FAILING HEALTH--DEATH
Poetical instincts--Religious views--Religious and emotional
influences in his life--Doubts--Revivalism--Health--Overwork
tells--Bed--Gradual failure--Death on May 6, 1870--Grave offered
in Westminster Abbey--Buried at Warriston--Obituary notices--Bust
in the Abbey--His greatness.
The emotional part of Sir James Simpson's nature found some small
expression in versifying both, as we have seen, in early years and in
later days. We know that he was a close student of Shakspeare, but
Miss Simpson states that her father probably never entered a theatre,
so that he can never have seen a representation. He was familiar with
modern poets, especially with Burns. It is related that he once tested
a lady friend's insight into the vernacular by quoting from memory for
explanation the following lines from the national bard:--
"Baudrons sit by the ingle-neuk,
An' wi' her loof her face she's washin',
Willie's wife it nae sae trig,
She dichts her grunzie wi' a hooschen."
His own verses were neither better nor worse than those written by
other men whose abilities have led them to excel in more practical
pursuits. In youth they celebrated student life, or were, as usual,
dedicated to Celia's eyebrows; in mature life they were of a more
serious, and latterly of a strong religious description. At all times
he delighted in writing little doggerel verses to his children or
friends; valueless as such efforts are, they served a useful purpose;
their composition was a recreation and pleasant relief to his
over-taxed brain, while it was an amusement to him to watch their
effect upon the recipients, and perhaps to receive a reply clothed
also in the garb of rhyme.
Sir James's example so influenced the people amongst whom he lived
that it is impossible to omit reference to his attitude throughout
life towards religion and an account of what is one of the most
interesting phases in his history. Up to Christmas, 1861, he had
been, in the eyes of the religious public, an ordinary citizen; as
regular in church-going as his professional engagements permitted;
thoroughly interested in Church affairs, and a strong supporter of
his own Church; possessing to the full the national characteristic
of intimate acquaintance with the letter of the Old and New
Testaments; and something of a theologian as well, as his answer to
the religious objections to anaesthesia showed. At that period, to
the delight of many, and the genuine astonishment of others among
his fellow-citizens, he became a leading spirit in the strong
Evangelical movement which was then spreading through the country,
"Simpson is converted," cried the enthusiastic revivalist. "Simpson
is converted now," laughed those who had opposed every action of
his. "If Professor Simpson is converted, it is time some of the rest
of us were seeing if we do not need to be converted," wisely
answered one of his friends. In the ordinary sense of the word Simpson
was not converted. Had he passed away without developing this
latter-day Evangelical enthusiasm, all sects would still have
united in thankfulness that such a man had lived. Why this religious
revival during the sixties affected him as it did becomes evident
in looking at the religious, moral, and emotional influences which
affected him throughout his career.
The simple-minded, devout mother, strong in faith and strong in works,
who passed out of his life when he was but nine years old, left a
vivid impression on the boy's mind. In after years he would call up
the picture of the good woman retiring from the shop and the worries
and troubles of daily life into which she had so vigorously thrown
herself and so bravely faced even with failing health, into the quiet
little room behind, to kneel down in prayer; and would describe how at
other times she went about her work chanting to herself one of the old
Scots metrical psalms:
"Jehovah hear thee in the day, when trouble He did send
And let the name of Jacob's God thee from all ill defend.
Let Him remember all thy gifts, accept thy sacrifice,
Grant thee thine heart's wish and fulfil thy thoughts and counsel
wise."
He used to relate one memory of her, touching in its simplicity: how
one day he entered the house with a big hole in his stocking which she
perceived and drew him on to her knee to darn. As she pulled the
repaired garment on she said, "My Jamie, when your mother's away, you
will mind that she was a grand darner." He remembered the words as if
they had been spoken but yesterday, and subsequently offered to a lady
who had established a girls' Industrial School in his native village a
prize for the best darning.
The simple faith which beat in the life of the Bathgate baker's
household was ingrained into James Simpson; he went forth into the
world full of it, and full of the determination that by his fruits he
should be known.
The tender, loving care for his welfare of his sisters and brothers,
particularly of Sandy, who never faltered in his inspired belief in
James's great future, kept alive in Simpson something of his mother's
affectionate nature, and kindled the sympathies and emotions which
bulked so large in his character. His goodness was displayed in his
kindly treatment of the poor, who formed at first the whole and
afterwards no small part of his patients. When name and fame and bread
were his, he did not turn his back on the poor, but as we have seen,
ever placed his skill at their disposal for no reward, as readily as
he yielded it to the greatest in the land. As in his daily practice,
so in his greatest professional efforts, the revelation of chloroform,
the fight for anaesthesia, the introduction of acupressure, the crusade
against hospitalism, one thought breathed through his work--that he
might do something to better the condition of suffering humanity. He
never attempted to keep discoveries in his own hands, to profit by the
monopoly, but scattered wide the knowledge which had come to him that
it might benefit mankind and grow stronger and wider in the hands of
other workers.
In his domestic life he was a tender, loving, and companionable
husband and father, a charming host, and a warm-hearted friend. "In
this Edinburgh of ours," says a recent writer, "there are familiar
faces whose expression changes greatly at the mention of his name;
there are men whose speech from formal and precise turns headlong and
extravagant, as if it came from a new and inspired vocabulary." In
Scotland his personal influence was immense. As was afterwards written
of him, "Great in his art, and peerless in resource, yet greater was
he in his own great soul;" such a man stood in no need of the violent
revolution in mode of life implied in conversion. A gradual process of
development led to his feeling that although to labour was to pray,
there was a need for more attention to the spiritual, even in his
self-sacrificing life.
There is evidence that during a brief period of his career Simpson
became affected by speculative doubts; indeed it would have been
surprising if his mind had not been affected by some of the new
schools of thought which sprang up in the footsteps of Charles Darwin,
and appeared for a time to threaten a mortal antagonism to all that
was dear to orthodox Christians. But these did not influence him long;
true to his character he examined every new thought and finding it
wanting remained firm in his old and tried faith, and ranged himself
on the side of those who perceived nothing seriously incompatible
between religion and modern science.
In his bearing, when the angel of sorrow afflicted his household with
no unsparing hand, we find him always a religious-minded man. The
first trial was the loss of the eldest child, his daughter Maggie,
in 1844. Another daughter, Mary, was lost in early infancy. In
1848 his friend of boyhood and student days, Professor John Reid, was
smitten with a painful malady and died after a prolonged period of
suffering during which, knowing that the shadow of death was hanging
over him, he devoted himself in retirement to religious thoughts.
Experiences such as these made Simpson pause and question himself.
Brimful of life and vigour, however much he came in contact with
death in his professional rounds, the sight of it in his own inner
circle powerfully stirred his emotional nature. His friend the Rev.
Dr. Duns noticed in him after these sad events a gradually
increasing earnestness in his spiritual life, and a closer inquiry
into the meanings of the Scriptures. He sought out the company, and
placed himself under the influence of those among his patients whom he
knew to possess fervid religious temperaments. The last mental
stumbling-block was the question of prayer; he had seriously
doubted in examining the question intellectually that human prayer
could influence the purpose of the Deity. It is difficult, if not
presumptuous, to inquire into the process whereby, under the
guidance of spiritually minded friends, his doubts were satisfied.
"... One indeed I knew
In many a subtle question versed."
* * * * *
"He fought his doubts and gathered strength,
He would not make his judgment blind,
He faced the spectres of the mind,
And laid them--thus he came at length"
* * * * *
"To find a stronger faith his own."
The simple earnest faith of his fathers in which he had commenced
life, ran all through his mature years and prompted his strong
purposeful energies. After the combat with the only seriously
perplexing doubt he re-embraced his faith with the simplicity of a
child and the strength of a giant. For one accustomed to apply to
every subject taken in hand the rigid process of careful scientific
investigation, it required no small effort to lay aside his usual
methods and suffer himself to be led wholly by faith.
It was impossible for Simpson to enter into any movement without
taking a prominent part in it. That Christmas Day on which all doubts
left him was followed by days of extraordinarily zealous work, such as
would have been expected of him after he had convinced himself that he
had a mission to spread abroad this, the latest, and, in his opinion,
the greatest, of his discoveries. He plunged at once into the midst of
Evangelical societies, missions, and prayer-meetings, amongst the
upper and lower classes of Edinburgh, and made excursions into the
mining districts of his native county to deliver addresses. He
interested himself in the education of theological students, and in
foreign missions, and added to his literary work the writing of
religious addresses, tracts and hymns. His example had a powerful
influence in Edinburgh. It is said that he frequently addressed on a
Sunday evening Evangelical assemblies of two thousand persons. The
news of his so-called conversion was gleefully spread by well-meaning
folks, who had given credence to statements published by his enemies,
and imagined that here was a bad if a great man turned aside from the
broad to the narrow path. This enthusiastic revival movement died down
in time, and Simpson returned to his ordinary everyday life.
More sorrow soon fell to his lot. In 1862 his fifth child, James, who
had always been an invalid, was taken from him at the age of fifteen.
In 1866 the sad death of Dr. David Simpson, the eldest son, which has
already been referred to, was followed in about a month's time by that
of the eldest surviving daughter, Jessie, at the age of seventeen. The
death of James, a sweet-natured child, stimulated him in the revival
work. Pious friends had surrounded the little sufferer and led him to
add his innocent influence in exciting his father's religious
emotions.
There is reason to believe that Simpson perceived much insincerity in
the revival movement, and attempted to dissociate himself from active
participation in it, on account of finding it impossible to work in
harmony with some who, though loud in profession, flagrantly failed in
practice.
The subject of Simpson's health has been little referred to in these
pages, because throughout his life he paid little attention to it. The
chief remedy for the feeling of indisposition was change of work. He
found it impossible to be idle, and sought as recreation occupations
such as archaeological research, or a scamper round foreign hospitals,
which to most people would have savoured more of labour. The part of
his body which was most worked, his nervous system, was naturally the
one which most often troubled him with disorder; like other great men
of high mental development he suffered from time to time with severe
attacks of megrim, which necessitated a few hours of rest. The
blood-poisoning, for which he availed himself of Professor Syme's
services, was soon recovered from with prompt treatment ending in a
foreign tour; but after it little illnesses became more frequent, and
he was perforce occasionally confined to the house. During these times
he busied himself, for the sake of occupation and to distract his
attention from his sufferings, in professional reading or the
preparation of literary papers. Rheumatic troubles became frequent,
and soon after his eldest son's death he had to run over to the Isle
of Man to free himself from a severe attack of sciatica.
Long, weary nights spent at the bedside of patients or in tiresome
railway journeys, and exposure to all varieties of weather, had a
serious effect upon him. Travelling was slow, according to modern
ideas, and long waits at wayside stations in winter-time helped to
play havoc with his constitution. He was well known to the railway
officials in Scotland. The figure of the great Edinburgh professor was
familiar at many a station, striding up and down the platform with the
stationmaster, chaffing the porter, or cheerily chatting to the driver
and stoker leaning out of the engine. After his death many of these
men would proudly produce little mementoes of their services to him,
which he never forgot to send.
The little rest house, Viewbank, on the Forth, had to be more
frequently sought refuge in, if only to get away from the harassing
night-bell and secure a full night's sleep. In the last year or two of
his existence he found the work of his practice and chair hard to
carry on, not because of any defined illness, but on account of the
loss of that buoyant elasticity of constitution which had enabled him
to bear without apparent effort or injury the fatigue which would have
been sufficient to prostrate more than one ordinary man. He had early
trained himself to do with a minimum of sleep; to snatch what he could
and when he could, if it were only on a sofa, a bare board, or in one
of the comfortless railway carriages of the day. He took full
advantage during his career of the modern facilities for travelling
which he had seen introduced and developed. Many a night was spent in
the train, going to or returning from a far-distant patient, or after
a combined professional and archaeological excursion; the next morning
would find him busy in his usual routine. On the day after receiving
the degree of D.C.L. at Oxford in 1866, he started for Devizes, which
was reached the same evening; here he had a hasty meal and drove on to
Avebury to see the standing stones there. He returned at midnight, and
at five o'clock next morning set off for Stonehenge, a place he had
long desired to see, thoroughly examined the remarkable remains, and
on his return took train to Bath, where he found time to examine more
antiquities. At midnight a telegram reached him calling him
professionally to Northumberland. He snatched a few hours' sleep, and
taking the four a.m. train to London set out for Northumberland, where
he saw his patient, and then proceeded to Edinburgh. This is no
solitary instance of his journeyings, but an example of many.
When the year 1870 had been entered upon, he awoke to the fact that
his flesh was too weak for his eager spirit; despite this, he held on
his course, and worked without ceasing, never refusing an urgent call,
although he now suffered from angina pectoris. On February 12th he
hastened to London to give evidence in a notorious divorce case. He
arrived only to find that the trial had been postponed for four days.
He returned to Edinburgh on the 14th, spent the next day in
professional visits in the country, and arrived again in London in
time to appear in the witness-box on the 16th, although chilled to the
bone by the coldness of the long journey. On the following day he
stopped at York on his way home, dined with Lord Houghton, and
visited, at 11 p.m., his friend Dr. Williams, in Micklegate. During
the remainder of the journey from York to Edinburgh he suffered
severely, and "was glad to rest for awhile upon the floor of the
railway carriage."
A few days after this last run to London he was summoned to see a
patient in Perth, but was this time so fatigued by the effort, that
after his return on February 25th he was obliged to take to bed. The
news sped to all quarters of the globe that Simpson was gravely ill,
for nothing but grave illness could compel that vigorous man to
completely lay down his work.
His symptoms improved at first under appropriate treatment
sufficiently to allow him to be placed on a bed in the drawing-room;
and he even once more took up his favourite archaeology, revising some
of his work in that subject. Patients also were not to be denied; many
were seen and prescribed for in his sick room, some even being carried
up to his presence. But the fatal disease regained ascendancy, and the
fact became apparent to all, not excepting himself, that the last
chapter of the closely written book of his life had been entered upon.
Towards the end of March, by his own request, his eldest surviving son
was telegraphed for to be near him, and he wrote a touching letter to
his youngest son, then a student in Geneva, encouraging him in his
studies, asking him to look for cup-markings cut in the curious islet
rock in Lake Geneva, and ending with an expression of his feeling of
impending death, for which he felt perfectly and happily prepared. In
these last days he loved to have his nearest and dearest around him;
Lady Simpson and others read to him, and his daughter tells us how she
daily prepared her school lessons in the sick room with his help; to
the last he interested himself in the work of his relations and
friends. He answered the attack of Bigelow, of Boston, conscious that
it was his last effort on behalf of chloroform, and wrote to all his
old opponents asking their forgiveness if at any time words of his had
wounded their feelings. He might well have spared himself the
regrets--such as they were--which troubled him. "I would have liked
to have completed hospitalism," he said, "but I hope some good man
will take it up." On another occasion he asked, "How old am I?
Fifty-nine? Well, I have done some work. I wish I had been busier."
He expressed a desire that his nephew should succeed him in the Chair
of Midwifery--he would, he thought, help to perpetuate his treatment.
There was much communing with himself on his future, and all his
sayings on the subject breathed the simple faith first inculcated in
him in the Bathgate cottage. His great sufferings, sometimes allayed
by opiates and his own chloroform, were bravely borne, but the days
dragged sadly on. On the evening of May 5th Sandy took his place at
his side, and the last conscious moments of the great physician were
spent with his head in the arms of him who had helped and guided him
through the difficult days of his career. At sunset on May 6th he
passed peacefully away.
The extent of the feeling evoked by the tidings of his death was
represented in Mr. Gladstone's remark that it was a grievous loss to
the nation and was truly a national concern. There was a universally
expressed opinion that he merited without a shadow of doubt the rare
national honour of public interment in Westminster Abbey. A committee
was formed out of the leading medical men in London to carry out this
suggestion. Their task was light, for the Dean acceded to the request
at once. Much as his family and the Scots people valued this tribute
to his greatness, they decided otherwise. Scotland has no counterpart
of Westminster in which to lay to rest those whom she feels to have
been her greatest; but Edinburgh felt that she could not part with him
who in life had been her possession and her pride. He had long ago
chosen a piece of ground in the Warriston cemetery, and Lady Simpson
decided, to the gratification of his fellow-citizens, that he should
be buried there beside the five children who had preceded him. His
resting place was well chosen; it nestled into the side of the
beautiful city, and from it could be viewed some of the chief objects
of the scene he knew so well--on the south the stately rock crowned
with the ancient castle, and the towering flats of the old town
stretching away to Arthur's Seat; on the north the long stretch of the
Firth of Forth and in the distance on the one hand the Ochills; on the
other the Bass Rock.
The funeral was one of the most remarkable ever witnessed in Scotland.
It took place on May 13th in the presence of a crowd estimated to
consist of thirty thousand persons. The hearse was followed by a
representative procession comprising close upon two thousand persons.
His own relatives assembled at 52, Queen Street, the general public
and the Town Council in the Free Church of St. Luke, and the
representatives of the University, the Colleges of Physicians and
Surgeons, and the Royal Society and many other public bodies, in the
Hall of the College of Physicians. At each of these meeting-places
religious services were held. The whole city ceased to labour that
afternoon in order to pay the last tribute to its dearly loved
professor. The poor mourned in the crowd as deeply and genuinely as
those with whom he had been closely associated in life mourned as they
followed his remains in the procession. Every mourner grieved from a
sense of personal loss, so deeply had his influence sunk down into the
hearts of the people.
The companion of his troubles and his triumphs, who had bravely joined
him to help him to the fame he strove after, was soon laid beside him.
Lady Simpson died on June 17th of the same year.
But two notes were struck in the countless obituary notices and
letters of condolence which appeared from far and near--those of
appreciation of his great nature, and sorrow for the terrible loss
sustained by science and humanity. The Queen caused the Duke of Argyle
to express to the family her own personal sorrow at the loss of "so
great and good a man." A largely attended meeting was held in
Washington to express the feeling of his own profession in the United
States, at which Dr. Storer moved, "that in Dr. Simpson, American
physicians recognise not merely an eminent and learned Scots
practitioner, but a philanthropist whose love encircled the world; a
discoverer who sought and found for suffering humanity in its sorest
need a foretaste of the peace of heaven, and a devoted disciple of the
only true physician, our Saviour Jesus Christ."
The following original verses from the pen of a well-known scholar in
the profession, were given prominence in the columns of the
_Lancet_:--
PROMETHEUS.
(Our lamented Sir James Simpson was the subject of angina pectoris.)
1
"Alas! alas! pain, pain, ever forever!"
So groaned upon his rock that Titan good
Who by his brave and loving hardihood
Was to weak man of priceless boons the giver,
Which e'en the supreme tyrant could not sever
From us, once given; we own him in our food
And in our blazing hearth's beatitude;
Yet still his cry was "Pain, ever forever!"
Shall we a later, harder doom rehearse?
One came whose art men's dread of are repressed:
Mangled and writhing limb he lulled to rest,
And stingless left the old Semitic curse;
Him, too, for these blest gifts did Zeus amerce?
He, too, had vultures tearing at his breast.
2
Hush, Pagan plaints! our Titan is unbound;
The cruel beak and talons scared away;
As once upon his mother's lap he lay
So rests his head august on holy ground;
Spells stronger than his own his pangs have found;
He hears no clamour of polemic fray,
Nor reeks he what unthankful men may say;
Nothing can vex him in that peace profound.
And where his loving soul, his genius bold?
In slumber? or already sent abroad
On angels' wings and works, as some men hold?
Or waiting Evolution's change, unawed?
All is a mystery, as Saint Paul has told,
Saying, "Your life is hid with Christ in God."
In a peaceful corner of the St. Andrew Chapel in Westminster Abbey,
alongside memorials of Sir Humphry Davy and a few other scientists of
note, stands a speaking image in marble--perhaps the most expressive
representation that exists--of this wonderful man,
"To whose genius and benevolence
The world owes the blessings derived
From the use of chloroform for
The relief of suffering.
LAUS DEO."
Mr. Jonathan Hutchinson, when writing to the medical journals in
support of the proposal to secure Simpson's burial in Westminster
Abbey, foretold that his reputation would ripen with years, that
jealousies would be forgotten, and antagonism would be buried.
Twenty-seven years have elapsed since then, and few remain with whom
he came in conflict; those who do remain exchanged, along with others
of his opponents, friendly words of reconciliation in the end, and
took the hand which he held out from his deathbed. As a man, Simpson
had his faults; but they were exaggerated in his lifetime by some,
just as his capabilities and achievements were magnified by those who
worshipped him as inspired. He was full of sympathy for mankind,
benevolent and honest to a fault, and forbearing to his enemies. He
rushed eagerly into the combat and oftentimes wounded sorely, and
perhaps unnecessarily. His genius was essentially a reforming genius,
and impelled him to fight for his ends, for genius is always the
"master of man." We can forgive him if sometimes it caused him to
fight too vigorously, where the heart of a man of mere talent might
have failed and lost. His social charms were excelled only by his
marvellous energy, his prodigious memory, and his keenness of insight;
but he was regrettably inattentive to the details of ordinary everyday
life and practice.
He approached the study of medicine when the darkness of the Middle
Ages was still upon it, and was one of the first to point out that
although many diseases appeared incurable, they were nevertheless
preventable. Although no brilliant operator himself, he so transformed
the surgical theatre by his revelation of the power of chloroform, and
by his powerful advocacy of the use of anaesthetics, that pain was shut
out and vast scientific possibilities opened up; many of which have
been brilliantly realised by subsequent workers. He devoted himself
specially to the despised obstetric art, fighting for what he
recognised as the most lowly and neglected branch of his profession,
ranging his powerful forces on the side of the weak, and left it the
most nearly perfect of medical sciences.
He was enthusiastic in his belief in progress, and in the power of
steady, honest work to effect great ends. With the exception of the
time of that temporary burst into revivalism in 1861, his motto
throughout life might very well have been _laborare est orare_. He was
no believer in speculations, but curiously enough kept for recreation
only the subject of archaeology, in which he entered into many
intricate speculative studies. In his professional work he avoided
speculation, and never adopted a theory which was not built upon firm
fact.
If we are asked for what we are most to honour Simpson, we answer, not
so much for the discoveries he made, not for the instruments he
invented, not for his exposure of numerous evils, not for the
introduction of reforms, not for any particular contribution to
science, literature, or archaeology; but rather for the inspiring life
of the man looked at both in outline and in detail. He was guided by
high ideals, and a joyous unhesitating belief that all good things
were possible--that right must prevail. He was stimulated by a genius
which, as has been pointed out, gave him the energy to fight for his
ends with herculean strength. The fact that chloroform was by his
efforts alone accepted as _the_ anaesthetic, and ether, which from the
first was generally thought to be safer in ordinary hands, was
deliberately put on one side practically all over the world, testified
to his forcible and convincing method, and to his power of making
others see as he saw. As a man of science alone, as a philanthropist
alone, as a worker alone, as a reformer alone, he was great. But
although to the popular mind he is known chiefly because of his
introduction of chloroform, medical history will record him as greater
because of his reforming genius, and will point to the fight for
anaesthesia, and his crusade against hospitalism as the best of all
that he accomplished or initiated. And he who, while making allowances
for the weaknesses of human nature which were Simpson's, studies the
life which was brought all too soon to a close, will recognise the
great spirit which breathed through all his life.
THE END.
APPENDIX
I.
The following is a list of Sir James Simpson's contributions to
_Archaeology_. His professional writings, in the form of contributions
to the medical journals, or of papers read to various societies or
meetings, number close upon two hundred.
1. "Antiquarian Notices of Leprosy and Leper Hospitals in Scotland and
England." (Three papers read before the Medico-Chirurgical Society,
March 3, 1841.) _Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal_, October,
1841, and January and April, 1842.
2. "Notice of Roman Practitioner's Medicine Stamp found near Tranent."
Royal Society of Edinburgh; Dec. 16, 1850.
3. "Ancient Roman Medical Stamps." _Edinburgh Journal of Medical
Science_, Jan., March, April, 1851.
4. "Was the Roman Army provided with any Medical Officers?" Edinburgh,
1851, private circulation.
5. "Notes on some Ancient Greek Medical Vases for containing Lykion;
and on the modern use of the same in India." Edinburgh, 1856.
6. "Notice of the appearance of Syphilis in Scotland in the last years
of the fifteenth century." 1860.
7. "Note on a Pictish Inscription in the Churchyard of St. Vigeans."
Royal Society, April 6, 1863.
8. "Notes on some Scottish Magical Charm-Stones or Curing Stones."
_Proceedings of Antiquarian Society of Scotland_, vol iv., 1868.
9. "An Account of two Barrows at Spottiswoode, Berwickshire, opened by
the Lady John Scott." _Proceedings of Antiquarian Society of
Scotland_, vol iv., 1868.
10. "Did John de Vigo describe Acupressure in the Sixteenth Century?"
_British Medical Journal_, Aug. 24, 1867; _Medical Times and Gazette_,
1867, vol. ii., p. 187.
11. "Account of some Ancient Sculptures on the Walls of Caves in
Fife." 1867.
12. "Notices of some Ancient Sculptures on the Walls of Caves."
_Proceedings of the Royal Society_; Edinburgh, 1867.
13. "Cup-cuttings and Ring-cuttings on the Calder Stones, near
Liverpool." 1866. _Transactions of the Historical Society of
Lancashire and Cheshire._
14. "Archaeology--its past and its future work." Annual Address to the
Society of Antiquarians of Scotland, January 28, 1861.
15. "The Cat Stane, Edinburghshire." _Proceedings of the Society of
Antiquaries, Scotland_, 1861.
16. "Archaic Sculpturings of Cups, Circles, &c., upon Stones and Rocks
in Scotland, England, and other countries." 1867.
17. "Is the Pyramid at Gizeh a Meteorological Monument?" _Proceedings
of the Royal Society_; Edinburgh, 1868.
18. "Pyramidal Structures in Egypt and elsewhere." _Proceedings of the
Royal Society_; Edinburgh, 1868.
19. "Cell at Inchcolm."
The above list is founded on that given by Professor Gusscrow in his
"Zur Erinnerung an Sir James Y. Simpson." Berlin, 1871.
II.
On _post mortem_ examination the following observations on Sir James
Simpson's head were made:--
Skull--circumference round by occipital protuberance and below
frontal eminences, 22-1/2 inches.
--from ear to ear, 13 inches.
--from occipital protuberance to point between superciliary
ridges, 13 inches.
Brain--weight of entire brain (cerebrum and cerebellum) was 54
ounces; the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata weighed
5-1/4 ounces.
The convolutions of the cerebrum were remarkable for their number,
depth, and intricate foldings. This was noticed more particularly in
the anterior lobes and the islands of Reil.
Extract from _British Medical Journal_, May 14, 1870.
INDEX
A
Academy of Sciences (France), 194
Acupressure, 173
Adam Street, Simpson's lodgings in, 20, 30
Addresses, Graduation, 74-77, 200
Alcohol as an anaesthetic, 93
Alison, Professor, 56, 59, 73, 148
America, United States of, and anaesthesia, 83, 96, 199
Anaesthesia, 88, 178
opposition to:
(1) medical, 113
(2) moral, 120
(3) religious, 123.
Discovery of, 88
results of, 130
Antiquarians, Scots Society of, 8, 71, 156
Appendix, 223
Archaeological works, Simpson's, 223
Archaeology, 4, 8, 152, 223
Argyle, Duke of, 217
Arts, curriculum of, 14, 19, 20
Aytoun, 27
B
Baden, Princess Marie of, 69
Ballingall, Professor, 60
Baronetcy, Simpson's, 190
Bathgate, 4, 7, 8, 34, 142
Bell, Sir Charles, 60, 61
Bennet, 42
Bigelow, Dr., of Boston, 198, 214
Blantyre, Lord, 80
Boerhaave, 134
Boston, U.S.A., 97, 98, 199
Braid, Dr., 95
Brewster, Sir David, 27, 192
British Medical Association, 188
_British Medical Journal_, 176, 177, 188, 225
Bruce, Robert, 72
Brunton, Dr. Lauder, 148
Burke and Hare, 23
Bursary won by Simpson, 20
C
Carstares, William, 192
Catstane, the, of Kirkliston, 8, 155
Chalmers, Dr., 27, 125
Cheselden, 122
Cheyne, Mr. Watson, 184
Children, Simpson's, 85, 207
Chirurgeons, incorporation of, 58
Chloric ether, 99
Chloroform, 215, 221, 219
discovery of, 105
composition described by Dumas, 106
Flouren's experiments, 106
discovery of properties, 106
used in obstetrics, 108
Simpson's opinion of, 111
administration, teaching of, 130
Christison, Professor, 56, 59, 84, 148, 188, 195
Clark, Sir James, 129
Clover, 130
Cockburn, Lord, 23, 27
College of Physicians, Edinburgh, 53, 58, 189
Cooley, Mr., 97
Cooper, Bransby, 123
Crest, Simpson's, 192
Cullen, 2, 27, 41
D
Davy, Sir Humphry, 95, 96, 219
Dawson, Dr., 69
De Quincey, 127, 128
Disruption, the, 85
Doctor of Medicine, degree of, 38
Dumas, 106
Dunbar, Professor, 18
Duncan, Dr. Matthews, 105
Duns, Dr., 34, 162, 196, 207
Du Potet, 94
E
Edinburgh, 17, 27, 197
_Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal_, 52, 72
Education, Simpson on, 199
Elliotson, Dr. John, 94, 95
_Encyclopaedia Britannica_, 198
Erskine House, Simpson's visit to, 80
Esdaile, Dr., 95
Ether, 99, 104, 112
Evangelical work, Simpson's, 209
Extra-mural Medical School, Edinburgh, 26, 31
F
Faraday, 96
Fohman, Professor, 45
Forbes, Edward, 41
Foreign tour, Simpson's, 43-46
Free Church, 85
Freedom of Edinburgh city, 197
Funeral, Simpson's, 216
G
Gairdner, Dr., 37
Girdwood, Dr., 37
Gladstone, Mr., 215
Goodsir, Professor, 42
Graduation addresses, 74-77, 200
Graham, Professor R., 59, 148
Grant, Sir Alexander, 195
Gregory, Dr., 32, 33
Grindlay, Miss Jessie, 46, 55, 57
Grindlay, Mr., 46, 61, 68
Gusserow, Professor, 113, 170, 225
Gynaecological Society of Boston, 199
Gynaecology, 86
H
Hahnemann, 147
Hamilton, Duchess of, 69
Hamilton, Professor James, 32, 40, 56, 59, 69, 163,
169
Hamilton, Sir William, 27
Health, Simpson's, 210
Henderson, Professor, 148
Home, Professor James, 59
Homoeopathy, 74, 147
Hope, Thomas, 56, 59
Hospitalism, 177-184
Hospitality, Simpson's, 81-83
Hotels, the Edinburgh, and Simpson, 163
Houghton, Lord, 213
Hutchinson, Mr. Jonathan, 219
Hypnotism, 94, 149
I
Imperial Academy of Medicine (France), 189
Indian hemp, 92
Infirmary, Royal, of Edinburgh, 31, 109, 177, 178, 187
J
Jackson, Dr., of Boston, U.S.A., 96
James VI., 192
Jameson, Professor R., 59
Jeffery, Lord, 27
Jenner, 119, 145
K
Keiller, Dr., 30
Keith, Dr. George, 105
Kennedy, Dr. Evory, 61, 63
Knox, Robert, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28
L
_Lancet_, the, 95, 169, 191, 218
Laughing-gas, _vide_ nitrous oxide
Laycock, Professor, 186
Leighton, Archbishop, 193
Leprosy and leper-houses, 70
Lippi, 45
Lister, Lord, 176, 179, 184, 188
Liston, Professor, 26, 31, 91, 95, 104, 151
Lizars, John, 26
London, Simpson's journeys to, 80, 187, 213
Long, Dr., of Athens, U.S.A., 96
Lycium, the, of the Muses, 154
M
MacArthur, Mr., 20, 21, 22, 26, 39
Macintosh, Dr., 55
Maclagan, Sir Douglas, 43
Maclaren, Mr. Duncan, 61
_Maga_, the university, 41
Mandrake, 93
Master of Arts, the degree of, 19
Medical faculty, the, 57, 59, 60, 187
Medical Reform Act, the, 187
Medical student, the Edinburgh, 33
_Medical Times and Gazette_, the, 184
Medicine, condition of, at Simpson's birth, 1-3
Medico-Chirurgical Society, the Edinburgh, 189
Meigs, Professor, 117
Melbourne, Lord, 28, 73
Mesmerism, 94, 149
Midwifery, 3, 32, 39, 40, 53, 86, 104
Midwifery Chair, 55-65, 188, 215
Midwifery class, Simpson's, 67
Miller, Professor, 106, 109, 186
Moncrieff, Lord, 27
Monro (Primus), 57
Monro (Secundus), 56
Monro (Tertius), 23, 59
Montgomery, Dr., 140
Monthyon Prize, the, 190
Morton, W. T. G., 97, 98, 129, 132, 198
N
Napier, Lord, of Magdala, 197
_Nepenthe_, 93
Newhaven, 143, 196
Nitrous oxide gas, 97
North, Christopher, 18
Nunn, Mr., 123
O
Oineromathic, the Society, 42
Oxford, D.C.L., degree of, 192, 212
P
Pare, Ambroise, 90
Pathology, 39, 53, 55, 73, 74
Petroleum, 84
Physician-Accoucheur to the Queen, Simpson appointed, 86
Pillans, Professor, 18
_Post mortem_, 225
_Practitioner_, the, 184
Principalship, the, of Edinburgh University, 192
"Prometheus," 218
"Puck," 138
Q
Queen Street, No. 52, 78, 81, 105, 137
Queen, the, 17, 86, 129, 190
R
Reform, medical, 187
Reform, university, 187
Regents, the, of Edinburgh University, 192
Reid, Professor John, 18, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 39,
41, 42, 55, 207
Religious views, Simpson's, 203
Rinderpest, epidemic of, 185
Rollock, the Regent, 192
Roman army, the, 156
Royal Medical Society, 41, 52, 53
Royal Physical Society, 41
Russell, Lord John, 27, 190
S
_Scots Observer_, the, 82
_Scotsman_, the, 61, 142
Scott, Sir Walter, 27, 124
Senatus Academicus, the, of Edinburgh University, 29, 186,
194.
Simpson, Alexander, 10, 37, 40, 61, 205, 215
Simpson, David, 5
Simpson, David (secundus), 37
Simpson, David (tertius), 191, 210
Simpson, Lady, 191, 216, 217
Simpson, Mary, 10
Simpson, Miss E. B., 138, 202, 214
Simpson, Mrs., 5, 6, 204
Simpson, Professor A. R., 51, 86, 164, 219
Smallpox, 184
Snow, Dr., 130
Snowball riot, the, 42
Sound, the, 168
Squabbles, Simpson's, 78
Stafford House, Simpson's visit to, 80
St. Bartholomew's Hospital, 151
Stevenson, R. L., 80
Storer, Dr., 217
Student, the Edinburgh medical, 33
Superstitions, 4, 5, 12
Surgery at Simpson's birth, 3
before anaesthesia, 88-91
after anaesthesia, 131
Sutherland, the Duchess of, 80, 86
Syme, Professor, 26, 31, 60, 61, 73, 114, 175, 130,
140, 148, 151, 186
T
Thatcher, Dr., 37, 63
Thesis, Simpson's, for M.D. degree, 39
Thomson, Professor, 39, 60, 72
Town council of Edinburgh, the, 28, 58, 60, 63, 65, 73,
188, 192
Traill, Professor, 60
U
Universities (Scots) Act, 188, 193
University of Edinburgh, 14, 18, 26, 28, 31, 130
V
Verses, Simpson's, 33, 202
Viewbank, 143, 211
W
Waldie, Mr., 105
Wallace, Professor, 18
Warren, Dr. J. Collins, 102
Warriston cemetery, 216
Weavers, the, of Bathgate, 8, 9
Wells, Horace, 97, 132, 198
Wesley, John, 71
Westminster Abbey, 215, 219
Williams, Dr., of York, 213
Wilson, George, 42
Wilson, Professor John, 18, 27
Women, medical, 188
Wound-healing, 176
Y
York, Simpson's visit to, 213
Young, Professor Thomas, 59
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Transcriber Notes
Archaic and variable spelling is preserved, including 'receptable'.
Passages in italics indicated by _underscores_.
Passages in bold indicated by =equal signs=.
Greek transliterations are surrounded by ~tildes~.