Bahrain_The 2005 CIA World Factbook

desertification resulting from the degradation of limited

arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal

degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation)

resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers,

oil refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwater

resources, groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all

water needs

Baker Island

no natural fresh water resources

Bangladesh

many people are landless and forced to live on and

cultivate flood-prone land; water-borne diseases prevalent in

surface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results

from the use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by

naturally occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of

falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the

country; soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; severe

overpopulation

Barbados

pollution of coastal waters from waste disposal by ships;

soil erosion; illegal solid waste disposal threatens contamination

of aquifers

Bassas da India

Belarus

soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of the

country contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident

at Chornobyl' in northern Ukraine

Belgium

the environment is exposed to intense pressures from human

activities: urbanization, dense transportation network, industry,

extensive animal breeding and crop cultivation; air and water

pollution also have repercussions for neighboring countries;

uncertainties regarding federal and regional responsibilities (now

resolved) have slowed progress in tackling environmental challenges

Belize

deforestation; water pollution from sewage, industrial

effluents, agricultural runoff; solid and sewage waste disposal

Benin

inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching threatens

wildlife populations; deforestation; desertification

Bermuda

asbestos disposal; water pollution; preservation of open

space; sustainable development

Bhutan

soil erosion; limited access to potable water

Bolivia

the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and the

international demand for tropical timber are contributing to

deforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation

methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification;

loss of biodiversity; industrial pollution of water supplies used

for drinking and irrigation

Bosnia and Herzegovina

air pollution from metallurgical plants;

sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; water shortages and

destruction of infrastructure because of the 1992-95 civil strife;

deforestation

Botswana

overgrazing; desertification; limited fresh water resources

Bouvet Island

Brazil

deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and

endangers a multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the

area; there is a lucrative illegal wildlife trade; air and water

pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large

cities; land degradation and water pollution caused by improper

mining activities; wetland degradation; severe oil spills

British Indian Ocean Territory

British Virgin Islands

limited natural fresh water resources (except

for a few seasonal streams and springs on Tortola, most of the

islands' water supply comes from wells and rainwater catchments)

Brunei

seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia

Bulgaria

air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted

from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest

damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil

contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and

industrial wastes

Burkina Faso

recent droughts and desertification severely affecting

agricultural activities, population distribution, and the economy;

overgrazing; soil degradation; deforestation

Burma

deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water;

inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease

Burundi

soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and the expansion of

agriculture into marginal lands; deforestation (little forested land

remains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel); habitat

loss threatens wildlife populations

Cambodia

illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip

mining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand

have resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in

particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural

fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, most of the population

does not have access to potable water; declining fish stocks because

of illegal fishing and overfishing

Cameroon

waterborne diseases are prevalent; deforestation;

overgrazing; desertification; poaching; overfishing

Canada

air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting

lakes and damaging forests; metal smelting, coal-burning utilities,

and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural and forest

productivity; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to

agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities

Cape Verde

soil erosion; deforestation due to demand for wood used

as fuel; desertification; environmental damage has threatened

several species of birds and reptiles; illegal beach sand

extraction; overfishing

Cayman Islands

no natural fresh water resources; drinking water

supplies must be met by rainwater catchments

Central African Republic

tap water is not potable; poaching has

diminished the country's reputation as one of the last great

wildlife refuges; desertification; deforestation

Chad

inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal

in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution;

desertification

Chile

widespread deforestation and mining threaten natural

resources; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions;

water pollution from raw sewage

China

air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates)

from reliance on coal produces acid rain; water shortages,

particularly in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes;

deforestation; estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land

since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development;

desertification; trade in endangered species

Christmas Island

Clipperton Island

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

fresh water resources are limited to

rainwater accumulations in natural underground reservoirs

Colombia

deforestation; soil and water quality damage from overuse

of pesticides; air pollution, especially in Bogota, from vehicle

emissions

Comoros

soil degradation and erosion results from crop cultivation

on slopes without proper terracing; deforestation

Congo, Democratic Republic of the

poaching threatens wildlife

populations; water pollution; deforestation; refugees responsible

for significant deforestation, soil erosion, and wildlife poaching;

mining of minerals (coltan - a mineral used in creating capacitors,

diamonds, and gold) causing environmental damage

Congo, Republic of the

air pollution from vehicle emissions; water

pollution from the dumping of raw sewage; tap water is not potable;

deforestation

Cook Islands

Coral Sea Islands

no permanent fresh water resources

Costa Rica

deforestation and land use change, largely a result of

the clearing of land for cattle ranching and agriculture; soil

erosion; coastal marine pollution; fisheries protection; solid waste

management; air pollution

Cote d'Ivoire

deforestation (most of the country's forests - once

the largest in West Africa - have been heavily logged); water

pollution from sewage and industrial and agricultural effluents

Croatia

air pollution (from metallurgical plants) and resulting acid

rain is damaging the forests; coastal pollution from industrial and

domestic waste; landmine removal and reconstruction of

infrastructure consequent to 1992-95 civil strife

Cuba

air and water pollution; biodiversity loss; deforestation

Cyprus

water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments,

seasonal disparity in rainfall, sea water intrusion to island's

largest aquifer, increased salination in the north); water pollution

from sewage and industrial wastes; coastal degradation; loss of

wildlife habitats from urbanization

Czech Republic

air and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemia

and in northern Moravia around Ostrava present health risks; acid

rain damaging forests; efforts to bring industry up to EU code

should improve domestic pollution

Denmark

air pollution, principally from vehicle and power plant

emissions; nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the North Sea;

drinking and surface water becoming polluted from animal wastes and

pesticides

Dhekelia

netting and trapping of small migrant songbirds in the

spring and autumn

Djibouti

inadequate supplies of potable water; limited arable land;

desertification; endangered species

Dominica

Dominican Republic

water shortages; soil eroding into the sea

damages coral reefs; deforestation

East Timor

widespread use of slash and burn agriculture has led to

deforestation and soil erosion

Ecuador

deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water

pollution; pollution from oil production wastes in ecologically

sensitive areas of the Amazon Basin and Galapagos Islands

Egypt

agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown

sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam;

desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and

marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides,

raw sewage, and industrial effluents; very limited natural fresh

water resources away from the Nile which is the only perennial water

source; rapid growth in population overstraining the Nile and

natural resources

El Salvador

deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution;

contamination of soils from disposal of toxic wastes

Equatorial Guinea

tap water is not potable; deforestation

Eritrea

deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; overgrazing;

loss of infrastructure from civil warfare

Estonia

air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning

power plants in northeast; however, the amount of pollutants emitted

to the air have fallen steadily, the emissions of 2000 were 80% less

than in 1980; the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to

water bodies in 2000 was one twentieth the level of 1980; in

connection with the start-up of new water purification plants, the

pollution load of wastewater decreased; Estonia has more than 1,400

natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural

areas need to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certain

locations

Ethiopia

deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification;

water shortages in some areas from water-intensive farming and poor

management

Europa Island

European Union

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

overfishing by unlicensed vessels

is a problem; reindeer were introduced to the islands in 2001 for

commercial reasons; this is the only commercial reindeer herd in the

world unaffected by the Chornobyl disaster

Faroe Islands

Fiji

deforestation; soil erosion

Finland

air pollution from manufacturing and power plants

contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes,

agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

France

some forest damage from acid rain; air pollution from

industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes,

agricultural runoff

French Guiana

French Polynesia

French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Gabon

deforestation; poaching

Gambia, The

deforestation; desertification; water-borne diseases

prevalent

Gaza Strip

desertification; salination of fresh water; sewage

treatment; water-borne disease; soil degradation; depletion and

contamination of underground water resources

Georgia

air pollution, particularly in Rust'avi; heavy pollution of

Mtkvari River and the Black Sea; inadequate supplies of potable

water; soil pollution from toxic chemicals

Germany

emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries

contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur

dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea

from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern

Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government established a

mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power over the next 15

years; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature

preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat

directive

Ghana

recurrent drought in north severely affects agricultural

activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching and

habitat destruction threatens wildlife populations; water pollution;

inadequate supplies of potable water

Gibraltar

limited natural freshwater resources: large concrete or

natural rock water catchments collect rainwater (no longer used for

drinking water) and adequate desalination plant

Glorioso Islands

Greece

air pollution; water pollution

Greenland

protection of the arctic environment; preservation of the

Inuit traditional way of life, including whaling and seal hunting

Grenada

Guadeloupe

Guam

extirpation of native bird population by the rapid

proliferation of the brown tree snake, an exotic, invasive species

Guatemala

deforestation in the Peten rainforest; soil erosion; water

pollution

Guernsey

Guinea

deforestation; inadequate supplies of potable water;

desertification; soil contamination and erosion; overfishing,

overpopulation in forest region; poor mining practices have led to

environmental damage

Guinea-Bissau

deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; overfishing

Guyana

water pollution from sewage and agricultural and industrial

chemicals; deforestation

Haiti

extensive deforestation (much of the remaining forested land

is being cleared for agriculture and used as fuel); soil erosion;

inadequate supplies of potable water

Heard Island and McDonald Islands

Holy See (Vatican City)

Honduras

urban population expanding; deforestation results from

logging and the clearing of land for agricultural purposes; further

land degradation and soil erosion hastened by uncontrolled

development and improper land use practices such as farming of

marginal lands; mining activities polluting Lago de Yojoa (the

country's largest source of fresh water), as well as several rivers

and streams, with heavy metals

Hong Kong

air and water pollution from rapid urbanization

Howland Island

no natural fresh water resources

Hungary

the upgrading of Hungary's standards in waste management,

energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution to meet EU

requirements will require large investments

Iceland

water pollution from fertilizer runoff; inadequate

wastewater treatment

India

deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; air

pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water

pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap

water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing

population is overstraining natural resources

Indian Ocean

endangered marine species include the dugong, seals,

turtles, and whales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf,

and Red Sea

Indonesia

deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes,

sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest

fires

Iran

air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle

emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents;

deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the

Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation

(salination); inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution

from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization

Iraq

government water control projects have drained most of the

inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting

the feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable population of Marsh

Arabs, who inhabited these areas for thousands of years, has been

displaced; furthermore, the destruction of the natural habitat poses

serious threats to the area's wildlife populations; inadequate

supplies of potable water; development of the Tigris and Euphrates

rivers system contingent upon agreements with upstream riparian

Turkey; air and water pollution; soil degradation (salination) and

erosion; desertification

Ireland

water pollution, especially of lakes, from agricultural

runoff

Israel

limited arable land and natural fresh water resources pose

serious constraints; desertification; air pollution from industrial

and vehicle emissions; groundwater pollution from industrial and

domestic waste, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides

Italy

air pollution from industrial emissions such as sulfur

dioxide; coastal and inland rivers polluted from industrial and

agricultural effluents; acid rain damaging lakes; inadequate

industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities

Jamaica

heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by

industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air

pollution in Kingston results from vehicle emissions

Jan Mayen

Japan

air pollution from power plant emissions results in acid rain;

acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water quality and

threatening aquatic life; Japan is one of the largest consumers of

fish and tropical timber, contributing to the depletion of these

resources in Asia and elsewhere

Jarvis Island

no natural fresh water resources

Jersey

Johnston Atoll

no natural fresh water resources

Jordan

limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation;

overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Juan de Nova Island

Kazakhstan

radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with

former defense industries and test ranges scattered throughout the

country pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial

pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers

which flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it

is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical

pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by

the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the

Caspian Sea; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals

and salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation

practices

Kenya

water pollution from urban and industrial wastes; degradation

of water quality from increased use of pesticides and fertilizers;

water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; deforestation; soil

erosion; desertification; poaching

Kingman Reef

none

Kiribati

heavy pollution in lagoon of south Tarawa atoll due to

heavy migration mixed with traditional practices such as lagoon

latrines and open-pit dumping; ground water at risk

Korea, North

water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water;

waterborne disease; deforestation; soil erosion and degradation

Korea, South

air pollution in large cities; acid rain; water

pollution from the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents;

drift net fishing

Kuwait

limited natural fresh water resources; some of world's

largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities provide much

of the water; air and water pollution; desertification

Kyrgyzstan

water pollution; many people get their water directly

from contaminated streams and wells; as a result, water-borne

diseases are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faulty

irrigation practices

Laos

unexploded ordnance; deforestation; soil erosion; most of the

population does not have access to potable water

Latvia

Latvia's environment has benefited from a shift to service

industries after the country regained independence; the main

environmental priorities are improvement of drinking water quality

and sewage system, household, and hazardous waste management, as

well as reduction of air pollution; in 2001, Latvia closed the EU

accession negotiation chapter on environment committing to full

enforcement of EU environmental directives by 2010

Lebanon

deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution

in Beirut from vehicular traffic and the burning of industrial

wastes; pollution of coastal waters from raw sewage and oil spills

Lesotho

population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas

results in overgrazing, severe soil erosion, and soil exhaustion;

desertification; Highlands Water Project controls, stores, and

redirects water to South Africa

Liberia

tropical rain forest deforestation; soil erosion; loss of

biodiversity; pollution of coastal waters from oil residue and raw

sewage

Libya

desertification; very limited natural fresh water resources;

the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development

scheme in the world, is being built to bring water from large

aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities

Liechtenstein

Lithuania

contamination of soil and groundwater with petroleum

products and chemicals at military bases

Luxembourg

air and water pollution in urban areas, soil pollution of

farmland

Macau

Macedonia

air pollution from metallurgical plants

Madagascar

soil erosion results from deforestation and overgrazing;

desertification; surface water contaminated with raw sewage and

other organic wastes; several species of flora and fauna unique to

the island are endangered

Malawi

deforestation; land degradation; water pollution from

agricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation of

spawning grounds endangers fish populations

Malaysia

air pollution from industrial and vehicular emissions;

water pollution from raw sewage; deforestation; smoke/haze from

Indonesian forest fires

Maldives

depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies;

global warming and sea level rise; coral reef bleaching

Mali

deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; inadequate

supplies of potable water; poaching

Malta

very limited natural fresh water resources; increasing

reliance on desalination

Man, Isle of

waste disposal (both household and industrial);

transboundary air pollution

Marshall Islands

inadequate supplies of potable water; pollution of

Majuro lagoon from household waste and discharges from fishing

vessels

Martinique

Mauritania

overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion aggravated

by drought are contributing to desertification; very limited natural

fresh water resources away from the Senegal, which is the only

perennial river; locust infestation

Mauritius

water pollution, degradation of coral reefs

Mayotte

Mexico

scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; rural to

urban migration; natural fresh water resources scarce and polluted

in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme

southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in

urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification;

deteriorating agricultural lands; serious air and water pollution in

the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border; land

subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion

note: the government considers the lack of clean water and

deforestation national security issues

Micronesia, Federated States of

overfishing, climate change,

pollution

Midway Islands

Moldova

heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned

pesticides such as DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater;

extensive soil erosion from poor farming methods

Monaco

Mongolia

limited natural fresh water resources in some areas; the

policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and

industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the

burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of

environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar;

deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to

agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain;

desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on

the environment

Montserrat

land erosion occurs on slopes that have been cleared for

cultivation

Morocco

land degradation/desertification (soil erosion resulting

from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of

vegetation); water supplies contaminated by raw sewage; siltation of

reservoirs; oil pollution of coastal waters

Mozambique

a long civil war and recurrent drought in the hinterlands

have resulted in increased migration of the population to urban and

coastal areas with adverse environmental consequences;

desertification; pollution of surface and coastal waters; elephant

poaching for ivory is a problem

Namibia

very limited natural fresh water resources; desertification;

wildlife poaching; land degradation has led to few conservation areas

Nauru

limited natural fresh water resources, roof storage tanks

collect rainwater, but mostly dependent on a single, aging

desalination plant; intensive phosphate mining during the past 90

years - mainly by a UK, Australia, and NZ consortium - has left the

central 90% of Nauru a wasteland and threatens limited remaining

land resources

Navassa Island

Nepal

deforestation (overuse of wood for fuel and lack of

alternatives); contaminated water (with human and animal wastes,

agricultural runoff, and industrial effluents); wildlife

conservation; vehicular emissions

Netherlands

water pollution in the form of heavy metals, organic

compounds, and nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates; air

pollution from vehicles and refining activities; acid rain

Netherlands Antilles

New Caledonia

erosion caused by mining exploitation and forest fires

New Zealand

deforestation; soil erosion; native flora and fauna

hard-hit by species introduced from outside

Nicaragua

deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution

Niger

overgrazing; soil erosion; deforestation; desertification;

wildlife populations (such as elephant, hippopotamus, giraffe, and

lion) threatened because of poaching and habitat destruction

Nigeria

soil degradation; rapid deforestation; urban air and water

pollution; desertification; oil pollution - water, air, and soil;

has suffered serious damage from oil spills; loss of arable land;

rapid urbanization

Niue

increasing attention to conservationist practices to counter

loss of soil fertility from traditional slash and burn agriculture

Norfolk Island

Northern Mariana Islands

contamination of groundwater on Saipan may

contribute to disease; clean-up of landfill; protection of

endangered species conflicts with development

Norway

water pollution; acid rain damaging forests and adversely

affecting lakes, threatening fish stocks; air pollution from vehicle

emissions

Oman

rising soil salinity; beach pollution from oil spills; very

limited natural fresh water resources

Pacific Ocean

endangered marine species include the dugong, sea

lion, sea otter, seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in

Philippine Sea and South China Sea

Pakistan

water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and

agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a

majority of the population does not have access to potable water;

deforestation; soil erosion; desertification

Palau

inadequate facilities for disposal of solid waste; threats to

the marine ecosystem from sand and coral dredging, illegal fishing

practices, and overfishing

Palmyra Atoll

Panama

water pollution from agricultural runoff threatens fishery

resources; deforestation of tropical rain forest; land degradation

and soil erosion threatens siltation of Panama Canal; air pollution

in urban areas; mining threatens natural resources

Papua New Guinea

rain forest subject to deforestation as a result of

growing commercial demand for tropical timber; pollution from mining

projects; severe drought

Paracel Islands

Paraguay

deforestation; water pollution; inadequate means for waste

disposal pose health risks for many urban residents; loss of wetlands

Peru

deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing

of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion;

desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and

coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

Philippines

uncontrolled deforestation especially in watershed

areas; soil erosion; air and water pollution in major urban centers;

coral reef degradation; increasing pollution of coastal mangrove

swamps that are important fish breeding grounds

Pitcairn Islands

deforestation (only a small portion of the original

forest remains because of burning and clearing for settlement)

Poland

situation has improved since 1989 due to decline in heavy

industry and increased environmental concern by post-Communist

governments; air pollution nonetheless remains serious because of

sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants, and the

resulting acid rain has caused forest damage; water pollution from

industrial and municipal sources is also a problem, as is disposal

of hazardous wastes; pollution levels should continue to decrease as

industrial establishments bring their facilities up to European

Union code, but at substantial cost to business and the government

Portugal

soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and

vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in coastal areas

Puerto Rico

erosion; occasional drought causing water shortages

Qatar

limited natural fresh water resources are increasing

dependence on large-scale desalination facilities

Reunion

Romania

soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution

in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta

wetlands

Russia

air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired

electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial,

municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and

seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from

improper application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of

sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater

contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management;

abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides

Rwanda

deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for

fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching

Saint Helena

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

deforestation; soil erosion, particularly in the

northern region

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

recent test drilling for oil in waters

around Saint Pierre and Miquelon may bring future development that

would impact the environment

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

pollution of coastal waters and

shorelines from discharges by pleasure yachts and other effluents;

in some areas, pollution is severe enough to make swimming

prohibitive

Samoa

soil erosion, deforestation, invasive species, overfishing

San Marino

Sao Tome and Principe

deforestation; soil erosion and exhaustion

Saudi Arabia

desertification; depletion of underground water

resources; the lack of perennial rivers or permanent water bodies

has prompted the development of extensive seawater desalination

facilities; coastal pollution from oil spills

Senegal

wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation;

overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; overfishing

Serbia and Montenegro

pollution of coastal waters from sewage

outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air

pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water

pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows

into the Danube

Seychelles

water supply depends on catchments to collect rainwater

Sierra Leone

rapid population growth pressuring the environment;

overharvesting of timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and

slash-and-burn agriculture have resulted in deforestation and soil

exhaustion; civil war depleting natural resources; overfishing

Singapore

industrial pollution; limited natural fresh water

resources; limited land availability presents waste disposal

problems; seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in

Indonesia

Slovakia

air pollution from metallurgical plants presents human

health risks; acid rain damaging forests

Slovenia

Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste;

pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals;

forest damage near Koper from air pollution (originating at

metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting acid rain

Solomon Islands

deforestation; soil erosion; many of the surrounding

coral reefs are dead or dying

Somalia

famine; use of contaminated water contributes to human

health problems; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;

desertification

South Africa

lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires

extensive water conservation and control measures; growth in water

usage outpacing supply; pollution of rivers from agricultural runoff

and urban discharge; air pollution resulting in acid rain; soil

erosion; desertification

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Southern Ocean

increased solar ultraviolet radiation resulting from

the Antarctic ozone hole in recent years, reducing marine primary

productivity (phytoplankton) by as much as 15% and damaging the DNA

of some fish; illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing in recent

years, especially the landing of an estimated five to six times more

Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery, which is likely to

affect the sustainability of the stock; large amount of incidental

mortality of seabirds resulting from long-line fishing for toothfish

note: the now-protected fur seal population is making a strong

comeback after severe overexploitation in the 18th and 19th centuries

Spain

pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and

effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; water quality

and quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation;

desertification

Spratly Islands

Sri Lanka

deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations

threatened by poaching and urbanization; coastal degradation from

mining activities and increased pollution; freshwater resources

being polluted by industrial wastes and sewage runoff; waste

disposal; air pollution in Colombo

Sudan

inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife populations

threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification;

periodic drought

Suriname

deforestation as timber is cut for export; pollution of

inland waterways by small-scale mining activities

Svalbard

Swaziland

limited supplies of potable water; wildlife populations

being depleted because of excessive hunting; overgrazing; soil

degradation; soil erosion

Sweden

acid rain damage to soils and lakes; pollution of the North

Sea and the Baltic Sea

Switzerland

air pollution from vehicle emissions and open-air

burning; acid rain; water pollution from increased use of

agricultural fertilizers; loss of biodiversity

Syria

deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification;

water pollution from raw sewage and petroleum refining wastes;

inadequate potable water

Taiwan

air pollution; water pollution from industrial emissions, raw

sewage; contamination of drinking water supplies; trade in

endangered species; low-level radioactive waste disposal

Tajikistan

inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of

soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides

Tanzania

soil degradation; deforestation; desertification;

destruction of coral reefs threatens marine habitats; recent

droughts affected marginal agriculture; wildlife threatened by

illegal hunting and trade, especially for ivory

Thailand

air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from

organic and factory wastes; deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife

populations threatened by illegal hunting

Togo

deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and

the use of wood for fuel; water pollution presents health hazards

and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban

areas

Tokelau

very limited natural resources and overcrowding are

contributing to emigration to New Zealand

Tonga

deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared

for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from

starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting

threatens native sea turtle populations

Trinidad and Tobago

water pollution from agricultural chemicals,

industrial wastes, and raw sewage; oil pollution of beaches;

deforestation; soil erosion

Tromelin Island

Tunisia

toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and poses

health risks; water pollution from raw sewage; limited natural fresh

water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;

desertification

Turkey

water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air

pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern for

oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic

Turkmenistan

contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural

chemicals, pesticides; salination, water-logging of soil due to poor

irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large

share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to

that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification

Turks and Caicos Islands

limited natural fresh water resources,

private cisterns collect rainwater

Tuvalu

since there are no streams or rivers and groundwater is not

potable, most water needs must be met by catchment systems with

storage facilities (the Japanese Government has built one

desalination plant and plans to build one other); beachhead erosion

because of the use of sand for building materials; excessive

clearance of forest undergrowth for use as fuel; damage to coral

reefs from the spread of the Crown of Thorns starfish; Tuvalu is

very concerned about global increases in greenhouse gas emissions

and their effect on rising sea levels, which threaten the country's

underground water table; in 2000, the government appealed to

Australia and New Zealand to take in Tuvaluans if rising sea levels

should make evacuation necessary

Uganda

draining of wetlands for agricultural use; deforestation;

overgrazing; soil erosion; water hyacinth infestation in Lake

Victoria; poaching is widespread

Ukraine

inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water

pollution; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast

from 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant

United Arab Emirates

lack of natural freshwater resources

compensated by desalination plants; desertification; beach pollution

from oil spills

United Kingdom

continues to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (has met

Kyoto Protocol target of a 12.5% reduction from 1990 levels and

intends to meet the legally binding target and move towards a

domestic goal of a 20% cut in emissions by 2010); by 2005 the

government aims to reduce the amount of industrial and commercial

waste disposed of in landfill sites to 85% of 1998 levels and to

recycle or compost at least 25% of household waste, increasing to

33% by 2015; between 1998-99 and 1999-2000, household recycling

increased from 8.8% to 10.3%

United States

air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US

and Canada; the US is the largest single emitter of carbon dioxide

from the burning of fossil fuels; water pollution from runoff of

pesticides and fertilizers; limited natural fresh water resources in

much of the western part of the country require careful management;

desertification

Uruguay

water pollution from meat packing/tannery industry;

inadequate solid/hazardous waste disposal

Uzbekistan

shrinkage of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing

concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these

substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and

contribute to desertification; water pollution from industrial

wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause

of many human health disorders; increasing soil salination; soil

contamination from buried nuclear processing and agricultural

chemicals, including DDT

Vanuatu

a majority of the population does not have access to a

reliable supply of potable water; deforestation

Venezuela

sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban

pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation;

urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean

coast; threat to the rainforest ecosystem from irresponsible mining

operations

Vietnam

logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices contribute

to deforestation and soil degradation; water pollution and

overfishing threaten marine life populations; groundwater

contamination limits potable water supply; growing urban

industrialization and population migration are rapidly degrading

environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City

Virgin Islands

lack of natural freshwater resources

Wake Island

Wallis and Futuna

deforestation (only small portions of the original

forests remain) largely as a result of the continued use of wood as

the main fuel source; as a consequence of cutting down the forests,

the mountainous terrain of Futuna is particularly prone to erosion;

there are no permanent settlements on Alofi because of the lack of

natural fresh water resources

West Bank

adequacy of fresh water supply; sewage treatment

Western Sahara

sparse water and lack of arable land

World

large areas subject to overpopulation, industrial disasters,

pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), loss of

vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of

wildlife, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion

Yemen

very limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate

supplies of potable water; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Zambia

air pollution and resulting acid rain in the mineral

extraction and refining region; chemical runoff into watersheds;

poaching seriously threatens rhinoceros, elephant, antelope, and

large cat populations; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification;

lack of adequate water treatment presents human health risks

Zimbabwe

deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and

water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd - once the largest

concentration of the species in the world - has been significantly

reduced by poaching; poor mining practices have led to toxic waste

and heavy metal pollution

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2033 Environment - international agreements

Afghanistan

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping

signed, but not ratified: Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Life Conservation

Albania

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Algeria

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Andorra

party to: Hazardous Wastes

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Angola

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law

of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Antigua and Barbuda

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Argentina

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic

Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Armenia

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Australia

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic

Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered

Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Austria

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,

Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Azerbaijan

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bahamas, The

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bahrain

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bangladesh

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone

Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Barbados

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Belarus

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Sulfur 85, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Belgium

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile

Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic

Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life

Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical

Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Belize

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law

of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Benin

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bhutan

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Bolivia

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law

of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Life

Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection

Bosnia and Herzegovina

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life

Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Botswana

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Brazil

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine

Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Brunei

party to: Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bulgaria

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,

Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental

Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty,

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Burkina Faso

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Burma

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone

Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical

Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Burundi

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,

Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Cambodia

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,

Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Cameroon

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical

Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Canada

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,

Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic

Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Marine Life Conservation

Cape Verde

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Central African Republic

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection,

Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Chad

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

Chile

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine

Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

China

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty,

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Colombia

party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,

Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Comoros

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Congo, Democratic Republic of the

party to: Biodiversity, Climate

Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law

of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber

83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Congo, Republic of the

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection,

Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Cook Islands

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Costa Rica

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Cote d'Ivoire

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Croatia

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94,

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Cuba

party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Cyprus

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Czech Republic

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen

Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air

Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile

Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone

Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Denmark

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,

Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,

Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Djibouti

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Dominica

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone

Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Dominican Republic

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone

Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

East Timor

Ecuador

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic

Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Egypt

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical

Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

El Salvador

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Equatorial Guinea

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Eritrea

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Estonia

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ship Pollution,

Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Ethiopia

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea

European Union

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen

Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air

Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,

Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Tropical Timber 82, Tropical Timber 94

signed but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds

Fiji

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea,

Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber

83, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Finland

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,

Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,

Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,

Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

France

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,

Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,

Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life

Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical

Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Gabon

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Gambia, The

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Georgia

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Germany

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,

Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,

Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,

Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Ghana

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Greece

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds

Grenada

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone

Layer Protection, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guatemala

party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guinea

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law

of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guinea-Bissau

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guyana

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law

of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber

83, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Haiti

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law

of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer

Protection

signed, but not ratified: Hazardous Wastes

Holy See (Vatican City)

party to: none of the selected agreements

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution, Environmental Modification

Honduras

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Hong Kong

party to: Marine Dumping (associate member)

Hungary

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,

Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Iceland

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,

Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Transboundary Air Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Life

Conservation

India

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine

Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone

Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical

Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Indonesia

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Iran

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the

Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Iraq

party to: Law of the Sea

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Ireland

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,

Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Marine Life Conservation

Israel

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Italy

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile

Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic

Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Jamaica

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law

of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Japan

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine

Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

Jordan

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law

of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Kazakhstan

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Kenya

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law

of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Kiribati

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Korea, North

party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate

Change, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Korea, South

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Kuwait

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping

Kyrgyzstan

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes,

Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Laos

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Latvia

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Lebanon

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Life

Conservation

Lesotho

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,

Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Liberia

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the

Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Libya

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

Protection

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Liechtenstein

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen

Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air

Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile

Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Lithuania

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Luxembourg

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,

Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur

85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic

Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law

of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Macedonia

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Madagascar

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone

Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Malawi

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone

Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Malaysia

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone

Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical

Timber 94, Wetlands

Maldives

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mali

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law

of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Malta

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Marshall Islands

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mauritania

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mauritius

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mexico

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law

of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Micronesia, Federated States of

party to: Biodiversity, Climate

Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous

Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Moldova

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,

Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Monaco

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic

Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered

Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone

Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Mongolia

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone

Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Morocco

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,

Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands,

Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea

Mozambique

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Namibia

party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Nauru

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Nepal

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Netherlands

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,

Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur

85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic

Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living

Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of

the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands, Whaling

New Zealand

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic Seals, Marine Life Conservation

Nicaragua

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Niger

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Nigeria

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law

of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer

Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Niue

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Norway

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,

Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,

Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,

Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Oman

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Pakistan

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Palau

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Panama

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law

of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Papua New Guinea

party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate

Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered

Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Paraguay

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Peru

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine

Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Philippines

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Poland

party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic

Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,

Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Portugal

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life

Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical

Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Environmental

Modification

Qatar

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law

of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Romania

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone

Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Russia

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic

Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Rwanda

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,

Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Saint Kitts and Nevis

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Saint Lucia

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

party to: Biodiversity, Climate

Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered

Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Samoa

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone

Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

San Marino

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution

Sao Tome and Principe

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law

of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Saudi Arabia

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Senegal

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law

of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

Serbia and Montenegro

party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate

Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Seychelles

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Sierra Leone

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life

Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Singapore

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Slovakia

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,

Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Slovenia

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94,

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Solomon Islands

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification,

Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone

Layer Protection, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Somalia

party to: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection

South Africa

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic

Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Southern Ocean

the Southern Ocean is subject to all international

agreements regarding the world's oceans; in addition, it is subject

to these agreements specific to the Antarctic region: International

Whaling Commission (prohibits commercial whaling south of 40 degrees

south [south of 60 degrees south between 50 degrees and 130 degrees

west]); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (limits

sealing); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living

Resources (regulates fishing)

note: many nations (including the US) prohibit mineral resource

exploration and exploitation south of the fluctuating Polar Front

(Antarctic Convergence) which is in the middle of the Antarctic

Circumpolar Current and serves as the dividing line between the very

cold polar surface waters to the south and the warmer waters to the

north

Spain

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,

Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,

Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,

Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Sri Lanka

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone

Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Sudan

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone

Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Suriname

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Swaziland

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Sweden

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,

Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,

Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical

Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Switzerland

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,

Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur

85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic

Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine

Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical

Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Syria

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship

Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Taiwan

party to: none of the selected agreements because of Taiwan's

international status

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements because of

Taiwan's international status

Tajikistan

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tanzania

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Thailand

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,

Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Togo

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone

Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical

Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tonga

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law

of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Trinidad and Tobago

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone

Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical

Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tunisia

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,

Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Turkey

party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous

Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Turkmenistan

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone

Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tuvalu

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection,

Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Uganda

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law

of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,

Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Ukraine

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine

Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic

Compounds

United Arab Emirates

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

United Kingdom

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen

Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic

Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living

Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate

Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered

Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the

Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,

Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

United States

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen

Oxides, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living

Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change,

Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,

Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,

Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands,

Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic

Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes

Uruguay

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine

Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone

Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation

Uzbekistan

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate

Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer

Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Vanuatu

party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Venezuela

party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,

Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,

Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed but not ratified:: none of the selected agreements

Vietnam

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Western Sahara

party to: none of the selected agreements

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Yemen

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental

Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Zambia

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Zimbabwe

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2034 Military expenditures - percent of GDP (%)

Afghanistan

2.6% (2004)

Albania

1.49% (FY02)

Algeria

3.2% (2004)

Angola

10.6% (2004)

Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina

1.3% (FY00)

Armenia

6.5% (FY01)

Australia

2.7% (2004)

Austria

0.9% (2004)

Azerbaijan

2.6% (FY99)

Bahamas, The

Bahrain

6.3% (2004)

Bangladesh

1.8% (2004)

Barbados

Belarus

1.4% (FY02)

Belgium

1.3% (2003)

Belize

2% (2003)

Benin

2.4% (2004)

Bermuda

0.11% (FY00/01)

Bhutan

1.8% (2004)

Bolivia

1.6% (2004)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

4.5% (FY02)

Botswana

3.9% (2004)

Brazil

1.8% (2004)

Brunei

5.1% (2004)

Bulgaria

2.6% (2003)

Burkina Faso

1.3% (2004)

Burma

2.1% (FY97)

Burundi

6% (2004)

Cambodia

3% (FY01 est.)

Cameroon

1.6% (2004)

Canada

1.1% (2003)

Cape Verde

1.5% (2004)

Central African Republic

1% (2004)

Chad

2.1% (2004)

Chile

3.8% (2004)

China

4.3% (2004)

Colombia

3.4% (FY01)

Comoros

3% (2004)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the

1.5% (2004)

Congo, Republic of the

2.8% (2004)

Costa Rica

0.4% (2003)

Cote d'Ivoire

1.2% (2004)

Croatia

2.39% (2002 est.)

Cuba

1.8% (2003)

Cyprus

3.8% (FY02)

Czech Republic

2.02% (2004)

Denmark

1.5% (2004)

Djibouti

4.4% (2004)

Dominica

Dominican Republic

1.1% (1998)

East Timor

Ecuador

2.2% (2004)

Egypt

3.4% (2004)

El Salvador

1.1% (2003)

Equatorial Guinea

2.5% (2004)

Eritrea

13.4% (2004)

Estonia

2% (2002 est.)

Ethiopia

4.6% (2004)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Faroe Islands

Fiji

2.2% (FY02)

Finland

2% (FY98/99)

France

2.6% (2003)

French Guiana

Gabon

2% (2004)

Gambia, The

0.3% (2004)

Gaza Strip

Georgia

0.59% (FY00)

Germany

1.5% (2003)

Ghana

0.6% (2004)

Greece

4.3% (2003)

Grenada

Guatemala

0.8% (2003)

Guinea

1.7% (2004)

Guinea-Bissau

3.1% (2004)

Guyana

0.9% (2004)

Haiti

0.9% (2003)

Honduras

1.4% (2004)

Hong Kong

Hungary

1.75% (2002 est.)

India

2.93% (2005/06)

Indonesia

3% (2004)

Iran

3.3% (2003 est.)

Iraq

Ireland

0.9% (FY00/01)

Israel

8.7% (FY02)

Italy

1.8% (2004)

Jamaica

0.4% (2003)

Japan

1% (2004)

Jordan

14.6% (2004)

Kazakhstan

0.9% (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)

Kenya

1.3% (2004)

Kiribati

Korea, North

Korea, South

2.8% (2004)

Kuwait

5.3% (2004)

Kyrgyzstan

1.4% (FY01)

Laos

0.5% (2004)

Latvia

1.2% (FY01)

Lebanon

3.1% (FY99) (2004)

Lesotho

2.3% (2004)

Liberia

0.2% (2004)

Libya

3.9% (FY99)

Lithuania

1.9% (FY01)

Luxembourg

0.9% (2003)

Macedonia

6% (FY01/02 est.)

Madagascar

1.2% (2004)

Malawi

0.7% (2004)

Malaysia

2.03% (FY00)

Maldives

5.5% (2004)

Mali

0.4% (2004)

Malta

0.7% (2004)

Marshall Islands

Mauritania

1.7% (2004)

Mauritius

0.2% (2004)

Mexico

0.9% (2004)

Moldova

0.4% (FY02)

Mongolia

2.2% (FY02)

Morocco

5% (2004)

Mozambique

2.2% (2004)

Namibia

3.1% (2004)

Nauru

Nepal

1.5% (2004)

Netherlands

1.6% (2004)

New Caledonia

New Zealand

1% (FY02)

Nicaragua

0.7% (2004)

Niger

1.1% (2004)

Nigeria

0.8% (2004)

Norway

1.9% (2003)

Oman

11.4% (2003)

Pakistan

4.9% (2004)

Palau

Panama

1.1% (2004)

Papua New Guinea

1.4% (FY02)

Paraguay

0.9% (2003)

Peru

1.4% (2004)

Philippines

1% (2004)

Poland

1.71% (2002)

Portugal

2.3% (2003)

Qatar

10% (FY00)

Romania

2.47% (2002)

Russia

Rwanda

3.2% (2004)

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Samoa

San Marino

Sao Tome and Principe

0.8% (2004)

Saudi Arabia

10% (2002)

Senegal

1.5% (2004)

Serbia and Montenegro

Seychelles

1.8% (2004)

Sierra Leone

1.7% (2004)

Singapore

4.9% (FY01)

Slovakia

1.89% (2002)

Slovenia

1.7% (FY00)

Solomon Islands

Somalia

0.9% (2003)

South Africa

1.5% (2004)

Spain

1.2% (2003)

Sri Lanka

2.6% (2004)

Sudan

3% (1999) (2004)

Suriname

0.7% (2003)

Swaziland

1.4% (2004)

Sweden

1.7% (2004)

Switzerland

1% (FY01)

Syria

5.9% (FY00)

Taiwan

2.6% (2004)

Tajikistan

3.9% (FY01)

Tanzania

0.2% (2004)

Thailand

1.8% (2003)

Togo

1.9% (2004)

Tonga

Trinidad and Tobago

0.6% (2003)

Tunisia

1.5% (FY99)

Turkey

5.3% (2003)

Turkmenistan

3.4% (FY99)

Tuvalu

Uganda

2.2% (2004)

Ukraine

1.4% (FY02)

United Arab Emirates

3.1% (FY00)

United Kingdom

2.4% (2003)

United States

3.3% (FY03 est.) (February 2004)

Uruguay

2% (2004)

Uzbekistan

2% (FY97)

Vanuatu

Venezuela

1.5% (2004)

Vietnam

2.5% (FY98)

West Bank

World

roughly 2% of gross world product (1999 est.)

Yemen

7.8% (2003)

Zambia

1.8% (2004)

Zimbabwe

4.3% (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2038 Electricity - production (kWh)

Afghanistan

540 million kWh (2002)

Albania

5.68 billion kWh (2004)

Algeria

25.76 billion kWh (2002)

American Samoa

130 million kWh (2002)

Andorra

NA kWh

Angola

1.707 billion kWh (2002)

Anguilla

Antigua and Barbuda

110.8 million kWh (2002)

Argentina

81.39 billion kWh (2002)

Armenia

6.492 billion kWh (2002)

Aruba

807.7 million kWh (2002)

Australia

210.3 billion kWh (2002)

Austria

58.49 billion kWh (2002)

Azerbaijan

17.55 billion kWh (2002)

Bahamas, The

1.716 billion kWh (2002)

Bahrain

6.86 billion kWh (2002)

Bangladesh

16.45 billion kWh (2002)

Barbados

800 million kWh (2002)

Belarus

30 billion kWh (2004)

Belgium

76.58 billion kWh (2002)

Belize

117 million kWh (2002)

Benin

285.2 million kWh (2002)

Bermuda

643 million kWh (2002)

Bhutan

2.001 billion kWh (2002)

Bolivia

4.132 billion kWh (2002)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

10.04 billion kWh (2002)

Botswana

930 million kWh (2002)

Brazil

339 billion kWh (2002)

British Indian Ocean Territory

NA kWh; note - electricity supplied

by the US military

British Virgin Islands

36.28 million kWh (2002)

Brunei

2.458 billion kWh (2002)

Bulgaria

43.07 billion kWh (2002)

Burkina Faso

361 million kWh (2002)

Burma

5.068 billion kWh (2003)

Burundi

132 million kWh (2002)

Cambodia

122 million kWh (2003)

Cameroon

3.571 billion kWh (2002)

Canada

548.9 billion kWh (2002)

Cape Verde

43.08 million kWh (2002)

Cayman Islands

410.8 million kWh (2002)

Central African Republic

106 million kWh (2002)

Chad

96.13 million kWh (2002)

Chile

48.6 billion kWh (2004)

China

1.91 trillion kWh (2003)

Colombia

44.87 billion kWh (2002)

Comoros

23.84 million kWh (2002)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the

6.086 billion kWh (2002)

Congo, Republic of the

348 million kWh (2002)

Cook Islands

27 million kWh (2002)

Costa Rica

6.614 billion kWh (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire

4.759 billion kWh (2002)

Croatia

12.51 billion kWh (2002)

Cuba

14.41 billion kWh (2002)

Cyprus

4 billion kWh; north Cyprus: NA kWh (2003)

Czech Republic

71.75 billion kWh (2002)

Denmark

36.38 billion kWh (2002)

Djibouti

180 million kWh (2002)

Dominica

68.41 million kWh (2002)

Dominican Republic

9.583 billion kWh (2002)

East Timor

NA kWh (2002)

Ecuador

11.54 billion kWh (2002)

Egypt

81.27 billion kWh (2002)

El Salvador

4.158 billion kWh (2004)

Equatorial Guinea

26.69 million kWh (2002)

Eritrea

246.6 million kWh (2002)

Estonia

8.301 billion kWh (2002)

Ethiopia

2.149 billion kWh (2002)

European Union

2.888 trillion kWh (2002 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

19.06 million kWh (2002)

Faroe Islands

220 million kWh (2002)

Fiji

750 million kWh (2002)

Finland

71.59 billion kWh (2002)

France

528.6 billion kWh (2002)

French Guiana

460.1 million kWh (2002)

French Polynesia

380 million kWh (2002)

Gabon

1.161 billion kWh (2002)

Gambia, The

90.31 million kWh (2002)

Gaza Strip

NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Israel

Georgia

6.732 billion kWh (2002)

Germany

560 billion kWh (2003)

Ghana

6.922 billion kWh (2002)

Gibraltar

104 million kWh (2002)

Greece

47.22 billion kWh (2002)

Greenland

245 million kWh (2002)

Grenada

149 million kWh (2002)

Guadeloupe

1.16 billion kWh (2002)

Guam

835 million kWh (2002)

Guatemala

6.608 billion kWh (2002)

Guernsey

NA kWh

Guinea

855 million kWh (2002)

Guinea-Bissau

55 million kWh (2002)

Guyana

808 million kWh (2002)

Haiti

618 million kWh (2002)

Holy See (Vatican City)

NA kWh

Honduras

3.626 billion kWh (2002)

Hong Kong

35.51 billion kWh (2003)

Hungary

34.07 billion kWh (2002)

Iceland

8.271 billion kWh (2002)

India

547.2 billion kWh (2002)

Indonesia

110.2 billion kWh (2003)

Iran

129 billion kWh (2002)

Iraq

32.6 billion kWh (2004)

Ireland

22.88 billion kWh (2002)

Israel

42.67 billion kWh (2002)

Italy

261.6 billion kWh (2002)

Jamaica

6.289 billion kWh (2002)

Japan

1.044 trillion kWh (2002)

Jordan

7.307 billion kWh (2002)

Kazakhstan

66.82 billion kWh (2003)

Kenya

4.475 billion kWh (2002)

Kiribati

7 million kWh (2002)

Korea, North

33.62 billion kWh (2002)

Korea, South

322.5 billion kWh (2003)

Kuwait

32.43 billion kWh (2002)

Kyrgyzstan

11.72 billion kWh (2002)

Laos

3.56 billion kWh (2002)

Latvia

4.547 billion kWh (2002)

Lebanon

8.066 billion kWh (2002)

Lesotho

314 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa

(2002)

Liberia

488.8 million kWh (2002)

Libya

20.89 billion kWh (2002)

Lithuania

17.93 billion kWh (2002)

Luxembourg

2.511 billion kWh (2002)

Macau

1.719 billion kWh (2003)

Macedonia

6.273 billion kWh (2003)

Madagascar

840.2 million kWh (2002)

Malawi

1.088 billion kWh (2002)

Malaysia

75.33 billion kWh (2002)

Maldives

124.4 million kWh (2002)

Mali

700 million kWh (2002)

Malta

2.15 billion kWh (2002)

Martinique

1.178 billion kWh (2002)

Mauritania

190.2 million kWh (2002)

Mauritius

1.836 billion kWh (2002)

Mayotte

NA kWh

Mexico

203.6 billion kWh (2002)

Micronesia, Federated States of

192 million kWh (2002)

Moldova

3.876 billion kWh (2002)

Mongolia

2.692 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Montserrat

1.8 million kWh (2002)

Morocco

13.91 billion kWh (2002)

Mozambique

8.859 billion kWh (2002)

Namibia

1.167 billion kWh (2002)

Nauru

30 million kWh (2002)

Nepal

2.054 billion kWh (2002)

Netherlands

90.61 billion kWh (2002)

Netherlands Antilles

1.005 billion kWh (2002)

New Caledonia

1.581 billion kWh (2002)

New Zealand

38.39 billion kWh (2002)

Nicaragua

2.553 billion kWh (2002)

Niger

266.2 million kWh (2002)

Nigeria

19.85 billion kWh (2002)

Niue

3 million kWh (2002)

Norfolk Island

NA kWh

Northern Mariana Islands

NA kWh

Norway

125.9 billion kWh (2002)

Oman

9.896 billion kWh (2003)

Pakistan

75.27 billion kWh (2003)

Panama

4.873 billion kWh (2002)

Papua New Guinea

1.679 billion kWh (2002)

Paraguay

48.36 billion kWh (2002)

Peru

22.88 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Philippines

52.86 billion kWh (2003)

Pitcairn Islands

NA kWh; note - electric power is provided by a

small diesel-powered generator

Poland

133.8 billion kWh (2002)

Portugal

43.28 billion kWh (2002)

Puerto Rico

22.09 billion kWh (2002)

Qatar

9.727 billion kWh (2002)

Reunion

1.166 billion kWh (2002)

Romania

56.53 billion kWh (2003)

Russia

915 billion kWh (2003)

Rwanda

166.7 million kWh (2002)

Saint Helena

5 million kWh (2002)

Saint Kitts and Nevis

105.8 million kWh (2002)

Saint Lucia

270.3 million kWh (2002)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

43.08 million kWh (2002)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

91.2 million kWh (2002)

Samoa

122 million kWh (2002)

Sao Tome and Principe

17 million kWh (2002)

Saudi Arabia

138.2 billion kWh (2002)

Senegal

1.737 billion kWh (2002)

Serbia and Montenegro

31.64 billion kWh (2002)

Seychelles

218 million kWh (2002)

Sierra Leone

255.3 million kWh (2002)

Singapore

35.33 billion kWh (2003)

Slovakia

31.15 billion kWh (2003)

Slovenia

12.49 billion kWh (2003)

Solomon Islands

32 million kWh (2002)

Somalia

240.3 million kWh (2002)

South Africa

202.6 billion kWh (2002)

Spain

229 billion kWh (2002)

Sri Lanka

6.697 billion kWh (2002)

Sudan

2.581 billion kWh (2002)

Suriname

1.984 billion kWh (2002)

Swaziland

402 million kWh (2002)

Sweden

142.8 billion kWh (2002)

Switzerland

63.47 billion kWh (2002)

Syria

26.15 billion kWh (2002)

Taiwan

158.5 billion kWh (2002)

Tajikistan

15.08 billion kWh (2002)

Tanzania

2.727 billion kWh (2002)

Thailand

118.9 billion kWh (2003)

Togo

108.8 million kWh (2002)

Tokelau

NA kWh

Tonga

24.79 million kWh (2002)

Trinidad and Tobago

5.743 billion kWh (2002)

Tunisia

10.72 billion kWh (2002)

Turkey

139.7 billion kWh (2003)

Turkmenistan

11.41 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands

5 million kWh (2002)

Uganda

1.775 billion kWh (2002)

Ukraine

180 billion kWh (2003)

United Arab Emirates

45.12 billion kWh (2004)

United Kingdom

395.9 billion kWh (2003)

United States

3.839 trillion kWh (2002)

Uruguay

8.536 billion kWh (2003)

Uzbekistan

47.7 billion kWh (2002)

Vanuatu

48.42 million kWh (2002)

Venezuela

89.7 billion kWh (2003)

Vietnam

34.48 billion kWh (2002)

Virgin Islands

1.035 billion kWh (2002)

Wake Island

Wallis and Futuna

NA kWh

West Bank

NA kWh; note - most electricity imported from Israel; East

Jerusalem Electric Company buys and distributes electricity to

Palestinians in East Jerusalem and its concession in the West Bank;

the Israel Electric Company directly supplies electricity to most

Jewish residents and military facilities; some Palestinian

municipalities, such as Nablus and Janin, generate their own

electricity from small power plants

Western Sahara

90 million kWh (2002)

World

15.29 trillion kWh (2002 est.)

Yemen

3.04 billion kWh (2002 est.)

Zambia

8.167 billion kWh (2002)

Zimbabwe

8.839 billion kWh (2002)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2042 Electricity - consumption (kWh)

Afghanistan

652.2 million kWh (2002)

Albania

6.76 billion kWh (2004)

Algeria

23.61 billion kWh (2002)

American Samoa

120.9 million kWh (2002)

Andorra

NA kWh

Angola

1.587 billion kWh (2002)

Anguilla

42.6 million kWh

Antigua and Barbuda

103 million kWh (2002)

Argentina

81.65 billion kWh (2002)

Armenia

5.797 billion kWh (2002)

Aruba

751.2 million kWh (2002)

Australia

195.6 billion kWh (2002)

Austria

55.09 billion kWh (2002)

Azerbaijan

17.37 billion kWh (2002)

Bahamas, The

1.596 billion kWh (2002)

Bahrain

6.379 billion kWh (2002)

Bangladesh

15.3 billion kWh (2002)

Barbados

744 million kWh (2002)

Belarus

34.3 billion kWh (2004)

Belgium

78.82 billion kWh (2002)

Belize

108.8 million kWh (2002)

Benin

565.2 million kWh (2002)

Bermuda

598 million kWh (2002)

Bhutan

312.9 million kWh (2002)

Bolivia

3.848 billion kWh (2002)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

8.318 billion kWh (2002)

Botswana

1.89 billion kWh (2002)

Brazil

351.9 billion kWh (2002)

British Indian Ocean Territory

NA kWh

British Virgin Islands

33.74 million kWh (2002)

Brunei

2.286 billion kWh (2002)

Bulgaria

32.71 billion kWh (2002)

Burkina Faso

335.7 million kWh (2002)

Burma

3.484 billion kWh (2003)

Burundi

137.8 million kWh (2002)

Cambodia

100.6 million kWh (2002)

Cameroon

3.321 billion kWh (2002)

Canada

487.3 billion kWh (2002)

Cape Verde

40.06 million kWh (2002)

Cayman Islands

382.1 million kWh (2002)

Central African Republic

98.58 million kWh (2002)

Chad

89.4 million kWh (2002)

Chile

41.8 billion kWh (2002)

China

1.63 trillion kWh (2003)

Colombia

41.14 billion kWh (2002)

Comoros

22.17 million kWh (2002)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the

4.168 billion kWh (2002)

Congo, Republic of the

573.6 million kWh (2002)

Cook Islands

25.11 million kWh (2002)

Costa Rica

5.733 billion kWh (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire

2.976 billion kWh (2002)

Croatia

15.2 billion kWh (2002)

Cuba

13.4 billion kWh (2002)

Cyprus

Republic of Cyprus: 3.663 billion kWh (2003); north Cyprus:

602 million kWh (2003)

Czech Republic

55.33 billion kWh (2002)

Denmark

31.63 billion kWh (2002)

Djibouti

167.4 million kWh (2002)

Dominica

63.62 million kWh (2002)

Dominican Republic

8.912 billion kWh (2002)

East Timor

NA kWh (2002)

Ecuador

10.79 billion kWh (2002)

Egypt

75.58 billion kWh (2002)

El Salvador

4.45 billion kWh (2004)

Equatorial Guinea

24.82 million kWh (2002)

Eritrea

229.4 million kWh (2002)

Estonia

6.358 billion kWh (2002)

Ethiopia

1.998 billion kWh (2002)

European Union

2.661 trillion kWh (2002 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

17.72 million kWh (2002)

Faroe Islands

204.6 million kWh (2002)

Fiji

697.5 million kWh (2002)

Finland

78.58 billion kWh (2002)

France

414.7 billion kWh (2002)

French Guiana

427.9 million kWh (2002)

French Polynesia

353.4 million kWh (2002)

Gabon

1.08 billion kWh (2002)

Gambia, The

83.99 million kWh (2002)

Gaza Strip

NA kWh

Georgia

6.811 billion kWh (2002)

Germany

519.5 billion kWh (2003)

Ghana

6.137 billion kWh (2002)

Gibraltar

96.76 million kWh (2002)

Greece

47.42 billion kWh (2002)

Greenland

227.9 million kWh (2002)

Grenada

138.6 million kWh (2002)

Guadeloupe

1.079 billion kWh (2002)

Guam

776.6 million kWh (2002)

Guatemala

5.76 billion kWh (2002)

Guernsey

NA kWh

Guinea

795.2 million kWh (2002)

Guinea-Bissau

51.15 million kWh (2002)

Guyana

751.4 million kWh (2002)

Haiti

574.7 million kWh (2002)

Holy See (Vatican City)

NA kWh

Honduras

3.771 billion kWh (2002)

Hong Kong

38.45 billion kWh (2003)

Hungary

35.99 billion kWh (2002)

Iceland

7.692 billion kWh (2002)

India

510.1 billion kWh (2002)

Indonesia

92.35 billion kWh (2003)

Iran

119.9 billion kWh (2002)

Iraq

33.7 billion kWh (2004)

Ireland

21.78 billion kWh (2002)

Israel

38.3 billion kWh (2002)

Italy

293.9 billion kWh (2002)

Jamaica

5.849 billion kWh (2002)

Japan

971 billion kWh (2002)

Jersey

630.1 million kWh (2004 est.)

Jordan

7.094 billion kWh (2002)

Kazakhstan

62.21 billion kWh (203)

Kenya

4.337 billion kWh (2002)

Kiribati

6.51 million kWh (2002)

Korea, North

31.26 billion kWh (2002)

Korea, South

293.6 billion kWh (2003)

Kuwait

30.16 billion kWh (2002)

Kyrgyzstan

10.21 billion kWh (2002)

Laos

3.036 billion kWh (2002)

Latvia

5.829 billion kWh (2002)

Lebanon

8.591 billion kWh (2002)

Lesotho

308 million kWh (2002)

Liberia

454.6 million kWh (2002)

Libya

19.43 billion kWh (2002)

Lithuania

10.17 billion kWh (2002)

Luxembourg

5.735 billion kWh (2002)

Macau

1.772 billion kWh (2003)

Macedonia

7.216 billion kWh (2003)

Madagascar

781.4 million kWh (2002)

Malawi

1.012 billion kWh (2002)

Malaysia

68.4 billion kWh (2002)

Maldives

115.7 million kWh (2002)

Mali

651 million kWh (2002)

Malta

2 billion kWh (2002)

Martinique

1.095 billion kWh (2002)

Mauritania

176.9 million kWh (2002)

Mauritius

1.707 billion kWh (2002)

Mayotte

NA kWh

Mexico

189.7 billion kWh (2002)

Micronesia, Federated States of

178.6 million kWh (2002)

Moldova

4.605 billion kWh (2002)

Monaco

NA kWh

Mongolia

2.209 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Montserrat

1.674 million kWh (2002)

Morocco

14.24 billion kWh (2002)

Mozambique

5.046 billion kWh (2002)

Namibia

1.92 billion kWh (2002)

Nauru

27.9 million kWh (2002)

Nepal

2.005 billion kWh (2002)

Netherlands

100.7 billion kWh (2002)

Netherlands Antilles

934.3 million kWh (2002)

New Caledonia

1.471 billion kWh (2002)

New Zealand

35.71 billion kWh (2002)

Nicaragua

2.318 billion kWh (2002)

Niger

327.6 million kWh (2002)

Nigeria

18.43 billion kWh (2002)

Niue

2.79 million kWh (2002)

Norfolk Island

NA kWh

Northern Mariana Islands

NA kWh

Norway

107.4 billion kWh (2002)

Oman

9.792 billion kWh (2003)

Pakistan

52.66 billion kWh (2003)

Panama

4.473 billion kWh (2002)

Papua New Guinea

1.561 billion kWh (2002)

Paraguay

2.469 billion kWh (2002)

Peru

20.22 billion kWh (2002)

Philippines

46.05 billion kWh (2003)

Pitcairn Islands

NA kWh

Poland

117.4 billion kWh (2002)

Portugal

42.15 billion kWh (2002)

Puerto Rico

20.54 billion kWh (2002)

Qatar

9.046 billion kWh (2002)