Foremost of all the wild creatures of America in point of being
generally known is the raccoon (_Procyon lotor_). None has a wider
geographical distribution, as its "range" embraces the entire Continent,
from the Polar Sea to Terra del Fuego. Some naturalists have denied
that it is found in South America. This denial is founded on the fact,
that neither Ulloa nor Molina have spoken of it. But how many other
animals have these crude naturalists omitted to describe? We may safely
assert that the raccoon exists in South America, as well in the tropical
forests of Guyana as in the colder regions of the Table Land--everywhere
that there exists tree-timber. In most parts where the Spanish language
is spoken, it is known as the "_zorro negro_," or black fox. Indeed,
there are two species in South America, the common one (_Procyon
lotor_), and the crab-eater (_Procyon cancrivorus_).
In North America it is one of the most common of wild animals. In all
parts you may meet with it. In the hot lowlands of Louisiana--in the
tropical "chapparals" of Mexico--in the snowy regions of Canada--and in
the vernal valleys of California. Unlike the deer, the wild cat, and
the wolverine, it is never mistaken for any other animal, nor is any
animal taken for it. It is as well-known in America as the red fox is
in England, and with a somewhat similar reputation.
Although there is a variety in colour and size, there is no ambiguity
about species or genus. Wherever the English language is spoken, it has
but one name, the "raccoon." In America, every man, woman and child
knows the "sly ole 'coon."
This animal has been placed by naturalists in the family _Ursidae_,
genus _Procyon_. Linnaeus made it a _bear_, and classed it with
_Ursus_. It has, in our opinion, but little in common with the bear,
and far more resembles the fox. Hence the Spanish name of "_zorro
negro_" (black fox).
A writer quaintly describes it thus:--"The limbs of a bear, the body of
a badger, the head of a fox, the nose of a dog, the tail of a cat, and
sharp claws, by which it climbs trees like a monkey." We cannot admit
the similarity of its tail to that of a cat. The tail of the raccoon is
full and bushy, which is not true of the cat's tail. There is only a
similarity in the annulated or banded appearance noticed in the tails of
some cats, which in that of the raccoon is a marked characteristic.
The raccoon, to speak in round terms, is about the size of an English
fox, but somewhat thicker and "bunchier" in the body. Its legs are
short in proportion, and as it is _plantigrade_ in the hind-feet, it
stands and runs low, and cat-like. The muzzle is extremely pointed and
slender, adapted to its habit of prying into every chink and corner, in
search of spiders, beetles, and other creatures.
The general colour of the raccoon is dark brown (nearly black) on the
upper part of the body, mixed with iron-grey. Underneath it is of a
lighter hue. There is, here and there, a little fawn colour intermixed.
A broad black band runs across the eyes and unites under the throat.
This band is surrounded and sharply defined with a margin of
greyish-white, which gives a unique expression to the "countenance" of
the "'coon."
One of the chief beauties of this animal is its tail, which is
characteristic in its markings. It exhibits twelve annulations or
ring-bands, six black and six greyish-white, in regular alternation.
The tip is black, and the tail itself is very full or "bushy." When the
'coon-skin is made into a cap--which it often is among hunters and
frontiers-men--the tail is left to hang as a drooping plume; and such a
head-dress is far from ungraceful. In some "settlements" the 'coon-skin
cap is quite the fashion among the young "backwoodsmen."
The raccoon is an animal of an extremely amorous disposition; but there
is a fact connected with the sex of this creature which is curious: the
female is larger than the male. Not only larger, but in every respect a
finer-looking animal. The hair, long on both, is more full and glossy
upon the female, its tints deeper and more beautiful. This is contrary
to the general order of nature. By those unacquainted with this fact,
the female is mistaken for the male, and _vice versa_, as in the case of
hawks and eagles.
The fur of the raccoon has long been an article of commerce, as it is
used in making beaver hats; but as these have given place in most
countries to the silk article, the 'coon-skin now commands but a small
price.
The raccoon is a tree-climber of the first quality. It climbs with its
sharp-curved claws, not by hugging, as is the case with the bear tribe.
Its lair, or place of retreat, is in a tree--some hollow, with its
entrance high up. Such trees are common in the great primeval forests
of America. In this tree-cave it has its nest, where the female brings
forth three, four, five, or six "cubs" at a birth. This takes place in
early spring--usually the first week in April.
The raccoon is a creature of the woods. On the prairies and in treeless
regions it is not known. It prefers heavy "timber," where there are
huge logs and hollow trees in plenty. It requires the neighbourhood of
water, and in connection with this may be mentioned a curious habit it
has, that of plunging all its food into the water before devouring it.
It will be remembered that the otter has a similar habit. It is from
this peculiarity that the raccoon derives its specific name of _Lotor_
(washer). It does not always moisten its morsel thus, but pretty
generally. It is fond, moreover, of frequent ablutions, and no animal
is more clean and tidy in its habits.
The raccoon is almost omnivorous. It eats poultry or wild fowls. It
devours frogs, lizards, lame, and insects without distinction. It is
fond of sweets, and is very destructive to the sugar-cane and Indian
corn of the planter. When the ear of the maize is young, or, as it is
termed, "in the milk," it is very sweet. Then the raccoon loves to prey
upon it. Whole troops at night visit the corn-fields and commit
extensive havoc. These mischievous habits make the creature many
enemies, and in fact it has but few friends. It kills hares, rabbits,
and squirrels when it can catch them, and will rob a bird's nest in the
most ruthless manner. It is particularly fond of shell-fish; and the
_unios_, with which many of the fresh-water lakes and rivers of America
abound, form part of its food. These it opens as adroitly with its
claws as an oyster-man could with his knife. It is partial to the
"soft-shell" crabs and small tortoises common in the American waters.
Jake told us of a trick which the 'coon puts in practice for catching
the small turtles of the creek. We were not inclined to give credence
to the story, but Jake almost swore to it. It is certainly curious if
true, but it smacks very much of Buffon. It may be remarked, however,
that the knowledge which the plantation negroes have of the habits of
the raccoon surpasses that of any mere naturalist. Jake boldly declares
that the 'coon fishes for turtles! that it squats upon the bank of the
stream, allowing its bushy tail to hang over into the water; that the
turtles swimming about in search of food or amusement, spies the hairy
appendage and lays hold of it; and that the 'coon, feeling the nibble,
suddenly draws the testaceous swimmer upon dry land, and then "cleans
out de shell" at his leisure!
The 'coon is often domesticated in America. It is harmless as a dog or
cat except when crossed by children, when it will snarl, snap, and bite
like the most crabbed cur. It is troublesome, however, where poultry is
kept, and this prevents its being much of a favourite. Indeed, it is
not one, for it is hunted everywhere, and killed--wherever this can be
done--on sight.
There is a curious connection between the negro and the raccoon. It is
not a tie of sympathy, but a kind of antagonism. The 'coon, as already
observed, is the negro's legitimate game. 'Coon-hunting is peculiarly a
negro sport. The negro is the 'coon's mortal enemy. He kills the 'coon
when and wherever he can, and cats it too. He loves its "meat," which
is pork-tasted, and in young 'coons palatable enough, but in old ones
rather rank. This, however, our "darkie" friend does not much mind,
particularly if his master be a "stingy old boss," and keeps him on rice
instead of meat rations. The negro, moreover, makes an odd "bit"
(twelve and a half cents) by the skin, which he disposes of to the
neighbouring "storekeeper."
The 'coon-hunt is a "nocturnal" sport, and therefore does not interfere
with the negro's regular labour. By right the night belongs to him, and
he may then dispose of his time as he pleases, which he often does in
this very way.
The negro is not, allowed to carry fire-arms, and for this reason the
squirrel may perch upon a high limb, jerk its tail about and defy him;
the hare may run swiftly away, and the wild turkey may tantalise him
with its incessant "gobbling." But the 'coon can be killed without
fire-arms. The 'coon can be overtaken and "treed." The negro is not
denied the use of an axe, and no man knows better how to handle it than
he. The 'coon, therefore, is his natural game, and much sport does he
have in its pursuit. Nearly the same may be said of the opossum
(_Didelphis Virginiana_); but the "'possum" is more rare, and it is not
our intention now to describe that very curious creature. From both
'coon and 'possum does the poor negro derive infinite sport--many a
sweet excitement that cheers his long winter nights, and chequers with
brighter spots the dull and darksome monotony of his slave-life. I have
often thought what a pity it would be if the 'coon and the opossum
should be extirpated before slavery itself became extinct. I had often
shared in this peculiar sport of the negro, and joined in a real
'coon-chase, but the most exciting of all was the first in which I had
been engaged, and I proffered my comrades an account of it.