as follows:—
BUILDINGS
105.—(1). _The provisions of this Act with respect to_—
(1) _power to make orders as to dangerous machines (section 17)_;
(2) _accidents (sections 19-22)_;
(3) _regulations for dangerous trades (sections 79-86)_;
(4) _powers of inspection (section 119); and_
(5) _fines in case of death or injury (section 136) shall have
effect as if any premises on which machinery worked by steam, water,
or other mechanical power, is temporarily used for the purpose of the
construction of a building or any structural work in connection with
a building were included in the word 'factory,’ and the purpose for
which the machinery is used were a manufacturing process, and as if
the person who, by himself, his agents, or workmen, temporarily uses
any such machinery for the before-mentioned purpose were the occupier
of the said premises; and for the purpose of the enforcement of those
provisions the person so using any such machinery shall be deemed to
be the occupier of a factory._
(2). _The provisions of this Act with respect to notice of
accidents, and the formal investigation of accidents, shall have
effect as if any building which exceeds 30 feet in height, and which
is being constructed or repaired by means of a scaffolding ... were
included in the word 'factory,’ and as if ... the employer of the
persons engaged in the construction or repair ... were the occupier
of a factory._
It will be noticed that the provisions of the Act are more stringent
for buildings which are being constructed or repaired by machinery, and
that these buildings come within the provisions of the Act whether or
not they exceed the limit of 30 feet.
The provisions of the Act as mentioned in the beginning of this section
have been embodied in the following abstract, issued from the Home
Office, January 1902.
Form 57.[6]
_January 1902._
_FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACT, 1901_
_Abstract of the provisions of the Act as to_
BUILDINGS IN COURSE OF CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
H.M. INSPECTOR OF FACTORIES, }
_To whom Communications and_ }
_Notices should be addressed_ }
H.M. SUPERINTENDING INSPECTOR }
OF FACTORIES }
H.M. CHIEF INSPECTOR OF } ARTHUR WHITELEGGE,
FACTORIES } ESQ., M.D.,
} Home Office, London, S. W.
CERTIFYING SURGEON
Certain provisions of the Factory and Workshop Act, including those
which are stated below, apply as if any premises on which machinery
worked by mechanical power is temporarily used in the construction of
a building, or in structural work in connection with a building, were
a factory, and as if the purpose for which the machinery is used were
a manufacturing process. For the purpose of the enforcement of those
provisions, the person so using (by himself, his agents, or workmen)
any such machinery is deemed to be the occupier of a factory.
In the case of buildings over 30 feet in height, which are being
constructed or repaired by means of scaffolding, paragraphs 4 and 6
apply in like manner, whether machinery be used or not; and for the
purpose of their enforcement the employer of the persons engaged in
the construction or repair is deemed to be the occupier of a factory.
The provisions stated below apply also to any private line or siding
used in connection with a building in course of construction or
repair as above.
[Sidenote: Dangerous Machinery or Plant.]
1.—If any part of the ways, works, machinery, or plant (including a
steam boiler) is in such condition that it cannot be used without
danger to life or limb, a Court of Summary Jurisdiction may, on
complaint of an Inspector, make an order prohibiting it from being
used, absolutely or until it is duly repaired or altered.
[Sidenote: Dangerous Processes.]
2.—If any machinery, plant, process, or description of manual labour
is dangerous or injurious to health, or dangerous to life or limb,
regulations may be made by the Secretary of State.
[Sidenote: Steam Boilers.]
3.—Every steam boiler must (_a_) be maintained in proper
condition, and (_b_) have a proper safety-valve, steam-gauge,
and water-gauge, all maintained in proper condition, and (_c_)
be thoroughly examined by a competent person every 14 months. A
signed report of the result of the examination must be entered within
14 days in a Register to be kept for the purpose in the premises
(Form 73[7]).
[Sidenote: Accidents.]
[7]4.—When there occurs in the premises any accident which causes to
a person employed therein such injury as to prevent him on any one
of the three working days next after the occurrence of the accident
from being employed for five hours on his ordinary work, written
Notice (Form 43[7]) must be sent forthwith to H.M. Inspector for the
district.
5.—Every such accident must also be entered in a Register to be kept
for the purpose in the premises (Form 73[7]).
6.—If the accident is fatal, or is produced by machinery moved by
power, or by a vat or pan containing hot liquid, or by explosion,
or by escape of gas or steam, written Notice (Form 43[7]) must
_also_ be sent forthwith to the Certifying Surgeon for the
district.
[Sidenote: Returns.]
7.—If so required by the Secretary of State, a return of the persons
employed must be sent to H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories at such
times and with such particulars as may be directed.
[Sidenote: Powers of Inspectors.]
8.—H.M. Inspectors have power to inspect every part of the premises
by day or by night. They may require the production of registers,
certificates, and other papers. They may examine any person found
in the premises either alone or in the presence of any other person
as they think fit, and may require him to sign a declaration of
the truth of the matters about which he is examined. They may also
exercise such other powers as may be necessary for carrying the Act
into effect. Every person obstructing an Inspector, or refusing to
answer his questions, is liable to a penalty.
The limiting height of 30 feet has been inserted for the reason,
apparently, that it was not considered desirable to bring those minor
accidents which might reasonably be expected to occur on the smaller
buildings into notice.
_NOTICE OF ACCIDENTS ACT, 1906_
Certain provisions of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1901, have recently
been repealed, viz. Sec. 19, which deals with the notification of
accidents. The repealing Act, and which contains clauses replacing the
section, is known as Notice of Accidents Act, 1906, which came into
operation on the first day of January 1907. The fourth section, which
applies to buildings, reads as follows:—
=Sec. 4.=—(1) _Where any accident occurs in a factory or
workshop which is either_—
(_a_) _an accident causing loss of life to a person employed
in the factory or workshop; or_
(_b_) _an accident due to any machinery moved by mechanical
power, or to molten metal, hot liquid explosion, escape of gas or
steam, or to electricity, and so disabling any person employed in the
factory or workshop as to cause him to be absent throughout at least
one whole day from his ordinary work; or_
(_c_) _an accident due to any other special cause which the
Secretary of State may specify by order, and causing such disablement
as aforesaid; or_
(_d_) _an accident disabling for more than seven days a person
employed in the factory or workshop from working at his ordinary
work,_
_written notice of the accident, in such form and accompanied by
such particulars as the Secretary of State prescribes, shall forthwith
be sent to the inspector of the district and also in the case of the
accidents mentioned in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this subsection, and
(if the order of the Secretary of State specifying the special cause so
requires) of accidents mentioned in paragraph (c), to the certifying
surgeon of the district._
(2) _If any accident causing disablement is notified under this
section, and after notification thereof results in the death of the
person disabled, notice in writing of the death shall be sent to the
inspector as soon as the death comes to the knowledge of the occupier
of the factory or workshop._
(3) _If any notice with respect to an accident in a factory or
workshop required to be sent by this section is not sent as so
required, the occupier of the factory or workshop shall be liable to a
fine not exceeding ten pounds._
(4) _If any accident to which this section applies occurs to a person
employed in a factory or workshop the occupier of which is not the
actual employer of the person killed or injured, the actual employer
shall immediately report the same to the occupier, and in default shall
be liable to a fine not exceeding five pounds._
(5) _The foregoing provisions of this section shall be substituted
for section nineteen of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1901._[8]
This amendment, as before stated, renders Part 4 of the Abstract
inoperative.
The Notice of Accidents Act also imposes new duties upon employers.
Section 5 reads as follows:—
=Sec. 5.=—(1) _If the Secretary of State considers that, by
reason of the risk of serious injury to persons employed, it is
expedient that notice should be given under this Act in every case
of any special class of explosion, fire, collapse of buildings,
accidents to machinery or plant, or other occurrences in a mine or
quarry, or in a factory or workshop, including any place which for
the purpose of the provisions of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1901,
with respect to accidents is a factory or workshop, or is included
in the word 'factory’ or 'workshop,’ or is part of a factory or
workshop, the Secretary of State may by order extend the provisions
of this Act requiring notice of accidents to be given to an inspector
to any class of occurrences, whether personal injury or disablement
is caused or not, and, where any such order is made, the provisions
of this Act shall have effect as extended by the order._
(2) _The Secretary of State may by any such order allow the
required notice of any occurrence to which the order relates, instead
of being sent forthwith, to be sent within the time limited by the
order._
The Secretary of State, acting under this section, issued an order in
December 1906 which stipulates that such an occurrence as the breaking
of a rope, chain, or other appliance used for raising or lowering
persons or goods by means of mechanical power should be forthwith
notified on Form 43 by the occupier of the factory to the Inspector for
the district.
_REPORT BY AN INSPECTOR OF THE HOME OFFICE ON BUILDING ACCIDENTS_
Under Sections 79-85 of the Factory and Workshop Act the Secretary of
State is empowered to make regulations for any description of manual
labour that is dangerous or injurious to health, or dangerous to life
or limb. No regulations for the building trade have as yet been made,
but in the Chief Inspector of Factories’ Annual Report for 1905 a
number of suggestions made by a member of the factory department were
printed for the guidance of those engaged in building operations. They
are as follows:—
1. _All working platforms from which it is possible for a workman
or material, tools, and plant to fall a distance of more than 8 feet
should, before employment takes place thereon, be provided throughout
their entire length both on the inside and outside, and at the
ends_—
(_a_) _with a guard-rail fixed at a height of 3 feet 6 inches
above the scaffold boards;_
(_b_) _with boards fixed so that their bottom edges rest on or
abut to the scaffold boards. The boards so fixed shall rise above the
working platform not less than 7 inches._
_Always providing_—
(i) _that where the working platform is fixed within a distance of
12 inches from the buildings, the guard-rail and boards need not be
supplied to the inward side;_
(ii) _that where it is necessary to deposit upon the working
platform material which could not be deposited thereon if the
guard-rail and boards were fixed, the guard-rail and boards may be
removed for this purpose;_
(iii) _that the guard-rail and boards need not be fixed within a
reasonable distance of each side of any ladder which provides a means
of access to the working platform;_
(iv) _that the guard-rail and boards may be removed between any two
standards between which material is being landed;_
(v) _that the guard-rail may be considered unnecessary where
additional boards on edge are fixed to a height of 3 feet 6
inches._
_The reason for the limit of 8 feet is as follows:—_
_The first platform is generally 5 to 6 feet above the ground and
the material required on that platform can be placed upon it from the
ground level. If this is done safeguards are in the way. But on the
second platform about 10 feet high this would not hold good, and from
that point safeguards should be provided._
_Guard-rails should be rigid, and not movable as would be the case
if a rope or chain were fixed. Workmen are used to rigidity in their
surroundings, and their sense of safety is increased by the use of
rigid rails. It would also be difficult to keep ropes at the required
height as they lengthen in dry weather._
_Boards to be placed on edge are usually 9 inches wide; therefore a
rise of 7 inches can easily be provided, even when the boards butt to
the platform by resting on the putlogs. In exposed situations they
are better tied into position than nailed as nails draw under wind
pressure._
_A scaffold is usually within a few inches of the building, except
where breaks in the wall of the erection occur, so that rails and edge
boards are not usually necessary on the inside of the platform._
_In allowing a reasonable distance on each side of a ladder,
consideration must be given not only for the landing of workmen but
also for material being carried; 4 or 5 feet should be sufficient._
2. _All bridging runs between different portions of a scaffold or
building, and from which a workman could fall a distance of more than
8 feet, should be not less than 18 inches wide. If composed of two or
more boards they should be fastened together in such a manner as to
prevent unequal sagging._
_The word 'bridging’ is used to differentiate from those runs which
are continuously supported along the top of a wall or in other ways.
Some discretion should be used as to the prevention of unequal sagging.
If the runs have frequent supports, say every 3 feet, the sagging
would be so slight as to be negligible. Where necessary, in lieu of a
properly constructed gangway, wooden straps screwed on the under side
and at right angles to the run would be satisfactory._
3. _Scaffold boards forming part of a working platform or run should
be carried at each end by a putlog or similar support and should not
project more than 6 inches beyond it unless lapped by other boards
which should rest partly on or over the same putlog and partly upon
putlogs other than those upon which the supported board rests._
_Always providing:—That this suggestion should not apply to any
projection at the ends of the working platform and similar places
effectively guarded._
_This suggestion is intended to prevent the formation of traps,
that is: boards so laid upon the putlogs that they would tilt under
pressure. Traps are the cause of accidents from which the victims have
little chance of escape, for when on a platform it is not easy to
ascertain how the platform is supported. Also, it must be remembered
that workmen do not always note the position of the putlogs which
support them. Even when originally well laid, boards often lose
their position unless they are butted, and this means that constant
supervision should be given to their position by the scaffolder._
_When butted, the putlogs at the board ends should be within 12
inches of each other and the boards given an equal projection,
otherwise they may tilt. Although this may not result in such a serious
accident as when the boards lap each other, it still remains a danger
to be avoided._
_4. Ladders used as a means of communication in, on, or about a
scaffold or building under construction or repair should rise at least
6 feet above the place they give access to._
_When climbing a ladder a man’s arms are at about right angles to
his body, but to land it is easier and therefore safer to raise them
somewhat higher. Therefore the limit of 6 feet would be safe except to
a tall man. A piece of wood or rope nailed at the top of a short ladder
would however give notice that there was no higher hand hold._
5. _Ladders used as a means of communication in, on, or about a
scaffold or building under construction or repair should have a level
and solid footing and be securely fixed at the top point of rest._
_A firmly fixed wedge will usually supply a level-footing. A sloping
pavement generally causes this danger when the ladder is not standing
at right angles to the incline._
_A solid footing is also most necessary. Ladders are sometimes seen
raised upon a stack of loose bricks or other similar material, which is
a most dangerous practice._
_Ladders can be fixed in various ways:_—
(_a_) _by lodgment on a suitable part of the building, say
within an embrasure;_
(_b_) _by tying to the highest point of rest;_
(_c_) _by the use of guy ropes to adjacent parts of the
building._
_As to_—
(_a_) _This is a fairly satisfactory method and is safer with
long and therefore heavy ladders, the weight being helpful to keep
the proper position._
(_b_) _is the most secure but not always possible._
(_c_) _allows of considerable play, but is fairly safe if the
ladder has a fixed footing._
6. _No ladder serving as a means of communication in, on, or about a
scaffold or building in course of construction or repair should have
an additional smaller ladder attached to or spliced on to it for the
purpose of obtaining extra length._
_Ladders are often spliced especially for light work. The danger
arises from the displacement of the usual handhold and also foothold,
if the tying slips or gives sufficiently, so that the rungs, where the
lap takes place, are not on the same level._
7. _Openings within the working platforms through which workmen
could fall a distance greater than 8 feet should be surrounded with
a guard-rail fixed at a height of 3 feet 6 inches above the working
platform._
_A guard-rail may at times interfere with the free use of the
platform, and where this occurs an alternative is to fit the well hole
with trap doors which can be closed when the well is out of use._
8. _No loose putlogs or other timbers should be allowed to remain
projecting from the face of the scaffold where hoisting or lowering of
material or plant is carried on._
_The danger from any projecting timbers is a real one. If loose the
transport of material may disturb it by contact, or the material itself
may fall. The face of the scaffold would be an imaginary line drawn
from standard to standard on their outside._
9. _Baskets when loaded should not be slung from the handles only,
but the sling should be passed round the bottom of the basket. Provided
always that if means have been taken in the construction of the basket
to prevent its handles and bottom breaking out, this suggestion need
not apply._
_Several baskets are now on the market with wire ropes &c. used
in their construction, and which prevent the handles &c. breaking
away. The life of an ordinary basket in constant use averages about
a fortnight, but much depends upon the material carried, slates, for
instance, having a particularly wearing effect._
10. _All poles before being used in the construction of the scaffold
should be barked._
_This is generally done, but is imperative when the poles are to be
used as standards. If not ripped off the bark acts as a sheath to the
pole, and having little adhesion thereto will slip under pressure such
as is exerted by the ledgers._
11. _No work should take place on a working platform until its
construction is complete, unless the portion incomplete is effectively
guarded from the men using it._
_In the course of building, the working platforms have to be raised
as the work progresses. It is at these times that the dangers arise
which the above suggestion is intended to prevent._
_As a rule only one platform is completely sheeted (i.e., boarded) at
a time, and in the transition stage of raising the platform the workmen
are tempted to proceed with their work before it is completed and
safeguarded. The remedy is for the use of additional timber._
12. _No alteration of or interference with the construction of the
scaffold should be made except with the authority of a responsible
person._
_On small jobs the general foreman should take responsibility in this
connection. On large works, where a foreman scaffolder is engaged, it
should be his business to superintend all alterations._
13. _All plant should be constantly examined, and if any be found
defective it should be disposed of in such a manner that its use cannot
be continued unknowingly._
_Many builders have no objection to the total destruction of minor
details of plant found defective when the same is ordered by the
foreman. No general system of marking defective plant is in use, but a
good plan is to arrange for its removal from the building, care being
taken that its return to the yard as defective should be made known to
those concerned._
14. _In such places where the scaffolding has not been erected by the
direct employer of the men using it, or where its management has not
been under his personal or deputed control or supervision, he should
satisfy himself either personally or by his agents before allowing his
employees to work thereon that the foregoing suggestions are kept in
force on that portion of the scaffold and building with which he is
concerned._
_This suggestion has a similar intention to the following clause
often embodied in building contracts. It reads as follows:_—
'_The sub-contractor shall have the use in common with the
workmen of the contractors and of other sub-contractors of existing
scaffolding only. The sub-contractor shall, however, satisfy himself
that any scaffolding used for the purpose of this contract is fit
and proper for his purpose and shall be solely responsible for any
accidents which may result from the user of such scaffolding or plant
to himself or men in his employ._’
_It is of course unnecessary to add that accidents will occur even
when the greatest attention and care are exercised. There is frequently
no other reason for mishaps than overwork, rushing, misdirected economy
in plant, and, it may be added, intoxicating liquors. Much depends upon
the foreman in these matters. They are often first-rate managers of
machinery, have an excellent knowledge of the best means of carrying
out work, and not content with their existing reputations attempt to
be also successful drivers of men. This is, perhaps, more likely to
occur when the job is not paying: a hint from the employer to that
effect will almost certainly result in an effort being made to retrieve
matters. This is only natural and praiseworthy, if to gain the desired
end the safety of the workmen is not jeopardised._
_The cost of properly safeguarding a scaffold is certainly an item,
especially on large works, but should not be difficult to calculate.
It is an expenditure that will not be in proportion to the cost of the
building, but would be a direct charge upon the scaffolding required.
I have made some calculations, and in estimating it would probably be
found not to exceed an increase of 5 per cent. upon the amount devoted
to the cost of the scaffold._
_THE WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION ACT, 1906_
In this Act, which came into force on July 1, 1907, no mention is
made of the limitations included in the superseded Act of 1897, and
which specially mentioned that compensation should only be paid for
accidents occurring in, on, or about buildings which exceeded 30 feet
in height and were either being constructed or repaired by means of
a scaffolding, or being demolished, or on which machinery driven by
steam, water, or other mechanical power was used for the purpose of the
construction, repair, or demolition thereof.
In the new Act the liability of employers to workmen for injuries is
expressed in Sec. 1 as follows:—
(1) _If in any employment[9] personal injury[10] by accident
arising out of and in the course of his employment is caused to a
workman, his employer shall, subject as hereinafter mentioned, be
liable to pay compensation in accordance with the first schedule to
this Act._
_Provided that—_
(_a_) _the employer shall not be liable under this Act in
respect of any injury which does not disable the workman for a period
of at least one week[11] from earning full wages at the work at which
he was employed;_
(_b_) _when the injury was caused by the personal negligence
or wilful act of the employer or of some person for whose act or
default the employer is responsible, nothing in this Act shall
affect any civil liability of the employer, but in that case the
workman may at his option either claim compensation under this Act,
or take proceedings independently of this Act[12]; but the employer
shall not be liable to pay compensation for injury to a workman by
accident arising out of and in the course of the employment both
independently of and also under this Act, and shall not be liable to
any proceedings independently of this Act, except in case of such
personal negligence or wilful act as aforesaid;_
(_c_) _if it is proved that the injury to a workman is
attributable to the serious and wilful misconduct of that workman,
any compensation claimed in respect of that injury shall, unless that
injury results in death or serious and permanent disablement,[13] be
disallowed._
DEFINITION OF EMPLOYER AND WORKMAN
=Sec. 13.=—_In this Act, unless the context otherwise
requires,_—
_'Employer’ includes any body of persons corporate or incorporate
and the legal personal representative of a deceased employer, and,
where the services of a workman are temporarily lent or let on hire
to another person by the person with whom the workman has entered
into a contract of service or apprenticeship, the latter shall, for
the purposes of this Act, be deemed to continue to be the employer of
the workman whilst he is working for that other person;_
_'Workman’ does not include any person employed otherwise than by
way of manual labour whose remuneration exceeds two hundred and fifty
pounds a year, or a person whose employment is of a casual nature and
who is employed otherwise than for the purposes of the employer’s
trade or business, or a member of a police force, or an out worker,
or a member of the employer’s family dwelling in his house, but, save
as aforesaid, means any person who has entered into or works under a
contract of service or apprenticeship with an employer, whether by
way of manual labour, clerical work, or otherwise, and whether the
contract is expressed or implied, is oral or in writing;_
_Any reference to a workman who has been injured shall, where
the workman is dead, include a reference to his legal personal
representative or to his dependants or other person to whom or for
whose benefit compensation is payable._
Both of these definitions have been altered from those given in the Act
of 1897. The definition of employer has been extended from the words
'deceased employer.’ The definition of workman is much more definite,
and does not allow of much theorising. With the few exceptions
mentioned it covers all classes of service, and should certainly cover
any persons whose duties are connected with scaffolding.
APPENDIX
_WEIGHT OF MATERIAL_
lbs. per
cubic foot
Asphalte (gritted) 156·00
Brick (common) from 97·31
Brick (common) to 125·00
Brick (red) 135·50
Brick (pale red) 130·31
Brick (Common London Stock) 115·00
Brick paving (English clinker) 103·31
Brick paving (Dutch clinker) 92·62
Brickwork in mortar, about 110·00
Cement (Roman) and sand (equal parts) 113·56
Cement alone (cast) 100·00
Chalk from 125·00
Chalk to 166·00
Chalk (Dorking) 116·81
Clay (common) 119·93
Clay (with gravel) 160·00
Concrete (lime) 130·00
Concrete (cement) 136·00
Earth (common) from 95·00
Earth (common) from 124·00
Earth (loamy) 126·00
Earth (rammed) 99·00
Earth (loose or sandy) 95·00
Firestone 112·00
Flint from 161·25
Flint to 164·37
Granite from 158·62
Granite to 187·47
Gravel 109·32
Iron (bar) from 475·00
Iron (bar) to 487·50
Iron (hammered) 485·18
Iron (not hammered) 475·00
Iron (cast) from 450·00
Iron (cast) to 475·00
Lead (milled) 712·93
Lead (cast) 709·50
Lime (quick) 52·68
Marble from 161·25
Marble to 177·50
Mortar (New) 110·00
Mortar (of river sand 3 parts, of lime in paste 2 parts) 100·93
Mortar well beaten together 118·31
Mortar (of pit sand) 99·25
Mortar well beaten together 118·93
Mortar (common of chalk, lime and sand, dry) 96·87
Mortar (lime, sand, and hair for plastering dry) 86·50
Sand (pure quartz) 171·87
Sand (river) 117·87
Sand (River Thames best) 102·37
Sand (pit, clean but coarse) 100·62
Sand (pit, but fine grained) 92·50
Sand (road grit) 93·37
Sand (River Thames inferior) 90·87
Slate, Welsh 180·50
Slate, Anglesea 179·75
Slate, Westmoreland (pale blue) 174·73
Slate, Westmoreland (fine-grained pale blue) 170·75
Slate, Westmoreland (dark blue) 173·43
Slate, Westmoreland (pale greenish blue) 173·00
Slate, Westmoreland (black blue for floors) 172·37
Slate, Welsh rag 172·00
Slate, Cornwall (greyish blue) 157·00
Snow from 8·00
Snow to 14·00
Shingle 95·00
Steel from 486·25
Steel to 490·00
Stone, Bath (roe stone) 155·87
Stone, Bath 123·43
Stone, blue lias (limestone) 54·18
Stone, Bramley Fall (sandstone) 56·62
Stone, Bristol 56·87
Stone, Caen 31·75
Stone, Clitheroe (limestone) 67·87
Stone, Derbyshire (red friable sandstone) 46·62
Stone, Dundee 58·12
Stone, Hilton (sandstone) 36·06
Stone, Kentish rag 66·00
Stone, Ketton (roe stone) 55·87
Stone, Kincardine (sandstone) 53·00
Stone, Penarth (limestone) 65·81
Stone, Portland (roe stone) 53·81
Stone, Portland 151·43
Stone, Purbeck 67·50
Stone, Woodstock (flagstone) 63·37
Stone, Yorkshire (paving) 56·68
Tile (common plain) 16·15
Water (sea) 64·18
Water (rain) 62·50
Wood (ash) 50·00
Wood (birch) 45·00
Wood (beech) 45·00
Wood (elm, common, dry) 34·00
Wood (fir, Memel dry) 34·00
Wood (fir, Norway spruce) 32·00
Wood (fir, Riga dry) 29·12
Wood (fir, Scotch dry) 26·80
Wood (larch, white wood seasoned) 22·75
Wood (larch, dry) 38·31
Wood (oak, English seasoned) 48·56
Wood (oak, Dantzic seasoned) 47·24
Wood (oak, Riga dry) 43·00
Zinc 450·00
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 1: _A Treatise on Shoring and Underpinning, and generally
dealing with Dangerous Structures._ By Cecil Haden Stock. Third
edition, revised by F. R. Farrow. (B. T. Batsford.)]
[Footnote 2: As derived from tests made by Messrs. Frost Bros., Ltd.,
rope manufacturers, London, E.]
[Footnote 3: Authority, Hodgkinson.]
[Footnote 4: These constants, in the absence of experiments, are
assumed to vary according to the modulus of elasticity of the wood.
(Tredgold, from Dr. Young’s _Nat. Philos._, vol. ii.)]
[Footnote 5: Tredgold’s _Carpentry_.]
[Footnote 6: These forms are to be obtained from Messrs. Wyman & Sons,
Ltd., Fetter Lane, E.C.]
[Footnote 7: NOTE.—Part 4 is now inoperative. See p. 167.]
[Footnote 8: 1 Edw. VII., c. 22.]
[Footnote 9: This brings about the inclusion of any workmen who
are defined as such in Sec. 13 of this Act. (See _post_, page
178C.)]
[Footnote 10: These words may bring an injury due to nervous shock
within the provisions of the Act.]
[Footnote 11: This is an alteration from the Act of 1897, in which two
weeks was the period of disablement necessary before compensation could
be claimed.]
[Footnote 12: There is a slight alteration in drafting here from the
Act of 1897, but in no way is the substance affected.]
[Footnote 13: The words 'unless that injury results in death or serious
and permanent disablement’ are new and considerably enlarge the scope
of the section.]
INDEX
Accidents Act, notice of, 167
Accidents, report on, by Home Office Inspector, 170
Ash, 70
Ashlar shears, 100
Attachment for hoisting, 129
Balks, 74
Barrows, 97
— hand, 97
Baskets, 95
Beams, strength of, 143, 145
— stiffest, 66
— strongest, 66
Birch, 70
Blocks and tackle, 120
Boards, 2, 26
— cutting of, 67
Boatswains’ boats, 45
Bogies, stone, 97
Bolts, 108
Braces, 2, 26
— strength of, 143, 151
Buckets, 93
Bye-laws, scaffolding, London, 161
Centering, supports to, 158
Centre of gravity, to find, 136
Chain lashings, 103
Chains, 9, 110
Chimney climbing, 33
Cleats, 51
Connections, 29
Constants, 143
Cordage, 76
— danger from damp, 158
— strength of, 76
Coupling links, 9, 105
Crabs, 16
Cradles, 43
Crane, 116
Crates, 99
Cripples, 93
Dangerous occurrences, notice of, 169
Dead shores, 58
Derrick platform, 6
— staging for traveller, 10
— stagings, 3
— travelling, 10
Dog irons, 107
— — fixing of, 107
Duck runs, 112
Edge boards, 156
Effect of weight, 136
— of wind pressure, 131
Elm, 70
Employer, definition of, 178B
Engines, 115
Face boards, 28
Factory Act, abstract of, 165
— — repeal of Sec. 19, 167
— — application of, 164
Fan guards, 159
Flying shores, 50
Footing blocks, 14, 17
— piece, 55
Gantries, 12, 16
Gin, 128
Guys, 9
Hatchet, 113
Height of building under Factory Act, 164
Hods, 97
Horizontal shores, 50
Jibs, 125
— masons’, 127
Joggles, 50
King legs, 3
Kites, 33
Knots, 78
Ladders, 90
— accidents from, 154
— fixing of, 8
Landing stages, 28
Larch, 69
Ledgers, 2
— connections between, 22
Levers, 106
Lewises, 102
Masons’ jibs, 127
Materials, weight of, Appendix
Mortar boards, 112
Nails, 113
Needles, 30
— for shoring, 50
Notice of accidents, 167
— — dangerous occurrences, 169
Oak, 70
Painters’ boats, 43
Pine, 69
Plant, danger from unsound, 158
— danger from insufficient, 159
Platforms, 6, 12
— for traveller, 15
Poles, 74
Posts, strength of, 143, 149
Pulleys, 118
— differential, 121
Puncheons, 20
Putlogs, 2, 74
— fixing of, 23
Queen legs, 3
Raking shores, 52
— — scantlings for, 54
— struts, 51
Repeal of Sec. 19 Factory Act, 1901, 167
Report by Home Office Inspector on building accidents, 170
Rider shore, 57
Rollers, 106
Runners, 2
Runs, 157
Scaffolders’ hatchet, 113
Scaffolding, definition of, 1
— foundations, 3
— application Burgh Police Scotland Act, 163
Scaffolding needle, 30
— proper control of, 158
— system of, 2
Scaffolds, bricklayers’, 19
— for chimneys, 31, 37
— for domes and arches, 42
— ladder, 46
— masons’, 27
— for steeples, 42
— swinging, 43
— for towers, 41
Shakes, cup, 62
— radial, 62
— weather, 69
Shear legs, 127
Shears, ashlar, 100
Shore, preparation of, 55
Shores, 2
Shoring, 49
Skips, 93
Slater’s truss, 111
Sleepers, 9
Sole piece, 55
Spikes, 113
Spruce, 69
Stagings, 17
Standards, 2
— fixing of rising, 21
Stone clips, 101
— cramps, 103
— slings, 101
Straining pieces, 51
Straps, 109
Struts, 2
— strength of, 149
— to shoring, 56
System, North country, 2
— South country, 12
Ties, 2
— strength of, 143, 151
Timber, branding, 71
Timber, classification and structure, 62
— conversion, 65
— decay of, 72
— defects in living tree, 62
— description, 69
— durability of, 74
— felling, 64
— preservation, 73
— scantlings, 65
— seasoning, 67
— selection, 70
— stacking, 67
— testing, 71
— use of scaffolding, 74
Tossles, 50
Transoms, 2
Traps, danger from, 157
Trestles, 92
Trucks, sack, 99
— timber, 99
Underpinning, 57
Wall plates, 50
Wedge driving, 57, 60
Wedges, 112
Weight, effect of, 136
— of materials, Appendix
Wells, safeguards, 156
Winch, 123
Wind pressures, 131
Window strutting, 58
Wire lashings, 103
— ropes, 109
Workman, definition of, 178C
Workmen’s Compensation Act, 178A
— — — liability of employers 178A
PRINTED BY
SPOTTISWOODE AND CO. LTD., NEW-STREET SQUARE
LONDON
*