buffalo yet extends its migrations to the head waters of
the Brazos and Colorado, but it is not a Mexican animal. Following the
Rocky Mountains from the great bend of the Rio Grande, northward, we
find no buffalo west of them until we reach the higher latitudes near
the sources of the Saskatchewan. There they have crossed the mountains,
and are now to be met with in some of the plains that lie on the other
side. This, however, is a late migration, occasioned by hunter-pressure
upon the eastern slope. The same has been observed at different
periods, at other points in the Rocky Mountain chain, where the buffalo
had made a temporary lodgment on the Pacific side of the mountains, but
where they are now entirely extinct. It is known, from the traditional
history of the tribes on the west side, that the buffalo was only a
newcomer among them, and was not indigenous to that division of the
Continent.
Following the buffaloes north, we find their range co-terminous with the
prairies. The latter end in an angle between the Peace River and the
great Slave Lake, and beyond this the buffalo does not run. There is a
point, however, across an arm of the Slave Lake where buffalo are found.
It is called Slave Point, and although contiguous to the primitive
rocks of the "Barren Grounds" it is of a similar geology (_stratified_
limestone) with the buffalo prairies to the west. This, to the
geologist, is an interesting fact.
From the Slave Lake, a line drawn to the head waters of the Mississippi,
and passing through Lake Winnipeg, will shut in the buffalo country
along the north-east. They are still found in large bands upon the
western shores of Winnipeg, on the plains of the Saskatchewan and the
Red River of the north. In fact, buffalo-hunting is one of the chief
employments of the inhabitants of that half-Indian colony known as the
"Red River Settlements."
One of the most singular facts in relation to the buffalo is their
enormous numbers. Nothing but the vast extent of their pasturage could
have sustained such droves as have from time to time been seen.
Thousands frequently feed together, and the plain for miles is often
covered with a continuous drove. Sometimes they are seen strung out
into a long column, passing from place to place, and roads exist made by
them that resemble great highways. Sometimes these roads, worn by the
rains, form great hollows that traverse the level plain, and they often
guide the thirsty traveller in the direction of water.
Another curious fact about the buffalo is their habit of wallowing. The
cause of this is not well-ascertained. It may be that they are prompted
to it, as swine are, partly to cool their blood by bringing their bodies
in contact with the colder earth, and partly to scratch themselves as
other cattle do, and free their skins from the annoying insects and
parasites that prey upon them. It must be remembered that in their
pasturage no trees or "rubbing posts" are to be found, and in the
absence of these they are compelled to resort to wallowing. They fling
themselves upon their sides, and using their hunch and shoulder as a
pivot, spin round and round for hours at a time. In this rotatory
motion they aid themselves by using the legs freely. The earth becomes
hollowed out and worn into a circular basin, often of considerable
depth, and this is known as a "buffalo wallow." Such curious circular
concavities are seen throughout the prairies where these animals range;
sometimes grown over with grass, sometimes freshly hollowed out, and not
unfrequently containing water, with which the traveller assuages his
thirst, and so, too, the buffalo themselves. This has led to the
fanciful idea of the early explorers that there existed on the American
Continent an animal who _dug its own wells_!
The buffaloes make extensive migrations, going in large "gangs." These
are not periodical, and are only partially influenced by climate. They
are not regular either in their direction. Sometimes the gangs will be
seen straying southward, at other times to the north, east, or west.
The search of food or water seems partially to regulate these movements,
as with the passenger-pigeon, and some other migratory creatures.
At such times the buffaloes move forward in an impetuous march which
nothing seems to interrupt. Ravines are passed, and waterless plains
traversed, and rivers crossed without hesitation. In many cases broad
streams, with steep or marshy banks, are attempted, and thousands either
perish in the waters or become mired in the swamp, and cannot escape,
but die the most terrible of deaths. Then is the feast of the eagles,
the vultures, and the wolves. Sometimes, too, the feast of the hunter;
for when the Indians discover a gang of buffaloes in a difficulty of
this kind, the slaughter is immense.
Hunting the buffalo is, among the Indian tribes, a profession rather
than a sport. Those who practise it in the latter sense are few indeed,
as, to enjoy it, it is necessary to do as we had done, make a journey of
several hundred miles, and risk our scalps, with no inconsiderable
chance of losing them. For these reasons few amateur-hunters ever
trouble the buffalo.
The true professional hunters--the white trappers and Indians--pursue
these animals almost incessantly, and thin their numbers with lance,
rifle, and arrow.
Buffalo-hunting is not all sport without peril. The hunter frequently
risks his life; and numerous have been the fatal results of encounters
with these animals. The bulls, when wounded, cannot be approached, even
on horseback, without considerable risk, while a dismounted hunter has
but slight chance of escaping.
The buffalo runs with a gait apparently heavy and lumbering--first
heaving to one side, then to the other, like a ship at sea; but this
gait, although not equal in speed to that of a horse, is far too fast
for a man on foot, and the swiftest runner, unless favoured by a tree or
some other object, will be surely overtaken, and either gored to death
by the animal's horns, or pounded to a jelly under its heavy hoofs.
Instances of the kind are far from being rare, and could amateur-hunters
only get at the buffalo, such occurrences would be fearfully common. An
incident illustrative of these remarks is told by the traveller and
naturalist Richardson, and may therefore be safely regarded as a fact.
"While I resided at Charlton House, an incident of this kind occurred.
Mr Finnan McDonald, one of the Hudson's Bay Company's clerks, was
descending the Saskatchewan in a boat, and one evening, having pitched
his tent for the night, he went out in the dusk to look for game.
"It had become nearly dark when he fired at a bison bull, which was
galloping over a small eminence; and as he was hastening forward to see
if the shot had taken effect, the wounded beast made a rush at him. He
had the presence of mind to seize the animal by the long hair on his
forehead, as it struck him on the side with its horn, and being a
remarkably tall and powerful man, a struggle ensued, which continued
until his wrist was severely sprained, and his arm was rendered
powerless; he then fell, and after receiving two or three blows, became
senseless.
"Shortly after, he was found by his companions lying bathed in blood,
being gored in several places; and the bison was couched beside him,
apparently waiting to renew the attack, had he shown any signs of life.
Mr McDonald recovered from the immediate effects of the injuries he
received, but died a few months after." Dr Richardson adds:--"Many
other instances might be mentioned of the tenaciousness with which this
animal pursues its revenge; and I have been told of a hunter having been
detained for many hours in a tree, by an old bull which had taken its
post below to watch him."
The numbers of the buffalo, although still very great, are annually on
the decrease. Their woolly skins, when dressed, are of great value as
an article of commerce. Among the Canadians they are in general use;
they constitute the favourite wrappers of the traveller in that cold
climate: they line the cariole, the carriage, and the sleigh. Thousands
of them are used in the northern parts of the United States for a
similar purpose. They are known as buffalo-robes, and are often
prettily trimmed and ornamented, so as to command a good price. They
are even exported to Europe in large quantities.
Of course this extensive demand for the robes causes a proportionate
destruction among the buffaloes. But this is not all. Whole tribes of
Indians, amounting to many thousands of individuals, subsist entirely
upon these animals, as the Laplander upon the reindeer, or the Guarani
Indian upon the _moriche_ palm. Their blankets are buffalo-robes, part
of their clothing buffalo-leather, their tents are buffalo-hides, and
buffalo-beef is their sole food for three parts of the year. The large
prairie tribes--as the Sioux, the Pawnees, the Blackfeet, the Crows, the
Chiennes, the Arapahoes, and the Comanches, with several smaller bands--
live upon the buffalo. These tribes, united, number at least 100,000
souls. No wonder the buffalo should be each year diminishing in
numbers!
It is predicted that in a few years the race will become extinct. The
same has been often said of the Indian. The _soi-disant_ prophet is
addicted to this sort of melancholy foreboding, because he believes by
such babbling he gains a character for philanthropic sympathy; besides,
it has a poetic sound. Believe me, there is not the slightest danger of
such a destiny for the Indian: his race is not to become extinct; it
will be on the earth as long as that of either black or white.
Civilisation is removing the seeds of decay; civilisation will preserve
the race of the red man yet to multiply. Civilisation, too, may
preserve the buffalo. The hunter races must disappear, and give place
to the more useful agriculturist. The prairies are wide--vast expanses
of that singular formation must remain in their primitive wildness, at
least for ages, and these will still be a safe range for the buffalo.