Part IV.

Gipsy Life in a Variety of Aspects.

[Picture: A Gipsy's van near Notting Hill, Latimer Road]

In Part III. I have endeavoured, as well as I have been able, to show

some of the agencies that have been set in motion during the last three

centuries for and against the Gipsies, with a view to their

extermination, by the hang-man, to their being reclaimed by the religious

zeal and fervour of the minister, and to their improvement by the

artificial means of poetry, fiction, and romance. First, the persecution

dealt out to the Gipsies in this, as well as other countries, during a

period of several centuries, although to a large extent brought upon

themselves by their horrible system of lying and deception, neither

exterminated them nor improved their habits; but, on the contrary, they

increased and spread like mushrooms; the oftener they were trampled upon

the more they seemed to thrive; the more they were hated, hunted, and

driven into hiding-places the oftener these sly, fortune-telling, lying

foxes would be seen sneaking across our path, ready to grab our chickens

and young turkeys as opportunities presented themselves. Second, that

when stern justice said "it is enough," persecution hanging down its

hands and revenge drooping her head, a few noble-hearted men, filled with

missionary zeal, took up the cause of the Gipsies for a period of nearly

forty years in various forms and ways at the end of the last and the

commencement of the present century. Except in a few isolated cases,

they also failed in producing any noticeable change in either the moral,

social, or religious condition of the Gipsies, and with the death of

Hoyland, Borrow, Crabb, Roberts, and others, died the last flicker of a

flickering light that was to lead these poor, deluded, benighted heathen

wanderers upon a road to usefulness, honesty, uprightness, and industry.

Third, that on the decline of religious zeal, fervour, and philanthropy

on behalf of the Gipsies more than forty years ago the spasmodic efforts

of poets, novelists, and dramatists, in a variety of forms of fiction and

romance, came to the front, to lead them to the goal through a lot of

questionable by-lanes, queer places, and artificial lights, the result

being that these melodramatic personages have left the Gipsies in a more

pitiable condition than they were before they took up their cause,

although they, in doing so, put "two faces under one hat," blessing and

cursing, smiling and frowning, all in one breath, praising their faults

and sins, and damning their _few_ virtues. In fact, to such a degree

have fiction writers painted the black side of a Gipsy's life, habits,

and character in glowing colours that, to take another 20,000 men, women,

and children out of our back slums and sink-gutters and write the word

"Gipsy" upon their back, instead of "scamp," and send them through the

country with a few donkeys, some long sticks, old blankets and rags, dark

eyes, dirty faces, filthy bodies, short petticoats, and old scarlet hoods

and cloaks, you would in fifty years make this country not worth living

in. It is my decided conviction that unless we are careful, and take the

"bull by the horns," and compel them to educate their children, and to

put their habitations, tents, and vans under better sanitary

arrangements, we shall be fostering seeds in these dregs of society that

will one day put a stop to the work of civilisation, and bring to an end

the advance in arts, science, laws, and commerce that have been making

such rapid strides in this country of late years.

It is more pleasant to human nature to sit upon a stile on a midsummer

eve, down a country lane, in the twilight, as the shades of evening are

gathering around you, the stars twinkling over head, the little silver

stream rippling over the pebbles at your feet in sounds like the distant

warbling of the lark, and the sweet notes of the nightingale ringing in

your ears, than to visit the abodes of misery, filth, and squalor among

the Gipsies in their wigwams. It is more agreeable to the soft parts of

our hearts and our finer feelings to listen to the melody and harmony of

lively, lovely damsels as they send forth their enchanting strains than

to hear the cries of the poor little, dirty Gipsy children sending forth

their piteous moans for bread. It is more delightful to the poetic and

sentimental parts of our nature to guide over the stepping-stones a

number of bright, sharp, clean, lively, interesting, little dears, with

their "hoops," "shuttle-cocks," and "battle-doors," than to be seated

among a lot of little ragged, half-starved Gipsy children, who have never

known what soap, water, and comb are. It is more in harmony with our

sensibilities to sit and listen to the drollery, wit, sarcasm, and fun of

_Punch_ than to the horrible tales of blood, revenge, immorality, and

murder that some of the adult Gipsies delight in setting forth. It is

more in accordance with our feelings to sit and admire the innocent,

angelic being, the perfection of the good and beautiful, than to sit by

the hardened, wicked, ugly, old Gipsy woman who has spent a lifetime in

sin and debauchery, cursing the God who made her as she expires.

Nevertheless, these things have to be done if we are to have the angelic

beings from the other world ministering to our wants, and wafting us home

as we leave our tenement of clay behind to receive the "Well done."

I will now, as we pass along, endeavour to show what the actual condition

of the Gipsies has been in the past, and what it is at the present time,

which, in some cases, has been touched upon previously, with reference to

the moral, social, and religious traits in their character that go to the

making up of a MAN--the noblest work of God. The peculiar fascinating

charms about them, conjured up by ethnologists and philologists, I will

leave for those learned gentlemen to deal with as they may think well. I

will, however, say that, as regards their so-called language, it is

neither more nor less than gibberish, not "full of sound and fury

signifying nothing," but full of "sound and fury" signifying something.

They never converse with it openly among themselves for a good purpose,

as the Frenchmen, Germans, Turks, Spaniards, or other foreigners do.

Some of the old Gipsies have a thousand or more leading words made up

from various sources, English, French, German, Spanish, Indian, &c.,

which they teach their children, and use in the presence of strangers

with a certain amount of pride, and, at the same time, to throw dust into

their eyes while the Gipsies are talking among themselves. They will in

the same breath bless you in English and curse you in Romany; this I

experienced myself lately while sitting in a tent among a dozen

uninteresting-looking Gipsies, while they one and all were thanking me

for taking steps to get the children educated. There was one among them

who with a smile upon his face, was cursing me in Romany from his heart.

Many writers differ in the spelling and pronunciation of Gipsy words, and

what strikes me as remarkable is, the Gipsies themselves are equally

confused upon these points. No doubt the confusion in the minds of

writers arises principally from the fact that they have had their

information from ignorant, lying, deceiving Gipsies. Almost all Gipsies

have an inveterate hatred and jealousy towards each other, especially if

one sets himself up as knowing more than John Jones in the next yard.

One Gipsy would say paanengro-gujo means sailor, or water gentile,

another Gipsy would say it means an Irishman, or potato gentile; another

would say poovengri-gujo meant a sailor; another would say it means an

Irishman. They glory in contradictions and mystification. I was at an

encampment a few days ago, and out of the twenty-five men and women and

forty children there were not three that could talk Romany, and there was

not one who could spell a single word of it. Their language, like

themselves, was Indian enough, no doubt, when they started on their

pilgrimage many centuries ago; but, as a consequence of their mixing with

the scum of other nations in their journey westward, the charm in their

language and themselves has pretty nearly by this time vanished. If I

were to attempt to write a book about their language it would not do the

Gipsies one iota of good. "God bless you" are words the Gipsies very

often use when showing their kindness for favours received, and, as a

kind of test, I have tried to find out lately if there were any Gipsies

round London who could tell me what these words were in Romany, and I

have only found one who could perform the task. They all shake their

heads and say, "Ours is not a language, only slang, which we use when

required." Taking their slang generally, according to Grellmann,

Hoyland, Borrow, Smart, and Crofton, there is certainly nothing very

elevating about it. Worldliness, sensuality, and devilism are things

helped forward by their gibberish. Words dealing with honesty,

uprightness, fidelity, industry, religion, cleanliness, and love are very

sparse.

William Stanley, a converted Gipsy, said, some years since, that "God

bless you" was in Romany, Artmee Devillesty; Smart and Crofton say it is,

Doovel, parav, parik toot, tooti. In another place they say it is Doovel

jal toosa. Mrs. Simpson says it is, Mi-Doovel-kom-tooti. Mrs. Smith

says it is Mi-Doovel Andy-Paratuta.

The following are the whole of the slang words Smart and Crofton have

under the letters indicated, and which words are taken principally from

Grellmann, Hoyland, Borrow, and Dr. Paspati:--

I.

I, Man, me, mandi, manghi.

Ill, Nasfelo, naffelo doosh.

Illness, Naffelopen.

Ill-tempered, Korni.

Imitation, Foshono.

Immediately, Kenaw sig.

In, Adre, dre, ando, inna.

Indebted, Pazerous.

Inflame, Katcher.

Injure, Dooka.

Inn, Kitchema.

Innkeeper, Kitchemengro.

Intestine, Venderi.

Into, Ande, adre, dre.

Ireland, Hindo-tem, Hinditemeskro-tem.

Irishman, Hindi-temengro, poovengri gaujo.

Irish Gipsy, Efage.

Iron, Saster, saasta, saashta.

Iron, Sastera.

Is, See.

It, Les.

Itch, Honj.

J.

Jail, Steripen.

Jews, Miduvelesto-mauromengri.

Jockey, Kestermengro.

Judgment, Bitchama.

Jump, Hokter hok oxta.

Jumper, Hoxterer.

Just now, Kenaw sig.

Justice of the peace, Chivlo-gaujo, chuvno-gaujo, pokenyus,

pookinyus.

K.

Keep, Righer, riker.

Kettle, Kekavvi, kavvi.

Key, Klerin klisin.

Kick, Del, de.

Kill, Maur.

Kin, Simensa.

Kind, Komelo komomuso.

King, Kralis.

Kingdom, Kralisom tem.

Kiss, Chooma.

Knee, Chong, choong.

Knife, Choori chivomengro chinomengro.

Knock, Koor, de.

Know, Jin.

Knowing, Yoki, jinomengro, jinomeskro.

Q.

Quarrel, Chingar.

Quarrel, Chingariben, godli.

Quart, Trooshni.

Queen, Kralisi krailisi.

Quick, Sig.

Quick, Be, Sigo toot, ressi toot kair abba.

Quietly, Shookar.

The following dozen words will show, in some degree, the fearful amount

of ignorance there is amongst them, even when using the language of their

mother country, for England is the mother country of the present race of

Gipsies. For--

Expensive, Expencival.

Decide, Cide.

Advice, Device.

Dictionary, Dixen.

Equally, Ealfully.

Instructed, Indistructed.

Gentleman, Gemmen.

Daunted, Dauntment.

Spitefulness, Spiteliness.

Habeas Corpus, Hawcus paccus.

Increase, Increach.

Submit, Commist.

I cannot find joy, delight, eternity, innocent, ever, everlasting,

endless, hereafter, and similar words, and, on inquiry, I find that many

of the Gipsies do not believe in an eternity, future punishment, or

rewards; this belief, no doubt, has its effects upon their morals in this

life.

The opinion respecting the Gipsy language at the commencement of the

present century was, that it was composed only of cant terms, or of what

has been called the slang of beggars; much of this probably was promoted

and strengthened by the dictionary contained in a pamphlet, entitled,

"The Life and Adventures of Bamfylde Moore Carew." It consists for the

most part of English words trumped up apparently not so much for the

purpose of concealment as a burlesque. Even if used by this people at

all, the introduction of this cant and slang as the genuine language of

the community of Gipsies is a gross imposition on the public.

Rees, in his Encyclopaedia, 1819, describes the Gipsies as "impostors and

jugglers forming a kind of commonwealth among themselves, who disguise

themselves in uncouth habits, smearing their faces and bodies, and

framing to themselves a canting language, wander up and down, and under

pretence of telling fortunes, curing diseases, &c., abuse the common

people, trick them of their money, and steal all that they come at."

Mr. Borrow, speaking of the Hungarian Gipsies in his "Zyncali," page 7,

says:--"Hungary, though a country not a tenth part so extensive as the

huge colossus of the Russian empire, whose Czar reigns over a hundred

lands, contains perhaps as many Gipsies, it not being uncommon to find

whole villages inhabited by this race. They likewise abound in the

suburbs of the towns.

"In Hungary the feudal system still exists in all its pristine barbarity.

In no country does the hard hand of oppression bear so heavy upon the

lower classes--not even in Russia. The peasants of Russia are serfs, it

is true, but their condition is enviable compared with that of the same

class in the other country; they have certain rights and privileges, and

are, upon the whole, happy and contented, at least, there, whilst the

Hungarians are ground to powder. Two classes are free in Hungary to do

almost what they please--the nobility and the Gipsies (the former are

above the law, the latter below it). A toll is wrung from the hands of

the hard working labourers, that most meritorious class, in passing over

a bridge, for example, at Perth, which is not demanded from a

well-dressed person, nor from Zingany, who have frequently no dress at

all, and whose _insouciance_ stands in striking contrast with the

trembling submission of the peasants. The Gipsy, wherever you find him,

is an incomprehensible being, but nowhere more than in Hungary, where in

the midst of slavery he is free, though apparently one step lower than

the lowest slave. The habits of the Hungarian Gipsies are abominable;

their hovels appear sinks of the vilest poverty and filth; their dress is

at best rags; their food frequently of the vilest carrion, and

occasionally, if report be true, still worse: thus they live in filth, in

rags, in nakedness. The women are fortune-tellers. Of course both sexes

are thieves of the first water. They roam where they list."

The "Chronicle of Bologna," printed about the year 1422, says:--"And of

those who went to have their fortunes told few there were who had not

their purses stolen, or some portion of their garments cut away. Their

women also traversed the city six or eight together, entering the houses

of the citizens, and diverting them with idle talk while one of the party

secured whatever she could lay her hands upon. In the shops they

pretended to buy, but in fact stole. They were amongst the cleverest

thieves that the world contained. Be it noted that they were the most

hideous crew ever seen in these parts. They were lean and black, and ate

like pigs. The women wore mantles flung upon one shoulder, with only a

vest underneath." Forli, who wrote about them about the same time as the

"Chronicle of Bologna," does not seem to have liked them, and says they

were not "even civilised, and resembling rather savage and untamed

beasts."

A writer describes a visit to a Gipsy's tent as follows:--"We were in a

wigwam which afforded us but miserable shelter from the inclemency of the

season. The storm raged without; the tempest roared in the open country;

the wind blew with violence, and whistled through the fissures of the

cabin; the rain fell in torrents, and prevented us from continuing our

route. Our host was an Indian with sparkling and intelligent eyes, clad

with a certain elegance, and wrapped majestically in a large fur cloak.

Seated close to the fire, which cast a reddish gleam through the interior

of the wigwam, he felt himself all at once seized with an irresistible

desire to imitate the convulsion of nature, and to sing his impressions.

So taking hold of a drum which hung near his bed, he beat a slight

rolling, resembling the distant sounds of an approaching storm, then

raising his voice to a shrill treble, which he knew how to soften when he

pleased, he imitated the whistling of the air, the creaking of the

branches dashing against one another, and the particular noise produced

by dead leaves when accumulated in compact masses on the ground. By

degrees the rollings of the drum became more frequent and louder, the

chants more sonorous and shrill; and at last our Indian shrieked, howled,

and roared in the most frightful manner; he struggled and struck his

instrument with extraordinary rapidity; it was a real tempest, to which

nothing was wanting, not even the distant howling of the dogs, nor the

bellowing of the affrighted buffaloes."

Mr. Leland, speaking of the Russian Gipsies near Moscow, says that after

meeting them in public, and penetrating to their homes, they were

altogether original, deeply interesting, and able to read and write, and

have a wonderful capacity for music, and goes on to say that he speedily

found the Russian Gipsies were as unaffected and childlike as they were

gentle in manner, and that compared with our own prize-fighting, sturdy,

begging, and always suspecting Gipsy roughs, as a delicate greyhound

might compare with a very shrewd old bulldog trained by a fly tramp.

Leland, in his article, speaking of one of the Russian Gipsy maidens,

says:--"Miss Sarsha, who had a slight cast in one of her wild black eyes,

which added something to the Gipsiness and roguery of her smiles, and who

wore in a ring a large diamond, which seemed as if it might be the right

eye in the wrong place, was what is called an earnest young lady, and

with plenty to say and great energy wherewith to say it. What with her

eyes, her diamond, her smiles, and her tongue, she constituted altogether

a fine specimen of irrepressible fireworks."

Leland, referring to the musical abilities of the Russian Gipsies, in his

article in "Macmillan's Magazine," November, 1879, says:--"These artists,

with wonderful tact and untaught skill have succeeded in all their songs

in combining the mysterious and maddening chorus of the true wild eastern

music with that of regular and simple melody intelligible to every

western ear." "I listened," says Leland, "to the strangest, wildest, and

sweetest singing I ever had heard--the singing of Lurleis, of syrens, of

witches. First, one damsel, with an exquisitely clear, firm voice began

to sing a verse of a love ballad, and as it approached the end the chorus

stole in, softly and unperceived, but with exquisite skill, until, in a

few seconds, the summer breeze, murmuring melody over a rippling lake,

seemed changed to a midnight tempest roaring over a stormy sea, in which

the basso of the black captain pealed like thunder, and as it died away a

second girl took up the melody, very sweetly, but with a little more

excitement--it was like a gleam of moonlight on the still agitated

waters--a strange contralto witch gleam, and then again the chorus and

the storm, and then another solo yet sweeter, sadder, and stranger--the

movement continually increasing, until all was fast, and wild, and mad--a

locomotive quick step and then a sudden silence--sunlight--the storm had

blown away;" and adds, "I could only think of those strange fits of

excitement which thrill the Red Indian, and make him burst into song."

"After the first Gipsy lyric then came another to which the captain

especially directed my attention as being what Sam. Petalengro calls 'The

girl in the red chemise'--as well as I can recall his words. A very

sweet song, with a simple but spirited chorus, and as the sympathetic

electricity of excitement seized the performers we were all in a minute

going down the rapids in a spring freshet. 'Sing, sir, sing!' cried my

handsome neighbour, with her black Gipsy eyes sparkling fire."

Some excuse ought to be made for Leland getting into this wild state of

excitement, for he had on his right and on his left, before and behind

him, dark-eyed Gipsy beauties--as some would call them--among whom was

one, the belle of the party, dressed in black silk attire, wafting in his

face the enchanting fan of fascination till he was completely mesmerised.

How different this hour's excitement to the twenty-three hours' reality!

The following is the full history of a remarkable case which has recently

occurred in Russia, taken from the London daily papers last November, and

it shows the way in which Gipsy witches and fortune-tellers are held and

horribly treated in that country. It is quite evident that Gipsies and

witches are not esteemed by the Russians like angels:--

Agrafena Ignatjewa was as a child simple and amiable, neither sharper

nor more stupid than all the other girls of her native village,

Wratschewo, in the Government of Novgorod. But the people of the

place having, from her early youth, made up their minds that she had

the "evil eye," nothing could eradicate that impression.

Being branded with this reputation, it naturally followed that powers

of divination and enchantment were attributed to her, including the

ability to afflict both men and animals with various plagues and

sicknesses.

In spite, however, of the supernatural skill with which she was

credited, she met with no suitor save a poor soldier. She accepted

him gladly, and going with him, shortly after her marriage, to St.

Petersburg, Wratschewo lost sight of her for some twelve years. She

was, however, by no means forgotten there, for when, after the death

of her husband, she again betook herself to the home of her

childhood, she found that her old reputation still clung to her. The

news of her return spread like wild-fire, and general disaster was

anticipated from her injurious spells. This, however, was, from

fear, talked of only behind her back, and dread of her at length

reached such a pitch that the villagers and their wives sent her

presents and assisted her in every way, hoping thereby to get into

her good graces, and so escape being practised upon by her infernal

arts. As she was now fifty years of age, somewhat weakly, and

therefore unable to earn a living, these attentions were by no means

unwelcome, and she therefore did nothing to disabuse her neighbours'

minds. Their superstition enabled her to live comfortably and

without care, and she knew very well that any assurances she might

give would not have produced the slightest effect.

A short time after her return to Wratschewo, several women fell ill.

This was, of course, laid at the door of Ignatjewa, particularly as

one of these women, the daughter of a peasant, had been attacked

immediately after being refused a slight favour by her. Whenever any

misfortune whatsoever happened in the village, all fingers pointed to

Ignatjewa as the source of it. At the beginning of the present year

a dismissed soldier, in the interest of the community, actually

instituted criminal proceedings against her before the local

urjadnik, the chief of the police of the district, the immediate

charge preferred being that she had bewitched his wife.

Meanwhile the feeling in the village against her became so

intensified that it was resolved by the people, pending the decision

on the complaint that had been lodged, to take the law into their

hands so far as to fasten her up in her cottage.

The execution of this resolve was not delayed a moment. Led by

Kauschin, Nikisorow, Starovij, and an old man of seventy, one

Schipensk, whose wife and daughters were at the time supposed to be

suffering from her witchcraft, a crowd of villagers set out on the

way to Ignatjewa's dwelling. Nikisorow had provided himself with

hammer and nails, and Iwanow with some chips of pinewood "to smoke

out the bad spirits." Finding the cottage door locked, they beat it

in, and while a portion of them nailed up the windows the remainder

crowded in and announced to the terrified woman that, by unanimous

decision, she was, for the present, to be kept fastened up in her

house. Some of them then proceeded to look through the rooms, where

they found, unfortunately, several bottles containing medicaments.

Believing these to be enchanted potions, and therefore conclusive

proofs of Ignatjewa's guilt, it was decided, on the suggestion of

Nikisorow, to burn her and her devilish work there and then. "We

must put an end to it," shouted the peasants in chorus; "if we let

her off now we shall be bewitched one and all."

Kauschin, who held in his hand a lighted chip of pine-wood, which he

had used "to smoke out the spirits" and to light him about the

premises, instantly applied it to a bundle of straw lying in a room,

after which all hastily left. Ignatjewa attempted in vain to follow

them. The agonised woman then tried to get out at the windows, but

these were already nailed up. In front of the cottage stood the

people, blankly staring at the spreading flames, and listening to the

cries of their victim without moving a muscle.

At this point Ignatjewa's brother came on the scene, and ran towards

the cottage to rescue his sister. But a dozen arms held him back.

"Don't let her out," shouted the venerable Schipensk, the husband and

father of the bewitched women. "I'll answer for it, that we won't,

father; we have put up with her long enough," replied one of the

band. "The Lord be praised!" exclaimed another, "let her burn away;

she bewitched my daughters too."

The little room in which Ignatjewa had taken refuge was not as yet

reached by the fire. Appeals were now made to her to confess herself

a witch, the brother joining, probably in the hope that if she did so

her life might be spared. "But I am entirely innocent," the poor

woman cried out. One of the bystanders, apparently the only one in

possession of his five senses, made another attempt at rescue, but

was hindered by the mob. He then, in loud tones, warned them of the

punishment which would certainly await them, but in vain, no

attention was paid to him. On the contrary, the progress of the

flames not appearing rapid enough, it was endeavoured to accelerate

it by shoving the snow from the roof and loosening the frame-work.

The fire now extended rapidly, one beam after another blazed up, and

at length the roof fell in on the wretched woman.

The ashes smouldered the whole night; on the following morning

nothing was found remaining but the charred bones of Ignatjewa.

The idea now, it would seem, occurred to the murderers that perhaps,

after all, their action had not been altogether lawful. They

accordingly resolved to bribe the local authority, who had already

viewed the scene of the affair, to hush it up. For this purpose they

made a collection, and handed him the proceeds, twenty-one roubles

ninety copecks. To their astonishment he did not accept the money,

but at once reported the horrible deed to his superior officer.

Sixteen of the villagers were, in consequence, brought up for trial

at Tichwin before the district court of Novgorod on the charge of

murdering Agrafena Ignatjewa, in the manner above described.

After a protracted hearing with jury the following result was arrived

at:--Kauschin, who had first set fire to the building; Starovij, who

had assisted in accelerating the burning; and Nikisorow, the prime

mover in the matter, who had nailed up the windows, were found

guilty, and sentenced by the judge to some slight ecclesiastical

penance, while the remaining thirteen, including the aged

Schipensk--who had used his influence to prevent a rescue--went scot

free.

The Spanish Gipsies, in Grellmann's day, would resort to the most wicked

and inhuman practices. Before taking one of their horses to the fair

they would make an incision in some secret part of the skin, through

which they would blow the creature up till his flesh looked fat and

plump, and then they would apply a strong sticking plaster to prevent the

air escaping. Wolfgang Franz says they make use of another device with

an eel. Grellmann says of the Spanish Gipsies in his day that dancing

was another means of getting something; they generally practised dancing

when they were begging, particularly if men were about the streets.

Their dances were of the most disgusting kind that could be conceived;

the most lascivious attitudes and gestures, young girls and married

women, travelling with their fathers, would indulge in, to the extent of

frisking about the streets in a state of nudity.

Further inquiries among the Gipsies more than ever satisfy me that my

first statement last August, viz., that five per cent. of them could not

read and write, is being more than fully borne out by facts brought under

my notice; in fact, I question if there will be three per cent. of the

Gipsies who can read and write. The following letter has been sent to me

by a friend to show that there is one Gipsy in the country, at least, who

knows how to put a letter together, and as it is somewhat of a curiosity

I give it, as exactly as possible as I received it, of course leaving out

the name, and without note or comment.

"Newtown Moor,

"the 22nd, 1877.

"Dear Sir,--

"I recivd your last Letter, and proude to say that I shall (if alls

well) endeavor to cum on the day mentioned. I shall start from hear

5.36 a.m., and be in Edinburgh betwen 3 and 4. I have no more to say

very particular, only feel proude of having the enviteation (we are

all well hear) with the exception of my little Daughter. She still

keeps about the same. I shall finish (this little bit) by sending

all our very kind love and respects to Mrs. --- and yourself.

Hopeing this will find you boath in good helth (I shall go on with a

little bit of something else) (by the way, a little filling up which

I hope you will parden me for taking up so much of your time.

"I am yours

"Very obediently,t

"WELSH HARPER.

(Now a little more about what my poor old mother leant me when a

child) and before I go on any further I want you (if you will be so

kind) as to perticullery--understand me--that the ch has a curious

sound--also the LR, as, for instence, chommay, in staid hommay, choy

in place of hoi. Chotche yoi instaid of _hotche_ yoi. Matteva ma

tot _in staid_ of lat eva ma tot and so on. I shall now commence

with the feminine and the musculin gender (but I must mind as I don't

put my foot in it) as you know a hundred times more than I do about

these last words--the same time the maight be a little picket up by

_them_. _Well_, hear goes to make a start. (You must not always

laugh.)

"Singular Feminine M. F.

"Masculine gender. gender.

Dad Dai Dada Daia

Chavo Chai Chavay Chaia

Tieno Tienoy Tickna

Morsh Jovel Morsha Jovya

Gongeo Gangee Gongea Gongeya

Racloo Raclee

Raclay or Racklay

Pal Pen Palla Peoya

Pella Penya Cock Bebey

(I shall finish this) as you know yourself it will take me to long to

go on with more of it. I shall now sho how my poor mother use to

speak her English.

"THE WHOL FAMALY CAMPING WITH HORSES, DONKEYS, AND DOGS.

"On the first weakning in the morning (mother speaking to my Father

in the Tent)--"Now, man, weak dear Boys up to go and geather some

sticks to light the fire, and to see whare dem Hoses and Donkeys are.

I think I shoud some marshas helen a pray the Drom and coving the

collas out of the pub. Mother again--Now, boy, go and get some water

to put in the ole kettle for breakfast. The Boy--I davda--I must go

and do every bit a thing. Why don't you send dat gel to cer some

thing some times her crie chee tal only wishing talkay all the

blessed time. Mother, I am going to send her to the farm House for

milk (jack loses mony) when a Bran of fire is flying after him, and

he (the boy) over a big piece of wood, and hurts his knea.

"The girl goes for the milk (and she has a river to go threw) when

presently a Bull is heard roreng. Mother, dare now, boy, go and meet

your sister; does de Bull roreing after her. She will fall down in a

faint in de middle of de riber. Boy sar can I gal ear yoi ta ma

docadom me heroi ta shom quit leam (the old woman), go, man, go, man,

and stick has dat charey chai is a beling da da say dat dat is a very

bad after jovyas. Strenge men brings the Horses and donkeys up to

the tents, and begins to scould very much. (The little girl comes

with the milk.) The girl said to her brother that she may fall over

the wooden in the river for what he cared; yet the boy said that when

she would fall down she would chin a bit, and all the fish would come

and nibble at her. Horras and her bull; and then they began the

scrubble, and begins to scould her brother for not going to meet her,

when they boath have a scuffel over the fire, and very near knocks

the jockett over, when the boy hops away upon one leg, and hops upon

one of the dog's paws--un-seen--and dog runs away barking, and runs

himself near one of the Donkeys, and the Donkey gives him a kick,

until he is briging in the horse. The old woman: Dare now, dare now,

ockkie now chorro jocked mardo. Breakfast is over with a deal of

boather, and a little laughing and cursing and swaring.

"They strike the tents. (The old woman) Men chovolay nen sig waste

ja mangay. I am a faling a vaver drom codires, and you will meet me

near old Town. Be shewer and leave a _pattern_ by the side of the

cross road, if you sal be dare before me.

"(The old man and the Boys Pitches the Tents) and gets himself ready

to go to the Town. The old woman comes up, and one of the girls with

her--boath very tired and havey, loaded with _choben_ behind her

back, anugh to frighten waggens and carts of the road with her humpey

back.

"(They intend to stay in this delightfull camping place for a good

many days.) To day is soposid to be a very hot day, and a fare day

in a Town about three miles and a half from there. The old woman and

one of her Daughters goes out as usual. The old man takes a couple

of Horses to the Fare to try and sell. (The boys go a fishing.) The

day is very bright and hot. (The old man soon comes home.)

"One of the prityist girls takes a strol by herself down to a

butyfull streem of water to have herself a wash, and she begins

singing to the sound of a waterfall close by her, when all of a suden

a very nice looking young gentleman, who got tiard fishing in the

morning, and the day being very hot, took a bit of a lull on his

face, his basket on his back, and Fishing-rod by his side (the girl

did not see him) nor him her) until he was atracted by some strange

sound, when all of a instant he sprung upon his heels, and to his

surprise seen a most butyfull creature with her bear bosom and her

long black hair and butyfull black eyes, white teeth, and a butyfull

figure. He stared with all the eyes he had, and he made a advance

towards her, and when she seen him she stared also at him, and

aproaching slowly towards her and saying, from whence comest thou

hear, my butyfull maid (and staring at her butyfull figure) thinking

that she was some angel as droped down (when she with a pleasant

smile by showing her ivory and her sparkling eyes) Oh, my father's

tents are not fare off, and seen the day very warm I thought to have

a little wash.

"Gentleman Well indeed I have been fishing to day, and cot a few this

morning; but the day turned out so excesably hot I was obliged to go

in to a shade and have a sleep, but was alarmed at your sweet voice

mingling with the murmuring waters. They boath steer up to the camp,

when now and then as he is speaking to her on the road going up, a

loude and shrill laugh is heard many times--the same time he does not

sho the least sign of vulgaraty by taking any sort of liberty with

her whatever. They arrive at the tents, when one or the little boys

says to his dady Dady, dady, there is a rye a velin a pra. The

gentleman sitts himself down and pulls out a big Flask very near full

of Brandy and toboco, and offers to the old man.

"By this time that young girl goes in her Tent and pull down the

front, and presently out she comes butyfully dressed, which bewitched

the young gentleman, and he said that they were welcome to come there

to stop as long as they had a mind so as they would not tear the

Headges. He goes and leaves them highly delighted towards hime, and

he should pay them another visit. This camping ground belonged to

the young gentleman's father, and is situated in a butyfull part of

Derbyshire. One of the little girls sees two young ladys coming a

little sideways across the common from a gentleman's house which is

very near, which turns out to be the gentleman's two sisters. The

little girl, Mamey, mamey, der is doi Rawngas avelin accai atch a

pray. The young ladys comes to the tents and smiles, when the old

woman says to one of them, Good day, meyam, it's a very fine day,

meyam; shall I tell you a few words, meyam? The old woman takes them

on one side and tells them something just to please them, now and

then a word of truth, the rest a good lot of lies.

"The old man goes off for a stroll with a couple of dogs.

"One of the young boys asks his mother for some money, and she

refuses him, or says she has got none. The boy says, Where is the

000 pounds tooteys sold froom those doi Rawngas maw did accai I held

now from them they pend them not appopolar? One of the other

brothers says to him, Hear, Abraham, ile lend you 5s. Will you, my

blessed brother. Yes, I will; hear it is. Now we will boath of us

go to the gav togeather. One gets his fiddle ready and the other the

Tamareen. The harp is too heavy to carry. They go to call at the

post office for a chinginargery--they boath come home rather wary.

"The next day the Boys go a fishing again and bring home a good lot

(as the day was not near so hot as the day before) and comes home in

good time to play the harp and violin (and sometimes the Tambureen)

for the county gouges [green horns], as a good many comes to have a

dance on the green--the collection would be the boys pocket money.

"There is a great deal of amusement found by those that us to follow

Barns. The have many country people coming them to hear there music

and to dance on the green, or sometimes in the barn, but most oftener

in the house in a big kitchen, and the country people would be

staring at the collays, Gipsies, with all there eyes, and the Gipsies

would stare at the people to see them such Dinalays [fools].

"Those who followed Barns, us to call gentlemen's houses with the

Harps, and us to be called in and make a good thing of it.

"Dear Mr.--With your permission I will leave of now, and let you know

a little more when I come. Hoping that I have not trespased on your

time to read such follishness. All that I have written has happened.

"I again beg to remain,

"Yours very respectfully,

"WELSHANENGAY BORY BOSHAHENGBO.

[Hedge Fiddler.]

"I beg to acquaint you that I am the oldest living Welsh Harper in

the world at the present time. Mr. Thomas G---, Welsh Harper to the

Prince of Wales, is next to me."

It would be perhaps a difficult task to find a score of Gipsies out of

the 15,000 to 20,000 there are in this country who can write as well as

the foregoing letter.

The following may be considered a fair specimen of the high class or

"Gentleman Gipsy," so much admired by those who have got the Gipsy spell

round their necks, the Gipsy spectacles before their eyes, the Gipsy

charm in their pocket, and who can see nothing but what is lively,

charming, fascinating, and delightful in the Gipsy, from the crown of his

head to the sole of his foot. To those of my friends I present them with

an account of Ryley Bosvil as a man after their own heart, at the same

time I would call their attention to his ending, as related by Borrow.

Ryley Bosvil was a native of Yorkshire, a county where, as the Gipsies

say, "There's a deadly sight of Bosvils." He was above the middle

height, exceedingly strong and active, and one of the best riders in

Yorkshire, which is saying a great deal. He was thoroughly versed in all

the arts of the old race; he had two wives, never went to church, and

considered that when a man died he was cast into the earth and there was

an end of him. He frequently used to say that if any of his people

became Gorgios he would kill them. He had a sister of the name of Clara,

a nice, delicate girl, about fourteen years younger than himself, who

travelled about with an aunt; this girl was noticed by a respectable

Christian family, who, taking great interest in her, persuaded her to

come and live with them. She was instructed by them, in the rudiments of

the Christian religion, appeared delighted with her new friends, and

promised never to leave them. After the lapse of about six weeks there

was a knock at the door, and a dark man stood before it, who said he

wanted Clara. Clara went out trembling, had some discourse with the man

in an unknown tongue, and shortly returned in tears, and said that she

must go. "What for?" said her friends. "Did you not promise to stay

with us?" "I did so," said the girl, weeping more bitterly; "but that

man is my brother, who says I must go with him; and what he says must

be." So with her brother she departed, and her Christian friends never

saw her again. What became of her? Was she made away with? Many

thought she was, but she was not. Ryley put her into a light cart, drawn

by a "flying pony," and hurried her across England, even to distant

Norfolk, where he left her with three Gipsy women. With these women the

writer found her encamped in a dark wood, and had much discourse with her

both on Christian and Egyptian matters. She was very melancholy,

bitterly regretted her having been compelled to quit her Christian

friends, and said that she wished she had never been a Gipsy. She was

exhorted to keep a firm grip of her Christianity, and was not seen again

for a quarter of a century, when she was met on Epsom Downs on the Derby

day, when the terrible horse, "Gladiateur," beat all the English steeds.

She was then very much changed indeed, appearing as a full-blown Egyptian

matron, with two very handsome daughters flaringly dressed in genuine

Gipsy fashion, to whom she was giving motherly counsels as to the best

means to _hok_ and _dukker_ the gentlefolk. All her Christianity she

appeared to have flung to the dogs, for when the writer spoke to her on

that very important subject she made no answer save by an indescribable

Gipsy look. On other matters she was communicative enough, telling the

writer, amongst other things, that since he saw her she had been twice

married, and both times very well, for that her first husband, by whom

she had the two daughters, whom the writer "kept staring at," was a man

every inch of him, and her second, who was then on the Downs grinding

knives with a machine he had, though he had not much manhood, being

nearly eighty years old, had something much better, namely, a mint of

money, which she hoped shortly to have in her possession.

Ryley, like most of the Bosvils, was a tinker by profession; but though a

tinker, he was amazingly proud and haughty of heart. His grand ambition

was to be a great man among his people, a Gipsy king (no such individuals

as either Gipsy kings or queens ever existed). To this end he furnished

himself with clothes made after the costliest Gipsy fashion; the two

hinder buttons of the coat, which was of thick blue cloth, were broad

gold pieces of Spain, generally called ounces; the fore-buttons were

English "spaded guineas," the buttons of the waistcoat were half-guineas,

and those of the collar and the wrists of his shirt were seven-shilling

gold-pieces. In this coat he would frequently make his appearance on a

magnificent horse, whose hoofs, like those of the steed of a Turkish

Sultan, were cased in shoes of silver. How did he support such expense?

it may be asked. Partly by driving a trade in "wafedo loovo,"

counterfeit coin, with which he was supplied by certain honest

tradespeople of Brummagem; partly and principally by large sums of money

which he received from his two wives, and which they obtained by the

practice of certain arts peculiar to Gipsy females. One of his wives was

a truly remarkable woman. She was of the Petalengro or Smith tribe. Her

Christian name, if Christian name it can be called, was Xuri or Shuri,

and from her exceeding smartness and cleverness she was generally called

by the Gipsies Yocky Shuri--that is, smart or clever Shuri, Yocky being a

Gipsy word signifying "clever." She could dukker--that is, tell

fortunes--to perfection, by which alone, during the racing season, she

could make a hundred pounds a month. She was good at the big hok--that

is, at inducing people to put money into her hands in the hope of it

being multiplied; and, oh, dear! how she could caur--that is, filch gold

rings and trinkets from jewellers' cases, the kind of thing which the

Spanish Gipsies call ustibar pastesas--filching with hands. Frequently

she would disappear and travel about England, and Scotland too,

dukkering, hokking, and cauring, and after the lapse of a month return

and deliver to her husband, like a true and faithful wife, the proceeds

of her industry. So no wonder that the Flying Tinker, as he was called,

was enabled to cut a grand appearance. He was very fond of hunting, and

would frequently join the field in regular hunting costume, save and

except that instead of the leather hunting cap he wore one of fur, with a

gold band round it, to denote that though he mixed with Gorgios he was

still a Romany chal. Thus equipped, and mounted on a capital hunter,

whenever he encountered a Gipsy encampment he would invariably dash

through it, doing all the harm he could, in order, as he said, to let the

juggals know that he was their king, and had a right to do what he

pleased with his own. Things went on swimmingly for a great many years,

but, as prosperity does not continue for ever, his dark hour came at

last. His wives got into trouble in one or two expeditions, and his

dealings in wafedo loovo to be noised about. Moreover, by his grand airs

and violent proceedings, he had incurred the hatred of both Gorgios and

Gipsies, particularly of the latter, some of whom he had ridden over and

lamed for life. One day he addressed his two wives--

"The Gorgios seek to hang me,

The Gipsies seek to kill me;

This country we must leave."

SHURI.

"I'll join with you to heaven,

I'll fare with you, Yandors,

But not if Lura goes."

LURA.

"I'll join with you to heaven

And to the wicked country,

Though Shuri goeth too."

RYLEY.

"Since I must choose betwixt you,

My choice is Yocky Shuri,

Though Lura loves me best."

LURA.

"My blackest curse on Shuri;

Oh, Ryley, I'll not curse you,

But you will never thrive."

She then took her departure, with her cart and donkey, and Ryley remained

with Shuri.

RYLEY.

"I've chosen now betwixt ye,

Your wish you now have gotten,

But for it you shall smart."

He then struck her with his fist on the cheek and broke her jaw-bone.

Shuri uttered no cry or complaint, only mumbled--

"Although with broken jaw-bone,

I'll follow thee, my Riley,

Since Lura doesn't fal."

Thereupon Ryley and Yocky Shuri left Yorkshire and wended their way to

London, where they took up their abode in the Gipsyry near Shepherd's

Bush. Shuri went about dukkering and hokking, but not with the spirit of

former times, for she was not quite so young as she had been, and her

jaw, which was never properly cured, pained her very much. Ryley went

about tinkering, but he was unacquainted with London and its

neighbourhood, and did not get much to do. An old Gipsy man, who was

driving about a little cart filled with skewers, saw him standing in a

state of perplexity at a place where four roads met:--

OLD GIPSY.

"Methinks I see a brother.

Who's your father? Who's your mother?

And what be your name?"

RYLEY.

"A Bosvil was my father,

A Bosvil was my mother,

And Ryley is my name."

OLD GIPSY.

"I'm glad to see you, brother;

I am a kaulo camlo. {218a}

What service can I do?"

RYLEY.

"I'm jawing petulengring, {218b}

But do not know the country;

Perhaps you'll show me round."

OLD GIPSY.

"I'll sikker tulle prala!

Ino bikkening escouyor, {218c}

And av along with me."

The old Gipsy showed Ryley about the country for a week or two, and Ryley

formed a kind of connection and did a little business. He, however,

displayed little or no energy, was gloomy and dissatisfied, and

frequently said that his heart was broken since he had left Yorkshire.

Shuri did her best to cheer him, but without effect. Once when she bade

him get up and exert himself, he said that if he did it would be of no

use, and asked her whether she did not remember the parting prophecy of

his other wife, that he would never thrive. At the end of about two

years he ceased going his rounds, and did nothing but smoke under the

arches of the railroad and loiter about beershops. At length he became

very weak and took to his bed; doctors were called in by his faithful

Shuri, but there is no remedy for a bruised spirit. A Methodist came and

asked him, "What was his hope?" "My hope," said he, "is that when I am

dead I shall be put into the ground, and my wife and children will weep

over me," and such, it may be observed, is the last hope of every genuine

Gipsy. His hope was gratified. Shuri and his children, of whom he had

three--two stout young fellows and a girl--gave him a magnificent

funeral, and screamed and shouted and wept over his grave. They then

returned to the "arches," not to divide his property among them, and to

quarrel about the division, according to Christian practice, but to

destroy it. They killed his swift pony--still swift though twenty-seven

years of age--and buried it deep in the ground without depriving it of

its skin. Then they broke the caravan to pieces, making of the fragments

a fire, on which they threw his bedding, carpets, curtains, blankets, and

everything which would burn. Finally, they dashed his mirrors, china,

and crockery to pieces, hacked his metal pots, dishes, and what not to

bits, and flung the whole on the blazing pile. {219} Such was the life,

such the death, and such were the funeral obsequies of Ryley Bosvil, a

Gipsy who will be long remembered amongst the English Romany for his

buttons, his two wives, grand airs, and last not least, for having been

the composer of various stanzas in the Gipsy tongue, which have plenty of

force if nothing else to recommend them. One of these, addressed to

Yocky Shuri, runs as follows:--

"Beneath the bright sun there is none,

There is none

I love like my Yocky Shuri;

With the greatest delight in blood I would fight

To the knees for my Yocky Shuri."

How much better and happier it would have been for this poor, hardened,

ignorant, old Gipsy, if, instead of indulging in such rubbish as he did

in the last hours of an idle and wasted life, he could, after a life

spent in doing good to the Gipsies and others over whom he had influence,

as the shades of the evening of life gathered round him, sung, from the

bottom of his heart--fetching tears to his eyes as it did mine a Sunday

or two ago--the following verses to the tune of "Belmont:"--

"When in the vale of lengthened years

My feeble feet shall tread,

And I survey the various scenes

Through which I have been led,

"How many mercies will my life

Before my view unfold!

What countless dangers will be past!

What tales of sorrow told!

"This scene will all my labours end,

This road conduct on high;

With comfort I'll review the past,

And triumph though I die."

On the first Sunday in February this year I found myself surrounded by a

black, thick London fog--almost as dense as the blackest midnight, and an

overpowering sense of suffocation creeping over me--in the midst of an

encampment of Gipsies at Canning Town, and, acting upon their kind

invitation, I crept into one of their tents, and there found about a

dozen Gipsy men of all sizes, ages, and complexions, squatting upon peg

shavings. Some of their faces looked full of intelligence and worthy of

a better vocation, and others seemed as if they had had the "cropper" at

work round their ears; so short was their hair that any one attempting to

"pull it up by the roots" would have a difficult task, unless he set to

it with his teeth. They looked to me as if several of them had worn

bright steel ornaments round their wrists and had danced at a county

ball, and done more stepping upon the wheel of fortune than many people

imagine; at any rate, they were quite happy in their way, and seemed

prepared for another turn round when needful. Their first salutation

was, "Well, governor, how are you? Sit you down and make yourself

comfortable, and let's have a chat. Never mind if it is Sunday, send for

some 'fourpenny' for us." I partly did as they bid me, but, owing to the

darkness of the tent and the fog, I sat upon a seat that was partly

covered with filth, consequently I had an addition to my trousers more

than I bargained for. I told them my object was not to come to send for

"fourpenny," but to get a law passed to compel the Gipsy parents to send

their children to school, and to have their tents registered and provided

with a kind of school pass book; and, before I had well finished my

remarks, one of the Gipsies, a good-looking fellow, said, "I say, Bill,

that will be a capital thing, won't it?" "God bless you, man, for it,"

was the remark of another, and so the thing went the round among them.

By this time there were some score or more Gipsy women and children at

the tent door, or, I should rather say, rag coverlet, who heard what had

passed, and they thoroughly fell in with the idea. The question next

turned upon religion. They said they had heard that there were

half-a-dozen different religions, and asked me if it was true. One said

he was a Roman Catholic; but did not believe there was a hell. Another

said he was a Methodist, but could not agree with their singing and

praying, and so it went round till they asked me what religion was. I

told them in a way that seemed to satisfy them, and I also told them some

of its results. I could not learn that any of these Gipsies had ever

been in a place of worship.

I mentioned to them that I wanted to show, during my inquiries, both

sides of the question, and should be glad if they would point out to me

the name of a Gipsy whom they could look up to and consider as a good

pattern for them to follow. Here they began to scratch their heads, and

said I had put them "a nightcap on." "Upon my soul," said one, "I should

not know where to begin to look for one," and then related to me the

following story:--"The Devil sent word to some of his agents for them to

send him the worst man they could find upon the face of the earth. So

news went about among various societies everywhere, consultations and

meetings were held, and it was decided that a Gipsy should be sent, as

none of the societies or agents could find one bad enough. Accordingly a

passport was procured, and they started the Gipsy on his way. When he

came to the door of hell he knocked for admittance. The Devil shouted

out, 'Who is there?' The Gipsy cried out, 'A Gipsy.' 'All right,' said

the Devil; 'you are just the man I am wanting. I have been on the

look-out for you some time. Come in. I have been told the Gipsies are

the worst folks in all the world.' The Gipsy had not been long in hell

before the Devil perceived that he was too bad for his place, and the

place began to swarm with young imps to such a degree that the Devil

called the Gipsy to him one day, and said, 'Of all the people that have

ever come to this place you are the worst. You are too bad for us. Here

is your passport. Be off back again!' The Devil opened the door, and

said, as the Gipsy was going, 'Make yourself scarce.' So you see," said

Lee to me, "we are too bad for the Devil. We'll go anywhere, fight

anybody, or do anything. Now, lads, drink that 'fourpenny' up, and let's

send for some more." This is Gipsy life in England on a Sunday afternoon

within the sound of church bells.

[Picture: A Fortune-telling Gipsy enjoying her pipe]

The proprietor of the _Weekly Times_ very readily granted permission for

one of the principals of his staff to accompany me to one of the Gipsy

encampments a Sunday or two ago on the outskirts of London. Those who

know the writer would say the article is truthful, and not in the least

overdrawn:--"The lane was full of decent-looking houses, tenanted by

labourers in foundries and gas and waterworks; but there were spaces

between the rows of houses, forming yards for the deposit of garbage, and

in these unsavoury spots the Gipsies had drawn up their caravans, and

pitched their smoke-blackened tents. These yards were separated from

each other by rows of cottages, and each yard contained families related

near or distantly, or interested in each other's welfare by long

associations in the country during summer time, and in such places as we

found them during the winter season. After spending several hours with

these people in their tents and caravans, and passing from yard to yard,

asking the talkative ones questions, we came to the conclusion that, in

the whole bounds of this great metropolis, it would have been impossible

to have found any miscalling themselves Gipsies whose mode of living more

urgently called for the remedial action of the law than the tenants of

Lamb-lane. In the first place, there was not a true Gipsy amongst them;

nor one man, woman, or child who could in any degree claim relationship

with a Gipsy. They were, all of them, idle loafers, who had adopted the

wandering life of the Gipsy because of the opportunities it afforded of

combining a maximum of idle hours with a minimum of work. The men

exhibited this in their countenances, in the attitudes they took up, by

the whining drawl with which they spoke; the women, by their dirtiness

and inattention to dress; and the children, by their filthy condition.

The men and women had fled from the restraints of house life to escape

the daily routine which a home involved; the men had no higher ambition

than to obtain a small sum of money on the Saturday to pay for a few

days' food. There was not one man amongst them who could solder a broken

kettle; a few, however, could mend a chair bottom, but there all

industrial ability ended; and the others got their living by shaving

skewers from Monday morning to Friday night, which were sold to butchers

at 10d. or 1s. the stone. These men stayed at home, working over the

brazier of burning coke during the week, while their wives hawked small

wool mats or vases, but nothing of their own manufacture; and the

grown-up lads, on market-days, added to the general industry by buying

flowers in Covent-garden, and hawking them in the suburbs of the

metropolis. We were assured by Mr. Smith that this class of pseudo-Gipsy

was largely on the increase, and to check their spread Mr. Smith suggests

that the provisions of an Act of Parliament should be mainly directed.

Only one of all we saw and spoke to on Sunday was 'a scholar'--that is,

could read at all--and this was a lad of about fourteen, who had spent a

few hours occasionally at a Board school. With all the others the

knowledge that comes of reading was an absolute blank. They knew

nothing, except that the proceeds of the previous week had been below the

average; social events of surpassing interest had not reached them, and

the future was limited by 'to-morrow.' We questioned them upon their

experiences of the past winter, and the preference they had for their

tents over houses was emphatically marked. 'Brick houses,' said one

woman, who was suckling a baby, 'are so full of draughts.' Night and day

the brazier of burning coke was never allowed to go low, and under the

tent the ground was always dry, however wet it might be outside, because

of the heat from the brazier; besides, they lay upon well-trodden-down

straw, six or eight inches deep, and covered themselves with their

clothes, their wraps, their filthy rugs, and tattered rags, and were as

warm as possible. The tents had many advantages over a brick house.

Besides having no draughts, there was no accumulation of snow upon the

tops of the tents; and so these witless people were content to endure

poverty, hunger, cold, and dirt for the sake of minimising their

contribution to the general good of the whole commonwealth. The poorest

working man in London who does an honest week's work is a hero compared

with such men as these. It would be impossible to nurture sentiment in

any tent in Lamb-lane. There was no face with a glimmer of honest

self-reliance about it, no face bearing any trace of the strange beauty

we had noticed in other encampments, and no form possessed of any

distinguishing grace. The whole of the yards were redolent of dirt; and

the people, each and all, inexcusably foul in person. In several yards

little boys or girls sat on the ground in the open air, tending coke

fires over which stood iron pots, and, as the water boiled and raised the

lids, it was plain that the women were taking advantage of the quiet

hours of the afternoon for a wash. Before we came away from the last

yard, lines had been strung across all the yards, and the hastily-washed

linen rags were fluttering in the air. One tent was closed to visitors.

It was then four o'clock, and a woman told us confidentially her friend

was washing a blanket, which she would have to dry that same afternoon,

as it would be 'wanted' at night; but 'the friend' professed her

readiness to take charge of anything we had to spare for the

washerwoman--a mouthful of baccy, a 'sucker' for the baby, or 'three

ha'pence for a cup of tea.' Boys were there of fourteen and sixteen,

with great rents in the knees of their corduroys, who only went out to

hawk one day in the week--Saturday. They started with a light truck for

Covent-garden at four in the morning, and would have from 4s. to 6s. to

lay out in flowers. When questioned as to what flowers they had bought

on the previous day, one lad said they were 'tulips, hyacinths, and

cyclaments,' but nobody could give us an intelligible description of the

last-named flowers. Two lads generally took charge of the flower truck,

and the result of the day's hawking was usually a profit of half-a-crown

to three shillings. These lads also assisted during the week in shaving

skewers, and accompanied their fathers to market when they had a load to

sell. In one tent we found a dandy-hen sitting; she had been so occupied

one week, and the presence of the children and adults, who shared her

straw bed, in no way discomposed her. We found that baccy and 'suckers'

were the most negotiable exchanges with these people. The women, young

and old, small boys and the men, all smoked, and the day became historic

with them because, of the extra smokes they were able to have. The

'suckers' were the largest specimen of 'bulls' eyes' we could find--not

those dainty specimens sold at the West-end or in the Strand, but real

whoppers, almost the size of pigeons' eggs; and yet there was no baby

whose mouth was not found equal to the reception and the hiding of the

largest; and we noticed as a strange psychological fact that no baby

would consent, though earnestly entreated by its mother, to suffer the

'sucker' to leave its mouth for the mother to look at. The babies knew

better, shaking their wary little heads at their mothers. Instinct was

stronger than obedience. We were not sorry to get away from Lamb-lane,

with its filthy habitations, blanket washings, ragged boys and girls,

lazy men and women. For the genuine Gipsy tribe, and their mysterious

promptings to live apart from their fellows in the lanes and fields of

the country, we have a sentimental pity; but with such as these Lamb-lane

people, off-scourings of the lowest form of society, we have no manner of

sympathy; and we hope that a gracious Act of Parliament may soon rid

English social life of such a plague, and teach such people their duty to

their children and to society at large--things they are too ignorant and

too idle to learn for themselves."

My son sends me the following account of a visit he made to a Gipsy

encampment near London:--I visited the camp at Barking Road this

afternoon. Possibly you thought I might not go if you gave me a correct

description of the route, for I certainly went through more muddy streets

and over lock-bridges than your instructions mentioned. Presuming I was

near the camp, I inquired of a policeman, and was surprised with the

reply that there used to be one, but he had not heard anything of it for

a long while. His mind was evidently wandering, or else he meant it as a

joke, for we were then standing within three hundred yards of the largest

encampment I have yet seen. It is situated at the back of Barking Road,

in what may be termed a field, but it certainly is not a green one, for

the only horse and donkey that I saw were standing against boxes

eating--perhaps corn.

I am surprised that the Gipsies should choose such an exposed, damp place

for camping-ground, as it is always partly under water, and the only

shelter afforded being a few houses at the back and one side; the rest

faces, and is consequently exposed to, the bleak winds blowing over the

marsh and the river.

At the entrance I was met by a poor woman taking a child to the doctor,

her chief dread being that if she did not the law would be down upon her.

She had put the journey off to the last minute, for the poor thing looked

nearly dead then.

Once in the camp one could not but notice the miserable appearance of the

place. Women and children, not one of whom could read and write, with

scarcely any clothing, the latter without shoes or stockings. Twenty to

twenty-five old, ragged, and dirty tents--not canvas, but old, worn-out

blankets--separated by the remains of old broken vans, buckets, and

rubbish that must have taken years to accumulate. Everything betokened

age and poverty. Evidently this field has been a camping-ground for some

years. Three old vans were all the place could boast of, and one of

those was made out of a two-wheeled cart.

I was for the first ten minutes fully occupied in trying to keep a

respectable distance from a number of dogs of all sizes and breeds, which

had the usual appetite for fresh meat and tweed trowsering, and, at the

same time, endeavouring in vain to find solid ground upon which to stand,

for the place at the entrance and all round the tents was one regular

mass of deep "slush." It soon became known that my pockets were

plentifully supplied with half-ounces of tobacco and sweets. These I

soon disposed off, especially the latter, for there seemed no end to the

little bare-footed children that could walk, and those that couldn't were

brought in turn by their sisters or brothers. I was invited to visit all

the tents, but I could gain but little information beyond an account of

the severe winter, bad state of trade, your visit in one of the black,

dense fogs, &c.

[Picture: Inside a Christian Gipsy's Van--Mrs. Simpson's]

The men followed the occupation of either tinkers or peg-makers, and all

the young women will pull out their pipe and ask for tobacco as readily

as the old ones.

The camp is one of the Lees. The majority of the men, women, and

children are of light complexion, and, as for a dark-eyed beauty, one was

not to be found. I stayed most of the time under the "blanket" of the

old man, Thomas Lee, who is a jolly old fellow about sixty, and the

father of eleven young children. He was evidently the life of the camp,

for they all flock round his tent to hear his interesting snatches of

song and story.

He had heard that Her Majesty had sent 50 pounds to assist you in getting

the children educated, and just before I left I was pleased to hear him

give vent to his feelings with the rough but patriotic speech that "She

was a rare good woman, and a Queen of the right sort."

It must not be inferred from what I have said, or shall say, that there

are no good Gipsies among them. Here and there are females to be found

ready at all hours and on all occasions to do good both to the souls and

bodies of Gipsies and house-dwellers as they travel with their basket

from door to door hawking their wares; and to illustrate the truth of

this I cannot do better than refer to the case of the good and

kind-hearted Mrs. Simpson, who is generally located with her husband and

some grand-children in her van in the neighbourhood near Notting Hill, on

the outskirts of London. Mrs. Simpson tells me that she is not a

thorough Gipsy, only a half one. Her father was one of the rare old

Gipsy family of Lees, of Norfolk, and her mother was a Gorgio or Gentile,

who preferred following the "witching eye" and "black locks" to the rag

and stick hovel--or, to be more aristocratic, "the tent"--whose roof and

sides consisted of sticks and canvas, with an opening in the roof to

serve as a chimney, through which the smoke arising from the hearth-stick

fire could pass, excepting that which settled on the hands and face.

Grass, green, decayed, or otherwise, to serve as a carpet, the brown

trampled turf taking the place of mosaic and encaustic tile pavements,

straw instead of a feather-bed, and a soap-box, tea-chest, and like

things doing duty as drawing-room furniture. Mrs. Simpson, when quite a

child, was always reckoned most clever in the art of deception, telling

lies and fortunes out of a small black Testament, of which she could not

read a sentence or tell a letter; sometimes reading the planets of silly

geese, simpletons, and fools out of it when it was upside down, and when

detected she was always ready with a plausible excuse, which they, with

open mouths, always swallowed as Gospel; and for more than twenty-five

years she kept herself and family in this way with sufficient money to

keep them in luxury, loose living, and idleness, till the year of 1859,

when, by some unaccountable means, her conscience, which, up to this

time, had been insensible, dull, and without feeling, became awakened,

sharp, and alive. Probably this quickening took place in consequence of

her hearing a good Methodist minister in a mission-room in the

neighbourhood. The result was that the money she took by telling

fortunes began to burn her fingers, and to make it sit upon her

conscience as easy as possible she had a large pocket made in her dress

so that she could drop it in without much handling. It was no easy thing

to give up such an easy way of getting a living to face the realities of

an honest pedlar's life, in the midst of "slamming of doors,"

"cold-shoulders," "scowls," "frowns," and insults; and a woman with less

determination of character would never have attempted it--or, at least,

if attempted, it would soon have been given up on account of the

insurmountable difficulties surrounding it. Many times she has sat by

the wayside with her basket, after walking and toiling all day, and not

having taken a penny with which to provide the Sunday's dinner, when at

the last extremity Providence has opened her way and friends have

appeared upon the scene, and she has been enabled to "go on her way

rejoicing," and for the last twenty years she has been trying to do all

the good she can, and to day she is not one penny the loser, but, on the

other hand, a gainer, by following such a course. Personally, I have

received much encouragement and valuable information at her hands to help

me in my work to do the Gipsy children good in one form or other. I have

frequently called to see the grand old Gipsy woman, sometimes

unexpectedly, and when I have done so I have either found her reading the

Bible or else it has been close to her elbow. Its stains and soils

betoken much wear and constant use. Very different to the old woman who

put her spectacles into her Bible as she set it upon the clock, and lost

them for more than seven years. She is a firm believer in prayer; in

fact, it seems the very essence of her life, and she can relate numbers

of instances when and where God has answered her petitions. On her

bed-quilt are the following texts of scripture, poetry, &c., which, as

she says, these, with other portions of God's word, she "has learnt to

read without any other aid except His Holy Spirit:"--"For God so loved

the world that He gave His only begotten Son that whosoever believeth on

Him should not perish but have everlasting life." "Every kingdom divided

against itself is brought to desolation, and a house divided against a

house falleth." "But whoso hath this world's goods and seeth his brother

have need and shutteth up his bowels of compassion from him, how dwelleth

the love of God in him?" "All things whatsoever ye shall ask in prayer

believing ye shall receive." "The Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want.

He maketh me to lie down in green pastures, He leadeth me beside the

still waters." "Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of

death I will fear no evil, for Thou art with me, Thy rod and Thy staff

they comfort me." "I am the door; by Me if any man enter in he shall be

saved, and shall go in and out and find pasture." "Let nothing be done

through strife, but in lowliness of mind; let each esteem others better

than themselves." "Look not every man on his own things, but every man

also on the things of others." "Let your speech be always with grace,

seasoned with salt, that ye may know how ye ought to answer every man."

"Wives submit yourselves unto your husbands, as it is fit in the Lord."

"Husbands love your own wives and be not bitter against them." "Children

obey your parents in all things, for this is well pleasing unto the

Lord." "Fathers provoke not your children to anger lest they be

discouraged." "Servants obey in all things your masters according to the

flesh, not with eye service as man pleases, but in singleness of heart

fearing God." "The fruit of the spirit is love, joy, peace,

long-suffering, gentleness," &c. "The wages of sin is death." "Let us

run the race with patience." "Judge not, that ye be not judged."

"Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you do ye even so to them."

"He that cometh unto Me I will in no wise cast out." "Come unto Me all

ye that labour and are heavy laden and I will give you rest." "I am the

way, the truth, and the life." "Whatsoever ye find to do, do it with all

your might." "And God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes; and

there shall be no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall

there be any more pain, for the former things are passed away." "He that

overcometh shall inherit all things; and I will be his God and he shall

be My son." "And they shall see His face and His name shall be in their

foreheads." "And there shall be no night there; and they need no candle,

neither light of the sun, for the Lord God giveth them light, and they

shall reign for ever and ever."

"Rock of Ages, cleft for me,

Let me hide myself in Thee;

Let the water and the blood,

From Thy riven side which flowed,

Be of sin the double cure,

Save me from its guilt and power.

"While I draw this fleeting breath,

When mine eyes shall close in death,

When I soar to worlds unknown,

See Thee on Thy judgment throne;

Rock of Ages, cleft for me,

Let me hide myself in Thee."

* * * * *

"Just as I am, without one plea,

But that Thy blood was shed for me,

And that Thou bidd'st me come to Thee,

O Lamb of God, I come, I come!

"Just as I am--Thy love unknown

Has broken every barrier down;

Now to be Thine, yea, Thine alone,

O Lamb of God, I come, I come!"

* * * * *

"Abide with me: fast falls the eventide;

The darkness deepens; Lord, with me abide;

When other helpers fail, and comforts flee,

Help of the helpless, oh, abide with me.

"Swift to its close ebbs out life's little day;

Earth's joys grow dim, its glories pass away!

Change and decay in all around I see;

O Thou who changest not, abide with me.

"I need Thy presence every passing hour;

What but Thy grace can foil the tempter's power?

Who like Thyself my guide and stay can be?

Through cloud and sunshine, oh, abide with me."

Upon these promises of help, comfort, warning, encouragement, and

consolation, she has many times rested her wearied body after returning

from her day's trudging and toil, and under these she has slept

peacefully as in the arms of death, ready to answer the Master's summons,

and to meet with her dear little boy who has crossed the river, when He

shall say, "It is enough; come up hither," and "sit on My throne."

Although she is a big, powerful woman, and has been more so in years that

are past, when any one begins to talk about Heaven and the happiness and

joy in reserve for those who have a hope of meeting with loved ones

again, when the cares and anxieties of life are ended, it is not long

before they see big, scalding, briny tears rolling down her dark,

Gipsy-coloured face, and she will frequently edge in words during the

conversation about her "Dear Saviour" and "Blessed Lord and Master." I

may mention the names of other warm-hearted Gipsies who are trying to

improve the condition of some of the adult portion of their brethren and

sisters--dwellers upon the turf, and clod scratchers, who feed many of

their poor women and children upon cabbage broth and turnip sauce, and

"bed them down," after kicks, blows, and ill-usage, upon rotten straw

strewn upon the damp ground. Mrs. Carey, Mr. and Mrs. Eastwood, Mrs.

Hedges, and the three Gipsy brothers Smith, Mrs. Lee, and a few others,

have not laboured without some success, at the same time they are

powerless to improve the condition of the future generations of Gipsy

women and children, young mongrels and hut-dwelling Gorgios, by applying

the civilising influences of education and sanitary measures to banish

heathenism worse than that of Africa, idleness, immorality, thieving,

lying, and deception of the deepest dye from our midst, as exhibited in

the dwellings of the rag and stick hovels to be seen flitting about the

outskirts, fringe, and scum of our own neglected ragamuffin population,

roaming about under the cognition that the name of a Gipsy is nauseous

and disgusting in most people's mouths on account of the damning evil

practices they have followed and carried out for centuries upon the

honest and industrious artisans, tradesmen, and others they have been

brought in contact with. A raw-boned Gipsy, with low, slanting forehead,

deep-set eyes, large eyebrows, thick lips, wide mouth, skulkingly slow

gait, slouched hat, and a large grizzly-coloured dog at his heels, in a

dark, narrow lane, on a starlight night, is not a pleasant state of

things for a timid and nervous man to grapple with; nevertheless this is

one side of a Gipsy's life as he goes prowling about in quest of his

prey, and as such it is seen by those who know something of Gipsy life.

"And they return at evening: they growl like a dog and compass the

city;

They--they prowl about for food.

If (or since) they are not satisfied they spend the night (in the

search)."

"Sunday at Home."

Even my friends, the canal-boatmen, look upon Gipsies as the lowest of

the low, and lower down the social scale than any boatman to be met with.

Some of them have gone so far as to try to shake my nerves by telling me

that, now I had taken the Gipsy women and children in hand, they would

not give sixpence for my life. I could only reply with a smile, and tell

them that I was in safe keeping till the work was done, as in the case of

the canal movement. Frowns, dogs, sticks, stones, and oaths did not

frighten me. The time had arrived when the vagabondish life of a

Gipsy--so called--should be unmasked and the plain truth made known; and

for this the Gipsies will thank me, if they take into consideration the

object I have in view and the end I am seeking. My object is to elevate

them, through the instrumentality of sanitary officer and schoolmaster

being at work among the children, into respectable citizens of society,

earning an honest livelihood by honourable and legitimate means; far

better to do this than to go sneaking about the country, begging,

cadging, lying, and stealing all they can lay their hands upon, and

training their children to put up with the scoffs, sneers, and insults of

the Gorgios or Gentiles for the sake of pocketing a penny at the cost of

losing their manhood. A thousand times better live a life such as would

enable them to look everybody straight in the face than burrowing and

scratching their way into the ground, making skewers at one shilling per

stone, and being considered as outlaws, having the mark of Cain upon

their forehead, with their hands against everybody and everybody against

them. There is no honour in a scamp's life, credit in being a thief,

glory surrounding a rogue, and halo over the life of a vagabond and a

tramp. To see a half-naked, full grown-man and his wife, with six or

eight children, sitting on the damp ground in rag huts large enough only

for a litter of pigs, scratching roasted potatoes out of the dying embers

of a coke fire, as thousands are doing to-day, is enough to freeze the

blood in one's veins, make one utter a shriek of horror and despair, and

to bring down the wrath of God upon the country that allows such a state

of things in her midst.

"How dark yon dwelling by the solemn grove!"