Produced by David Widger
INDEX OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG
WORKS OF
WASHINGTON IRVING
Compiled by David Widger
CONTENTS
THE LEGEND OF SLEEPY HOLLOW
LITTLE BRITAIN
## ASTORIA
## THE ADVENTURES OF CAPTAIN BONNEVILLE
## OLD CHRISTMAS
## THE SKETCH BOOK OF GEOFFREY CRAYON, GENT.
## THE CRAYON PAPERS
## THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA
## THE STUDENT'S LIFE OF WASHINGTON; CONDENSED
THE LIFE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON, VOL I (of V)
## ABBOTSFORD AND NEWSTEAD ABBEY
## OLIVER GOLDSMITH
LIFE AND VOYAGES OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS (VOL. II)
## WOLFERT'S ROOST AND MISCELLANIES
## KNICKERBOCKER'S HISTORY OF NEW YORK
## TALES OF A TRAVELLER
## BRACEBRIDGE HALL, OR THE HUMORISTS
## THE ALHAMBRA
## SPANISH PAPERS
TABLES OF CONTENTS OF VOLUMES
ASTORIA; OR, ANECDOTES OF AN ENTERPRISE BEYOND THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS By
Washington Irving
CONTENTS
AUTHOR�S INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I. -- Objects of American Enterprise.-Gold Hunting and Fur
Trading.-Their Effect on Colonization.-Early French Canadian Settlers.-
Ottawa and Huron Hunters.-An Indian Trading Camp. Coureurs Des Bois, or
Rangers of the Woods.-Their Roaming Life.-Their Revels and Excesses.-
Licensed Traders. Missionaries.-Trading Posts.-Primitive French Canadian
Merchant.-His Establishment and Dependents.-British Canadian Fur
Merchant.-Origin of the Northwest Company.-Its Constitution.-Its
Internal Trade.-A Candidate for the Company.-Privations in the
Wilderness.-Northwest Clerks. Northwest Partners.-Northwest Nabobs.-
Feudal Notions in the Forests.-The Lords of the Lakes.-Fort William.-Its
Parliamentary Hall and Banqueting Room.-Wassailing in the Wilderness.
CHAPTER II. -- Rise of the Mackinaw Company.-Attempt of the American
Government to Counteract Foreign Influence Over the Indian Tribes.-John
Jacob Astor.-His Birth-Place.-His Arrival in the United States.-What
First Turned His Attention to the Fur Trade.-His Character, Enterprises,
and Success.-His Communications With the American Government.-Origin of
the American Fur Company
CHAPTER III. -- Fur Trade in the Pacific-American Coasting Voyages-
Russian Enterprises.-Discovery of the Columbia River.-Carver's Project
to Found a Settlement There.-Mackenzie's Expedition.-Lewis and Clarke's
Journey Across the Rocky Mountains-Mr. Astor's Grand Commercial Scheme.-
His Correspondence on the Subject With Mr. Jefferson.-His Negotiations
With the Northwest Company.-His Steps to Carry His Scheme Into Effect.
CHAPTER IV. -- Two Expeditions Set on Foot.-The Tonquin and Her Crew.-
Captain Thorn, His Character.-The Partners and Clerks- Canadian
Voyageurs, Their Habits, Employments, Dress, Character, Songs-Expedition
of a Canadian Boat and Its Crew by Land and Water.-Arrival at New York.-
Preparations for a Sea Voyage.-Northwest Braggarts.-Underhand
Precautions- Letter of Instructions.
CHAPTER V. -- Sailing of the Tonquin.-A Rigid Commander and a Reckless
Crew.-Landsmen on Shipboard.-Fresh-Water Sailors at Sea.- Lubber Nests.-
Ship Fare.-A Labrador Veteran-Literary Clerks.-Curious Travellers.-
Robinson Crusoe's Island.- Quarter-Deck Quarrels.-Falkland Islands.-A
Wild-Goose Chase.-Port Egmont.-Epitaph Hunting.-Old Mortality- Penguin
Shooting.-Sportsmen Left in the Lurch.-A Hard Pull.-Further
Altercations.-Arrival at Owyhee.
CHAPTER VI. -- Owyhee.-Sandwich Islanders-Their Nautical Talents.-
Tamaahmaah.-His Navy.-His Negotiations.-Views of Mr. Astor With Respect
to the Sandwich Islands-Karakakooa.- Royal Monopoly of Pork.-Description
of the Islanders- Gayeties on Shore.-Chronicler of the Island.-Place
Where Captain Cook was Killed.-John Young, a Nautical Governor.-His
Story.-Waititi-A Royal Residence.-A Royal Visit-Grand Ceremonials.-Close
Dealing-A Royal Pork Merchant-Grievances of a Matter-of-Fact Man.
CHAPTER VII. -- Departure From the Sandwich Islands.-Misunderstandings-
Miseries of a Suspicious Man.-Arrival at the Columbia- Dangerous
Service.-Gloomy Apprehensions-Bars and Breakers.-Perils of the Ship.
Disasters of a Boat's Crew.- Burial of a Sandwich Islander.
CHAPTER VIII. -- Mouth of the Columbia.-The Native Tribes.-Their
Fishing.- Their Canoes.-Bold Navigators-Equestrian Indians and Piscatory
Indians, Difference in Their Physical Organization.-Search for a Trading
Site.-Expedition of M'Dougal and David Stuart-Comcomly, the One-Eyed
Chieftain.- Influence of Wealth in Savage Life.-Slavery Among the
Natives.-An Aristocracy of Flatheads.-Hospitality Among the Chinooks-
Comcomly's Daughter.-Her Conquest.
CHAPTER IX. -- Point George-Founding of Astoria-Indian Visitors.-Their
Reception.-The Captain Taboos the Ship.-Departure of the Tonquin.-
Comments on the Conduct of Captain Thorn.
CHAPTER X. -- Disquieting Rumors From the Interior.-Reconnoitring Party-
Preparations for a Trading Post.-An Unexpected Arrival-A Spy in the
Camp.-Expedition Into the Interior-Shores of the Columbia-Mount Coffin.-
Indian Sepulchre.-The Land of Spirits-Columbian Valley-Vancouver's
Point.-Falls and Rapids.-A Great Fishing Mart.-The Village of Wishram.-
Difference Between Fishing Indians and Hunting Indians- Effects of
Habits of Trade on the Indian Character.-Post Established at the
Oakinagan.
CHAPTER XI. -- Alarm at Astoria.-Rumor of Indian Hostilities.-
Preparations for Defense.-Tragic Fate of the Tonquin.
CHAPTER XII. -- Gloom at Astoria-An Ingenious Stratagem.-The Small-Pox
Chief.-Launching of the Dolly.-An Arrival.-A Canadian Trapper.-A Freeman
of the Forest-An Iroquois Hunter.- Winter on the Columbia.-Festivities
of New Year.
CHAPTER XIII. -- Expedition by Land.-Wilson P. Hunt.-His Character.-
Donald M'Kenzie.-Recruiting Service Among the Voyageurs.-A Bark Canoe.-
Chapel of St. Anne.-Votive Offerings.-Pious Carousals,-A Ragged
Regiment.-Mackinaw.-Picture of a Trading Post.-Frolicking Voyageurs.-
Swells and Swaggerers.- Indian Coxcombs.-A Man of the North.-Jockeyship
of Voyageurs-Inefficacy of Gold.-Weight of a Feather-Mr. Ramsay Crooks-
His Character.-His Risks Among the Indians.- His Warning Concerning
Sioux and Blackfeet.-Embarkation of Recruits.-Parting Scenes Between
Brothers, Cousins, Wives, Sweethearts, and Pot Companions.
CHAPTER XIV. -- St. Louis.-Its Situation.-Motley Population.-French
Creole Traders and Their Dependants.-Missouri Fur Company- Mr. Manuel
Lisa.-Mississippi Boatmen.-Vagrant Indians. -Kentucky Hunters-Old French
Mansion-Fiddling-Billiards -Mr. Joseph Miller-His Character-Recruits-
Voyage Up the Missouri.-Difficulties of the River.-Merits of Canadian
Voyageurs.-Arrival at the Nodowa.-Mr. Robert M'Lellan joins the Party-
John Day, a Virginia Hunter. Description of Him. -Mr. Hunt Returns to
St. Louis.
CHAPTER XV. -- Opposition of the Missouri Fur Company.-Blackfeet
Indians.- Pierre Dorion, a Half-Breed Interpreter.-Old Dorion and His
Hybrid Progeny-Family Quarrels.-Cross Purposes Between Dorion and Lisa.-
Renegadoes From Nodowa.-Perplexities of a Commander.-Messrs. Bradbury
and Nuttall Join the Expedition.-Legal Embarrassments of Pierre Dorion.-
Departure From St. Louis.-Conjugal Discipline of a Half- Breed.-Annual
Swelling of the Rivers.-Daniel Boone, the Patriarch of Kentucky.-John
Colter.-His Adventures Among the Indians.-Rumors of Danger Ahead.-Fort
Osage.-An Indian War- Feast.-Troubles in the Dorion Family.-Buffaloes
and Turkey- Buzzards.
CHAPTER XVI. -- Return of Spring.-Appearance of Snakes.-Great Flights of
Wild Pigeons.-Renewal of the Voyage.-Night Encampments.- Platte River.-
Ceremonials on Passing It.-Signs of Indian War Parties.-Magnificent
Prospect at Papillion Creek.- Desertion of Two Hunters.-An Irruption
Into the Camp of Indian Desperadoes.-Village of the Omahas.-Anecdotes of
the Tribe.-Feudal Wars of the Indians.-Story of Blackbird, the Famous
Omaha Chief.
CHAPTER XVII. -- Rumors of Danger From the Sioux Tetons.-Ruthless
Character of Those Savages.-Pirates of the Missouri.-Their Affair with
Crooks and M'Lellan.-A Trading Expedition Broken Up.- M'Lellan's Vow of
Vengeance.-Uneasiness in the Camp.- Desertions.-Departure From the Omaha
Village.-Meeting With Jones and Carson, two Adventurous Trappers.-
Scientific Pursuits of Messrs. Bradbury and Nuttall.-Zeal of a
Botanist.-Adventure of Mr. Bradbury with a Ponca Indian.- Expedient of
the Pocket Compass and Microscope.-A Messenger From Lisa.-Motives for
Pressing Forward.
CHAPTER XVIII. -- Camp Gossip.-Deserters.-Recruits.-Kentucky Hunters.-A
Veteran Woodman.-Tidings of Mr. Henry.-Danger From the Blackfeet.-
Alteration of Plans.-Scenery of the River.- Buffalo Roads.-Iron Ore.-
Country of the Sioux.-A Land of Danger.-apprehensions of the Voyageurs.-
Indian Scouts.- Threatened Hostilities.-A Council of War.-An Array of
Battle.-A Parley.-The Pipe of Peace.-Speech-Making.
CHAPTER XIX. -- The Great Bend of the Missouri-Crooks and M'Lellan Meet
With Two of Their Indian Opponents-Wanton Outrage of a White Man the
Cause of Indian Hostility-Dangers and Precautions.-An Indian War Party.-
Dangerous Situation of Mr. Hunt.-A Friendly Encampment.-Feasting and
Dancing.- Approach of Manuel Lisa and His Party-.A Grim Meeting Between
Old Rivals.-Pierre Dorion in a Fury.-A Burst of chivalry.
CHAPTER XX. -- Features of the Wilderness-Herds of Buffalo.-Antelopes-
Their Varieties and Habits.-John Day.-His Hunting Strategy-Interview
with Three Arickaras-Negotiations Between the Rival Parties-The Left-
Handed and the Big Man, two Arickara Chiefs.-Arickara Village-Its
Inhabitants- Ceremonials on Landing-A Council Lodge.-Grand Conference-
Speech of Lisa.-Negotiation for Horses.-Shrewd Suggestion of Gray Eyes,
an Arickara Chief-Encampment of the Trading Parties.
CHAPTER XXI. -- An Indian Horse Fair.-Love of the Indians for Horses-
Scenes in the Arickara Village.-Indian Hospitality.-Duties of Indian
Women. Game Habits of the Men.-Their Indolence. -Love of Gossiping.-
Rumors of Lurking Enemies.-Scouts.- An Alarm.-A Sallying Forth.-Indian
Dogs.-Return of a Horse -Stealing Party.-An Indian Deputation.-Fresh
Alarms.-Return of a Successful War Party.-Dress of the Arickaras.-Indian
Toilet.-Triumphal Entry of the War Party.-Meetings of Relations and
Friends.-Indian Sensibility.-Meeting of a Wounded Warrior and His
Mother.-Festivities and Lamentations.
CHAPTER XXII. -- Wilderness of the Far West.-Great American Desert-
Parched Seasons.-Black Hills.-Rocky Mountains.-Wandering and Predatory
Hordes.-Speculations on What May Be the Future Population.-Apprehended
Dangers.-A Plot to Desert.-Rose the Interpreter.-His Sinister Character-
Departure From the Arickara Village.
CHAPTER XXIII. -- Summer Weather of the Prairies.-Purity of the
Atmosphere- Canadians on the March.-Sickness in the Camp.-Big River.-
Vulgar Nomenclature.-Suggestions About the Original Indian Names.-Camp
of Cheyennes.-Trade for Horses.-Character of the Cheyennes.-Their
Horsemanship.-Historical Anecdotes of the Tribe.
CHAPTER XXIV. -- New Distribution of Horses-Secret Information of
Treason in the Camp.-Rose the Interpreter-His Perfidious Character- His
Plots.-Anecdotes of the Crow Indians.-Notorious Horse Stealers.-Some
Account of Rose.-A Desperado of the Frontier.
CHAPTER XXV. -- Substitute for Fuel on the Prairies.-Fossil Trees.-
Fierceness of the Buffaloes When in Heat.-Three Hunters Missing.-Signal
Fires and Smokes.-Uneasiness Concerning the Lost Men.-A Plan to
Forestall a Rogue.-New Arrangement With Rose.-Return of the Wanderers.
CHAPTER XXVI. -- The Black Mountains.-Haunts of Predatory Indians.-Their
Wild and Broken Appearance.-Superstitions Concerning Them- Thunder
Spirits.-Singular Noises in the Mountains-Secret Mines.-Hidden
Treasures.-Mountains in Labor.-Scientific Explanation.-Impassable
Defiles.-Black-Tailed Deer.-The Bighorn or Ahsahta.-Prospect From a
Lofty Height.-Plain With Herds of Buffalo.-Distant Peaks of the Rocky
Mountains.-Alarms in the Camp.-Tracks of Grizzly Bears.- Dangerous
Nature of This Animal.-Adventures of William Cannon and John Day With
Grizzly Bears.
CHAPTER XXVII. -- Indian Trail.-Rough Mountain Travelling.-Sufferings
From Hunger and Thirst-Powder River.-Game in Abundance.-A Hunter's
Paradise.-Mountain Peak Seen at a Great Distance.- One of the Bighorn
Chain.-Rocky Mountains.-Extent.- Appearance.-Height.-The Great American
Desert.-Various Characteristics of the Mountains.-Indian Superstitions
Concerning Them.-Land of Souls.-Towns of the Free and Generous Spirits-
Happy Hunting Grounds.
CHAPTER XXVIII. -- Region of the Crow Indians-Scouts on the Lookout-
Visit From a Crew of Hard Riders.-A Crow Camp.-Presents to the Crow
Chief.-Bargaining.-Crow Bullies.-Rose Among His Indian Friends.-Parting
With the Crows.-Perplexities Among the Mountains.-More of the Crows.-
Equestrian Children.-Search After Stragglers.
CHAPTER XXIX -- Mountain Glens.-Wandering Band of Savages-Anecdotes of
Shoshonies and Flatheads.-Root Diggers-Their Solitary Lurking Habits.-
Gnomes of the Mountains.-Wind River.- Scarcity of Food.-Alteration of
Route.-The Pilot Knobs or Tetons.-Branch of the Colorado.-Hunting Camp.
CHAPTER XXX. -- A Plentiful Hunting Camp.-Shoshonie Hunters-Hoback's
River -Mad River-Encampment Near the Pilot Knobs.-A Consultation.-
Preparations for a Perilous Voyage.
CHAPTER XXXI. -- A Consultation Whether to Proceed by Land or Water-
Preparations for Boat-Building.-An Exploring Party.-A Party of Trappers
Detached.-Two Snake Visitors.-Their Report Concerning the River.-
Confirmed by the Exploring Party.-Mad River Abandoned.-Arrival at
Henry's Fort.- Detachment of Robinson, Hoback, and Rezner to Trap.-Mr.
Miller Resolves to Accompany Them.-Their Departure.
CHAPTER XXXII. -- Scanty Fare.-A Mendicant Snake.-Embarkation on Henry
River-Joy of the Voyageurs.-Arrival at Snake River.-Rapids and
Breakers.-Beginning of Misfortunes.-Snake Encampments.-Parley With a
Savage.-A Second Disaster.- Loss of a Boatman.-The Caldron Linn.
CHAPTER XXXIII. -- Gloomy Council.-Exploring Parties-Discouraging
Reports- Disastrous Experiment.-Detachments in Quest of Succor.- Caches,
How Made.-Return of One of the Detachments- Unsuccessful.-Further
Disappointments-The Devil's Scuttle-Hole
CHAPTER XXXIV. -- Determination of the Party to Proceed on Foot.-Dreary
Deserts Between Snake River and the Columbia.-Distribution of Effects
Preparatory to a March-Division of the Party.- Rugged March Along the
River.-Wild and Broken Scenery.- Shoshonies.-Alarm of a Snake
Encampment-Intercourse with the Snakes.-Horse Dealing.-Value of a Tin
Kettle.- Sufferings From Thirst-A Horse Reclaimed.-Fortitude of an
Indian Woman.-Scarcity of Food.-Dog's Flesh a Dainty.-News of Mr. Crooks
and His Party.-Painful Travelling Among the Mountains.-Snow Storms.-A
Dreary Mountain Prospect.-A Bivouac During a Wintry Night.-Return to the
River Bank.
CHAPTER XXXV. -- An Unexpected Meeting.-Navigation in a Skin Canoe.-
Strange Fears of Suffering Men.-Hardships of Mr. Crooks and His
Comrades.-Tidings of M'Lellan.-A Retrograde March.-A Willow Raft.-
Extreme Suffering of Some of the Party-Illness of Mr. Crooks.-Impatience
of Some of the Men.-Necessity of Leaving the Laggards Behind.
CHAPTER XXXVI. -- Mr. Hunt Overtakes the Advance Party.-Pierre Dorion,
and His Skeleton Horse.-A Shoshonie Camp.-A Justifiable Outrage.-
Feasting on Horse Flesh.-Mr. Crooks Brought to the Camp.-Undertakes to
Relieve His Men.-The Skin Ferry- Boat.-Frenzy of Prevost.-His Melancholy
Fate.-Enfeebled State of John Day.-Mr. Crooks Again Left Behind.-The
Party Emerge From Among the Mountains.-Interview With Shoshonies.- A
Guide Procured to Conduct the Party Across a Mountain.- Ferriage Across
Snake River.-Reunion With Mr Crook's Men.- Final Departure From the
River.
CHAPTER XXXVII -- Departure From Snake River-Mountains to the North.-
Wayworn Travellers-An Increase of the Dorion Family.-A Camp of
Shoshonies.-A New-Year Festival Among the Snakes.-A Wintry March Through
the Mountains.-A Sunny Prospect, and Milder Climate.-Indian Horse-
Tracks.-Grassy Valleys.-A Camp of Sciatogas.-Joy of the Travellers.-
Dangers of Abundance.- Habits of the Sciatogas.-Fate of Carriere.-The
Umatilla.- Arrival at the Banks of the Columbia.-Tidings of the
Scattered Members of the Expedition.-Scenery on the Columbia.-Tidings of
Astoria-Arrival at the Falls.
CHAPTER XXXVIII. -- The Village of Wish-ram.-Roguery of the
Inhabitants.-Their Habitations.-Tidings of Astoria.-Of the Tonquin
Massacre. -Thieves About the Camp.-A Band of Braggarts-Embarkation.-
Arrival at Astoria.-A Joyful Reception.-Old Comrade.- Adventures of
Reed, M'Lellan, and M'Kenzie Among the Snake River Mountains.-Rejoicing
at Astoria.
CHAPTER XXXIX. -- Scanty Fare During the Winter.-A Poor Hunting Ground.-
The Return of the Fishing Season.-The Uthlecan or Smelt.-Its Qualities.-
Vast Shoals of it.-Sturgeon.-Indian Modes of Taking It.-The Salmon-
Different Species.-Nature of the Country About the Coast.-Forests and
Forest Trees.-A Remarkable Flowering Vine.-Animals.-Birds.-Reptiles-
Climate West of the Mountains-Mildness of the Temperature.-Soil of the
Coast and the Interior.
CHAPTER XL. -- Natives in the Neighborhood of Astoria-Their Persons and
Characteristics.-Causes of Deformity-Their Dress.- Their Contempt of
Beards-Ornaments-Armor and Weapons.-Mode of Flattening the Head.-Extent
of the Custom.-Religious Belief.-The Two Great Spirits of the Air and of
the Fire.- Priests or Medicine Men.-The Rival Idols.-Polygamy a Cause of
Greatness-Petty Warfare.-Music, Dancing, Gambling.- Thieving a Virtue.-
Keen Traders-Intrusive Habits- Abhorrence of Drunkenness-Anecdote of
Comcomly.
CHAPTER XLI. -- Spring Arrangements at Astoria.-Various Expeditions Set
Out.-The Long Narrows.-Pilfering Indians.-Thievish Tribe at Wish-ram.-
Portage at the Falls-Portage by Moonlight.- An Attack, a Route, and a
Robbery.-Indian Cure for Cowardice.-A Parley and Compromise.-The
Despatch Party Turn Back.-Meet Crooks and John Day.-Their Sufferings.-
Indian Perfidy.-Arrival at Astoria.
CHAPTER XLII -- Comprehensive Views.-To Supply the Russian Fur
Establishment.-An Agent Sent to Russia.-Project of an Annual Ship.-The
Beaver Fitted Out.-Her Equipment and Crew.-Instructions to the Captain.-
The Sandwich Islands.-Rumors of the Fate of the Tonquin.-Precautions on
Reaching the Mouth of the Columbia.
CHAPTER XLIII. -- Active Operations at Astoria-Various Expeditions
Fitted Out.-Robert Stuart and a Party Destined for New York- Singular
Conduct of John Day.-His Fate.-Piratical Pass and Hazardous Portage.-
Rattlesnakes.-Their Abhorrence of Tobacco.-Arrival Among the Wallah-
Wallahs.-Purchase of Horses-Departure of Stuart and His Band for the
Mountains.
CHAPTER XLIV. -- Route of Mr. Stuart-Dreary Wilds.-Thirsty Travelling.-A
Grove and Streamlet.-The Blue Mountains.-A Fertile Plain With Rivulets.-
Sulphur Spring-Route Along Snake River- Rumors of White Men.-The Snake
and His Horse.-A Snake Guide.-A Midnight Decampment.-Unexpected Meeting
With Old Comrades-Story of Trappers' Hardships-Salmon Falls-A Great
Fishery.-Mode of Spearing Salmon.-Arrival at the Caldron Linn.-State of
the Caches.-New Resolution of the Three Kentucky Trappers.
CHAPTER XLV. -- The Snake River Deserts.-Scanty Fare.-Bewildered
Travellers-Prowling Indians-A Giant Crow Chief.-A Bully Rebuked-Indian
Signals.-Smoke on the Mountains.-Mad River.-An Alarm.-An Indian Foray-A
Scamper.-A Rude Indian joke.-A Sharp-Shooter Balked of His Shot.
CHAPTER XLVI. -- Travellers Unhorsed-Pedestrian Preparations-Prying
Spies. -Bonfires of Baggage-A March on Foot.-Rafting a River-The Wounded
Elk.-Indian Trails.-Willful Conduct of Mr. M'Lellan.-Grand Prospect From
a Mountain.-Distant Craters of Volcanoes-Illness of Mr. Crooks.
CHAPTER XLVII. -- Ben Jones and a Grizzly Bear.-Rocky Heights-Mountain
Torrents.-Traces of M'Lellan.-Volcanic Remains-Mineral Earths.-Peculiar
Clay for Pottery.-Dismal Plight of M'Lellan.-Starvation.-Shocking
Proposition of a Desperate Man.-A Broken-Down Bull.-A Ravenous Meal.-
Indian Graves- Hospitable Snakes.-A Forlorn Alliance.
CHAPTER XLVIII. -- Spanish River Scenery.-Trail of Crow Indians.-A Snow-
Storm.-A Rousing Fire and a Buffalo Feast.-A Plain of Salt.-Climbing a
Mountain.-Volcanic Summit.-Extinguished Crater.-Marine Shells.-
Encampment on a Prairie.- Successful Hunting.-Good Cheer.-Romantic
Scenery-Rocky Defile.-Foaming Rapids.-The Fiery Narrows.
CHAPTER XLIX. -- Wintry Storms.-A Halt and Council.-Cantonment for the
Winter.-Fine Hunting Country.-Game of the Mountains and Plains.-
Successful Hunting-Mr. Crooks and a Grizzly Bear.- The Wigwam.-Bighorn
and Black-Tails.-Beef and Venison.- Good Quarters and Good Cheer.-An
Alarm.-An Intrusion.- Unwelcome Guests.-Desolation of the Larder.-
Gormandizing Exploits of Hungry Savages.-Good Quarters Abandoned.
CHAPTER L. -- Rough Wintry Travelling-Hills and Plains.-Snow and Ice.-
Disappearance of Game.-A Vast Dreary Plain.-A. Second Halt for the
Winter.-Another Wigwam.-New Year's Feast.-Buffalo Humps, Tongues, and
Marrow-Bones.-Return of Spring.-Launch of Canoes.-Bad Navigation.-
Pedestrian March.-Vast Prairies.-Deserted Camps.-Pawnee Squaws.-An Otto
Indian.-News of War.-Voyage Down the Platte and the Missouri.-Reception
at Fort Osage.-Arrival at St. Louis.
CHAPTER LI. -- Agreement Between Mr. Astor and the Russian Fur Company-
War Between the United States and Great Britain.-Instructions to Captain
Sowle of the Beaver-Fitting Out of the Lark.- News of the Arrival of Mr.
Stuart.
CHAPTER LII. -- Banks of the Wallah-Wallah.-Departure of David Stuart
for the Oakinagan.-Mr. Clarke's Route Up Lewis River.- Chipunnish, or
Pierced-Nose Indians-Their Character, Appearance, and Habits.-Thievish
Habits.-Laying Up of the Boats.-Post at Pointed Heart and Spokan
Rivers.-M'Kenzie, His Route Up the Camoenum.-Bands of Travelling
Indians.- Expedition of Reed to the Caches.-Adventures of Wandering
Voyageurs and Trappers.
CHAPTER LIII. -- Departure of Mr. Hunt in the Beaver-Precautions at the
Factory.-Detachment to the Wollamut.-Gloomy Apprehensions.- Arrival of
M'Kenzie.-Affairs at the Shahaptan.-News of War.-Dismay of M'Dougal.-
Determination to Abandon Astoria.- Departure of M'Kenzie for the
Interior.-Adventure at the Rapids.-Visit to the Ruffians of Wish-ram.-A
Perilous Situation.-Meeting With M'Tavish and His Party.-Arrival at the
Shahaptan.-Plundered Caches.-Determination of the Wintering Partners Not
to Leave the Country.-Arrival of Clarke Among the Nez Perces.-The Affair
of the Silver Goblet.-Hanging of An Indian.-Arrival of the Wintering
Partners at Astoria.
CHAPTER LIV. -- The Partners Displeased With M'Dougal.-Equivocal Conduct
of That Gentleman-Partners Agree to Abandon Astoria.-Sale of Goods to
M'Tavish.-Arrangements for the Year.-Manifesto Signed by the Partners-
Departure of M'Tavish for the Interior.
CHAPTER LV. -- Anxieties of Mr. Astor.-Memorial of the Northwest
Company- Tidings of a British Naval Expedition Against Astoria.-Mr.
Astor Applies to Government for Protection.-The Frigate Adams Ordered to
be Fitted Out.-Bright News From Astoria.- Sunshine Suddenly Overclouded.
CHAPTER LVI. -- Affairs of State at Astoria.-M'Dougal Proposes for the
Hand of An Indian Princess-Matrimonial Embassy to Comcomly.- Matrimonial
Notions Among the Chinooks.-Settlements and Pin-Money.-The Bringing Home
of the Bride.-A Managing Father-in-Law.-Arrival of Mr. Hunt at Astoria.
CHAPTER LVII. -- Voyage of the Beaver to New Archangel.-A Russian
Governor.- Roystering Rule.-The Tyranny of the Table-Hard Drinking
Bargainings.-Voyage to Kamtschatka.-Seal Catching Establishment at St.
Paul's.-Storms at Sea.-Mr. Hunt Left at the Sandwich Islands.-
Transactions of the Beaver at Canton.-Return of Mr. Hunt to Astoria.
CHAPTER LVIII. -- Arrangements Among the Partners-Mr. Hunt Sails in the
Albatross.-Arrives at the Marquesas-News of the Frigate Phoebe.-Mr. Hunt
Proceeds to the Sandwich Islands.-Voyage of the Lark.-Her Shipwreck.-
Transactions With the Natives of the Sandwich Islands-Conduct of
Tamaahmaah.
CHAPTER LIX. -- Arrival of M'Tavish at Astoria.-Conduct of His
Followers.- Negotiations of M'Dougal and M'Tavish.-Bargain for the
Transfer of Astoria-Doubts Entertained of the Loyalty of M'Dougal.
CHAPTER LX. -- Arrival of a Strange Sail.-Agitation at Astoria.-Warlike
Offer of Comcomly.-Astoria Taken Possession of by the British.-
Indignation of Comcomly at the Conduct of His Son- in-Law.
CHAPTER LXI. -- Arrival of the Brig Pedler at Astoria.-Breaking Up of
the Establishment.-Departure of Several of the Company.- Tragical Story
Told by the Squaw of Pierre Dorion.-Fate of Reed and His Companions.-
Attempts of Mr. Astor to Renew His Enterprise.-Disappointment.-
Concluding Observations and Reflection.
APPENDIX
Draught of a Petition to Congress, sent by Mr. Astor in 1812.
AN ACT to enable the American Fur Company,
Letter from Mr. Gallatin to Mr. Astor
Notices of the Present State of the Fur Trade,
Height of the Rocky Mountains.
THE ADVENTURES OF CAPTAIN BONNEVILLE Digested from his journal By
Washington Irving
Originally published in 1837
CONTENTS
Introductory Notice
1. -- State of the fur trade of the-Rocky Mountains-American
enterprises-General-Ashley and his associates-Sublette, a famous leader-
Yearly rendezvous among the mountains- Stratagems and dangers of the
trade-Bands of trappers- Indian banditti-Crows and Blackfeet
Mountaineers-Traders of the-Far West-Character and habits of the trapper
2. -- Departure from-Fort Osage-Modes of transportation-Pack- horses-
Wagons-Walker and Cerre; their characters-Buoyant feelings on launching
upon the prairies-Wild equipments of the trappers-Their gambols and
antics-Difference of character between the American and French trappers-
Agency of the Kansas-General-Clarke-White Plume, the Kansas chief-Night
scene in a trader's camp-Colloquy between- White Plume and the captain-
Bee-hunters-Their expeditions-Their feuds with the Indians-Bargaining
talent of White Plume
3. -- Wide prairies Vegetable productions Tabular hills-Slabs of
sandstone Nebraska or Platte River-Scanty fare-Buffalo skulls-Wagons
turned into boats-Herds of buffalo-Cliffs resembling castles-The
chimney-Scott's Bluffs Story connected with them-The bighorn or ahsahta-
Its nature and habits-Difference between that and the "woolly sheep," or
goat of the mountains
4. -- An alarm-Crow-Indians-Their appearance-Mode of approach -Their
vengeful errand-Their curiosity-Hostility between the Crows and
Blackfeet-Loving conduct of the Crows- Laramie's Fork-First navigation
of the-Nebraska-Great elevation of the country-Rarity of the atmosphere-
Its effect on the wood-work of wagons-Black Hills-Their wild and broken
scenery-Indian dogs-Crow trophies-Sterile and dreary country-Banks of
the Sweet Water-Buffalo hunting- Adventure of Tom Cain the Irish cook
5. -- Magnificent scenery-Wind River-Mountains-Treasury of waters-A
stray horse-An Indian trail-Trout streams-The Great Green River Valley-
An alarm-A band of trappers- Fontenelle, his information-Sufferings of
thirst- Encampment on the Seedskedee-Strategy of rival traders-
Fortification of the camp-The-Blackfeet-Banditti of the mountains-Their
character and habits
6. -- Sublette and his band-Robert-Campbell-Mr. Wyeth and a band of
"down-easters"-Yankee enterprise-Fitzpatrick-His adventure with the
Blackfeet-A rendezvous of mountaineers- The battle of-Pierre's Hole-An
Indian ambuscade- Sublette's return
7. -- Retreat of the Blackfeet-Fontenelle's camp in danger- Captain
Bonneville and the Blackfeet-Free trappers-Their character, habits,
dress, equipments, horses-Game fellows of the mountains-Their visit to
the camp-Good fellowship and good cheer-A carouse-A swagger, a brawl,
and a reconciliation
8. -- Plans for the winter-Salmon River-Abundance of salmon west of the
mountains-New arrangements-Caches-Cerre's detachment-Movements in-
Fontenelle's camp-Departure of the-Blackfeet-Their fortunes-Wind-
Mountain streams- Buckeye, the Delaware hunter, and the grizzly bear-
Bones of murdered travellers-Visit to Pierre's Hole-Traces of the
battle-Nez-Perce-Indians-Arrival at-Salmon River
9. -- Horses turned loose-Preparations for winter quarters- Hungry
times-Nez-Perces, their honesty, piety, pacific habits, religious
ceremonies-Captain Bonneville's conversations with them-Their love of
gambling
10.-- Black Feet in the Horse Prairie-Search after the hunters-
Difficulties and dangers-A card party in the wilderness- The card party
interrupted-"Old Sledge" a losing game- Visitors to the camp-Iroquois
hunters-Hanging-eared Indians
11. -- Rival trapping parties-Manoeuvring-A desperate game- Vanderburgh
and the Blackfeet-Deserted camp fire-A dark defile-An Indian ambush-A
fierce melee-Fatal consequences-Fitzpatrick and Bridger-Trappers
precautions -Meeting with the Blackfeet-More fighting-Anecdote of a
young-Mexican and an Indian girl.
12. -- A winter camp in the wilderness-Medley of trappers, hunters, and
Indians-Scarcity of game-New arrangements in the camp-Detachments sent
to a distance-Carelessness of the Indians when encamped-Sickness among
the Indians- Excellent character of the Nez-Perces-The Captain's effort
as a pacificator-A Nez-Perce's argument in favor of war- Robberies, by
the Black feet-Long suffering of the Nez- Perces-A hunter's Elysium
among the mountains-More robberies-The Captain preaches up a crusade-The
effect upon his hearers.
13. -- Story of Kosato, the Renegade Blackfoot.
14. -- The party enters the mountain gorge-A wild fastness among hills-
Mountain mutton-Peace and plenty-The amorous trapper-A piebald wedding-A
free trapper's wife-Her gala equipments-Christmas in the wilderness.
15. -- A hunt after hunters-Hungry times-A voracious repast- Wintry
weather-Godin's River-Splendid winter scene on the great-Lava Plain of
Snake River-Severe travelling and tramping in the snow-Manoeuvres of a
solitary Indian horseman-Encampment on Snake River-Banneck Indians-The
horse chief-His charmed life.
16. -- Misadventures of Matthieu and his party-Return to the caches at
Salmon River-Battle between Nez Perces and Black feet-Heroism of a Nez
Perce woman-Enrolled among the braves.
17. -- Opening of the caches-Detachments of Cerre and Hodgkiss Salmon
River Mountains-Superstition of an Indian trapper- Godin's River-
Preparations for trapping-An alarm-An interruption-A rival band-
Phenomena of Snake River Plain Vast clefts and chasms-Ingulfed streams-
Sublime scenery-A grand buffalo hunt.
18. -- Meeting with Hodgkiss-Misfortunes of the Nez Perces- Schemes of
Kosato, the renegado-His foray into the Horse Prairie-Invasion of Black
feet-Blue John and his forlorn hope-Their generous enterprise-Their
fate-Consternation and despair of the village-Solemn obsequies-Attempt
at Indian trade-Hudson's Bay Company's monopoly-Arrangements for autumn-
Breaking up of an encampment.
19. -- Precautions in dangerous defiles-Trappers' mode of defence on a
prairie-A mysterious visitor-Arrival in Green River Valley-Adventures of
the detachments-The forlorn partisan -His tale of disasters.
20. -- Gathering in Green River valley-Visitings and feastings of
leaders-Rough wassailing among the trappers-Wild blades of the
mountains-Indian belles-Potency of bright beads and red blankets-Arrival
of supplies-Revelry and extravagance -Mad wolves-The lost Indian
21. -- Schemes of Captain Bonneville-The Great Salt Lake Expedition to
explore it-Preparations for a journey to the Bighorn
22. -- The Crow country-A Crow paradise Habits of the Crows- Anecdotes
of Rose, the renegade white man-His fights with the Blackfeet-His
elevation-His death-Arapooish, the Crow chief-His eagle Adventure of
Robert Campbell-Honor among Crows
23. -- Departure from-Green River valley-Popo-Agie-Its course- The
rivers into which it runs-Scenery of the Bluffs the great Tar Spring-
Volcanic tracts in the Crow country- Burning Mountain of Powder River-
Sulphur springs-Hidden fires-Colter's Hell-Wind River-Campbell's party-
Fitzpatrick and his trappers-Captain Stewart, an amateur traveller-
Nathaniel Wyeth-Anecdotes of his expedition to the Far West-Disaster of
Campbell's party-A union of bands-The Bad Pass-The rapids-Departure of
Fitzpatrick- Embarkation of peltries-Wyeth and his bull boat-Adventures
of Captain-Bonneville in the Bighorn Mountains-Adventures in the plain-
Traces of Indians-Travelling precautions- Dangers of making a smoke-The
rendezvous
24. -- Adventures of the party of ten-The-Balaamite mule-A dead point-
The mysterious elks-A night attack-A retreat- Travelling under an alarm-
A joyful meeting-Adventures of the other party-A decoy elk-Retreat to an
island-A savage dance of triumph-Arrival at Wind River
25. -- Captain Bonneville sets out for Green River valley-Journey up the
Popo Agie-Buffaloes-The staring white bears-The smok-The warm springs-
Attempt to traverse the Wind River Mountains-The Great Slope Mountain
dells and chasms- Crystal lakes-Ascent of a snowy peak-Sublime prospect-
A panorama "Les dignes de pitie," or wild men of the mountains
26. -- A retrogade move Channel of a mountain torrent-Alpine scenery-
Cascades-Beaver valleys-Beavers at work-Their architecture-Their modes
of felling trees-Mode of trapping beaver-Contests of skill-A beaver "up
to trap"-Arrival at the Green River caches
27. -- Route toward-Wind River-Dangerous neighborhood-Alarms and
precautions-A sham encampment-Apparition of an Indian spy- Midnight
move-A mountain defile-The Wind River valley- Tracking a party-Deserted
camps-Symptoms of Crows-Meeting of comrades-A trapper entrapped-Crow
pleasantry-Crow spies-A decampment-Return to Green River valley-Meeting
with Fitzpatrick's party-Their adventures among the Crows- Orthodox
Crows
28. -- A region of natural curiosities-The plain of white clay- Hot
springs-The Beer Spring-Departure to seek the free trappers-Plain of
Portneuf-Lava-Chasms and gullies- Bannack Indians-Their hunt of the
buffalo-Hunter's feast- Trencher heroes-Bullying of an absent foe-The
damp comrade-The Indian spy-Meeting with Hodgkiss-His adventures-
Poordevil Indians-Triumph of the Bannacks- Blackfeet policy in war
29. -- Winter camp at the Portneuf-Fine springs-The Bannack Indians-
Their honesty-Captain-Bonneville prepares for an expedition-Christmas-
The American-Falls-Wild scenery- Fishing Falls-Snake Indians-Scenery on
the Bruneau-View of volcanic country from a mountain-Powder River-
Shoshokoes, or Root Diggers-Their character, habits, habitations, dogs-
Vanity at its last shift
30. -- Temperature of the climate-Root Diggers on horseback-An Indian
guide-Mountain prospects-The Grand Rond- Difficulties on Snake River-A
scramble over the Blue Mountains-Sufferings from hunger-Prospect of the
Immahah Valley-The exhausted traveller
31. -- Progress in the valley-An Indian cavalier-The captain falls into
a lethargy-A Nez-Perce patriarch-Hospitable treatment-The bald head-
Bargaining-Value of an old plaid cloak-The family horse-The cost of an
Indian present
32. -- Nez-Perce camp-A chief with a hard name-The Big Hearts of the
East-Hospitable treatment-The Indian guides- Mysterious councils-The
loquacious chief-Indian tomb- Grand Indian reception-An Indian feast-
Town-criers- Honesty of the Nez-Perces-The captain's attempt at healing.
33. -- Scenery of the Way-lee-way-A substitute for tobacco- Sublime
scenery of-Snake River-The garrulous old chief and his cousin-A Nez-
Perce meeting-A stolen skin-The scapegoat dog-Mysterious conferences-The
little chief-His hospitality-The captain's account of the United States-
His healing skill
34. -- Fort Wallah-Wallah-Its commander-Indians in its neighborhood-
Exertions of Mr. Pambrune for their improvement-Religion-Code of laws-
Range of the Lower Nez Perces-Camash, and other roots-Nez-Perce horses-
Preparations for departure-Refusal of supplies-Departure- A laggard and
glutton
35. -- The uninvited guest-Free and easy manners-Salutary jokes- A
prodigal son-Exit of the glutton-A sudden change in fortune-Danger of a
visit to poor relations-Plucking of a prosperous man-A vagabond toilet-A
substitute for the very fine horse-Hard travelling-The uninvited guest
and the patriarchal colt-A beggar on horseback-A catastrophe-Exit of the
merry vagabond
36. -- The difficult mountain-A smoke and consultation-The captain's
speech-An icy turnpike-Danger of a false step- Arrival on Snake River-
Return to-Portneuf-Meeting of comrades
37. -- Departure for the rendezvous-A war party of Blackfeet-A mock
bustle-Sham fires at night-Warlike precautions- Dangers of a night
attack-A panic among horses-Cautious march-The Beer Springs-A mock
carousel-Skirmishing with buffaloes-A buffalo bait-Arrival at the
rendezvous- Meeting of various bands
38. -- Plan of the Salt Lake expedition-Great sandy deserts- Sufferings
from thirst-Ogden's-River-Trails and smoke of lurking savages-Thefts at
night-A trapper's revenge- Alarms of a guilty conscience-A murderous
victory- Californian mountains-Plains along the-Pacific-Arrival at-
Monterey-Account of the place and neighborhood-Lower- California-Its
extent-The Peninsula-Soil-Climate- Production-Its settlements by the
Jesuits-Their sway over the Indians-Their expulsion-Ruins of a
missionary establishment-Sublime scenery-Upper California Missions-Their
power and policy-Resources of the country-Designs of foreign nations
39. -- Gay life at Monterey-Mexican horsemen-A bold dragoon-Use of the
lasso-Vaqueros-Noosing a bear-Fight between a bull and a bear-Departure
from Monterey-Indian horse stealers- Outrages committed by the
travellers-Indignation of Captain Bonneville
40. -- Traveller's tales-Indian lurkers-Prognostics of Buckeye Signs and
portents-The medicine wolf-An alarm-An ambush The captured provant-
Triumph of Buckeye-Arrival of supplies Grand carouse-Arrangements for
the year-Mr. Wyeth and his new-levied band.
41. -- A voyage in a bull boat.
42. -- Departure of Captain Bonneville for the Columbia-Advance of
Wyeth-Efforts to keep the lead-Hudson's Bay party-A junketing-A
delectable beverage-Honey and alcohol-High carousing-The Canadian "bon
vivant"-A cache-A rapid move Wyeth and his plans-His travelling
companions-Buffalo hunting More conviviality-An interruption.
43. -- A rapid march-A cloud of dust-Wild horsemen-"High Jinks"
Horseracing and rifle-shooting-The game of hand-The fishing season-Mode
of fishing-Table lands-Salmon fishers-The captain's visit to an Indian
lodge-The Indian girl-The pocket mirror-Supper-Troubles of an evil
conscience.
44. -- Outfit of a trapper-Risks to which he is subjected- Partnership
of trappers-Enmity of Indians-Distant smoke-A country on fire-Gun Greek-
Grand Rond-Fine pastures- Perplexities in a smoky country-Conflagration
of forests.
45. -- The Shynses-Their traffic-Hunting-Food-Horses-A horse- race-
Devotional feeling of the Skynses, Nez Perces and Flatheads-Prayers-
Exhortations-A preacher on horseback Effect of religion on the manners
of the tribes-A new light.
46. -- Scarcity in the camp-Refusal of supplies by the Hudson's Bay
Company-Conduct of the Indians-A hungry retreat-John Day's River-The
Blue Mountains-Salmon fishing on Snake River Messengers from the Crow
country-Bear River Valley- immense migration of buffalo-Danger of
buffalo hunting-A wounded Indian-Eutaw Indians-A "surround" of
antelopes.
47. -- A festive winter-Conversion of the Shoshonies-Visit of two free
trappers-Gayety in the camp-A touch of the tender passion-The reclaimed
squaw-An Indian fine lady-An elopement-A pursuit-Market value of a bad
wife.
48. -- Breaking up of winter quarters-Move to Green River-A trapper and
his rifle-An arrival in camp-A free trapper and his squaw in distress-
Story of a Blackfoot belle.
49. -- Rendezvous at Wind River-Campaign of Montero and his brigade in
the Crow country-Wars between the Crows and Blackfeet-Death-of
Arapooish-Blackfeet lurkers-Sagacity of the horse-Dependence of the
hunter on his horse-Return to the settlements.
Appendix
Wreck of a Japanese Junk on the Northwest Coast
Instructions to Captain Bonneville
OLD CHRISTMAS By Washington Irving
CONTENTS
Christmas
The Stage-coach
Christmas Eve
Christmas Day
The Christmas Dinner
Notes
THE SKETCH BOOK of GEOFFREY CRAYON, GENT. By Washington Irving
CONTENTS
THE SKETCH-BOOK OF GEOFFREY CRAYON, GENT.
PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION.
THE SKETCH BOOK.
THE AUTHOR�S ACCOUNT OF HIMSELF
THE VOYAGE.
ROSCOE.
THE WIFE.
RIP VAN WINKLE.
ENGLISH WRITERS ON AMERICA.
RURAL LIFE IN ENGLAND.
THE BROKEN HEART.
THE ART OF BOOK-MAKING.
A ROYAL POET.
THE COUNTRY CHURCH.
THE WIDOW AND HER SON.
A SUNDAY IN LONDON.*
THE BOAR�S HEAD TAVERN, EASTCHEAP.
THE MUTABILITY OF LITERATURE.
RURAL FUNERALS.
THE INN KITCHEN.
THE SPECTRE BRIDEGROOM.
WESTMINSTER ABBEY.
CHRISTMAS.
THE STAGE-COACH.
CHRISTMAS EVE.
CHRISTMAS DAY.
THE CHRISTMAS DINNER.
LONDON ANTIQUES.
LITTLE BRITAIN.
STRATFORD-ON-AVON.
TRAITS OF INDIAN CHARACTER.
PHILIP OF POKANOKET.
JOHN BULL.
THE PRIDE OF THE VILLAGE.
THE ANGLER.
THE LEGEND OF SLEEPY HOLLOW.
L�ENVOY.*
THE CRAYON PAPERS By Geoffrey Crayon
CONTENTS
MOUNTJOY, OR SOME PASSAGES OUT OF THE LIFE OF A CASTLE-BUILDER
THE GREAT MISSISSIPPI BUBBLE
DON JUAN
BROEK
SKETCHES IN PARIS IN 1825
ENGLISH AND FRENCH CHARACTER
THE TUILERIES AND WINDSOR CASTLE
THE FIELD OF WATERLOO
PARIS AT THE RESTORATION
AMERICAN RESEARCHES IN ITALY
THE TAKING OF THE VEIL
THE CHARMING LETORI�RES
THE EARLY EXPERIENCES OF RALPH RINGWOOD
THE SEMINOLES
ORIGIN OF THE WHITE, THE RED, AND THE BLACK MEN
THE CONSPIRACY OF NEAMATHLA
LETTER FROM GRANADA
ABDERAHMAN
THE WIDOW�S ORDEAL
THE CREOLE VILLAGE
A CONTENTED MAN
CHRONICLE OF THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA By Washington Irving
CONTENTS
EXPANDED CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
NOTE TO THE REVISED EDITION.
A CHRONICLE OF THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA.
CHAPTER I. -- Of the Kingdom of Granada, and the Tribute which it Paid
to the Castilian Crown.