NORWICH.
After the bride-ale the splendid company parted, mainly in three great
divisions: Earl Waltheof and his following to the north; Earl Roger to
the west; Earl Ralph with his bride, his Norman knights, and Breton
vassals and mercenaries, his Anglo-Saxon vassals and sympathisers, to
the east; a few minor parties of independent barons, knights, and
thegns going their several ways.
The Earl of Norfolk and Suffolk and his train rode forth along the old
Roman Ikenield Street, which ran then an uninterrupted course from
within a few miles of Exning to Norwich.
De Guader rode beside his young countess on a gentle _hacquenee_, which
paced quietly beside her palfrey, and did not break in upon their
converse by any pranks of his own, his squire leading the fiery Oliver,
and an attendant following with a mule carrying his armour, lance, and
spear.
It may well be supposed that the noble bridegroom spared no pains to
make the time pass pleasantly for his young countess, which, under the
circumstances, was no difficult task, for the mid-May weather was
delightful, and whether they rode over heaths or through the forests,
which then spread over the greater part of the country, they were
surrounded with flowers and the song of birds. The yellow gorse was
gorgeous in the open, filling the air with its almond scent, and the
whin-chats fluttered from bush to bush, trying to lure them away from
the spot that hid their nests. Overhead the larks carolled and the
sparrow-hawks poised motionless, while round and about them darted the
busy swallows.
Where they passed a homestead, fruit-trees were gay with blossom, apple
and cherry and pear, and the sweet-breathed kine were standing in the
meadows, knee-deep in the flower-jewelled grasses, for was it not
_Tri-milki_, the month when cows are milked thrice in the day,
according to the quaint old Anglo-Saxon calendar? Now and again they
met a shepherd with a flock of ewes and lambs, or, more often, the
inevitable Saxon swineherd with his grunting pigs.
But alas! they passed more often the blackened ruins where a homestead
had once been, for the curse of war had desolated the land. Over the
thatchless rafters hung the white branches of the flowering May, the
more like snow, because no girlish fingers had stripped them to deck
Maypoles.
They journeyed also through many a mile of forest land, where the great
trees interlaced their boughs into the beautiful arches which the
Gothic architect imitated so well in stone, and the wild birds thronged
in undisturbed security, countless in kind and number, and the antlered
stags trotted nimbly down the glades.
The greenwood in those days, however, had its dangers as well as its
delights. Wolves and boars and wild cattle shared its shelter with the
feathered songsters; and more formidable still were the indomitable
Saxons, who had sought refuge in the wilderness, and made war without
mercy on such of the conquering race as trespassed on their domain.
Many a Saxon thegn, who had lost house and land in the great struggle
against the Norman invader, had retired into the woods, and there lived
the life of a freebooter, some taking with them not only their
families, but their vassals and retainers. To be an outlaw was
accounted an honour by these men, who would not acknowledge the right
of the law-makers to command. They swarmed even under the walls of the
Norman castles, and harassed the conquerors continually. Retaliation
was sanguinary, and the unarmed peasants were punished under pretext
that they harboured the outlaws. In return, the kings of the forest
attacked the English households who favoured the Normans, and every
house was fortified to resist a siege, and stores of arms and food were
laid in; at night the head of the family read aloud the form of prayer
then used at sea in a storm, praying 'The Lord bless and help us,' to
which all present answered 'Amen.'
But the strong and well-armed retinue that accompanied the Earl of East
Anglia's party assured safety, and the most timid amongst the ladies
could fear no harm while surrounded by so many gallant knights in all
the pride and panoply of glorious war! They made a goodly sight as they
moved along, the sunshine flashing on their mail hauberks and
high-peaked steel saddles, and the wind fluttering the gonfalons on
their lances, their well-appointed horses snorting and curvetting, a
strong body of men-at-arms, bowmen, and slingers following afoot.
Doubtless many a Saxon serf and bordar cursed them as they passed, not
knowing that the powerful earl who led them had avowed himself champion
of the Saxon cause, and meant once more to raise the standard of
revolt.
Doubtless many a stout forester peered at them from behind the shelter
of green leaves, and raged with impotent anger at their strength.
Perhaps others greeted them with courtesy and proffers of friendship
and offerings of game, for the outlaws contrived to be wonderfully well
informed of the march of events, and De Guader was keenly alive to the
desirability of making all possible allies amongst the scattered
English, and did not neglect the brave spirits who had taken to the
wilds rather than submit, and who wielded so strong a weapon in
possessing the love of the common people.
However that might have been, they journeyed safely through wood and
wold, going slowly to suit the comfort of the ladies, and the capacity
of the sumpter mules, and revelling in the bright spring weather.
Amongst the knights who pressed round them Eadgyth looked in vain for
the figure of Sir Aimand de Sourdeval. Emma, happy with her bridegroom,
took no notice of his absence, till, on the second day of their
journey, the earl having left her side to give some necessary orders to
his train, she saw that Eadgyth was sad and silent, and remembered that
the hero of the tourney had not appeared in the ranks of their escort.
She surmised that it was likely he had purposely avoided companionship
which could only lead to pain, and had contrived to fulfil some other
duty; so, when the earl rode up to her side again, she put some light
question to him regarding the knight, and was surprised to see his face
grow dark as thunder. He answered briefly, however, that Sir Aimand was
detained on business of weight, and Emma, rather perplexed, did not
venture to question him further. At the moment the jester Grillonne
ambled up, mounted on a piebald nag with a chuckle-head and goose-rump,
and cut capers which made both earl and countess laugh, so that the
poor Knight of Sourdeval was banished from Emma's thoughts.
On the evening of the fourth day they came in sight of the churches and
trees of Norwich, with the newly-built Castle Blauncheflour rising in
stately strength above them (for no cathedral spire dwarfed it then),
the brilliant beams of the setting sun gilding its snowy towers, and
lighting the square mass of the lofty keep, which still, after eight
hundred years of war and weather, stands firm and solid on its throne
above the city.[2]
[2] See Appendix, Note B.
Emma exclaimed in delight when she first came in sight of this goodly
castle, which brought home to her pleasantly the power and wealth of
her noble husband.
'A garrison of five hundred might hold it for ever!' cried Ralph
enthusiastically, 'if only manna would fall from the skies to feed
them, or that they might be fed by a San Graal. That reminds me, sweet,
thou wilt like to hear my minstrel tell the story of Blauncheflour, who
was the betrothed of Percivale, the searcher for the Graal. The fair
white walls, faced with goodly Caen stone, seemed to me in their
invincible dignity to resemble a pure maiden, so I named them after
her.'
Norwich in those days was surrounded by broad and deep streams, at
least five times as wide as its present modest rivers, and the
chroniclers of Edward the Confessor's day record that the fisher-folk
suffered terribly through the receding of the waters. A sandbank some
distance out at sea was just emerging where Yarmouth now stands, and
sea-going vessels could make their way past the walls of Blauncheflour.
The level of the water was many feet above its present mark, and the
castle was surrounded, and rendered very strong, by deep ditches of
early British construction, on a similar scheme to those traced at
Rising, Castleacre, and many other places, where Norman architects had
availed themselves of the earthworks constructed by earlier peoples.
The castle was surrounded by the circular moat which still exists,
while a large horseshoe fosse extended to the south, covering the great
gate of the castle, which was at the foot of the existing bridge, which
is of Saxon construction, and measures forty feet in the span, being
the largest remaining arch raised by that people.
The great gate was a strong and imposing structure, and had four
towers, two at the base and two at the top of the bridge, and was the
only entrance to the upper ballium, which was guarded by eleven strong
towers, and contained various halls and lodgings, beside the great
keep, which is all that remains to us.
The fortress might well look imposing, with its moats and earthworks,
strengthened by strong palisadings of wood, its formidable walls and
gate-houses dominated by the great square tower, with many a pennon
waving from the topmost points, and warders marching to and fro on the
battlements, their glittering mail shining in the sun.
Norwich was not a city then, the see of the Bishop of East Anglia being
at Elmham, but there was a monastic church called Christ's Church where
the present cathedral stands, and the bishop had a palace on the site
of the well-known Maid's Head Inn of the present, the walls of which
were lapped by the river.
Herfast, who held the see from 1070 to 1076, had been chaplain to
William the Conqueror when he was Duke of Normandy. It may be that he
somewhat favoured Ralph de Guader, or chose to be blind to the doings
of the turbulent earl, for, though Norman of the Normans, he bitterly
hated Lanfranc, who had once exposed his ignorance to pitiless scorn,
and who unsparingly denounced his vices, bidding him 'to give over
dice-playing, not to speak of graver misconduct, in which you are said
to waste the whole day;' and bade him 'study theology and the decrees
of the Roman Pontiffs, and to give especial attention to the sacred
canons.' Also to 'dismiss certain monks of evil reputation.' At all
events, he does not appear to have been an active opponent to the East
Anglian earl, and it may be that he was not sorry that the archbishop
he so much disliked should have a little trouble during his time of
temporal power.
In the Domesday survey, made eleven years later, 1086, fifty-four
churches are recorded, and 1565 burgesses and 480 bordars were among
the inhabitants. The town was probably larger in 1075, as it suffered
much during the subsequent siege, and many an entry of '_Wasta_,'
'_wasta_,' '_wasta_,' bears testimony to the sorrow Ralph de Guader
brought upon the place.
Where the busy market-place is now, spread broad meadows for the castle
use, called the Magna Crofta or castle fee, and through them ran a
stream, having its rise on All Saints' Green, and flowing across the
present site of Davey Place to the river. The quiet Quaker burial
ground occupies the Jousting Acre, or Gilden Croft, where many a noble
knight gave or received a broken head in sheer good fellowship and
amiable love of fighting; and many a fair lady encouraged the giver
with smiles, or wept for the receiver. So the lovers of peace sleep
calmly under the sod that once was trampled by the eager steeds of the
men-at-arms.
Such was the Norwich to which Ralph de Guader brought home his bride;
and, as they entered it, the knights in their retinue pricked their
jaded steeds and stirred their mettle, that they might prance
sufficiently gaily. The trumpeters flourished their trumpets, to give
notice to the good people that their earl and his bride were
approaching, and, though travel-stained and weary, the cavalcade made a
brave appearance.
Rich and poor, Normans, Saxons, Danes, Flemings, and Jews, all of which
nations were represented in the town,--the last-named having made their
first appearance therein at the heels of the Norman invaders, and being
hated accordingly,--crowded into the streets to welcome and admire the
bride and bridegroom, or, at the least, to render that homage which
circumstances rendered politic.
For it must be remembered that the dignity of the powerful Earl of East
Anglia was almost royal. The feudal king was 'first among peers,' and
the earls came next to him; even so late as the reign of Queen
Elizabeth the parliamentary formula of royal speeches was, 'My right
loving Lords, and you, my right faithful and obedient subjects.'
The 'Ykenilde weie' entered Norwich where afterwards stood the Brazen
Doors, passing by All Saints' Green to the Castle Hill; the cavalcade
so entering what was called the New Burg, consisting of Norman
dwellings erected since the Conquest, which, then as now, took its name
from the Chapel in the Field, and included the parishes of St. Giles
and St. Stephen's. Here the enthusiasm was effusive, and a well-dressed
populace waved caps of rich fur in the air, while silken hangings and
gay banners waved from the windows.
It was with mingled feelings that Eadgyth of Norwich re-entered her
birthplace in the train of the Norman lady. All her loving
recollections were embittered by the sight of changes that reminded her
of the sufferings of her people and the ruin of their cause, and the
tears came into her eyes when she compared the welcoming crowd of
foreigners that shouted around her with the scenes stamped on her
childish memory, when she had seen the stalwart Danes and Saxons gather
to greet Harold Godwinsson, and heard their loud 'Waes hael!'
Storms of anger and jealous misery moved her as she passed through the
New Burg, for the smart dwellings on each side of the street had all
been built since the Conquest, and showed the wealth of the invader. As
they approached the castle, her heart sank more and more. It seemed to
her as if its heavy foundations had been laid upon her breast, so
cruelly did it bring home to her the strength of the yoke which was
riveted upon the necks of her people. For in architecture more than in
any art did the Normans excel the people they conquered, and though the
moats had been there when Harold was earl, the fortress within them was
but a rude structure.
When they reached the castle gate, a lively scene was enacted. The
garrison marched down to salute the earl and his bride, led by the
castellan on a prancing charger, and forming in glittering lines on
either side the Bale. There were companies of archers clad in mail
coats reaching halfway to the knee, over which they wore jerkins of
stout leather, their ell-long shafts stuck through their belts, and
their bows of yew, ash, witch-hazel, or elm, held in their right hands,
and capable of despatching the arrows to a distance of from 200 to 300
yards, with little steel-caps on their heads shaped much like the prim
head-coverings worn by the Puritan maidens of later times; and
men-at-arms, shining from head to foot in chain mail, or with little
steel rings sewn thickly upon leather, armed with straight swords about
a yard in length, and wearing helms like upset saucers; others less
heavily armed, bearing oval shields and long lances, their shoulders
and chests protected by glittering capes of scale armour; and others
again, still more slightly armed, with lighter lances, and small round
shields not larger than dinner-plates, with which to baulk a lance
thrust; slingers, with light tunics reaching to the knee, and little or
no armour, their weapon a long pole provided with a loop, from which
the practised hand could sling stones with great force and precision. A
good two-thirds of the archers and slingers were Bretons; for the men
of Bretagne were famed bowmen, and furnished the chief contingent of
the archers who did so much execution at Senlac.
Besides these there were the engineers, who worked the mangonels and
catapults, and a large troop of smiths and armourers, whose duty it was
to repair with hammer and anvil the damage done by wear and war to the
accoutrements of these various gentry,--in all some two to three
hundred men.
They rent the air with a great cheer, as they formed in line before the
earl and countess and their retinue; and the castellan, Sir Hoel de St.
Brice, a knight who had grown grey in the service of the Lords of
Guader and Montfort, and who had fought under the father of Ralph's
Breton mother, gave the cue, with a compliment to the bride.
'Long live the daughter of William Fitzosbern!' he cried, whereat the
soldiers cheered again.
Emma smiled and bowed, and tried to pay them equal compliments in
return.
'With such a castle, and such gallant defenders,' she said, 'fear would
be impossible, even if the blood of the veriest coward ran in her veins
instead of that of a hero.'
Whereat they gave still louder cheers, and vowed that they would spend
every drop of their blood to defend her if need were.
Then the earl treated them to a little harangue.
'He knew they meant what they said,' he told them, 'for he had seen
them fight, not only from behind stone walls, but hand to hand on the
field of Hastings;' and added, 'that he was glad he knew their metal,
for perhaps it would be rung sooner than they looked for.' An
announcement received with vociferous delight by the wild men of war,
who scarce thought life worth living in time of peace, and looked to
the giving and taking of shrewd blows both for amusement and fortune,
caring little in what cause they were bestowed.
While this took place, Eadgyth had turned her eyes to the south-east,
the old portion of the town looking over to the Thorpe marshes, where
the bright Mary buds 'had oped their golden eyes,' and the willows were
white with catkins, and the Thorpe woods were in their fresh verdure.
An overwhelming sense of desolation came upon her as she marked the old
familiar objects among which her childhood had been passed--and more
forcibly as she noted the absence of others. She drew her veil across
her face, lest it should be seen that she was weeping.
The cavalcade moved on again, Sir Hoel riding by the earl's side. They
passed into the northern end of King Street, and so to the ancient
palace of the East Anglian earls, which stood where the St. Ethelbert
Gate is now, and had a chapel dedicated to that saint, who had been a
king of the East Angles. He was murdered by Offa, King of Mercia, at
the instigation of his wife Quendrida. The head of the victimised
prince rolled down as his body was being carried away; a blind man
stumbled over it, and, accidentally touching his eyeballs with the
blood, received his sight again. A well sprang up where the head fell.
So runs the legend.
At the palace they were received by a gaily-clad host of servants and
retainers. Brave squires and smart pages, portly bursar and anxious
steward, cellarers, cooks, and scullions; stately dames and pretty
bower-maidens, tirewomen, dairy and grinding-maids (for in those days
windmills had not been invented, so 'woman's sphere' included the
grinding of flour in a hand-mill),--these, and many more, stood waiting
in order of their rank, and dressed in their bravest apparel.
Behind the earl's household was a still larger company of socmen and
slaves from the nine manors which William of Normandy had bestowed on
Ralph de Guader when he gave him the East Anglian earldom, making
altogether a goodly crowd of retainers; and we may guess how they all
strained forward to catch the first glimpse of the noble young bride
their lord was bringing home, and how Emma, though well used to homage,
was glad to bow her fair head under excuse of courtesy, and so hide her
glowing face from so many curious eyes.
On the plain before the palace, opposite St. Michael's Chapel
(Tombland), six fine beeves were roasting whole for the entertainment
of the populace, and a tun of wine and several fat barrels of ale were
broached, wherewith throats that had grown hoarse with shouting welcome
should be refreshed.
So came Emma, Countess of Norfolk and Suffolk, to her new home in
Norwich, where she was to spend but a few short months full of terror,
suffering, and sorrow, and by her bearing under misfortune to prove
herself the worthy daughter of her noble sire, and to be known in the
pages of history as the heroine of the most romantic incident in the
annals of Norwich Castle.