its wrongs from the present ruling class or from the dominant
parties. So long as a small number of individuals are permitted to
control the sources of the nation's wealth for their private profit in
competition with each other and for the exploitation of their fellow
men, industrial depressions are bound to occur at certain intervals.
No currency reforms or other legislative measures proposed by
capitalist reformers can avail against these fatal results of utter
anarchy in production.
Individual competition leads inevitably to combinations and trusts. No
amount of government regulation, or of publicity, or of restrictive
legislation will arrest the natural course of modern industrial
development.
While our courts, legislatures and executive offices remain in the
hands of the ruling classes and their agents, the government will be
used in the interest of these classes as against the toilers.
OLD PARTIES REPRESENT CLASS RULE
Political parties are but the expression of economic class interests.
The Republican, the Democratic, and the so-called 'Independence'
parties and all parties other than the Socialist Party, are financed,
directed and controlled by the representatives of different groups of
the ruling class.
In the maintenance of class government both the Democratic and
Republican parties have been equally guilty. The Republican party has
had control of the national government and has been directly and
actively responsible for these wrongs. The Democratic party, while
saved from direct responsibility by its political impotence, has shown
itself equally subservient to the aims of the capitalist class
whenever and wherever it has been in power. The old chattel-slave-owning
aristocracy of the South, which was the backbone of the Democratic
party, has been supplanted by a child-slave plutocracy. In the great
cities of our country the Democratic party is allied with the criminal
element of the slums as the Republican party is allied with the
predatory criminals of the palace in maintaining the interests of the
possessing class.
TEMPORARY MEASURES DEMANDED
The various "reform" movements and parties which have sprung up within
recent years are but the clumsy expression of widespread popular
discontent. They are not based on an intelligent understanding of the
historical development of civilization and of the economic and
political needs of our time. They are bound to perish, as the numerous
middle-class reform movements of the past have perished.
As measures calculated to strengthen the working class in its fight
for the realization of this ultimate aim, and to increase its power of
resistance against capitalist oppression, we advocate and pledge
ourselves and our elected officers to the following program:
GENERAL DEMANDS
1. The immediate government relief for the unemployed workers, by
building schools, by reforesting of cut-over and waste lands, by
reclamation of arid tracts, and the building of canals, and by
extending all other useful public works. All persons employed on such
works shall be employed directly by the government under an eight-hour
workday and at the prevailing union wages. The government shall also
loan money to States and municipalities without interest for the
purpose of carrying on public works. It shall contribute to the funds
of labor organizations for the purpose of assisting their unemployed
members, and shall take such other measures within its power as will
lessen the widespread misery of the workers caused by the misrule of
the capitalist class.
2. The collective ownership of railroads, telegraphs, telephones,
steamship lines and all other means of social transportation and
communication and all land.[229]
3. The collective ownership of all industries which are organized on a
national scale and in which competition has virtually ceased to exist.
4. The extension of the public domain to include mines, quarries, oil
wells, forests and water power.
5. That occupancy and use of land be the sole title to possession. The
scientific reforestation of timber lands and the reclamation of swamp
lands. The land so reforested or reclaimed to be permanently retained
as a part of the public domain.
6. The absolute freedom of press, speech and assemblage.
INDUSTRIAL DEMANDS
7. The improvement of the industrial conditions of the workers:
(_a_) By shortening the workday in keeping with the increased
productiveness of machinery.
(_b_) By securing to every worker a rest period of not less than a day
and a half in each week.
(_c_) By securing a more effective inspection of workshops and
factories.
(_d_) By forbidding the employment of children under sixteen years of
age.
(_e_) By forbidding the interstate transportation of the products of
child labor, of convict labor and of all uninspected factories.
(_f_) By abolishing official charity and substituting in its place
compulsory insurance against unemployment, illness, accidents,
invalidism, old age, and death.
POLITICAL DEMANDS
8. The extension of inheritance taxes, graduated in proportion to the
amount of the bequests and to nearness of kin.
9. A graduated income tax.
10. Unrestricted and equal suffrage for men and women, and we pledge
ourselves to engage in an active campaign in that direction.
11. The initiative and referendum, proportional representation and the
right of recall.
12. The abolition of the Senate.
13. The abolition of the power usurped by the Supreme Court of the
United States to pass upon the constitutionality of legislation
enacted by Congress. National laws to be repealed or abrogated only by
act of Congress or by a referendum of the whole people.
14. That the constitution be made amendable by majority vote.
15. The enactment of further measures for general education and for
the conservation of health. The Bureau of Education to be made a
department. The creation of a Department of Public Health.
16. The separation of the present Bureau of Labor from the Department
of Commerce and Labor, and the establishment of a Department of Labor.
17. That all judges be elected by the people for short terms, and that
the power to issue injunctions shall be curbed by immediate
legislation.
18. The free administration of justice.
Such measures of relief as we may be able to force from capitalism are
but a preparation of the workers to seize the whole powers of
government, in order that they may thereby lay hold of the whole
system of industry, and thus come to their rightful inheritance.
FOOTNOTES:
[229] By a referendum vote of the entire membership of the Socialist
party in 1909 these three words, "and all land," were stricken out of
the Socialist platform.
II
DR. L. EMMETT HOLT
All who practice medicine among children and who study the question of
infant mortality statistically are struck with the marked contrast
between the death rate of the children of the poor and those of the
rich. Clay estimates that in England in the aristocratic families the
mortality of the first year is 10 per cent; in the middle class, 21
per cent; in the laboring classes, 32 per cent. This difference in the
infant mortality of the various classes is most striking in the case
of acute intestinal disease. Halle states that of 170 deaths from this
cause investigated in Graz in 1903 and 1904 there were 161 among the
poor, 9 among the well-to-do, and none among the rich. It may not be
true in adult life, but _in infancy money may purchase not only
health, it may purchase life_, since it puts at the disposal of the
infant the utmost resources of science, the best advice, the best food
and the best surroundings for the individual child. To relieve, or
even greatly to diminish, infant mortality these basal conditions of
modern city life--poverty and ignorance--must be attacked.
_Journal American Medical Association_, Feb. 26, 1910.
III
EXTRACTS FROM EDICT OF LOUIS XVI, 1776, ABOLISHING THE GUILDS[230]
Louis, etc. We owe it to our subjects to assure them the full and
complete enjoyment of their rights; we owe that protection especially
to that class of men who, possessing nothing but their labor and
industry, above all others have the need and right of employing to the
limit of their capacity their sole resources for subsistence.
We have viewed with pain the multiplied blows which have been struck
at this natural and common right of ancient institutions, blows which
neither time, nor opinion, nor even the acts emanating from the
authority, which seems to have sanctioned them, have been able to make
legitimate.
[After describing the vicious effects of the guild monopoly, it
continues:]
... Some persons ... contend that the right of labor is a royal right,
one that the Prince could sell and that the subjects ought to
purchase. We hasten to place beside this another maxim:
God, by giving to men needs and making them dependent upon the
resources of labor, has made the right of labor the property of all
men, and that property is primary, the most sacred and most
imprescriptable of all.
We regard it as one of the first obligations of our justice, and as an
act in every way worthy of our beneficence, to emancipate our subjects
from all their restraints which have been laid upon that inalienable
right of humanity. Wherefore, we will to abolish the arbitrary
institutions which do not permit the indigent to live by their labor;
which exclude the sex whose weakness implies greatest needs and fewest
resources ... which stifle emulation and industry and make useless the
talents of those whom circumstances exclude from admission into the
guild; which deprive the state and art of all the advantages which
foreigners might furnish....
FOOTNOTES:
[230] Translation taken from "Turgot and the Six Edicts," by R.P.
Shepherd, 1903, pp. 182, 186-7.
IV
POLICE COMMISSIONER BINGHAM
Declaring that "law-breaking is the easiest and the most lucrative
business in New York for the work involved," Police Commissioner
Bingham yesterday forwarded his annual report to Mayor McClellan.
After stating that law-breaking in the city is an easy and lucrative
business, the Commissioner continued:
"Its profits for slight effort are enormous and law-breaking has been
able to intrench itself behind such a rampart of legislation and
highly paid lawyers that the forces of law and order are placed in the
astonishing position of being actually on the defensive against the
law-breakers. Law-breakers and their highly paid lawyers frequently
fool even the courts into giving them protection against the police on
the grounds of illegal interference, or oppression.
"The howl of innocence is never so loud as when raised by crooks, and
this includes not only the actual criminals, but their friends and
protectors, crooked politicians. How otherwise is it possible for
prizefights to be held in New York city, in spite of the earnest
efforts of the police to prevent them? How otherwise is it possible
for places positively known by the police to be gambling resorts to be
conducted, and to obtain injunctions restraining the police from
interfering with them?
"The foregoing is far from saying that the police force of New York is
incompetent, or not able to cope with the situation. The police force
is competent, short-handed though it is. Its activity and efficiency
are proved by the very resistance given it by law-breakers, for the
better the work done by the police, the more stubborn is the
resistance they meet with from law-breakers."
As an example of what the police have to cope with the Commissioner
mentions the recent Sunday-closing incident, where a court decision
was handed down, and enforced, and the Aldermen straightway amended
the law. He then asks: "How then can the police execute the law, when
there seems to be so much doubt as to what the law really is?"
Gen. Bingham continues:
"These points are necessary in order that scheming politicians may be
deprived of any possibility of summarily getting rid of an honest
commissioner and in order that the honest men of the police force may
be encouraged. The men of the force to-day are not quite sure who is
their real boss--the 'machine' or the police commissioner. If once
satisfied that it is the commissioner, with a long term and only
removable on publication of charges, they will obey him."
Legislation requiring persons who sell any sort of dangerous weapons
to record the date and hour of the sale, and report it, with the name
and address of the buyer, to the police, is suggested, as well as a
daily report from pawnbrokers, giving the date, hour, and other
particulars of their transactions. This, the Commissioner says, is the
custom in other large cities.
The following figures of arrests, etc., in the last year are given in
the report:
ARRESTS MADE
By uniformed force 192,680
Detective Bureau 11,416
-------
Total 204,096
These figures refer to the Boroughs of Manhattan, The Bronx, and
Richmond.
N.Y. _Times_, Jan. 5, 1908.
V
PETTIBONE v. NICHOLS
_Dissenting opinion_ of Mr. Justice MCKENNA:
I am constrained to dissent from the opinion and judgment of the
court. The principle announced, as I understand it, is that "a Circuit
Court of the United States, when asked upon _habeas corpus_ to
discharge a person held in actual custody by a State for trial in one
of its courts under an indictment charging a crime against its laws,
cannot properly take into account the methods whereby the State
obtained such custody." In other words, and to illuminate the
principle by the light of the facts in this case (facts, I mean, as
alleged, and which we must assume to be true for the purpose of our
discussion), that the officers of one State may falsely represent that
a person was personally present in the State and committed a crime
there, and had fled from its justice, may arrest such person and take
him from another State, the officers of the latter knowing of false
accusation and conniving in and aiding its purpose, thereby depriving
him of an opportunity to appeal to the courts, and that such person
cannot invoke the rights guaranteed to him by the Constitution and
statutes of the United States in the State to which he is taken. And
this, it is said, is supported by the cases of _Ker_ v. _Illinois_,
119 U.S. 436, and _Mahon_ v. _Justice_, 127 U.S. 700. These cases,
extreme as they are, do not justify, in my judgment, the conclusion
deduced from them. In neither case was the State the actor in the
wrongs that brought within its confines the accused person. In the
case at bar, the States, through their officers, are the offenders.
They, by an illegal exertion of power, deprived the accused of a
constitutional right. The distinction is important to be observed. It
finds expression in _Mahon_ v. _Justice_. But it does not need
emphasizing. Kidnapping is a crime, pure and simple. It is difficult
to accomplish; hazardous at every step. All of the officers of the law
are supposed to be on guard against it. All of the officers of the law
may be invoked against it. But how is it when the law becomes the
kidnapper, when the officers of the law, using its forms and exerting
its power, become abductors? This is not a distinction without a
difference--another form of the crime of kidnapping, distinguished
only from that committed by an individual by circumstances. If a State
may say to one within her borders and upon whom her process is served,
I will not inquire how you came here; I must execute my laws and remit
you to proceedings against those who have wronged you, may she so
plead against her own offences? May she claim that by mere physical
presence within her borders, an accused person is within her
jurisdiction denuded of his constitutional rights, though he has been
brought there by her violence? And constitutional rights the accused
in this case certainly did have, and valuable ones. The foundation of
extradition between the States is that the accused should be a
fugitive from justice from the demanding State, and he may challenge
the fact by _habeas corpus_ immediately upon his arrest. If he refute
the fact he cannot be removed. _Hyatt_ v. _Corkran_, 188 U.S. 691.
And the right to resist removal is not a right of asylum. To call it
so in the State where the accused is is misleading. It is the right to
be free from molestation. It is the right of personal liberty in its
most complete sense. And this right was vindicated in _Hyatt_ v.
_Corkran_, and the fiction of a constructive presence in a State and a
constructive flight from a constructive presence rejected. This
decision illustrates at once the value of the right and the value of
the means to enforce the right. It is to be hoped that our criminal
jurisprudence will not need for its efficient administration the
destruction of either the right or the means to enforce it. The
decision in the case at bar, as I view it, brings us perilously near
both results. Is this exaggeration? What are the facts in the case at
bar as alleged in the petition, and which it is conceded must be
assumed to be true? The complaint, which was the foundation of the
extradition proceedings, charged against the accused the crime of
murder on the thirtieth of December, 1905, at Caldwell, in the county
of Canyon, State of Idaho, by killing one Frank Steunenberg, by
throwing an explosive bomb at and against his person. The accused
avers in his petition that he had not been "in the State of Idaho, in
any way, shape or form, for a period of more than ten years" prior to
the acts of which he complained, and that the Governor of Idaho knew
accused had not been in the State the day the murder was committed,
"nor at any time near that day." A conspiracy is alleged between the
Governor of the State of Idaho and his advisers, and that the Governor
of the State of Colorado took part in the conspiracy, the purpose of
which was "to avoid the Constitution of the United States and the act
of Congress made in pursuance thereof, and to prevent the accused from
asserting his constitutional right under cl. 2, sec. 2, of art. IV, of
the Constitution of the United States and the act made pursuant
thereof." The manner in which the alleged conspiracy had been executed
was set out in detail. It was in effect that the agent of the State of
Idaho arrived in Denver, Thursday, February 15, 1906, but it was
agreed between him and the officers of Colorado that the arrest of the
accused should not be made until some time in the night of Saturday,
after business hours--after the courts had closed and judges and
lawyers had departed to their homes; that the arrest should be kept a
secret and the body of the accused should be clandestinely hurried
out of the State of Colorado with all possible speed, without the
knowledge of his friends or his counsel; that he was at the usual
place of business during Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, but no
attempt was made to arrest him until 11.30 o'clock P.M. Saturday, when
his house was surrounded and he was arrested. Moyer was arrested under
the same circumstances at 8.45, and he and accused "thrown into the
county jail of the city and county of Denver." It is further alleged
that, in pursuance of the conspiracy, between the hours of five and
six o'clock on Sunday morning, February 18, the officers of the State
and "certain armed guards, being a part of the forces of the militia
of the State of Colorado," provided a special train for the purpose of
forcibly removing him from the State of Colorado, and between said
hours he was forcibly placed on said train and removed with all
possible speed to the State of Idaho; that prior to his removal and at
all times after his incarceration in the jail at Denver he requested
to be allowed to communicate with his friends and his counsel and his
family, and the privilege was absolutely denied him. The train, it is
alleged, made no stop at any considerable station, but proceeded at
great and unusual speed; and that he was accompanied by and surrounded
with armed guards, members of the State militia of Colorado, under the
orders and directions of the adjutant general of the State.
I submit that the facts in this case are different in kind and
transcend in consequences those in the cases of _Ker_ v. _Illinois_
and _Mahon_ v. _Justice_, and differ from and transcend them as the
power of a State transcends the power of an individual. No individual
or individuals could have accomplished what the the power of the two
States accomplished; no individual or individuals could have commanded
the means and success; could have made two arrests of prominent
citizens by invading their homes; could have commanded the resources
of jails, armed guards and special trains; could have successfully
timed all acts to prevent inquiry and judicial interference.
The accused, as soon as he could have done so, submitted his rights to
the consideration of the courts. He could not have done so in
Colorado, he could not have done so on the way from Colorado. At the
first instant that the State of Idaho relaxed its restraining power he
invoked the aid of _habeas corpus_ successively of the Supreme Court
of the State and of the Circuit Court of the United States. He should
not have been dismissed from the court, and the action of the Circuit
Court in so doing should be reversed.
VI
EUGENE v. DEBS
"Yes," said Debs. "The trusts are wiping out the competitive system.
They are a stage in the process of evolution: the individual; the
firm; the corporation; the trust; and so, finally, the commonwealth.
By killing competition and training men to work together, trusts are
preparing for the cooperative stage of industry: Socialism."
"Then you would keep the trusts we have and welcome others?" I asked.
"Of course," he answered, and Berger nodded approval.
"They do harm now," I suggested.
"Yes," said Debs, but Berger boomed: "No; not the trusts. Private
owners of the trusts do harm, yes; but not the trusts."
"Well, but how would you deal with the harm?"
"Remove 'em," snapped Berger, and Debs explained: "We would have the
government take the trusts and remove the men who own or control them:
the Morgans and Rockefellers, who exploit; and the stockholders who
draw unearned dividends from them."
"Would you pay for or just take them?"
Berger seemed to have anticipated this question. He was on his feet,
and he uttered a warning for Debs--in vain.
"Take them," Debs answered.
"No," cried Berger, and, running around to Debs, he stood menacingly
over him. "No, you wouldn't," he declared. "Not if I was there. And
you shall not say it for the party. It is my party as much as it is
your party, and I answer that we would offer to pay."
It was a tense but an illuminating moment. The difference is typical
and temperamental; and not only as between these two opposite
individualities, but among Socialists generally. Debs, the
revolutionist, argued gently that, since the system under which
private monopolies had grown up was unjust, there should be no
compromise with it. Berger, the evolutionist, replied angrily that it
was not alone a matter of justice, but of "tactic"; and that tactics
were settled by authority of the party.
"We (Socialists) are the inheritors of a civilization," he proclaimed,
"and all that is good in it--art, music, institutions, buildings,
public works, character, the sense of right and wrong--not one of
these shall be lost. And violence, like that, would lose us much."
Berger cited the Civil War: "All men can see now that it was coming
years before 1861. Some tried to avert it then by proposing to pay for
the slaves. The fanatics on both sides refused. We all know the
result: slavery was abolished. But how? Instead of a peaceful
evolution and an outlay of, say, a billion, it was abolished by a war
which cost us nearly ten billion dollars and a million lives. We ought
to learn from history, so I say we will offer compensation; because it
seems just to present-day thought and will prove the easiest, cheapest
way in the end. And anyhow," he concluded, "and besites, the party, it
has decited that we shall offer to pay."
From the article by Mr. Steffens, _Eugene V. Debs_, in _Everybody's
Magazine_, Oct., 1908.
VII
TRAMPS AND VAGRANTS
Tramps, professional and amateur, and trespassers of both sexes and
all ages, are simply swarming over the railroads east of the
Mississippi River, forming a very serious problem for both railroads
and State Governments, according to reports which O.F. Lewis has
received from most of the great roads of the East, and recently
published in _Charities_ and _The Commons_. Mr. Lewis finds from these
reports that the railroad tramp and trespasser evil is on the
increase, with roads and States through which they pass unable to
check it, and one road, the New York Central, declares that half of
the loss and damage claims currently paid by railroads may be ascribed
to robberies committed by tramps and trespassers. Much of this
increase in trampdom is ascribed to the effects of the panic and the
hard times, which threw thousands of men out of employment.
"Most of the railroads," says Mr. Lewis, in summing up the replies
received to the questions he sent out, "report a very noticeable
increase in vagrancy on their lines. The Central Vermont says 75 per
cent, the Chicago & Eastern Illinois 50 per cent, the Great Northern
200 per cent. Great increases are reported by the Delaware, Lackawanna
& Western, the New York Central, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia & Reading,
and many others. The Northern Pacific reports more vagrants travelling
than ever before.
"A decrease is reported on the Central of New Jersey, the Cumberland
Valley, Chicago, Indiana & Southern, and on the Missouri Pacific.
Emphasizing the increase on the Pennsylvania, President McCrea states
that four times as many arrests were made for illegal train riding in
June, 1908, as in June, 1907.
"Stealing foodstuffs, stealing rides, stealing handcars, threatening
and injuring trainmen, placing obstructions on tracks, stoning freight
crews, setting air brakes, and robbing ticket offices, are typical
offences."
As bearing on the question of, literally, "Who pays the freight?" the
following is from the New York Central's report:
"We are required by law to charge all of the costs arising out of the
operation of the railroad to operating expenses, which constitute the
loss of the services rendered. Among these expenses are loss and
damage due to the effects of trespassing and the acts of trespassers.
Inasmuch as the definition of a reasonable rate has been stated to
include the cost of the service and a reasonable return upon the value
of the property employed, it inevitably follows that our charge to the
public includes these elements of cost. It may, therefore, be said
that in the end the public pays, but we would prefer to eliminate this
source of cost as far as practicable."
Many railroads ascribe the increased number of vagrants to "hard
times," resulting in the reduction in the number of men employed
throughout the country.
The report is frequent that more "honest out-of-works" are stealing
rides and trespassing. President McCrea reports that "not many of the
illegal train riders are vagrants, but men out of employment." The
Southern Pacific reports that "the type of trespasser is as a whole
better."
With striking frequency the railroads report the majority of illegal
train riders to be young men and boys. The ages "18 to 25" are often
mentioned. The Central Railroad of New Jersey says they can be
considered as the coming generation of tramps.
Answering the question, "Do you believe in a State constabulary to
cooperate with the railway police in prosecuting vagrants?"
twenty-three railroads replied "yes," five replied "no," and sixteen
either had not considered the matter thoroughly or made no reply. The
State constabulary is favored mainly by trunk lines that are troubled
by vagrants.
N.Y. _Times_, Feb. 14, 1909.
VIII
PUBLIC STORE NOTES
The last report of the Director of the Mint (as quoted in _Statistical
Abstract of the United States_, 1908, p. 714) gives the stock of gold
in the United States as nearly $1,600,000,000 and amount of silver as
almost $700,000,000--in all, $2,300,000,000. Of course, all this coin
will never be at the disposal of the State; some of it will remain as
now in private hands. But all the coin now held by the Government as
reserves to secure greenbacks issued will be gradually released by the
substitution of store notes for greenbacks. This substitution cannot
be honestly effected except in proportion to the amount of produce
which goes into the public stores. There are at the present moment a
little over $1,000,000,000 of greenbacks issued by the United States
Government redeemable in coin. If in any given year the produce
acquired by the state amounts to--say, $100,000,000, the state can
withdraw greenbacks to the amount of $100,000,000 and substitute
therefor public store notes for $100,000,000, and so on, until there
have been substituted public store notes for all the greenbacks in
circulation.
As regards the remaining $1,300,000,000, some of this, of course, will
remain in private hands; and if it were the policy of the government
to increase its supply of gold for the purchase of foreign goods, it
could levy taxes paid by those engaged in private industry in gold
instead of in produce. If, on the other hand, the private banking
system operated satisfactorily, the state could leave the whole of
$1,300,000,000 in the hands of private bankers and through its
ownership of mines, would still have the whole gold and silver
production in the United States for the purchase of foreign goods.
As the amount of gold and silver produced in the United States
amounted in 1907 to over $90,000,000 of gold and over $37,000,000 of
silver, it will be seen that the state would have at its disposal some
$127,000,000 in gold and silver which it could use in the purchase of
foreign goods against which it could issue public store notes. In
other words, gold and silver will be confined to the amount used in
the competitive system and that required for the settlement of foreign
exchanges.
INDEX
A
Accidents, 165, 166, 326, 420
adulteration, 66, 88-93
advertising, cost of, 5, 95, 207-208, 233
Africa, 121, 309, 391
Agriculture, 29, 218
Year Book of the Department of, 230
Albany, 261, 265
alcoholism, 272
America, 16, 137, 140
business men in, 58
land in, 123
municipal ownership in, 20
prosperity of, 24
Republic of, 138
Socialism in, 149
sweating in, 156
trade unionism in, 149
workingman in, 409
American--
---- cities, 286
---- export of wheat, 55
---- Farmer, 48
---- Federation of Labor, 171
---- Medical Association, 421
---- nationality, 118, 284
---- Smelting and Refining Company, 87, 170
---- Socialist press, 40
---- Steel District, 164
---- Steel and Wire Company, 62
---- Sugar Refining Company, 106
---- view of Socialism, 1
---- workingmen's families, 229
Anarchism, 7, 31, 33-34, 43, 51, 127, 174
anarchists, 21, 31-34
Communistic, 33
anarchy, 108, 110, 300
---- of distribution, 99, 102-110
---- of production, 102-110, 414-415
---- of the Middle Ages, 107
apprenticeship, 150
---- rules, 151
Archbold, 99
art, 31, 45, 128, 328, 429
adulteration an, 88, 93
Asia, 105
Astor, John Jacob, 117
William Waldorf, 118, 123
B
Babbage, Economy of Manufacture, 219
Bankers, Institute of, 193
Barrel, Dictionnaire d'Agriculture, 268
Bebel, August, 408
Belgian view of Socialism, 1
Belgium, 392
cooperative stores in, 200
farm colonies in, 78
universal franchise in, 242
Bell, Alexander Graham, 221
Bellamy, Edward, 405
Berger, Victor, 255-256
Berger, Victor, views on compensation, 428-429
Berne, Canton of, 263
Beveridge, W.H., 66, 71-73, 75-76, 78
Bingham, Theodore, Police Commissioner of New York city, 158, 423, 424
Birmingham, 285
---- converted its slum into Corporation Street, 283
municipal ownership of gas in, 20
Bismarck, 241
Bjoerkman, Edwin, 406-407
Boer War, 309
Booth, Charles, 356
Boston, Chamber of Commerce of, 60, 218
---- Milk Contractors' Association, 288
bourgeois, 4, 11, 23, 25-26, 29, 32, 37, 39, 44, 46, 58, 66, 111
---- needs concrete statement, 4
characterization of, 11
---- controls schools, colleges, and press, 24, 42-43, 68
Bradley, Edson, 206
British--
---- Empire, 63
---- employers, 148
---- government, 171
---- opium war in China, 63
---- Parliament, 142
---- trade unionists, 148
Brookmire, James H., 182, 191
Bryan, Wm. J., 6, 42, 57, 132
Bureau of Labor, 5, 227-228, 230, 293, 421
business men slaves of their own creations, 49
C
California, 280
Canal, 419
Canal, Panama, 220
Suez, 220
Cannon, Joseph, 309
capital, 58-61, 102-105, 109, 132, 144, 165, 167, 172, 226, 409
---- by Karl Marx, 1, 34
fluidity of, 64-65, 103
waste of, 99
capitalist, 4, 10-11, 33, 36, 60, 102, 107, 109, 200, 219, 308, 414-415
---- class, 418
---- society, 414
Carlyle, Thomas, 388, 402
Carnegie, Andrew, 148, 199, 201, 325
Problems of the Day, by, 199
Carnegie Steel Company, 168
Carter, James C., 7
Census (U.S.), 41, 48, 73, 77, 204
Central Railroad of Vermont, 430
---- of New Jersey, 430
Chamber of Commerce (Boston), 60, 218
Chapin, Robert Coit, 229
Charities, 164, 229
---- and the Commons, 266, 429
Commissioner of, 266
charity, 72, 77, 78, 420
Chicago, 209-210, 413, 430
children, 34-35, 65, 68 109, 117, 120, 143, 154, 321, 325, 328, 415, 421
death rate of, 38
exploitation of, 42
employment of, 42, 154, 157-158, 420
property in, 133
China, 63
Chinese, 64, 354
cholera, 18, 19, 143
Christian Socialism, 12
Christian Socialist, 40, 207
churches, 328-330
circulating medium, 307-313
citizens, 25, 42, 218, 320, 327
citizens' union, 322-324
City Club, 90, 323
civil war, 168, 175, 429
civilization, 31, 85, 88, 113, 119, 126, 134, 138, 140-141
property the basis of every conceivable, 43
unemployment a peculiar product of our, 68
Clare, George, 193
class, 118, 144, 152, 416, 422
bourgeois, 24, 26, 137
capitalist, 143
criminal, 322
---- consciousness, 16
dominant, 412
exploited, 26
---- interest, 29, 418
laboring, 33, 109
propertied, 24, 68, 120, 122, 414
---- rule, 45, 416
ruling, 414-418
---- struggle, 25, 414
wage-earning, 147, 415
Clearing House, 177
---- Association, 183
coal, 417
---- trust, 164, 238
Collectivism and Revolution, 1
colleges, controlled by propertied class, 68
colony, farm, 263-277, 380
agricultural, 273
penal, 274, 276
Colorado, 426-427
---- Midland railroad, 210
---- miners' strike, 168
---- State Board of Health, 90
Columbia University, 92
combination, 96, 99, 104, 143, 149-150, 160, 163-164, 319, 414, 419
commerce, 329
---- chamber of, 60, 218
Commerce and Labor, U.S. Department of, 421
Commercial Travelers' National League, 208
---- crises, 178, 414
Commonwealth, 5, 10, 30-31, 36, 80, 137, 143, 145, 252, 256, 300, 305,
317, 325-329, 426
Communism, 33, 36, 51, 302
---- of Apostolic times, 34
Socialism is not, 7
Communist, 7, 302
Sir Thomas More a, 33
community, 25, 29, 116, 123, 131, 144, 147, 218, 319, 323, 326, 329, 410
compensation, 19-20, 29, 123, 251-253, 255-256, 285, 429
competition, 7, 9, 18-19, 34-38, 51, 58, 61, 63, 71, 94, 99-103,
106-107, 151-152, 155, 157, 158, 262, 409, 419
foreign, 149
---- primary cause of unemployment, 66-67
competitive system, 8, 37-39, 51, 53, 56-57, 60-66, 72-74, 79, 82, 86,
88, 99, 101-102, 105, 110, 134, 140-142, 144-147, 153, 160, 323,
426, 432
Comptroller of the City of New York, 190
compulsory education, 3, 120
Conant, Charles A., 177, 179
conflict, 115, 121, 140, 144
---- between capital and labor, 5, 86
---- between economics and religion, 389
---- between races, 115
---- between science and religion, 378-395
---- between tribes, 133
conflict between trusts and trade unions, 176
international, 354
congested districts, 19, 42, 283
Congress (U.S.) 168, 197, 308-309, 318, 329-332, 417, 420, 426
Constitution, 329, 365, 417, 421
federal, 15
---- of the United States, 365, 425-426
State, 15
Constructive Program of Socialism, 7
consumer, 92-93, 96-97, 105-107
Consumers' parliament, 330
contract, freedom of, 94, 107, 109-110, 144
cooperation, 9, 34-35, 50-51, 54, 58, 94, 102, 104, 108, 199-201, 409
cooperative system, 39, 51, 128, 342-347
---- stores in Belgium, 200
corporations, 72, 320-321, 323-324, 426
Cortelyou, George, 187-189
cost, 62, 87, 155
---- of advertising, 5, 95
---- of crime, 5
---- of crude oil, 63
---- of distribution, 5
---- of getting the market, 99
---- of letter distribution, 96
---- of living, 156, 228-229
---- of revolutions, 30
cotton, 55, 92, 155
---- industries of Lancashire, 153
proposal to burn, 60
---- weavers of India, 218
country, 29, 35, 43, 65, 77, 112, 118, 120, 121, 131-132, 156, 330, 417
County Council (London), 320
courts, 15, 92, 110, 119, 155, 415-428
credit, 178
crime, 9, 22, 26, 35, 39, 42, 44, 52, 63, 66, 83, 99, 128, 130, 158,
415, 424-426
crises, 178, 414
cross freights, 96, 99-100
Cuba, 407
Cumberland, 430
custom, 13, 112, 113, 366
cyclical fluctuations, 67, 73
D
Dairy and Food Commission of Ohio, 90
---- products, 275
Damien, Father, 39
Darwin, Charles, 8, 85
Dearles, N.B., 72
death, 37-38, 99, 136, 212, 421
Debs, Eugene V., 255, 428-429
Declaration of Independence, 137
defectives and delinquents, 5
degeneracy, 36
Delaware, 430
democracy, 28, 129, 143, 158, 175
Denver, 210, 426-427
depression, 66, 76, 87, 414
industrial, 73, 153, 418
Detrich, J., 281
disease, 39, 54, 58, 69-70, 99
distribution, 23, 28-29, 36-37, 54-55, 59, 66, 87, 93-94, 97
anarchy of, 99, 102
cost of, 5, 10, 288, 318, 411
divorce, 40, 81
Dowe, President Commercial Travelers' League, 95
drunkenness, 70, 79, 99
Dutch farm colonies, 271
E
economic conditions, 23-30, 64, 322, 329
points of view created by, 22
economic interpretation of history, 10
---- liberty, 51-52
---- socialism, 1, 13, 14
---- tyranny, 138
Economists, 61, 66, 73, 103, 403
orthodox, 68
economy, 48, 50
---- of Manufacture, 219
---- of Socialism, 5
education, 144, 154, 158, 325-328
Board of, 321
---- of workingmen, 48, 144
U.S. Department of, 27, 421
Elimination of the Tramp, 264, 271-272
Eliot, Charles W., 109
Ely, Richard T., 42, 60, 209, 210, 217, 225
employers--
loss to, from strikes, 86
Employers' Association in Colorado, 168
Encyclopedia Americana, 88, 148
---- Britannica, 93
Engels, Friedrich, 1, 387
engineer's lockout, 148-149
England, 40, 63, 78, 132, 147-148, 176, 193, 210, 220, 236-237, 264,
309, 409, 421
Labor party in, 171
municipal ownership in, 20
Public House Trust in, 295
English--
manufacturers, 63
ministry, 154
---- Poor Law Guardians, 273
---- Socialism of To-day, 155
---- unions, 171
Ensor, R.C.K., Modern Socialism, 387
Ethical argument for Socialism, 12, 13, 29
---- Aspect of Socialism, 378-410
Ethical standards, 81
Europe, 76, 105, 132, 135-136, 166, 173, 181, 188, 196, 210, 223, 263,
289, 309, 408-409
Evolution, 3, 5
---- and Effort, 267
---- and Ethics, 336, 379-385
Socialist, 22
evolutionist, 23-24, 27-30, 429
exploitation, 4, 35, 45, 416
---- of women and children, 32
export of wheat, 55
---- of oil, 63, 104
F
Fabian Tracts, 2
factory, 29, 32, 48, 80, 103-104, 123-124, 132, 138, 156, 220, 327, 415-417
---- hand 16, 25, 47, 50, 73
independent, 159
---- inspection, 420
---- owners, 25, 29, 47-48, 69-70
fallacies regarding Socialism, 6
family, 28, 35, 42, 44, 109, 118, 122, 131, 134, 137, 153, 157, 421, 427
Faraday, 222
farm, 29
colony, 78-80, 263-277
deserted, 68
---- hands, 28
ownership of, 16
farmer, 15, 28-29, 48, 55, 177-178, 415
Farmers' Bulletin, 269, 281
farming population, 48
Federal Steel Company, 62
Federation of Labor, 171
Fesca, Dr. M., Beitraege zur Kenntniss der japanesischen
Landwirthschaft, 267
Fields, Factories and Workshops (Kropotkin), 267
Filene Store, 199-200
financial crises, 178, 299
fines (for adulteration), 88-93
food, 98
---- adulteration, 89-93
Food and Drugs Act, 91
forests, 27
Forster, Rt. Hon. H.O. Arnold, 154
Fourier, 317
France, 40, 78, 132, 137, 243, 264, 266, 308-309, 318, 392, 409
franchise, 135, 145
free trade, 69
freedom, 109, 116, 121, 124
law an abridgment of, 113-114
---- of contract, 11, 140-141
---- of industry, 111
economic, 50, 125
French Parliament, 18-19
---- peasant, 278
---- penal code, 142
---- Revolution, 32, 138, 140, 243
Frick, Henry, 27, 188, 191
funds, 172,
benefit, 136
Mansion House Relief, 76
savings bank, 78
trade union, 78
G
Galvani, 222
gambling, 38, 68, 72, 423
gardeners (Paris), 268
---- Hammersmith, 18-20
Gary, Elbert H., 57-62, 188, 191
gas, 123, 324
---- in Birmingham, 20
---- in Manchester, 20
---- in New York, 21
General Electric Company, 184, 221
Genevilliers, 268
George, Henry, 123, 364
German (the), 321
---- competition, 148
Germany, 236, 242, 308-309, 408
cabinet minister in, 132
palliative measures in, 78
workingmen in, 16
Ghent, W.J., 89
Giddings, Professor Franklin H., 405
Gladstone, 334, 384
Gompers, Samuel, 408
Gothenburg system, 295
government, 32-33, 43, 102, 121, 128-129, 135-136, 150, 218, 315,
317-320, 336, 416-418, 431
---- control, 12, 72
good, 321-324
---- postoffice, 97
---- printing office, 228
publications of U.S., 12, 228
the Prussian, 25
Grandeau, L., Etudes agronomiques, 268
Guesde, Jules, 408
Guggenheim, Senator, 74
Daniel, 87
guilds, 135, 140
tyranny of, 135-140
H
Hague Tribunal, 355
Hallet, Major, 267
Hammersmith, 18-20
Hardie, Keir, 408
Harriman, 304
Havemeyer, H.O., 57, 105, 107, 159, 161
Haywood, 169, 240
health, 414, 421
Colorado State Board of, 90
conservation of, 27, 38, 72
Department of, 27
Hebberd, Mr., Commissioner of Charities of New York city, 266
Henri IV, 142
Hill, James J., 238, 304
Hillquit, Morris, 2, 7, 248, 305, 307
Hindustan, 64, 355
history, 28, 387
Holland, 222
farm colonies in, 262, 265
Hollesley Bay, 78
Holt, Dr. L. Emmett, 38, 421
home, 7, 40-42, 51, 83, 105, 156, 157, 415
common, 317
---- Economics, Conference on, 92
---- industry, 138
horde, 34, 35, 107
hours of labor, 62, 69, 128, 145, 152, 153, 220, 318, 326, 328, 419
excessive, 70
four hours' workday, 50
---- of farmer, 15
House of Commons, 18
House report, 52d Congress, 2d
session, 197
Hudson river, 261
Hughes, Charles F., 244-245
Hunter, Robert, 42
Huxley, Thomas, 13, 315-316, 379-380, 382-386, 388, 395, 404
I
Ice Trust, 262
Idaho, 426-427
Illinois, 425, 427, 430
immediate demands, 26, 27, 246
immobilization of capital, 65
imprisonment for adulteration, 89-93
India, 218
starvation in, 55, 60
tiger developed in, 4
Indian opium forced upon China, 63
Indiana, 430
individualism, 10, 23, 32
Industrial Commission, 57, 62-63, 76, 95, 99, 104-107, 146, 150-151,
159, 161-164, 170, 206-208, 288
industrial conditions, 42, 64, 76, 93
---- depression, 153, 414
---- Parliament, 318
---- population, 48
---- schools, 151
---- system, 26, 46, 52, 73
industrialism, 88
industries, 118, 318, 326-327, 414, 416
captain of, 87
collective ownership of, 419
seasonal, 71
socialized, 319
industry, 65, 102-105, 107, 123, 134, 138-140, 148, 155, 159, 317, 421-422
insurance, 5, 78, 179, 303, 420
German national, 241
---- Year Book, 179
International, the, 155
---- complications, 63
---- conflict, 354
---- crime, 63
interest, 59, 69
personal, 29-30
private, 26
vested, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22-30
intranational conflict, 354
invention, 44, 219, 222-224
inventor, 219, 220-224
investor, 94
Ireland, 241
Italy, 22, 267
J
James I of England, 21
Japan, 62-63, 239, 267
Jaures, 132, 408
Jersey, Island of, 280
justice, 27, 34, 64, 411-429
K
Kautsky, Karl, 239, 243, 307-308
Kentucky, 60
Knickerbocker Trust Company, 182-184, 189, 191
Kropotkin, 34, 135, 267-268
L
labor, 36, 50-51, 75, 80, 86, 104, 113-114, 116-117, 119, 123, 131,
135, 144, 147, 154, 157, 414-422
---- Bulletin, 120
Bureau of, 421
child, 109
Commerce and, 421
Department of, 421
fluidity of, 103
---- market, 109
---- members of Parliament, 173
---- not so fluid as capital, 64
---- of women, 109
young, 69
laborers, 72, 74
_Laissez-faire_, 11, 32, 139, 407
Lancashire, 154
land, 15, 24, 27, 29, 42, 48, 59, 112, 116, 118, 122-124, 148, 269,
278, 317, 412-414, 416, 420
law, 43, 91-92, 108, 112-113, 119, 121, 126, 137, 159, 322, 324, 410,
417, 420, 423, 425, 430
---- of 1799 of British Parliament, 142
relation of custom to, 13
Lebovitz, J., 5
legislation, 26, 424
leisure, 48-49, 52, 65, 125-130, 325, 411
Lesseps de, 220
Lewis, Orlando F., 429-430
liberty, 7, 32, 46-47, 50, 52, 110, 130, 139, 317, 325, 409, 412, 426
A Plea for, 50, 94
life, 28, 33, 37-38, 50, 67-72
Lincoln, 175
lockout, 5, 86-88, 110, 148
London, 18, 21, 71, 219, 284, 286, 320, 394
Louis XIV, 137, 422
Lowell, James Russell, 223
lumber, 53
camps, 42
lunacy, 49, 278
Lyell, Sir Charles, 349
M
McCrea, President, 430
MacDonald, J. Ramsay, 408
McKenna, Judge, 169, 424
machine, political, 129
machinery, 69, 218, 414-420
Maine, 280
Mallock, 408-409
Malthus, 172, 316
Manchester, 20
---- school, 32, 60, 139
Manhattan, 97-98, 282, 424
Mansion House Relief Fund, 76
Manufacture, Economy of, 219
market, 16, 18, 64, 93, 103-105, 109-110, 141, 146, 148, 158
foreign, 62, 63, 76, 319
getting the, 95-96
---- price, 154, 159
the London, 18
tyranny of the, 102-103
marriage, 40, 85, 134, 351-353, 358-359
Marshall, Alfred, 391
Martineau, Harriet, 402
Marx, Karl, 1, 8, 25, 33-34, 147, 155-156, 226, 386
Marxian school, 25, 201, 239
---- doctrine of value, 33
---- socialism, 1
---- socialist, 242
Mass and Class, 89
Maxim, 220
meat, 137, 417
---- distribution, 97
---- Trust, 262
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 212
Metz, Hermann, Comptroller of New York city, 190
Middle Ages, 107, 110, 135, 138
militia, 27, 427
milk, 96-97, 324
---- adulteration, 90
---- Contractors' Association, 288
trust, 211
Mill, John Stuart, 32, 325
Miner, Maud E., probation officer, 83
mineowners, 27
miners, 65 131, 415, 417
---- union, 164
Western Federation of, 417
misrepresentation, 6, 15-16
Mississippi, 429
Mitchell, Dr. W.C., 90-91
Mitchell, John, 146, 151-152, 408
Modern Socialism, R.C.K. Ensor, 387
Monde Economique, 63
Monetary and Banking system, by Maurice L. Muhleman, 181
money, 37, 53-55, 66-68, 77-79, 81, 86, 176-198, 323, 419
---- market, 74
---- Market Primer, by George Clare, 193
monopoly, 260, 416, 422, 428
---- of guilds, 256
monopolies, 123, 137, 146, 150
morality, 40, 45, 81-84
More, Sir Thomas, 33
Morgan, J. Pierpont, 169, 185, 195-196, 237-239, 254, 257, 428
elimination of waste by, 58
organization of steel and coal trusts by, 238
share of, in New York city finances, Oct., 1908, 190
Morris, William, 2
mortality, 38
infant, 419
Moyer, 169
Muhleman, Maurice L., 181
municipalities, 74
municipal ownership, 20-21
Municipal Year Book, 20
N
nation, 63, 65, 105, 107, 114, 131, 133, 412-418
National Association of State Food and Dairy Departments, 91
National Executive Committee, 248, 256
necessaries of life, 128, 417
Negro slavery, 46
New England, 42
New York Central railroad, 74, 429-430
New York city, 19-22, 177, 179, 190, 209, 214, 283-284, 320-322
Aldermen in, 247
butcher shops in, 97
reform in, 128
Trow's directory of, 97
New York State, 245, 265, 269, 272
---- Department of Labor, 73,74
Newton, Isaac, 219, 222
Nightingale, Florence, 39
Northern Pacific, 191, 430
Northern Securities Case, 238
O
occupations, 71-72, 75, 114-115, 278
Oersted, 222
Ohio Dairy and Food Department, 90
Ohm, 219, 222
oil, 63, 94, 96, 105, 417
Pratts' Astral, 207
Standard, 99, 104, 207
opium, 63-64
---- war in China, 63
organization, 115, 147-148, 157
industrial, 107
international, 156
---- of labor, 127, 145
---- of trade unions, 159
political, 122, 128
Organized Labor, by John Mitchell, 73-75, 115, 145-146, 151-153, 409, 417
Outlook the, 6, 40, 82, 109, 259
overinvestment, 65-66
overproduction, 57-66, 218
overwork, 48, 69-70, 72, 122, 164
ownership, 20-21, 416
collective, 419
---- of land, 24, 121, 280
State, 317
State, not Socialism, 25
P
pacemakers, 69
Palissy, Bernard, 223
palliative measures, 78
Panama bonds, 188
---- canal, 220
Pangborn, Col., 266
panic, 63, 65, 73-75, 87, 181-194, 299
Paris, 7, 18, 98, 137, 138, 286
Parliament, 173
Industrial, 319
parlor Socialists, 28
Parnell, 241
party, 416-419
capitalistic, 16
Democratic, 122, 134, 308
dominant, 415
Labor, in England, 171
Republican, 122, 134, 309, 418
Socialist, 2, 21, 26-27, 34-36, 45, 134, 200, 248, 414, 418, 428-429
pauper, 80
pauperism, 9, 22, 26, 35-36, 44, 52, 66, 99, 128, 130
penal colonies, 274
Pennsylvania, 74-75, 91, 280, 430
Pettibone vs. Collins, 424
Philadelphia, 430
philanthropists, 87
philosophy of Socialism, 6, 54
Pinkerton, Robert A., 168
pipe-line, 63, 105
Pittsburg, 15, 164-165, 167, 173, 201
Survey, 164, 167, 173-174, 201
platform, Socialist, 6, 26-27, 45, 134, 413, 421
Plato, 33, 44, 388
Platonic school of Socialism, 199
Plea for Liberty, 50, 94
political--
---- action, 26, 110, 409
---- contributions, 32
---- control, 135
---- issue, 140
---- liberty, 47, 52, 121
---- parties, 140
---- power, 26-27
---- Science Quarterly, 169
---- students, 23
politics, 48, 110, 129
Ponce, La Culture Maraiche, 268
Poor Law guardians, 273
popular government, 107, 142
population, 65, 131, 134, 142, 153, 156-158, 323
Populism, 174
Portland Proceedings, 90-91
postoffice, 262
---- economies, 96-97
Poverty, by Robert Hunter, 42
press, 66, 415, 420
propertied class in control of, 42-43
price, 42, 50, 58-63, 65-66, 69, 76, 87, 94, 98, 103-104, 106,
134-135, 147-148, 158-160, 228, 324, 417
Principles of Sociology, 335-405
Problems of the Day, by Andrew Carnegie, 199
problems, solution of, 151
economic, 128
Problems of Unemployment, 72
production, 12, 23, 25, 28, 33, 35-38, 45, 49, 52-54, 59, 66, 86,
93-94, 104, 110, 123, 131-132, 139
anarchy of, 318, 413, 414, 416, 418
products, 33, 36, 46, 51, 55, 99, 105, 113, 116-117, 119, 121,
123-124, 126, 128, 135, 137, 139, 314-319
profit, 5, 10, 16, 25, 37, 58-60, 65, 94, 102, 104-106, 108, 148, 155,
414, 423
proletariat, 25-26, 45, 119, 122
property, 7, 15-16, 24-25, 28-29, 32-33, 42-46, 112, 131-175, 414, 422
---- and Liberty, 54, 112-130
prostitution, 4, 9, 26, 35-36, 44, 66, 79, 86, 88, 99, 128, 130
Proudhon, 7, 33-34, 124, 131
Prussia, 317
Prussian Government, 25
public domain, 27
Public House Trust, 295
public ownership, 20-21, 27, 106
Pullman, 168
Q
de Quesnay, 54
Quintessence of Socialism, 235
R
race, 32, 65-66, 91, 115, 128, 327, 411
for profits, 415
rags sold as woollen cloth, 93
---- pickers of Paris, 18-20
railroads, 53, 65, 73-95, 123, 131, 215, 303, 329, 415, 419, 429-431
reclamation, 27, 101
reforestation, 27
reform, 26-28, 71, 127, 129, 243, 414, 418-419
relief, 26, 76
remedies, 31, 78
remuneration, 303-306
republic, 243
revolution, 25-28, 243
revolutionary period, 108
---- Socialists, 27, 29
revolutionist, 23-26, 30, 228
Rhode Island, 306
Ritchie, Professor, 385
Rockefeller, 57-58, 104, 159, 237-239, 253-255, 288, 325
Rocky mountains, 96, 276
Rodbertus, 307
Rogers, Thorold, 233
Roosevelt, Theodore, 6, 25, 33-34, 40-42, 50, 82, 132, 134, 237-239,
255, 259-260, 320, 398
Rousseau, 138
royalty, 21
Ruskin, John, 402-403
Russia, 121, 239
S
salaries, 82, 303-306
San Francisco, 96
savings Banks, 42, 65, 78
Schaeffle, 235
Schenectady, 261
school, 153, 165, 321, 326, 328, 409, 415, 419
divinity, 329
industrial, 151
Manchester, 20, 32, 60, 139
Marxian, 25
trade, 151
Science, 1, 88, 115, 128, 421
---- and Morals, 336
Scientific aspect of Socialism, 335-377
Seligman, J. & W., 196
semi-skilled workers, 75
Semler, Tropische Agrikultur, 267
Shaw, Bernard, 2
sickness, 5, 136, 153, 172, 326, 406-407
Simon, A.M., The American Farmer, 48
Simon Eugene, La Cite Chinoise, 267
single tax, 123, 278, 285
slave, 15, 45, 47, 49, 51, 104, 115, 125, 140, 415, 429
slaveowner, 69
slavery, 15, 109, 120, 125, 127, 128-130
Smith, Adam, 32, 54, 139
Social Revolution (Kautsky), 239
Socialism and Social Reform, 42, 60, 209, 211, 217-218
Socialism in Theory and Practice, 248, 305, 307-308
socialization of industries, 34
South, farmers of the, 217
South Australia, 290
South Carolina, 267
Southern Pacific, 430
Spargo, John, 2, 248-250
Spencer, Herbert, 3, 13, 32, 54, 94, 101, 137, 336, 365, 388, 404
standard of living, 165, 229
standard of wages, 157
Standard Oil, 99, 104-105, 152, 159, 207, 251, 253-256
starvation, 103, 120, 139, 156, 158, 414, 417
State, 45-46, 80, 91, 134, 325, 409, 424-431
agricultural, 77
---- commissions, 89
---- constabulary, 431
---- Government, 329
---- laws, 417
mining, 77
New York, 75, 280
---- ownership not Socialism, 25
Prussian, 25
---- Socialism, 235, 317-318
---- Socialist, 27
---- viands, 50
Statistical Abstract of the United States, 148, 181, 431
statistics, 5, 38, 73
steel, 94, 327-328
---- industry, 148
---- rails, 63
---- trust, 55, 149, 164, 185-186, 201, 238, 257, 303
U.S.,--Corporation, 185
Steffens, Lincoln, 255, 429
step by step socialist, 28
stockholders, 21, 252, 324
stocks, 85, 160
store, 11, 29, 82, 156, 431
strike, 62, 71, 86-88, 145, 148, 168
struggle, 147, 153, 415
class, 25
---- for Existence in Human Society, 336
---- for life, 337, 410
study of Sociology, 365
Suez canal, 220
sugar trust, 61, 95
Survey, 164, 167, 173-174, 201
swamplands, 27, 101, 180, 420
sweated trades, 158
sweating system, 154, 156
Switzerland, 263, 266, 272
farm colonies in, 78, 269
system, 28, 34, 44, 409, 421
apprenticeship, 151
---- of production, 35, 414
capitalist, 45
competitive, 37, 39, 54, 66, 86, 98, 99, 145, 323, 325
cooperative, 128
factory, 416
Fourier's, 317
T
Taft, President, 1, 6, 42, 132
taxes, 323, 326, 420
personal, 118
single, 123
---- rate, 320
teachers, 49
---- college, 92
tenements, 19, 41, 247, 321
Tennessee Coal and Iron Company, 185-186, 188, 191
textiles, 92
---- schools, 92
Thompson, Carl D., 7
tobacco, 156
adulteration of, 91
---- crop in Kentucky, 60
Tolstoi, 388
Toubeau, La repartition metrique des impots, 267
trade, 63, 88, 92, 93, 95
export, 105-106, 111, 137, 145, 149, 151-155, 321, 328
trade unions, 16, 72-77, 86, 110, 136, 140-159, 167-174
organization of, 159-160
tramps, 24, 264, 271-272, 273-274, 430
Troy, 261
trust companies, 182
Trust Company of America, 185
trusts, 15, 16, 76, 86, 104, 107, 110, 140, 142, 159, 175, 418
expropriation of, 15
development of, 58
Standard Oil, 99
steel, 149, 303
Turgot, 422
Tweed, 320
Tyranny, 142
economic, 138
---- of the guilds, 138
---- of the market, 102-104, 107, 109
---- of the trade union, 108-110
---- of the trusts, 104, 109
U
underconsumption, 66, 67
underemployment, 66, 67, 72
underpayment, 67, 72
unemployable, 70-72, 78, 87
unemployed, 24, 42, 66-79, 103, 107, 148, 157, 245, 415
unemployment, 4, 39, 60, 65, 79, 81, 86, 88-89, 140, 144, 153, 164, 245
unions, 108, 159-160, 169-175
United States, 7, 61, 64, 144, 147, 151, 177, 179, 187-188, 193, 204,
206, 209, 215, 266, 272, 416-417
---- Bureau of Labor, 228, 293
---- Census, 41, 48, 73, 77, 204
---- Congress, 168, 197, 308-309, 318, 329-330, 417, 420, 426
---- Constitution, 15, 365, 417, 426
---- Department of Agriculture, 230
---- Department, of Labor, 148, 230
divorce in, 40-41
---- postoffice, 96-97, 262
United States, Secretary of the Treasury of, 187, 189
statistical abstract of, 148, 181, 431
statutes of, 424-425
---- Treasury, 181, 187-188
unorganized labor, 73, 75, 77, 109, 145
unskilled labor, 75-77
V
value, 125-126
Marx' theory of, 33
surplus, 10
Vandervelde, Emil, 1, 7, 408
Vermont, 430
vested interests, 15, 18-22, 30
vice, 40, 362, 410-411, 415
Vienna, 286
violence, 27, 67, 117-118, 124, 168-169, 425, 429
Volta, 222
W
wages, 69-70, 103-104, 109, 118, 124, 142, 145,147,151-158, 165
miners', 82-83
---- earners', 16
---- servants', 122
---- slave, 68
---- slavery, 68-69
union, 419
Wall Street, 179-192, 212
war, 168, 175, 429
Ward, Lester F., 404
Washington, 5, 260, 309
waste, 96, 102, 139, 301
---- lands, 419
---- of capital, 99
waste of life and property in revolution, 28
water, 20, 21, 101, 123, 419
wealth, 42-43, 45-46, 50, 52, 65, 67, 115, 117, 130-131, 134-135, 137,
410, 415, 418
Webb, Sidney, 2
Western Federation of Miners, 417
Western Union, 210
Westinghouse Company, 184, 187, 221
wheat, 55, 293
whiskey, adulteration of, 91
Trust, 61, 161-162
Why Socialism is Impossible, 235
Winslow, Lanier & Company, 196
Wisconsin, 256
women, 35, 46, 65, 68, 80-86, 120, 142-143, 154, 157-158, 165, 245,
265, 275
exploitation of, 32
suffrage for, 420
Woodbridge, Alice, 82
working class, 42-45, 414-416, 419
workingmen, 15, 47-48, 51, 62, 64, 68, 70, 75, 77, 86, 103, 108, 109,
116, 137-138, 142, 144, 149, 151-154
standard of living of, 229
Y
Year Book of the Department of Agriculture, 230
Insurance, 179
Municipal, 20
Yorkshire, 154
* * * * *
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| Typographical errors corrected in text: |
| |
| Page xiv: distaseful replaced with distasteful |
| Page 14: Socalism replaced with Socialism |
| Page 19: landords replaced with landlords |
| Page 88: similiar replaced with similar |
| Page 163: advancng replaced with advancing |
| Page 164: presention replaced with presentation |
| Page 180: noney replaced with money |
| Page 205: conoeded replaced with conceded |
| Page 226: pulverzing replaced with pulverizing |
| Page 229: expediture replaced with expenditure |
| Page 285: cooperative replaced with cooperative |
| Page 290: cooperative replaced with cooperative |
| Page 292: catagories replaced with categories |
| Page 295: Gothenberg replaced with Gothenburg |
| Page 312: "six hundred and and sixty million dollars" |
| replaced with |
| "six hundred and sixty million dollars" |
| Page 312: "will be paid to be steel guild" replaced with |
| "will be paid to the steel guild" |
| Page 327: primarly replaced with primarily |
| Page 336: subsituting replaced with substituting |
| Page 351: cooperative replaced with cooperative |
| Page 362: self-straint replaced with self-restraint |
| Page 371: "If the the harness left" replaced with |
| "If the harness left" |
| Page 407: communites replaced with communities |
| Page 409: canivora replaced with carnivora |
| Page 433: Barral replaced with Barrel |
| Page 435: captial replaced with capital |
| Page 437: Beitrage replaced with Beitraege |
| Page 438: ecomonic replaced with economic |
| Page 440: Kautzky replaced with Kautsky |
| Page 443: Unemplovment replaced with Unemployment |
| Page 443: Tharold replaced with Thorold |
| Page 444: Kautzky replaced with Kautsky |
| |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
* * * * *
End of Project Gutenberg's Twentieth Century Socialism, by Edmond Kelly