writer. The charm of the vivid and racy colloquial marks every page.
A clever aphorism or telling pun is the objective of every paragraph,
and it explodes with a brilliant shower of sparks. But like every
talker his discursiveness is inveterate; he wanders far in pursuit
of his point and sometimes returns empty-handed. He was always an
amateur; life was too agreeable for him to take the trouble to become
an artist. The essay was his most congenial form--his novels are to be
taken no more seriously than his occasional verse. _Elsie Venner_ wraps
up the familiar problem of moral determinism in pleasantly discursive
chat of Yankee bumpkinism in contrast with Yankee Brahminism, and he
returns his impeccable hero to Beacon Street, after his sojourn in
the provinces, to reward him with the Brahmin rewards--a munificent
practice, a charming wife, and an exalted social position. What richer
reward could be desired by one who had tasted to the full the mellow
flavor of that society? Staid, delightful, self-satisfied, righteous
little Beacon Street! Last refuge and citadel of the old Brahmin
respectability; basking in the afternoon sunshine of its culture, not
realizing that its sun is already well past the meridian; in love with
its own virtues and unaware that the morrow will see the invasion of
the Huns and Vandals of plutocracy, to whose plethoric bank books
Brahmin culture must eventually bow--who would not have liked it?
It was something after all to have been its favorite wit, its ready
oracle, its clever poet, who in praising his fellow Brahmins was well
aware that he discreetly praised his own admirable qualities. Kindly,
delightful, fortunate Dr. Holmes! chief citizen of the Hub of the
Universe! He was born and lived with a silver spoon in his mouth, and
if a grudging posterity inclines to rate him and his little world
somewhat lower than he rated them, what difference can that make to
him? Tolerant himself, we should perhaps emulate his example, and not
insist too rudely that he is only a minor figure in American literature.
II • James Russell Lowell • Cambridge Brahmin
Whatever the critics may eventually come to say about Lowell, he was
certainly the ablest and most distinguished of the old Cambridge
breed, in the days when the Brahmin caste was disintegrating and
Brahmin ideals losing their hold on New England--a man of fine native
abilities in whom Harvard culture did its best to strike fire and light
and understanding to serve as a beacon to the rest of America. He was
not of the Concord line of transcendental individualists, nor of the
militant strain of reforming enthusiasts; but of the true Brahmin line
of Josiah Quincy and Edward Everett and Oliver Wendell Holmes--men of
sound culture who could serve God valiantly in the social station in
which He had placed them, without wanting to pull down the old church
to build a new. Like Charles Eliot Norton--_clarum et venerabile
nomen_--he had no plans of a new building in his pocket, but was
content to enlarge and embellish the old. He would serve culture rather
than causes. His gifts were Brahmin gifts, his prejudices were Brahmin
prejudices; and so in spite of a “certain sprightliness of brain”
that tempted him to rebel at the aridity of the scholastic commons on
which he fed, and in spite of certain youthful vagaries and incursions
into indiscreet places, he remained at bottom a Harvard conservative,
content with his birthright, hopeful that his ways were God’s ways.
This suffices to explain the extraordinary reputation of Lowell in
Cambridge circles, and the difficulty with which it made headway
elsewhere. Though he traveled much in his library--as Thoreau would
say--his prejudices remained narrowly local. To the last he remained
extraordinarily parochial.
Yet the culture he served so faithfully never fruited in wisdom. He
was never quite certain of himself, of what he really believed. He was
fond of standing off and studying himself quizzically, to learn what
sort of person he was; yet he was swayed by so many impulses he was
never quite sure what sort of legs were under him. He was hopelessly
bewildered by his own vast disorder. His mind was as cluttered as
a garret, filled with an endless miscellany of odds and ends. Life
puzzled him, as it puzzles every serious mind; but he allowed himself
to be too easily discouraged by his inveterate unwillingness to
think. He never speculated widely or analyzed critically. Ideas,
systems of thought, intellectual and social movements, he had no
interest in; he was content to remain a bookish amateur in letters,
loitering over old volumes for the pleasure of finding apt phrases and
verbal curiosities. With all his reading, history remained a blank
to him; and science he would have none of. “I hate it,” he confessed
late in life; “I hate it as a savage hates writing, because I fear
it will hurt me somehow.” A good many things hurt him in those later
years, and it was characteristic of him to say, “I continue to shut
my eyes resolutely in certain speculative directions.” He defined
culture as “intelligent purpose”; yet of such intelligent purpose his
intellectual life revealed little. Naturally he did not relish the
theological unsettlement that came with the advance of scientific
inquiry. Leslie Stephen’s rationalism troubled him, and after reading
the former’s _English Thought in the Eighteenth Century_, he wrote, “I
am very much in the state of mind of the Bretons who revolted against
the Revolutionary Government and wrote upon their banners, ‘Give us
back our God!’” (_Letters_, Vol. II, p. 168.) Neither did he relish
the economic unsettlement the industrial revolution was bringing to
Cambridge and America, but he looked back longingly to the quiet
days “before our individuality had been trampled out of us by the
Irish mob.” Standing between the older America and the new, with the
foundations disintegrating under his feet, he confused the disorder in
his own mind with the disorder in the external world of society, and
desperately sought to cling to his ancient hopes. A pathetic yearning
for orderliness in an age that has grown heedless of it was natural
enough in a mind that had come to expect little of life; but surely
orderliness, like charity, should begin at home.
It was, perhaps, not altogether his fault. His impulses were liberal
and his mind generous, but he was never strong enough to overcome the
handicap of the Lowell ancestry and training. When he spoke of himself
half whimsically as a natural Tory, he was putting his finger on the
Brahmin strain. The sanctity of the Lowell blood is a commonplace in
New England; but that it was Tory blood is less frequently remarked.
His grandfather, John Lowell, to be sure, was visited by certain
humanitarian compunctions, and in 1772 convinced himself that at
Common Law slavery could not stand, and was eager to put it to the
test in Massachusetts. But John Lowell was high in the councils
of the Federalist party, and a judge, and it is a safe guess that
his radicalism did not go deep. Certainly, the next generation was
stalwartly conservative. The three brothers represented the three major
professions of law, theology, and business, that constituted the New
England hierarchy. His father, Charles Lowell, after traveling abroad,
was settled as pastor of the West Church, Boston--Jonathan Mayhew’s
church--a post he held for fifty-six years. He was a stout Federalist,
a good hater of Jefferson,[469] a pleasant, cautious gentleman who
refused to be drawn into the bitter Unitarian-Trinitarian controversy
of the day--as unlike the militant Mayhew as a conventional soul could
well be.[470] His uncle, John Lowell, was a capable lawyer-politician,
one of the directing minds of the Federalist machine, earnestly
engaged in defending Massachusetts against the wicked Republicans.
Another uncle, Francis Cabot Lowell, was an enterprising capitalist,
founder of the city of Lowell, whose multiplying spindles, it was
hoped, would turn the wives and daughters of Yankee farmers, and the
poverty-stricken Irish immigrants, into efficient revenue-producers for
State Street securities.
From this pleasant background of Brahmin conservatisms, Lowell went
forth into a world given over to momentous changes, contemptuous of
all Brahmin standards, to find his way as he might. An original mind
would have marked out its own path, as Emerson did; a conventional mind
would have gone with the better sort, as Josiah Quincy did; but Lowell
was neither Emerson nor Quincy. Sensitive to change, he was rarely
self-reliant; generous in sympathies, he was timid in convictions. He
was no Come-outer to stand alone against the world, but unconsciously
he took color from his environment and was always glad to find a
staff to lean on. It was fortunate for his peace of mind that he
never realized how frequently he was no more than an echo of other
minds; yet the confusions and contradictions that mark off the several
periods of his life can be explained in no other way. From Brahminism
he drifted to radicalism, and from radicalism back to a modified
Brahminism; and these changes resulted from no native intellectual
unfolding, but from certain dominant personalities who drew him aside
from his natural orbit. He quitted college as a pleasant young Tory,
who paused in his Commencement Poem to address some pointed remarks at
Abner Kneeland--the last man imprisoned in Massachusetts for religious
opinion--upon the wickedness of an atheism that denied the faith of
Charles Lowell. But the ferment of the times was already working in
him, and when he was nineteen he wrote with youthful fervor, “I am
fast becoming ultra-democratic.... Liberty is now no longer a cant
word in the mouths of knaves and fools” (_Letters_, Vol. I, p. 33).
Within a year he had met Maria White, whose influence till her death
in 1853 was the determining factor in his intellectual life. She was
an ardent Abolitionist and reformer, and under her pleasant tutelage
Lowell was indoctrinated in the current philosophy of radicalism. He
spoke at Abolition meetings, and contributed to the Abolition press.
More important, he conceived that he had come upon his true mission
in letters. In an ode beginning “In the old days of awe and keen-eyed
wonder,” he put into verse his new creed, a prose statement of which
he elaborated in a letter explaining his _Prometheus_ in 1843, a year
before his marriage to Miss White:
Although such great names as Goethe, Byron, and Shelley have all
handled the subject in modern times, you will find that I have
looked at it from a somewhat new point of view. I have made it
_radical_, and I believe that no poet in this age can write much
that is good unless he give himself up to this tendency. For
radicalism has now for the first time taken a distinctive and
acknowledged shape of its own. So much of its spirit as poets in
former ages have attained (and from their purer organization they
could not fail of some) was by instinct rather than by reason. It
has never till now been seen to be one of the two great wings that
upbear the universe.... The proof of poetry is, in my mind, that it
reduces to the essence of a single line the vague philosophy which
is floating in all men’s minds, and so renders it portable and
useful and ready to the hand. (_Letters_, Vol. I, p. 73.)
Six years later he asserted confidently, “I am the first poet who has
endeavored to express the American Idea, and I shall be popular by and
by.” Yet within a few months he found the vein nearing exhaustion.
In a survey of his course up to 1850, he remarked that he had served
love and freedom hitherto, and he now proposed to serve beauty, adding
the significant comment, “I find that Reform cannot take up the whole
of me, and I am quite sure that eyes were given us to look about
us sometimes, and not to be always looking forward.... I am tired
of controversy” (_ibid._, Vol. I, p. 173). Between these several
confessions lies the bulk of Lowell’s contribution to the “causes”
of the times, and how adequately he served them is revealed in the
successive poems that came from his pen.[471] Their equal as a whole
is not to be found in the work of other contemporary radicals. The
better work is solidly vigorous, with competent iambs that often rise
to the dignity of such lines as “Slowly the Bible of the race is writ.”
The eager rhetoric of _The Present Crisis_ was the highwater mark of
Abolition argument in verse; but its serviceableness for quotation
cannot make it so good a poem as _Prometheus_ with its muscular blank
verse, or as _A Glance behind the Curtain_ with its portrait of
Cromwell, strong in his faith, ready for all needful iconoclasms:
I have no dread of what
Is called for by the instinct of mankind;
Nor think I that God’s world will fall apart
Because we tear a parchment more or less.
This is frank transcendental radicalism, yet the truer Lowell of those
days of youthful enthusiasm is found in the _Biglow Papers_, first
written with spontaneous gusto out of his hatred of the imperialism of
the Mexican war, and later carefully embedded in the heavy machinery of
the prose setting. The native clutter of Lowell’s mind is there laid
bare--the grotesque mixture of homely satire, moral aphorisms, Yankee
linguistics, literary criticism--an unwieldy mass that he could neither
simplify nor reduce to order. The machinery spoils the propaganda and
weighs down the satire; yet the verse has survived because for once
Lowell let himself go and hit such heads as he had a mind to.
Lowell saw fit to retain most of his radical verse in the definitive
edition of his works, but his radical prose he disowned, and it was
left for pious hands to gather together long after his death. It was
perhaps as well for his reputation that the ambassador at the Court
of St. James’s should not be plagued by his youthful indiscretions.
In those prose writings were combustible materials. He went with
the Abolitionists in their brisk assaults on law, order, and the
Constitution. Whatever revolution was stirring anywhere found him
sympathetic. He was strong for the workingman’s revolution of 1848 in
France; it was social injustice that was to blame for mob violence, and
the fetish of _laissez faire_ was a sorry enough god to worship.
The great problem of the over-supply of labor is not to be settled
by a decimation of the laboring class, whether by gunpower or
starvation.... The giant Labor did not merely turn from one side
to the other for an easier position. Rather he rose up, “Like
blind Orion hungry for the morn.”... They had learned by bitter
experience that it was on the body of old King Log _Laissez-faire_
that King Stork perched to devour them. _Let-alone_ is good policy
after you have once got your perfect system established to let
alone. (Quoted in Scudder, _James Russell Lowell_, Vol. I, pp.
205-206.)
In common with the Abolitionists, Lowell appealed to the Declaration of
Independence against the Constitution. He took delight in satirizing
his Federalist forebears, who, he asserts, beginning to fear the light
of freedom, ingeniously constructed a “Sacred Parasol” for the new
Goddess of Liberty, “to prevent her from being tanned”:
A stout machine of parchment was accordingly constructed, and,
under the respectable name of a Constitution, was interposed
wherever there seemed to be danger from the hostile incursions of
light. Whenever this is spread, a dim twilight, more perplexing
than absolute darkness, reigns everywhere beneath its shadow....
This contrivance of ours, though the work of our own hands, has
acquired a superstitious potency in our eyes. (_Ibid._, Vol. I, p.
210.)
No wonder Lowell later disowned such apostasies, for after Maria
White’s death in 1853 came the dun professorial period of his life,
when Harvard laid hands on him and came near to reducing him to
its own ways. It revived the old Brahmin instincts that had lain
dormant during the years of his Abolitionism, without reviving the
old sanctions. Left without a cause, half ashamed of his youthful
indiscretions yet ill content to drift, he turned bookman and for
twenty-one years wandered with Norton and Longfellow and Child in the
Sahara of medieval scholarship. It was not a happy time with him.
There is plenty of evidence of his restlessness and dissatisfaction
that occasionally prompted the wish to turn wholly scholar and keep
his note-books in order; that prodded him to salvage the mass of his
accumulation by turning his lecture-notes into literary essays; and
that in other moods induced him to turn half savagely upon his dead
enthusiasms and find solace in clever satire. His vigorous salvagings
were scarcely worth the trouble. He had nothing important to say
about Dante or Pope or Wordsworth, and he said it with a good deal of
needless verbal exertion. The essay on Thoreau, written in 1865, was a
different matter. Here he was brought face to face with a past which
it still hurt him to remember; and the ill nature that colors his
comment is sufficient testimony to the painfulness of his memories.
Certainly he did not understand Thoreau, was incapable of understanding
him; yet might not his dislike have been prodded by the consciousness
that Thoreau had refused to make terms with Harvard culture as he had
done? An intelligent reading of Thoreau must have been an unpleasant
experience in Lowell’s mood, keenly aware of certain backslidings of
his own; and the essay is suggestive for the light it throws on Lowell,
not on Thoreau.
To this period belong most of the essays on which rests Lowell’s
reputation as a critic of letters and politics. Bright as that
reputation long was, it is beginning to show tarnish. Subjected to
the scrutiny of eyes unblinded by the congenialities of the Cambridge
coterie, it appears that Lowell’s brilliancy covered over certain grave
shortcomings that unfitted him for serious critical judgment.[472]
He had no standards other than ethical, only likes and dislikes; no
interest in ideas, only a pottering concern for the text; no historical
backgrounds, only isolated figures dwelling in a vacuum. He was puzzled
over new schools and unfamiliar technic, and was at ease only in
praising established reputations and confirming approved judgments.
He scoffed at Taine instead of going to school to him, and made merry
over Masson’s _Life of Milton_; yet he was wholly incapable of dealing
with men from whose fruitful minds came ideas that summoned throngs of
followers. In almost the last year of his life he spent weeks rereading
Rousseau, and was satisfied to dismiss him with the comment, “a
monstrous liar, but always the first dupe of his own lie” (_Letters_,
Vol. II, p. 424). _Leaves of Grass_ he dismissed as affected, not
original. He was shocked at Swinburne’s “Adamite” heresy--“When a man
begins to lust after the Muse instead of loving her, he may be sure
that it is never the Muse that he embraces” (_ibid._, Vol. I, p. 377).
He admired Howell’s prose style and loved the man, but he could not
bring himself to approve his literary and social theories.
During those sterile professorial years he was closing one door after
another. Scarcely an important movement of contemporary thought
awakened his interest. The hypothesis of evolution he rejected somewhat
flabbily. “I think the evolutionists will have to make a fetish of
their protoplasm before long,” he said in 1879. “Such a mush seems
to me a poor substitute for the Rock of Ages--by which I understand
a certain set of higher instincts which mankind have found solid
under their feet in all weathers” (_ibid._, Vol. II, p. 245). And as
late as 1886 he wrote, “I am a conservative (warranted to wash) and
keep on the safe side--with God as against evolution.” Naturally so
provocative a doctrine as economic determinism never showed its face in
his study; Karl Marx was not one of his intellectual companions. Even
the home-bred knight-errant, Henry George, did not greatly interest
him. “Why, who in the world buys such a book as that,” he exclaimed of
_Progress and Poverty_; and learning that a friend had subscribed for a
thousand copies, he remarked, “He _must_ be getting eccentric.”[473]
The political principles that he discovered in the smoke of his
professor’s pipe were equally naïve. He took himself seriously as a
guide and mentor in matters political. He was fond of talking about the
“noble science of politics”; yet he never took the trouble to ground
himself in the elements of the subject. He had scarcely read the primer
of political theory. Burke was probably the only political writer
who ever made any impression on his mind. Of American constitutional
history he was as ignorant as a politician, and when in Civil War
days he began to scratch the field of politics, he only uncovered
certain old Federalist prejudices that lay hidden under his later
accumulations. The extreme parochialism of the Brahmin mind is revealed
in Lowell’s incapacity to understand the South. The comment on Sibley’s
_Harvard Graduates_--“I do not know when the provincialism of New
England has been thrust upon me with so ineradicable a barb”--should be
turned upon Lowell’s dogmatic essays in American politics. He had not
the slightest comprehension of Calhoun’s doctrine of majorities; yet he
dismissed it contemptuously, after attributing it to one of Calhoun’s
followers.[474] He speaks of the “weak and wicked element” of states
rights--which he supposes the South owed to “the unhappy ingenuity of
Mr. Jefferson”--as an unhistorical repudiation of the principle of
coercive sovereignty established by the fathers, quite overlooking
the Hartford Convention. His treatment of Jefferson Davis and Andrew
Johnson is marked by the dogmatisms of one who is defending God’s will
against the devil’s sophistries. He will have no other interpretation
of history than an ethical interpretation, in which good and evil are
eternally at combat; and he closes his volume of political essays with
a comment that embodies for him the sum of all political wisdom:
We have only to be unswervingly faithful to what is the true
America of our hope and belief, and whatever is American will rise
from one end of the country to the other instinctively to our side,
with more than ample means of present succour and of final triumph.
It is only by being loyal and helpful to Truth that men learn at
last how loyal and helpful she can be to them. (_Ibid._, Vol. V, p.
326.)
Into the stagnant atmosphere of the Elmwood study came on a happy day
in the middle sixties the vibrant personality of Edwin Lawrence Godkin,
and under the stimulus of his crisp thinking there began for Lowell
what may perhaps be reckoned an intellectual renaissance. Godkin was
a moderate English liberal, a man of complete self-assurance, whose
tart comment on politics and economics was pointed by a conviction
of the finality of his own conclusions. Under such teaching Lowell
made rapid progress in the new school of criticism fathered by _The
Nation_. The delight with which he read Godkin’s comment and the eager
faith with which he greeted his ideas suggest that his own ethical
interpretation of politics was giving way under the strain of post-war
experience. From Godkin he got some casual instruction in _laissez
faire_, and certain of its teachings snuggled down comfortably in his
mind beside the principles of coercive sovereignty and a centralizing
state, without awakening any suspicion of their incompatibility of
temperament. He never went over wholly to _laissez faire_; he was too
strongly Brahmin Federalist for that; but his leanings often carried
him into the English camp. It was a tonic to his native conservatism
that was troubled about the new theories of collectivism, and it
awakened strong doubts about the experiment in democracy. The reaction
against the radicalism of his Abolition days became sharp and final.
“We have got to work back from a democracy to our original institution
as a republic again,” he wrote Leslie Stephen in 1879 (_Letters_,
Vol. II, p. 161); and in 1888 he asserted that the republic would
endure only “so long as the ideas of the men who founded it continue
dominant” (_The Independent in Politics_, Vol. VI, p. 207). He warned
Thomas Hughes against the extension of suffrage in England,[475] and he
was more and more inclined to think that democracy meant a slough of
mediocrity underlain with the mud of corruption--that it might prove
to be “a Kakistocracy rather, for the benefit of knaves at the cost of
fools” (_Letters_, Vol. II, p. 159).
From the vigorous movements of protest of the seventies and eighties,
the agrarian uprising of the Middle Border and the proletarian
organization in the industrial centers, he drew added confirmation of
his fears. In his attitude towards both he was little more than an
echo of Godkin, who was laying about him briskly, hitting both farmer
and workingman with fine impartiality. He shared the latter’s contempt
for all agrarian programs, without quite understanding them. He knew
little of America. The continent was scarcely more than a hinterland
to Cambridge, a hinterland that he explored with some bewilderment
on a trip that carried him as far as Cincinnati. Equally ignorant of
economics and of the Middle Border, he had no basis for any opinion;
a juster man would have put the agrarian question aside as beyond his
competency; at least he would have been careful to clear his mind of
prejudice. But Lowell was as much a victim of capitalistic prejudice
as Thomas Bailey Aldrich and other Boston pseudo-intellectuals. The
old Brahminism was close to the surface in those later years, and a
scratch would reveal it. In the matter of the “Haymarket Riot” he
wrote Howells that “he thought those Chicago ruffians well hanged”--a
comment that recalls the Abner Kneeland episode of fifty years before.
Physically Lowell was in close proximity to the labor problem, but
intellectually he was worlds removed. He looked upon the labor unions
with heavy misgivings. He frankly feared the power of the proletariat
and was bitter in denunciation of social legislation. In 1869 he wrote
Godkin, “Pray give Henry Wilson a broadside for dipping his flag
to that piratical craft of the eight-hour men.... I have a thorough
contempt for a man who pretends to believe that eight is equal to ten”
(_Letters_, Vol. II, p. 31). And somewhat later he wrote Norton:
I sometimes feel a little blue over the outlook here, with our
penny-paper universal education and our workingmen’s parties, with
their tremendous lever of suffrage, decrying brains.... But the
more I learn, the more am I impressed with the wonderful system
of checks and balances which history reveals (our Constitution is
a baby-house to it!) and the more my confidence in the general
commonsense and honest intention of mankind increases.... I take
great comfort in God. I think He is considerably amused with us
sometimes, but that He likes us, on the whole, and would not let us
get at the match-box so carelessly, as He does, unless He knew that
the frame of His Universe was fire-proof. How many times have I not
seen the fire-engines of Church and State clanging and lumbering
along to put out--a false alarm! And when the heavens are cloudy
what a glare can be cast by a burning shanty! (_Ibid._, Vol. II, p.
51.)
The ways of the Gilded Age were a rude shock to Lowell’s ill-grounded
idealism. The crude post-war exploitation and the political corruption
that marked the buccaneer stage of the rising plutocracy filled
him with anxiety. As an honest man he was angered by the common
scoundrelism of the politicians and the press and troubled at the
apathy of the public, but his dislike for economics did him a grave
disservice. In seeking out the guilty he went wide of the mark. To
trace the source of the virus that was poisoning the public life to an
exploiting economics, would have brought him close home. He chose to
think it was spread rather by western agrarians and city ringsters,
than by respectable New Englanders; yet after passing through the
_Crédit Mobilier_ scandal he was visited by unpleasant suspicions. “I
suspect,” he wrote after his return from the Cincinnati Convention
in 1876, “that few of our Boston men who have had to do with Western
railways have been more scrupulous [than the western Grangers.] I
rather think they set the example of tempting legislators with the hope
of questionable gains” (_Letters_, Vol. II, p. 170). With the open
facts of a Congressional investigation before him, Lowell got no deeper
than that. Yet his indignation must find outlet and he contributed
two poems to _The Nation_--“The World’s Fair, 1876,” and “Tempora
Mutantur”--in one of which he wrote:
Show ’em your Civil Service, and explain
How all men’s loss is everybody’s gain; ...
Show your short cut to cure financial ills
By making paper-collars current bills;
Show your new bleaching-process, cheap and brief,
To wit: a jury chosen by the thief;
Show your State legislatures; show your Rings;
And challenge Europe to produce such things
As high officials sitting half in sight
To share the plunder and to fix things right;
If that don’t fetch her, why, you only need
Your latest style in Martyrs--Tweed:
She’ll find it hard to hide her spiteful tears
At such advance in one poor hundred years.
(_Letters_, Vol. II, p. 155.)
This is Godkin translated into the Lowell vernacular, and what issued
from his indignation was Godkin also--an apostolic ardor for civil
service reform. He had learned at least, that democracy had not yet
been achieved in America; that, indeed, such spontaneous liberalism
as had been bred by free land was in danger of being destroyed by
evils that issued from the loins of this same heedless frontier
order.[476] In 1876 he wrote, “Let us all work together (and the
task will need us all) to make Democracy possible. It certainly is
no invention to go of itself any more than the perpetual motion”
(_Letters_, Vol. II, p. 159). Yet in spite of his zeal, one may
be permitted to doubt that Lowell really desired any other than a
Brahmin democracy. In those later years his conception of an ideal
society was unconsciously colored by memories of Cambridge fifty years
before--a simple, patriarchal world, amenable to the rule of the better
sort. In such a world democracy seemed possible; but in the rising
proletarian-plutocratic order, what reasonable hope was there?
From his growing perplexities Lowell found a happy relief in his
mission abroad. The experience was a godsend to a mind that was growing
torpid. In 1869 he had written, “I fancy if I were suddenly snatched
away to London, my brain would prickle all over, as a foot that has
been asleep when the blood starts in it again. Books are good dry
forage; we can keep alive on them; but, after all, men are the only
fresh pasture” (_ibid._, Vol. II, p. 24). London, in this mellow
autumn of his life, ripened Lowell. He slipped into the congenial
environment as easily as Irving had done a generation before, and
found English society as delightful. He loved England with unaffected
heartiness, and under the stimulating experience he expanded into a
kindly English Liberal. The extreme Liberals--men like Mill and Arnold
and John Morley--he found less sympathetic; and radical thinkers like
William Morris he seems not to have known of. But English Liberalism
of the Gladstone type was own cousin to Cambridge Brahminism; it
united dignity and conscience; it seemed to him the ideal type of
government--the rule of God-fearing gentlemen who strove to be faithful
to their trusteeship, and who ruled because they were best fitted to
rule. Into such a world no other American of the times could have
entered more appreciatively than Lowell. If congeniality to the host
be a prime requisite in an ambassador, President Hayes made no mistake
in sending him to the Court of St. James’s. He was a distinguished
representative of Brahmin culture; but whether he was a representative
of the solid realities of America is not so certain.
Footnotes
[468] See _A Rhymed Lesson_.
[469] See _Letters_, Vol. I, p. 82.
[470] See Hale, _James Russell Lowell and His Friends_, p. 10.
[471] The more significant titles are: _Prometheus_ and _A Glance
behind the Curtain_, 1843; _Columbus_ and _The Present Crisis_, 1844;
_On the Capture of Fugitive Slaves near Washington_, 1845; _Biglow
Papers_, begun in 1846; _The Pioneer_, 1847; _Bibliolâtres_, 1849;
_Anti-Apis_, 1851.
[472] See C. Hartley Grattan, “Lowell,” in _The American Mercury_, Vol.
II, pp. 63-69.
[473] Five years later he was more sympathetic, but hopelessly
confused. See _Democracy_, Vol. VI, p. 35.
[474] See “The Rebellion,” in _Prose Works_, Vol. V, p. 134.
[475] See _Letters_, Vol. II, p. 175.
[476] See _The Independent in Politics_, Vol. VI, pp. 204-209.
Conclusion
To the ebullient romanticisms with which the foregoing pages have
dealt, the Civil War brought diverse fortunes; and from the titanic
conflict emerged an America rid of one of the feculent sources of
domestic schism. The romantic imperialisms of the slave economy were
gone forever. So much at least was cleared from the path of its
destiny, and the field of potential conflict was narrowed to the rival
imperialisms of eastern capitalism and western agrarianism. Both had
been vastly strengthened by the war. In the eastern centers was a
greatly stimulated industrialism, fed from the reservoirs of liquid
capital gathered in the process of financing the northern armies, ready
to turn to transcontinental railway-building, large-scale manufacture,
and a gigantic exploitation of the raw materials of mine and forest
and field. Along the Middle Border the old romance of the settlement
came to new life as the flood of homesteaders, augmented by disbanded
soldiers, poured over the prairie spaces beyond the Mississippi, to
repeat there the story of commonwealth building. East and West would
eventually clash, for their diverse economic needs were driving towards
a collision; but that would not come for a generation till the conflict
of interests was thrust into sharper relief.
In the meantime many familiar things were becoming anachronisms
over night, though they might linger on for years. As the romantic
revolution began with the laying aside of the smallclothes and tie-wig
of eighteenth-century aristocratic conservatism, so the new age began
with the putting away of the outworn dress of eighteenth-century
romantic liberalism. In the hurrying new days there was no time or
place for abstract theories of natural rights, for equalitarian
democracy, for local home rule--these relics of the past were thrust
aside in the scramble for wealth and power. The old philosophies were
swept out on the rubbish heap--Jefferson and Lincoln with Calhoun and
Stephens--and Hamilton and Marshall came to their own again. The lost
cause carried down to defeat much more than slavery, it carried down
the old ideal of decentralized democracies, of individual liberty; and
with the overthrow of the traditional principles in their last refuge,
the nation hurried forward along the path of an unquestioning and
uncritical consolidation, that was to throw the coercive powers of a
centralizing state into the hands of the new industrialism. Here was a
revolution that was to engulf the older romantic America, its dignified
literary ideals as well as its democratic political theory. In the
world of Jay Cooke and Commodore Vanderbilt, the transcendental dream
was as hopelessly a lost cause as the plantation dream; it was in even
worse plight, for it left no tragic memories to weave a new romance
about the fallen hopes. Emerson in Concord was as much out of date as
Lowell in Cambridge, or Gilmore Simms in Charleston. A new age had come
and other dreams--the age and the dreams of a middle-class sovereignty,
that was busily surveying the fields of its future conquests. From
the crude and vast romanticisms of that vigorous sovereignty emerged
eventually a spirit of realistic criticism, seeking to evaluate the
worth of this new America, and discover if possible other philosophies
to take the place of those which had gone down in the fierce battles of
the Civil War. What form this critical spirit assumed, and what replies
it returned to the strident challenge of the time, are questions not to
be answered here.
Bibliography
Only the more important titles dealt with in the present study are
listed hereunder, together with selected biographical and critical
material. The invaluable bibliographies in the _Cambridge History of
American Literature_, 4 vols., New York, 1917-22, cover most of the
writers considered, and the reader is referred to them.
Book I: Part I
Information will be found in the _Library of Southern Literature_ by E.
A. Alderman and others (16 vols., New Orleans, 1908-13) and in Montrose
J. Moses, _Literature of the South_ (New York, 1910). See also Carl Van
Doren, _The American Novel_ (New York, 1921).
I. The Old Dominion. See Thomas J. Wertenbaker, _Patrician and Plebeian
in Virginia_ (Charlottesville, Va., 1910).
II. For the economics of Jeffersonianism, see Charles A. Beard, _The
Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy_ (New York, 1915; Chapter
XII). Also Charles Gide and Charles Rist, _A History of Economic
Doctrines_ (translated by W. Smart and R. Richards, Boston).
John Taylor: His works are out of print. Important titles are:
_An Inquiry into the Principles and Policy of the United States_
(Fredericksburg, Va., 1814). _New Views of the Constitution of the
United States_ (Washington, 1823). _Correspondence_ (edited by W. E.
Dodd, Richmond, 1908).
See “John Taylor, Prophet of Secession” (by William E. Dodd, in _Branch
Historical Papers, II_, Richmond, 1908). See also Beard, _Economic
Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy_.
III. John Marshall: Sufficient materials will be found in Albert J.
Beveridge, _Life of John Marshall_ (4 vols., New York, 1916-19).
IV. For the plantation tradition, see Francis Pendleton Gaines, _The
Southern Plantation_ (New York, 1924).
William Wirt: His works are out of print. _Letters of a British Spy_
(Richmond, 1803). _The Old Bachelor_ (2 vols., Richmond, 1810). _Life
and Character of Patrick Henry_ (Philadelphia, 1817; also several later
editions).
See John P. Kennedy, _Memoirs ... of William Wirt_ (Philadelphia, 1849).
Nathaniel Beverley Tucker: His works are out of print. _George
Balcombe; a Novel_ (2 vols., New York, 1836).--_The Partisan Leader;
a Tale of the Future_, by Edward William Sidney (printed for the
publishers, by J. Caxton, 1856 [_i.e._, Washington, printed by Duff
Green, 1836], 2 vols.): reissued as _A Key to the Disunion Conspiracy:
The Partisan Leader_ (2 vols. in one, New York, 1861); edition issued
at Richmond, 1862.
Some information about Tucker will be found in W. P. Trent, _William
Gilmore Simms_ (Boston and New York, 1892).
V. William Alexander Caruthers: _The Kentuckian in New York. Or, the
Adventures of Three Southerns. By a Virginian_ (2 vols., New York,
1834).--_The Cavaliers of Virginia, or the Recluse of Jamestown.
An Historical Romance of the Old Dominion_ (2 vols., New York,
1834-1835).--_The Knights of the Horse-Shoe; a Traditionary Tale of the
Cocked Hat Gentry in the Old Dominion_ (Wetumpka, Ala., 1845; New York,
1882, 1909).
John P. Kennedy: _Works_ (3 vols., New York, 1854; 9 vols., New York,
1871, with life by H. T. Tuckerman, Vol. X). _Swallow Barn, or a
Sojourn in the Old Dominion_ (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1832; several
later editions). _Horse-Shoe Robinson; a Tale of the Tory Ascendency_
(2 vols., Philadelphia, 1835; numerous later editions, the latest
in 1906). _Rob of the Bowl; a Legend of St. Inigoe’s_ (2 vols.,
Philadelphia, 1838; later editions). _Quodlibet: Containing Some Annals
Thereof ..._ (Philadelphia, 1840; 1860).
Edgar Allan Poe: The bibliography is extensive. See the _Cambridge
History of American Literature_.
Book I: Part II
II. John C. Calhoun: _Works_ (6 vols., Columbia, S. C., 1851; New
York, 1853-55). _Correspondence_, edited by J. F. Jameson (American
Historical Association, _Annual Report_, 1899, Vol. II).
Biographies: W. E. Dodd, in _Statesmen of the Old South_ (New York,
1911). H. von Holst, _John C. Calhoun (American Statesmen Series_,
Boston, 1882, 1899). W. M. Meigs, _Life of John Caldwell Calhoun_ (2
vols., New York, 1917). G. M. Pinckney, _Life of John C. Calhoun_
(Charleston, 1903). W. P. Trent, _Southern Statesmen of the Old Régime_
(New York, 1897).
Alexander H. Stephens: _Constitutional View of the War between the
States_ (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1868).
See L. B. Pendleton, _Alexander H. Stephens_ (Philadelphia, 1908).
Francis Lieber: _The Stranger in America_ (2 vols. in one, London,
1834). _Political Ethics_ (Philadelphia, 1838; edited by Theodore D.
Woolsey, Philadelphia, 1890; with introduction by Nicholas Murray
Butler, Philadelphia, 1911). _Essays on Property and Labor_ (New York,
1841). _Civil Liberty and Self-Government_ (2 vols., Philadelphia,
1853; London, 1859; edited by Theodore D. Woolsey, Philadelphia, 1891).
_Miscellaneous Writings_ (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1881; edited by Daniel
C. Gilman, Philadelphia, 1916).
See L. R. Harley, _Francis Lieber: His Life and Political Philosophy_
(New York, 1899).
III. For the southern position, see Jeannette Reid Tandy, “Pro-Slavery
Propaganda in American Fiction in the Fifties” (in _South Atlantic
Quarterly_, January March, 1922). Francis Pendleton Gaines, _The
Southern Plantation_ (New York, 1924; Chapter III).
William J. Grayson: _The Hireling and the Slave_ (Charleston, 1856).
IV. William Crafts: _A Selection in Prose and Poetry, from the
Miscellaneous Writings of the Late William Crafts. With Memoir by
Samuel Gilman_ (Charleston, 1828).
Hugh Swinton Legaré: _Writings_ (2 vols., Charleston, 1846; with
memoir).
William Gilmore Simms: His works have never been collected and most of
them are out of print. _Border Romances_ (17 vols., New York, 1859,
1866, 1879; 10 vols., New York, 1882; 15 vols., Chicago, 1885; 17
vols., Chicago, 1888; 17 vols., Atlanta, 1901 [?]). See W. P. Trent,
_William Gilmore Simms_ (New York, 1892)--an excellent study. Also see
J. Erskine, _Leading American Novelists_ (New York, 1910).
Book I: Part III
Excellent bibliographical material for western literature will be found
in Ralph Leslie Rusk, _The Literature of the Middle Western Frontier_
(2 vols., New York, 1925). See also W. H. Venable, _The Beginnings of
Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley_ (Cincinnati, 1891).
II. Interesting material will be found in Claude G. Bowers, _Party
Battles of the Jackson Period_ (Boston, 1922).
III. Timothy Flint: His works are out of print and rare. _Recollections
of the Last Ten Years_ (Boston, 1826). _Francis Berrian, or the Mexican
Patriot_ (Boston, 1826; Philadelphia and London, 1834). _The Life and
Adventures of Arthur Cleaning_ (Philadelphia, 1828). _George Mason,
the Young Backwoodsman; or, “Don’t Give up the Ship”_ (Boston, 1829;
with changed title, London, 1833). _The Shoshonee Valley; a Romance_
(Cincinnati, 1830).
See John Ervin Kirkpatrick, _Timothy Flint, Pioneer, Missionary,
Author, Editor_ (Cleveland, 1911)--an excellent study with bibliography.
James Hall: _Works_ (4 vols., New York, 1853-56). _Legends of the West_
(Philadelphia, 1832, 1833; five later editions).--_The Soldiers Bride;
and Other Tales_ (Philadelphia, 1833).--_The Harpe’s Head; a Legend of
Kentucky_ (Philadelphia, 1833); as _Kentucky. A Tale_ (London, 1834, 2
vols.).--_Tales of the Border_ (Philadelphia, 1835). _The Wilderness
and the War Path_ (New York, 1846; New York and London, 1849).
See J. L. Davis, “Judge James Hall, a Literary Pioneer of the Middle
West” (in _Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Publications_,
October, 1909).
Augustus Longstreet: _Georgia Scenes_ (Atlanta, Ga., 1835; New York,
1840; several later editions).
See John Donald Wade, _Augustus Longstreet, a Study of the Development
of Culture in the South_ (New York, 1924), an excellent study with
bibliographical material.
Davy Crockett: Five titles are grouped under the name of Crockett:
_Sketches and Eccentricities of Col. David Crockett, of West Tennessee_
(1833). _A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett, of the State of
Tennessee_ (Philadelphia, 1834; seven editions in one year). _Life of
Martin Van Buren_ (1835). _An Account of Col. Crockett’s Tour to the
North and Down East_ (1835). _Col. Crockett’s Exploits and Adventures
in Texas_ (1836). The _Narrative_ is reprinted with an introduction by
Hamlin Garland, in _The Modern Student’s Library_, under the title,
_The Autobiography of David Crockett_ (New York, 1923).
There is no life of Crockett; such so-called works are uncritical
jumbles of fact and fiction. Some information will be found in John
Donald Wade, “The Authorship of David Crockett’s Autobiography”
(_Georgia Historical Quarterly_, September, 1922); S. H. Stout, “David
Crockett” (_American Historical Magazine_, Vol. VII, No. I, Jan.,
1902)--uncritical; Chester T. Crowell, “Davy Crockett” (_American
Mercury_, Vol. IV, No. 13).
Book II
For Philadelphia, see Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer, _The Literary History
of Philadelphia_ (Philadelphia, 1906). Also H. M. Ellis, “Joseph Dennie
and His Circle” (_University of Texas Bulletin_). For the politics
of New York, see Dixon Ryan Fox, _The Decline of Aristocracy in the
Politics of New York_ (New York, 1918).
I. Charles Brockden Brown: _The Novels of Charles Brockden Brown ...
with a Memoir_ (Boston, 1827; Philadelphia, 1857, 1887). _Wieland; or
the Transformation_ (New York, 1798; best recent edition in _American
Authors Series_, New York, 1926). _Arthur Mervyn; or, Memoirs of the
Year 1793_ (Philadelphia, 1799; Second Part, New York, 1800; numerous
later editions).
No adequate life has been written. The best is by William Dunlap, _The
Life of Charles Brockden Brown_ (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1815). See John
Erskine, _Leading American Novelists_ (New York, 1910), and Annie R.
Marble, in _Heralds of American Literature_ (Chicago and London, 1907).
Robert Montgomery Bird: For a list of his plays, see A. H. Quinn, _A
History of the American Theatre_ (New York, 1923).
_Calavar; or, the Knight of the Conquest: a Romance of Mexico_ (2
vols., Philadelphia, 1834; about ten later editions).--_The Hawks of
Hawks-Hollow. A Tradition of Pennsylvania_ (2 vols., Philadelphia,
1835; two London editions).--_The Infidel; or, The Fall of Mexico_ (2
vols., Philadelphia, 1835; London, 1835).--_Nick of the Woods, or, the
Jibbenainosay. A Tale of Kentucky_ (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1837; upward
of twenty later editions).
For his life, see Clement Foust, _Life and Dramatic Works of Robert
Montgomery Bird_ (1919).
II. James Kent: _Commentaries on American Law_ (4 vols., New York,
1826-1830; many later editions).
For his life, see William Kent, _Memoirs and Letters of James Kent_
(Boston, 1898).
Fitz-Greene Halleck: _Poetical Works_ (New York and Philadelphia; eight
editions between 1847 and 1859). _Poetical Writings with Extracts from
those of Joseph Rodman Drake_ (edited by J. G. Wilson, New York, 1869,
1885).
For a life, see J. G. Wilson, _The Life and Letters of Fitz-Greene
Halleck_ (New York, 1869). Also see W. C. Bryant, _Some Notices on the
Life and Writings of Fitz-Greene Halleck_ (New York, 1869).
III. Washington Irving: The standard edition of his works is in forty
volumes, New York, 1887.
The standard life is by Pierre M. Irving, _The Life and Letters of
Washington Irving_ (4 vols., London, 1864; New York, 1879, 1883).
See also _The Letters of Washington Irving to Henry Brevoort_ (edited
by George S. Hellman, 2 vols., New York, 1915). A recent study is
George S. Hellman, _Washington Irving, Esq_. (New York, 1925).
James Kirke Paulding: _Works_ (15 vols., New York, 1834-1839; 4 vols.,
1867-1868).--_The Diverting History of John Bull and Brother Jonathan_
(New York, 1812).--_Letters from the South_ (2 vols., New York,
1817).--_The Backwoodsman. A Poem_ (Philadelphia, 1818).--_Salmagundi,
Second Series_ (2 vols., New York, 1820).--_Koningsmarke, the Long
Finne, A Story of the New World_ (New York, 1823; 2 vols., New York,
1834; three London editions, and a German).--_Westward Ho! A Tale_ (2
vols., New York, 1832, 1845; three London editions, a French and a
German).--_The Dutchman’s Fireside. A Tale_ (2 vols., New York, 1831;
latest edition, 1900).--_The Puritan and his Daughter_ (New York, 1849,
1850; also London, 1849, two editions, and one German).
No adequate life has been written, but see W. I. Paulding, _Literary
Life of James K. Paulding_ (New York, 1867).
IV. James Fenimore Cooper: The editions of Cooper’s novels are
numerous; as good as any is the one in thirty-two volumes (New York,
1895, 1896-97). Much of his controversial work and critical articles
have not been reprinted. See _Notions of the Americans; Picked up by a
Travelling Bachelor_ (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1829). _A Letter to His
Countrymen_ (New York, 1834). _The American Democrat; or Hints on the
Social and Civic Relations of the United States_ (Cooperstown, 1838).
_The History of the Navy_ (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1839). Also his eight
volumes of European travels.
No satisfactory life has been written. The best is by T. R. Lounsbury,
_James Fenimore Cooper_ (New York, 1883). See also _Correspondence of
James Fenimore-Cooper_ (edited by his grandson, James Fenimore Cooper,
2 vols., New Haven, 1922). W. C. Brownell, in _American Prose Masters_
(New York, 1909). Carl Van Doren, in _The American Novel_ (New York,
1921).
V. William Cullen Bryant: The standard edition is edited by Parke
Godwin (6 vols., New York, 1883-1889: 1-2, _Biography_, 1883, 3-4,
_Poetical Works_, 1883, 1901; 5-6, _Prose Writings_, 1884-1889). Much
information on his work in journalism will be found in Allan Nevins, _A
Century of Journalism_ (New York, 1921).
Horace Greeley: His works have not been collected. See _Hints towards
Reform_ (New York, 1850). _Recollections of a Busy Life_ (New York,
1868). _Essays Designed to Elucidate the Science of Political Economy_
(Boston, 1870). _The American Conflict_ (Hartford and Chicago,
1864-1866).
For his life, see James Parton, _The Life of Horace Greeley_ (Boston,
1868). Charles Sotheran, _Horace Greeley_ (New York, 1915). See also
John R. Commons, “Horace Greeley and the Working-Class Origins of
the Republican Party” (_Political Science Quarterly_, Vol. XXIV, pp.
468-488).
Herman Melville: The best edition is The Standard (16 vols., London,
1922-23). Also see _Works_ (4 vols., edited by A. Stedman, New York,
1892, 1896; Boston, 1900, 1910). Convenient editions of _Typee_,
_Omoo_, and _Moby-Dick_ are plentiful.
The indispensable life is Raymond Weaver’s _Herman Melville: Mariner
and Mystic_ (New York, 1921), with bibliography. Also see John Freeman,
_Herman Melville_ (in _English Men of Letters Series_, New York, 1926).
Book III: Part I
I. For the political backgrounds, see A. E. Morse, _The Federalist
Party in Massachusetts to the Year 1800_ (Princeton, 1909). W. A.
Robinson, _Jeffersonian Democracy in New England_ (New Haven, 1916).
Samuel Eliot Morison, _Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis_ (2
vols., Boston. 1913).
Fisher Ames: _Works_ (with memoir by J. T. Kirkland, Boston, 1809).
_Works, with a Selection from his Speeches and Correspondence_ (edited
by his son, Seth Ames, 2 vols., Boston, 1854).
Robert Treat Paine: _Works in Prose and Verse_ (with memoir, Boston,
1812).
II. Joseph Story: _Commentaries on the Constitution of the United
States_ (3 vols., Boston, 1833; numerous later editions).
See W. W. Story, _Life and Letters of Joseph Story_ (2 vols., Boston,
1851).
Daniel Webster: The best edition of his works is The National--_The
Writings and Speeches of Daniel Webster_ (18 vols., Boston, 1903).
_Private Correspondence of Daniel Webster_ (2 vols., Boston, 1857).
_Letters_ (edited by C. H. Van Tyne, New York, 1902).
See George Ticknor Curtis, _Life of Daniel Webster_ (2 vols., New York
and London, 1870). For a critical contemporary estimate see Theodore
Parker, _Discourse Occasioned by the Death of Daniel Webster_ (Boston,
1853). See also Charles A. Beard, _The Economic Basis of Politics_ (New
York, 1922).
Book III: Part II
I. Unitarianism: See George Willis Cooke, _Unitarianism in America:
A History of its Origin and Development_ (Boston, 1902). Williston
Walker, _A History of the Congregational Churches in the United States_
(New York, 1894).
William Ellery Channing: _Works_ (5 vols., Boston, 1841; sixth volume
added in 1843; numerous later editions).
An excellent life is J. W. Chadwick, _William Ellery Channing, Minister
of Religion_ (Boston, 1903). See also William H. Channing, _Memoir of
William Ellery Channing_ (3 vols., Boston, 1848).
II. Perfectionism: For materials see Garrison, _Life of William Lloyd
Garrison_ (4 vols., New York, 1885-1889).
Brook Farm: See Lindsay Swift, _Brook Farm; Its Members, Scholars
and Visitors_ (New York, 1906; contains bibliography). J. T. Codman,
_Brook Farm: Historic and Personal Memoirs_ (Boston, 1894). Nathaniel
Hawthorne, _Blithedale Romance_.
Abolitionism: Sufficient materials will be found in Garrison, _Life
of William Lloyd Garrison_ (4 vols., New York, 1885-1889). See also
Catherine N. Birney, _Sarah and Angelina Grimké_ (Boston, 1885); and
_James C. Birney and His Times, by His Son, William Birney_ (New York,
1890).
III. William Lloyd Garrison: See Garrison, _Life of William Lloyd
Garrison_ (4 vols., New York, 1885-1889).
John G. Whittier: _The Writings of John Greenleaf Whittier_ (Riverside
Edition, 7 vols., Boston, 1885-1889).
See G. R. Carpenter, _John Greenleaf Whittier_ (in _American Men of
Letters Series_).--T. S. Pickard, _Life and Letters of John Greenleaf
Whittier_ (2 vols., Boston, 1894).--F. H. Underwood, _John Greenleaf
Whittier. A Biography_ (Boston, 1884).
Harriet Beecher Stowe: _Works_ (Riverside Edition, 16 vols., Boston,
1896; with life by Mrs. Field, 17 vols., 1898).
See Mrs. J. T. Fields, _The Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe_ (Boston,
1897).
Book III: Part III
I. Transcendentalism: The literature is abundant. See _The
Dial_ (4 vols., Boston, 1840-1844).--_The Harbinger_ (4 vols.,
New York, 1844-1848).--Harold Clarke Goddard, _Studies in New
England Transcendentalism_ (New York, 1908).--O. B. Frothingham,
_Transcendentalism in New England. A History_ (New York, 1876).--See
also Sylvester Judd, _Margaret. A Tale of the Real and Ideal_ (2 vols.,
Boston, 1845; revised edition, 1851).
II. Ralph Waldo Emerson: _Works_ (Riverside Edition, edited by James
Eliot Cabot, 12 vols., Boston, 1884-1893; London, 1884-1893; Centenary
Edition, with biographical introduction and notes by E. W. Emerson,
12 vols., Boston, 1903-04; London, 1904).--_Journals of Ralph Waldo
Emerson, with Annotations_ (edited by Edward Waldo Emerson and Waldo
Emerson Forbes, 10 vols., Boston, 1909-1914).--_Uncollected Writings.
Essays, Addresses, Poems, Reviews and Letters by Ralph Waldo Emerson_
(New York [1912]).
See George Willis Cooke, _Bibliography of Ralph Waldo Emerson_ (Boston,
1908). James Eliot Cabot, _A Memoir of Ralph Waldo Emerson_ (2 vols.,
Boston, 1887). George Willis Cooke, _Ralph Waldo Emerson; His Life,
Writings, and Philosophy_ (Boston, 1881). Oscar W. Firkins, _Ralph
Waldo Emerson_ (Boston, 1915). W. C. Brownell, _American Prose Masters_
(New York, 1909).
III. Henry David Thoreau: _Works_ (Riverside Edition, 11 vols., Boston,
1894; Manuscript Edition, 20 vols. [Vols. VII-XX contain the Journals],
Boston, 1906).
See Francis H. Allen, _A Bibliography of Henry David Thoreau_
(Boston and New York, 1908). William E. Channing, _Thoreau, the
Poet-Naturalist_ (Boston, 1873, 1902). F. B. Sanborn, _Henry D.
Thoreau_ (in _American Men of Letters Series_, Boston, 1882, 1910);
_The Personality of Thoreau_ (Boston, 1901); _The Life of Henry
David Thoreau_ (Boston and New York, 1917). Léon Bazalgette, _Henry
Thoreau--Bachelor of Nature_ (translated by Van Wyck Brooks, New York,
1924).
IV. Theodore Parker: _Collected Works_ (edited by F. P. Cobbe, 14
vols., London, 1863-71). _The Critical and Miscellaneous Writings of
Theodore Parker_ (Boston, 1843). _Speeches, Addresses and Occasional
Sermons_ (2 vols., Boston, 1876). _The American Scholar_ (with notes by
George Willis Cooke, Boston, 1907).
An excellent study is J. W. Chadwick, _Theodore Parker, a
Biography_ (Boston, 1900), containing a bibliography John Weiss,
_Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker_ (2 vols., New York,
1864)--indispensable.
V. Margaret Fuller: Her works have not been collected. Important titles
are: _Woman in the Nineteenth Century_ (New York and London, 1845; with
additional papers and introduction by Horace Greeley, New York, 1855).
_Life Without and Life Within_ (Boston, 1860; New York, 1869). _Papers
on Literature and Art_ (2 vols., New York and London, 1846).
An excellent study is Katharine Anthony, _Margaret Fuller: A
Psychological Biography_ (New York, 1920). See also R. W. Emerson, W.
H. Channing, and J. F. Clarke, _Memoirs of Margaret Fuller Ossoli_ (2
vols., Boston, 1833). Thomas Wentworth Higginson, _Margaret Fuller
Ossoli_ (in _American Men of Letters Series_, Boston, 1884), containing
bibliography.
Book III: Part IV
I. Henry W. Longfellow: _The Writings of ... with Bibliographical and
Critical Notes_ (11 vols., Boston, 1886 [Vols. I-VI, _Poetical Works_;
VII-VIII, _Prose Works_; IX-XI, _Dante_]).
See Samuel Longfellow, _Life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow_ (3
vols., Boston and New York, 1891). T. W. Higginson, _Henry Wadsworth
Longfellow_ (in _American Men of Letters Series_, Boston and New York,
1902).
II. Nathaniel Hawthorne: _Works_ (12 vols., Boston, 1871-76; Fireside
Edition, 12 vols., Boston, 1879; Riverside Edition, 12 vols., Boston,
1883; Standard Library Edition, 15 vols., Boston, 1891 [contains
_Nathaniel Hawthorne and his Wife_, by Julian Hawthorne]; New Wayside
Edition, 13 vols., Boston, 1902).
The best-known life is Julian Hawthorne, _Nathaniel Hawthorne and His
Wife_ (2 vols., Boston, 1885). Henry James, _Nathaniel Hawthorne_
(in _English Men of Letters Series_, London, 1879; New York, 1885,
1887). See also W. C. Brownell, _American Prose Masters_ (New York,
1909). John Erskine, _Great American Novelists_ (New York, 1910). Carl
Van Doren, _The American Novel_ (New York, 1921); Stuart P. Sherman,
_Americans_ (New York, 1923).
III. Oliver Wendell Holmes: _Works_ (Riverside Edition, 13 vols.,
Boston, 1891, additional volume, 1892; Autocrat Edition, 13 vols.,
Boston and New York, 1904).
See George B. Ives _A Bibliography of Oliver Wendell Holmes_ (Boston
and New York, 1907). John T. Morse, _Life and Letters of Oliver Wendell
Holmes_ (2 vols., Boston and New York, 1896).--Lewis W. Townsend,
_Oliver Wendell Holmes. Centenary Biography_ (London, 1909).
James Russell Lowell: _Works_ (Riverside Edition, 13 vols., Boston
and New York, 1902 [contains Scudder’s _Life_]; Elmwood Edition, 16
vols., Boston, 1904 [four volumes of letters]). _Anti-Slavery Papers_
(2 vols., Boston and New York, 1902). _Letters of James Russell Lowell_
(edited by Charles Eliot Norton, 2 vols., New York, 1893; 3 vols.,
Boston, 1904). _Early Prose Writings of ..._ (2 vols., New York, 1903).
G. W. Cooke, _A Bibliography of James Russell Lowell_ (Boston and
New York, 1906). H. E. Scudder, _James Russell Lowell: A Biography_
(2 vols., Boston, 1901). Ferris Greenslet, _James Russell Lowell: A
Biography_ (2 vols., Boston, 1901). Ferris Greenslet, _James Russell
Lowell: His Life and Work_ (Boston, 1905). See also C. Hartley Grattan,
“Lowell” (_The American Mercury_, Vol. II, p. 69): Harry Hayden Clark,
_Lowell’s Criticism of Romantic Literature_ (“Publications of the
Modern Language Association,” March, 1926); W. D. Howells, _Literary
Friends and Acquaintances_ (New York, 1902); Henry James, _Essays in
London and Elsewhere_ (New York, 1893); J. J. Reilly, _James Russell
Lowell as a Critic_ (New York, 1915); and John M. Robertson, _Lowell as
a Critic_ (_North American Review_, February, 1919).
Index [Volume Two]
_Abolitionists, The_, 333, 337
_Abraham Davenport_, 370
_Account of Col. Crockett’s Tour to the North and Down East_, 173,
174, 176
Adams, John, 13, 15, 17, 22, 78, 82, 95, 119, 187, 198, 226, 231,
282, 283, 305, 306, 316, 325, 393, 456
----, John Quincy, 242, 249, 276, 365
----, Samuel, 292, 380, 423
Addison, Joseph, 31, 35, 199, 453
_Additional Speeches_, 297 n, 300, 316, 415, 420, 421 n, 422, 423
_Adventures of Captain Bonneville_, 209, 211
_Aeneid_, 32
Agassiz, Louis, 458
_Agriculture of England, The_, 304
Alcott, Bronson, 342, 348, 349, 394, 402, 426
_Alcuin, A Dialogue_, 189
Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, 469
_Alexander H. Stephens, Life of_, 83, 86, 89, 91
Alexis, Grand Duke, 458
_American Democrat, The_, 226, 227
_American Liberty_, 287
_American Mercury, The_, 466 n
_American Note-Books_, 447, 448, 449
_American Notes_, 441
_American Novel, The_, 133
_American Political Ideas_, 94, 334 n
_American Scholar, The_, 390
Ames, Fisher, ii, 19, 21, 36, 109, 113, 116, 119, 198, 241, 276,
279-288, 291, 293, 296, 297, 315, 317, 329
----, Dr. Nathaniel, 279, 280
_Anarchiad, The_, 24
Anne, Queen, 452
Anthony, Katharine, 427, 432
_Anti-Apis_, 464 n
Anti-Rent Novels, 231, 233
_Apology and Defense_, 309 n
_Arbitrament of National Disputes, The_, 121 n
Aristotle, 307
Arnold, Matthew, 265, 472
_Arthur Mervyn_, 190
Astor, John Jacob, 195, 201, 203, 208, 211, 231
_Astoria_, 209, 211
Ashe, Thomas, 215
_Augustus Baldwin Longstreet_, 169 n, 170
_Authorship of David Crockett’s Autobiography, The_, 177 n
_Autobiography of Davy Crockett_, 166
_Autobiography of Joseph Story_, 300
_Backwoodsman, The_, 215
Bacon, Lord, 31, 307
Baldwin, Joseph G., 133, 162, 166
Bancroft, George, 437-439
_Bank of the United States, The_, 309 n
Barlow, Joel, 188
Bartol, C. A., 384
_Basis of the Senate, The_, 306, 307, 310, 315
Bassett, John, 148, 149
Baxter, Richard, 371
Beard, Professor Charles A., 13 n, 15, 18-19
_Beauchampe_, 130
Beecher, Elizabeth, 342 n
----, Henry Ward, 238, 344, 351, 399
----, Lyman, 357, 371, 375, 376
Benjamin, Parke, 238
Bennett, James Gordon, 102 n, 356
Bentham, Jeremy, 166
Benton, Thomas H., 14, 55, 151, 246, 309
Berkeley, Bishop, 380
Beveridge, Albert J., 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 316 n
_Bibliolâtres_, 464 n
Biddle, Nicholas, 55
_Biglow Papers, The_, 368, 464, 464 n
Bird, Robert Montgomery, 135, 162, 166, 190-192, 220, 235
Birney, James G., 246, 333, 351, 359, 365
Blackstone, 31, 35, 47, 113, 117, 120, 168, 197, 302, 313
_Blithedale Romance, The_, 442, 448
Blücher, Marshal, 94
Boone, Daniel, 138, 139, 162
_Border Beagles_, 128
_Boston Kidnapping, The_, 423
Bourlamaqui, 117
Brackenridge, Hugh Henry, 236
Bradbury, John, 215
Brevoort, Henry, 205
Briant, Lemuel, 325, 326
Bright, John, 241
Brisbane, Albert, ii, 101, 108, 200, 208, 242, 251, 350, 448
_British Spy, The_, 31, 33, 41
_Broker of Bogota, The_, 191
Brown, Charles Brockden, 188-190
----, John, 155, 159, 360, 364, 399, 402, 412, 458
Brownson, Orestes, ii, 108
Bryant, William Cullen, 201, 208, 238-246, 247, 257, 258, 366, 458
Buckminster, Rev. Joseph Stevens, 113
Bunyan, John, 366
Burgess, John W., 94
Burke, Edmund, 12, 15, 31, 94, 305, 311, 366, 392, 467
Burns, Anthony, 359, 360, 411, 423
----, Robert, 366
Burr, Aaron, 197
Bushnell, Rev. Horace, 356
Byrd, Col. William, 8
Byron, Lord, 111, 116, 200, 216
Cabell, James Branch, 259, 260
Cabot, George, 296
_Caleb Williams_, 190
Calhoun, John C., 4, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69-82,
83, 89, 91, 93, 102, 109, 115, 120, 123, 126, 136, 137, 144,
150, 152, 153, 168, 170, 299, 311, 312, 357, 399, 467, 468, 473
Calvin, John, 215, 272, 273, 321, 340, 416, 457
_Camillus_, 285-286
Campbell, Thomas, 200
_Capture of Fugitive Slaves near Washington, On the_, 464 n
Carey, Matthew, 185-186
Carlyle, Thomas, 47, 101, 111, 381, 389, 393, 406, 412
Carpenter, G. R., 351, 367
Caruthers, Dr. William Alexander, 28, 41-46, 377
Cass, Lewis, 246
_Cathedral, The_, 266
Catullus, 453
_Cavaliers of Virginia, The_, 41, 45
Chadwick, John White, 330, 338
_Chainbearer, The_, 232, 234, 236
_Chambered Nautilus, The_, 453
Channing, William Ellery, 188, 252, 300, 314, 317, 319, 325, 326,
327, 328-338, 339, 342, 357, 361, 371, 390, 393, 420, 435, 443,
454, 456
----, William Ellery (Younger), 401
----, William Henry, 108, 228, 241, 347, 348, 428, 429
Chapman, Mrs., 351
_Chardon Street Convention, The_, 345
_Charlemont_, 130
Charles I, King, 372
“_Charming Creature” as a Wife, The_, 172
Chase, L. B., 102
Chaucer, 47
_Chicora and Other Poems_, 103
Child, Francis, 465
----, Lydia Maria, 351
Choate, Rufus, 152, 329, 367, 368, 397, 398, 421, 423
_Chronicle, The_, 206
Churchill, Charles, 452
_Civil Disobedience_, 409, 410, 411
_Civil Liberty and Self-Government_, 95
_Clarel_, 265, 266-267
Clark, George Rogers, 138
Clarke, J. F., 429, 430
Clay, Henry, 4, 34, 37, 46, 48, 67, 69, 71, 122, 138, 139, 142-144,
145, 150, 152, 153, 209, 218, 242, 243, 249, 296, 298, 309,
333, 353, 365, 366, 397, 399
Clayton, Augustus S., 176
Cleon, 398
Cliffton, William, 188
_Climbing the Natural Bridge_, 46
Clinton, De Witt, 201
Clough, Arthur Hugh, 265
Cobbett, William, 185, 186
Cobden, Richard, 241
Coke, Sir Edward, 15, 47, 117
_Col. Crockett’s Exploits and Adventures in Texas_, 173, 178 n
Coleridge, Samuel T., 58, 381, 389
Collins, Wilkie, 458
_Columbus_, 464 n
_Commentaries on American Law_, 199
_Commentaries on the Constitution_, 301-303, 311, 312
Commons, John R., 250, 252, 253, 254
Comte, Auguste, 30
Condillac, Etienne de, 382
Condorcet, Marquis de, 10, 11, 293
_Congressional Debates_, 175
Congreve, William, 54
_Connecticut_, 202
_Constitutional History of Greece, The_, 116
_Constitutional View of the War between the States_, 9, 56, 83, 88,
89, 90 n, 91, 302
_Constitution not a Compact between Sovereign States, The_, 311
_Construction Construed and Constitutions Vindicated_, 299
Conway, Moncure D., 90
Cooke, Jay, 474
----, John Esten, ii, 28
Cooper, James Fenimore, 37, 131, 133, 135, 141, 183, 193, 196, 204,
207, 208, 216, 220, 222-237, 238, 257, 266, 457
----, James Fenimore (grandson), 207 n, 229
----, Judge William, 194, 224, 225
----, Dr., 72
_Correspondence of James Fenimore Cooper_, 207 n, 229
Cotton, Rev. John, 118
_Country, The_, 103
_Courier and Enquirer, The_, 253
Cousin, Victor, 381
Coverley, Sir Roger de, 52
Cowper, William, 188, 264
Crafts, William, 112-114
_Crater, The_, 226
Crawford, W. H., 168
_Cream of the Jest, The_, 259
Crèvecœur, Hector St. John de, 215
_Croaker Papers_, 200
Crockett, Davy, 45, 138, 147, 162, 165, 172-179, 192, 366
Cromwell, Oliver, 213, 464
Cruse, Peter Hoffman, 48
Cujacius, 117
Curtis, George William, 238
Cushing, Caleb, 362, 365
_Daniel Webster_, 297 n
Dante, 440, 466
Darwin, Charles, 419, 455
Davis, Jefferson, 4, 62, 65-66, 70, 86, 146, 299, 468
_Debating Society, The_, 172
_Declaration of Whig Principles and Purposes_, 310
_Decline of Aristocracy in New York Politics_, 199, 224, 244
_Democracy_, 467 n
_Democracy, Pacific and Constructive_, 244
Dennie, Joseph, 187
De Quincey, Thomas, 258
Dew, Professor, 102
_Dial, The_, 348
Dickens, Charles, 47, 127, 141, 441
Dickinson, John, 186
_Discourses on Government_, 354
_Disquisition on Government, A_, 75 n, 77, 79, 299
_Diverting History of John Bull and Brother Jonathan, The_, 214
_Divina Commedia_, 440
_Divinity School Address_, 337, 390
_Domnei_, 260
_Don Quixote_, 31
Douglas, Stephen A., 153, 397, 398
Drake, Joseph Rodman, 200
_Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp_, 377
_Dred Scott_, 157
Dryden, John, 31, 104, 289
Dumas, Alexandre, 216
_Dutchman’s Fireside, The_, 220
Dwight, Theodore, 278
----, Timothy, 71, 188, 240, 324, 340, 371
_Early Spanish Ballads_, 116
_Ecclesiastes_, 264
_Echo, The_, 24
_Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy, The_, 13 n, 15, 19
Edward I, King, 260
Edwards, Jonathan, 71, 321, 323, 324, 372, 373, 379, 399, 445
Eliot, Rev. John, 201, 343
_Elliot’s Debates_, 83
Elliott, S. K., 102
_Elsie Venner_, 454, 459
_Emancipation of Labor, The_, 256
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 108, 226, 230, 258, 264, 266, 304, 314, 316,
317, 319, 337, 344, 349, 373, 379, 380, 383, 384, 385, 386-399,
401, 409, 412, 420, 426, 429, 431, 433, 439, 447, 449, 451,
455, 462, 474
_Encyclopedia Americana_, 94
_English Serfdom and American Slavery_, 102
_English Thought in the Eighteenth Century_, 461
_Epipsychidion_, 259
_Epistle of Robert Hogbin, Esq._, 201
_Essays_ (Emerson), 387, 390
_Essay on Politics_, 393, 394, 396, 397
_Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism, with Reference to the Duty of
American Females_, 342 n
_Essay on Thoreau_, 346 n
Evans, George Henry, 254
_Evening Post, The_, 102 n, 239, 242 n, 244, 245
Everett, Edward, 109, 159, 317, 319, 320, 329, 397, 399, 423, 437,
458, 460
_Examination of the Late Proceedings in Congress Respecting ... the
Secretary of the Treasury, An_, 15
_Exclusion of Slavery from the Territories, On the_, 312-313
“Falkland,” 287
_Fanny_, 202
_Federal Orrery, The_, 294
_Federalist, The_, 24, 196, 286, 302, 303
Felton, Professor, 367
Fenn, William W., 324 n, 327
Fenno, John, 186, 206
_Ferdinand and Isabella_, 434
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 382, 430
Fielding, Henry, 128
_Fight, The_, 172
Fillmore, President Millard, 47
Filmer, Sir Robert, 215
Fink, Mike, 138, 192
_First Settlement of England, The_, 306, 307-308
Flint, Rev. Timothy, 51, 140, 141, 162-163, 211
_Flush Times of Alabama and Mississippi_, 133, 162, 166
Follen, Professor Charles, 94, 441
_Forayers, The_, 132, 134
Forrest, Edwin, 191
Fourier, François Charles Marie, 30, 244, 251, 348, 349, 431
Fox, Dixon Ryan, 199, 224, 244
_Francis Berrian, or the Mexican Patriot_, 163
Franklin, Benjamin, 11, 185, 225, 228, 308
_Frederick Douglass_, 431
Freiligrath, Ferdinand, 439
Freneau, Philip, 186, 196
Frothingham, Octavius B., 348, 379, 380, 384
_Fugitive Slave Law, The_, 315
Fuller (Ossoli), Margaret, 314, 349, 426-434, 436, 439, 448
----, Timothy, 427
Gage, General, 459
Gaines, Francis Pendleton, 102 n
Galloway, Joseph, 186
_Gander Pulling, The_, 172
Gansevoort, Maria, 259, 260, 261
----, Major-General Peter, 260
Garland, Hamlin, 213
Garrison, William Lloyd, 256, 314, 319, 332, 341, 343, 351, 352-361,
365, 366, 411, 415, 416, 420, 431, 448, 458
Genêt, Citizen, 292
_Genius of Universal Emancipation, The_, 353
_George Balcombe_, 162
George, Henry, 467
_George Mason, the Young Backwoodsman; or “Don’t Give up the Ship_,”
163
_Georgia Historical Quarterly, The_, 177 n
_Georgia Scenes_, 51, 162, 166, 168, 169, 172, 178 n
_Georgia Theatrics_, 172, 178 n
_Gladiator, The_, 191
Gladstone, W. E., 472
_Glance Behind the Curtain, A_, 464, 464 n
_Godey’s Lady’s Book_, 187
Godkin, Edwin Lawrence, 257, 468, 471
Godwin, Parke, 200, 243, 244
----, William, 11, 22, 33, 188, 189, 190, 242, 331, 335, 336, 409
Goethe, 389, 430, 433
Gournay, Vincent de, 11
_Governor Clinton’s Speech_, 201 n
Grant, General U. S., 48
Grattan, C. Hartley, 466 n
Gray, Edward, 48
----, Elizabeth, 48
----, Thomas, 31, 188
Grayson, William J., 103-108, 110, 111, 256
Greeley, Horace, 101, 107, 108, 200, 208, 238, 242, 244, 247-258,
352, 399, 432, 458
Green, Duff, 36
Greene, General, 132
_Greenfield Hill_, 340
Grimké, Angelina, 342 n, 432
---- Sisters, 343, 351
Grotius, 117, 306
_Gulliver’s Travels_, 262
_Guy Rivers_, 130
Hale, Edward Everett, 462 n
Hall, Captain Basil, 215
----, James, 51, 140 n, 162, 164, 172, 211
Halleck, Fitz-Greene, 200, 238
Hamilton, Alexander, 13, 14, 16, 20, 21, 24, 36, 48, 89, 93, 94, 95,
138, 143, 148, 156, 196, 197, 198, 206, 227, 245, 285, 291,
297, 305, 309, 316, 473
Hammond, Governor, 102
_Harbinger, The_, 244
Harper, Chancellor, 102
_Harpe’s Head_, 164, 165, 172
Harrington, James, 5, 305, 306, 307
_Harrison Gray Otis_, 341 n
Hartford Wits, The, 24, 188
_Harvard Graduates_, 467
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 259, 265, 442-450
Hayes, President Rutherford B., 472
Hayne, Paul Hamilton, 126
----, Robert Young, 310, 330
Hedge, Frederick Henry, 430
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 318
Heine, Heinrich, 439
Helper, Hinton R., 133
Henry, Patrick, 33, 34
Hergesheimer, Joseph, 445
_Herman Melville, Mariner and Mystic_, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265
Hervey, James, 31
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 314, 344 n, 351, 414
Hildreth, Richard, 438
_Hints toward Reforms_, 250 n, 252 n, 257
_Hireling and the Slave, The_, 103, 104, 108
_History of the American Drama, A_, 191
_History of the Congregational Churches in the United States_, 324 n,
325 n
_History of the United States_, 437-438
Hoar, Judge, 402
Hobbes, Thomas, 78
Hoffman, Charles Fenno, 163
----, Josiah Ogden, 206
----, Matilda, 206
Holmes, Abiel, 454
----, Oliver Wendell, 260, 319, 320, 451-459, 460
_Home as Found_, 141, 229, 230, 233
_Homeward Bound_, 233
Hone, Philip, 245
_Hopes and Fears for Art_, 407
Hopkins, Samuel, 329, 340, 373, 375-376
Hopkinson, Francis, 186
Horace, 453
_Horace Greeley_, 254 n
_Horace Greeley and the Working-Class Origins of the Republican
Party_, 250, 252, 253, 254
_Horseshoe Robinson_, 41, 51, 53
_Horse Swap, The_, 172
_House of the Seven Gables, The_, 446
Howells, William Dean, 466
Huger, Alfred, 103
Hughes, Thomas, 469
Hume, David, 385
Hunt, Gaillard, 71, 72 n, 80
Hutchinson, Governor Thomas, 276
_Ichabod_, 315
_Illinois Monthly Magazine, The_, 164
_Independent in Politics, The_, 471 n, 469
_Industrial Worker, The_, 141
_Inquiry into the Nature of the Constitution of the United States,
An_, 299
_Inquiry into the Principles and Policy of the Government of the
United States, An_, 15
_Inquiry into the Principles and Tendencies of Certain Public
Measures, An_, 15
_Introductory Remarks_, 326, 333-334, 336
_Introduction to the Old Testament_, 417
_Invention of Letters, The_, 291
Irving, Pierre M., 205
----, Washington, 29, 47, 49, 50, 51, 54, 172, 183, 195, 200,
203-212, 213, 218, 238, 471
----, William, 213
Jackson, Andrew, 4, 8, 26, 29, 34, 36, 37, 55, 63, 90, 122, 139,
145-152, 154, 156, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 198, 207, 241, 242,
243, 249, 298, 309, 353
----, Stonewall, 65, 70
Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich, 345, 382
_Jacobiniad, The_, 294
_James Russell Lowell_, 465
_James Russell Lowell and his Friends_, 462 n
_Java Head_, 445
Jay, John, 196, 198, 224, 225, 227
Jefferson, Thomas, 4, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 21, 22, 26, 33, 38, 61,
62, 66, 69, 70, 71, 77, 84, 88, 89, 90, 111, 119, 120, 142,
146, 148, 150, 151, 153, 158, 159, 206, 228, 239, 240, 241,
243, 251, 252, 272, 277, 278, 284, 287, 288, 300, 301, 302,
335, 366, 383, 390, 394, 396, 421, 430, 462, 468, 473
_Jefferson Davis, A Memoir by his Wife_, 146
_Jeffersonian Democracy in New England_, 255 n
Jeremiah, 282
_Jeremy Bentham and the Utilitarians_, 116
_John Bull in America_, 214
_John G. Whittier_, 367
_John Greenleaf Whittier_, 351
Johnson, Andrew, 468
----, Dr. Samuel, 35, 109
_Jonathan Wild_, 128
_Journal_ (Thoreau), 411 n
_Journals_ (Emerson), 317, 344, 349, 386, 387, 391, 392, 393 n, 395,
398, 399, 409
_Justice and Expediency_, 362, 377
Juvenal, 453
Kane, Elisha Kent, 50
Kant, Emmanuel, 343, 382, 430
_Katherine Walton_, 128 n
Keats, John, 111, 453
Kennedy, John Pendleton, ii, 28, 37, 41, 46-56, 160, 172, 177, 203,
377
----, William Sloane, 367
Kent, Chancellor James, 117, 196, 197-199
----, William, 198
_Kentuckian in New York, The_, 41, 45, 46, 377
King, Charles, 245
----, Rufus, 196
Kirkland, President, 280, 281, 284-285
Kirkpatrick, John Ervin, 140, 141
Kneeland, Abner, 463, 469
“Knickerbocker” _History_, 212
_Knickerbocker Magazine, The_, 46, 163
_Knights of the Horse-Shoe, The_, 45
Knox, General, 291
_Koningsmarke_, 216, 218, 219
Lamar, L. Q. C., 62
----, President, 170
_Landing at Plymouth, The_, 3 n
Landor, Walter Savage, 389
_Last Days of John Brown, The_, 412
_Last Leaf, The_, 260
_Last of the Mohicans, The_, 235
_Law of God and the Statutes of Men, The_, 421 n
_Leaves of Grass_, 466
_Leaves from Margaret Smith’s Journal of Massachusetts Bay_, 363
_Leben Jesu_, 417
_Lectures on Constitutional Law_, 299
Lee, General Robert E., 29, 65
Legaré, Hugh Swinton, ii, 96, 103, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114-124,
168, 169, 438
_Legends of the West_, 164
Leggett, William, 200, 208, 243, 244, 245
Leonard, Daniel, 276
_Letter to A. C. Henry_ (Lincoln), 155
_Letter to the Members of the Twenty-Eighth Congregational Society of
Boston_, 417 n, 418, 419, 420
_Letters of James Russell Lowell_, 437 n, 461, 462 n, 463, 466, 467,
469, 470, 471
_Letter of Mr. Paul Ambrose on the Great Rebellion in the United
States_, 56
_Letters from the South_, 198, 216 n, 217
_Letters on Slavery_, 102
Lewis, Matthew Gregory (“Monk”), 220
_Liberator, The_, 341, 353, 359
_Life and Adventures of Arthur Clenning, The_, 163
_Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker, The_, 347-348, 414, 417 n
_Life and Letters of Joseph Story, The_, 301
_Life and Letters of Oliver Wendell Holmes, The_, 453
_Life and Letters of Washington Irving, The_, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210
_Life of Andrew Jackson_, 148, 149
_Life of William Lloyd Garrison_, 256 n, 332 n, 342 n, 344, 344 n,
353-354, 356, 358, 359-360, 365, 368
_Life of James Louis Petigru_, 103, 104, 111
_Life of John P. Kennedy_, 48
_Life of John Marshall_, 22, 24
_Life of Martin Van Buren_, 173, 174, 176, 177
_Life of Milton_, 466
_Life of Henry David Thoreau_, 314
_Life of Washington_, 211
_Life of Whitman_, 367
_Life Without and Life Within_, 430 n, 431
_Literary History of America, A_, 416 n, 427
Lieber, Francis, 93-98