Stobæum."
[321] It may be observed, that such cases of "Natural Equity," as are
here hypothetically put by Barbeyrac, do not properly admit of a third
party as a judge, in the event of a dispute. Parties entering into such
contracts, irrespective of the usages of society, or the positive laws
of the country where they reside, ought to be left to enforce their
natural equity by natural means. One wealthy fool loses to another the
whole of his property, the contract between them being, that he was
to be the winner who should draw the longest straw out of a stack. In
natural equity, between the two parties, the loser is obliged to pay;
but, should he recover his senses, he will refuse, and leave the winner
to his remedy; for the circumstance of his risking so much in the first
instance, was a greater offence against society than his subsequent
refusal to pay. What one gambler may lose to another is of small moment
to society, compared with the primary evil through which such persons
are enabled to play deeply with the fruits of others' labours. Luther,
speaking of the lawfulness of retaining money won by gaming, concludes
that it might be lawfully retained; but adds, that he could wish both
parties to lose, if it were possible. The impossibility has been
removed since regular gaming houses and gaming banks were established.
[322] The following is the passage referred to: περιφερομενοι παντι
ανεμω της διδασκαλιας εν τη ΚΥΒΕΙΑ των ανθρωπων.--"Carried about with
every wind of doctrine by the sleight of men."--Ephesians, iv, 14.--Dr.
Rennell, quoting the passage in the notes to his sermon against Gaming,
observes, that "The connexion between the artifices of gamesters, and
the shifting depravity of heretical subterfuge, is strongly marked by
the Apostle."
[323] Barbeyrac, Traité du Jeu, liv. i, chap. 1. "Que le Jeu en
lui-même, et l'abus mis à part, est une chose tout-à-fait indifferente."
[324] "Selden, de Jure Naturæ et Gentium, lib. iv, cap. v."
[325] From this account of instruments of play containing pictures
and devises, it has been conjectured that cards were then known, and
that the game was included in the general term "Alea." On this point,
Barbeyrac observes, in a note: "All this pleasant conceit [about
pictures and idolatry] is founded on two things: first that the board
on which they played at Trictrac and Dice, was adorned with paintings;
and second, that the invention of those games was attributed to Theut,
or Thout, the Egyptian Mercury, who, after his death, was numbered
amongst the gods."
[326] "Daniel Souter, Palamed. lib. ii, c. 6."
[327] Réflexions sur ce que l'on appelle Bonheur et Malheur en matière
de Loteries, par M. le Clerc, ch. viii, p. 97.
[328] La Placette, Des Jeux de Hasard, ch. ii, p. 202.
[329] J. B. Thiers, in his Traité des Jeux et des Divertissemens, p. 5,
thus refers to the same anecdote: "Saint Ignace de Loiola joüa un jour
au billard avec un gentil-homme qui l'avoit invité d'y jouer, et s'il
en faut croire l'éloquent Jésuite Maphée, il le gagna miraculeusement,
quoiqu'il ne sçût pas le jeu. _Cum nihil minus calleret Ignatius,
divinitus factum est ut in singulos omnino trajectus victor eraderet._"
[330] "Omnis autem Actio vacare debet temeritate et negligentia:
nee vero agere quidquam, cujus non possit causam probabilem
reddere."--Cicero de Offic. lib. i. See also Marc. Antonin. lib. viii,
cap. 2, and lib. x, cap. 37, together with Gataker's observations.--On
this point the remark of Seneca deserves quotation: "Hac [Ratione]
duce, per totam vitam eundum est. Minima Maximaque ex hujus consilio
gerenda sunt."--De Benefic. lib. ii, cap. 18.
[331] Thiers, in his Traité des Jeux et des Divertissemens,
distinguishes games in the same manner; but Barbeyrac observes that he
is wrong in classing all games of cards with games of pure chance.
[332] "The low and profligate company which a gentleman of rank and
education will frequently submit to keep, rather than lose his beloved
Hazard, is such that, if he had been required to admit them simply on
the ground of companions, he would certainly have looked upon it as an
insufferable degradation."--A Dissertation on the pernicious effects of
Gaming, published, by appointment, as having gained a Prize (June 1783)
in the University of Cambridge. By Richard Hey, LL.D., Cambridge, 1784,
p. 31.
[333] "I know a man who cheats," said a young gentleman to Sheridan; "I
do not like to expose him; what shall I do?" "Back him," was the reply.
[334] "Hook's clever epitaph on a fashionable gambler then recently
deceased."--The Dowagers; or, the New School for Scandal, by Mrs. Gore.
1843.
[335] "Question on Gaming, Whether or no the making and providing such
instruments, which usually minister to it, is by interpretation such
an aid to the sin, as to involve us in the guilt?" This treatise is
printed in a small work entitled 'The Life of Bishop Taylor, and the
Purest Spirit of his Writings extracted and exhibited by John Whealdon,
A.M.' 8vo, 1789.
[336] This letter is given in the Rev. R. Polwhele's Reminiscences,
vol. ii, p. 42. Edit. 1836.
[337] Memoirs of Tate Wilkinson, vol. iii, p. 9-11. York, 1790.
[338] Boswell's Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides. The following
anecdote respecting Locke is related by Le Clerc. Three or four men of
rank met him by appointment at the house of Lord Ashley, afterwards
Earl of Shaftesbury, rather for the sake of mutual entertainment than
for business. After mutual compliments had passed, and before there had
been any time for conversation, cards were introduced, and the visitors
sat down to play. Mr. Locke, after looking on a while, drew out his
tablets and sat down to write. One of the company at length observing
how he was employed, asked him what he was writing. "My lord," replied
he, "I am endeavouring to profit as much as I can from your company;
for having impatiently longed to be present at a meeting of the most
sensible and most witty men of the day, and having at last that good
fortune, I thought that I could not do better than write down your
conversation; I have indeed here put down the substance of what has
been said for the last hour or two." The satire was immediately felt;
the players quitted the game, and after amusing themselves for a while
in retouching and enlarging what Mr. Locke had set down, spent the
remainder of the day in more worthy conversation.--Eloge de Mr. Locke
dans la Bibliothèque Choisie, tom. vi, p. 357.
[339] Noctes Ambrosianæ, No. 25, in Blackwood's Magazine for April,
1826.
[340] The Life of St. Francis Xavier, by Father Bouhours. Translated
into English by John Dryden, pp. 71, 203, 697.
[341] "Les jeux des dez, des cartes, et semblables, esquels le gain
dépend principalement du hasard, ne sont pas seulement des récréations
dangereuses, comme les danses, mais elles sont simplement et
naturellement mauvaises et blâmables."--St. François de Sales, Introd.
à la Vie dévote, quoted by Thiers in his Traité des Jeux, p. 168.
[342] Mémoires sur la Cour de Louis XIV et de la Régence. Extraits de
la Correspondance Allemande de Madame Elisabeth-Charlotte, Duchesse
d'Orléans, mère du Régent, p. 339. 8vo, Paris, 1823. In corroboration
of the anecdote related by the Duchess, the Editor gives the
following from the 'Loisirs d'un Homme d'Etat,' and the 'Dictionnaire
Historique:' "M. de Cosnac, archevêque d'Aix, était très vieux, quand
il apprit que l'on vient de canoniser Saint François de Sales. 'Quoi!'
s'écria-t-il, 'M. de Genéve, mon ancien ami? Je suis charmé de la
fortune qu'il vient de faire: c'était un galant homme, un aimable
homme, et même un honnête homme, quoiqu'il trichât au piquet, où nous
avons souvent joué ensemble.' 'Mais, monseigneur,' lui dit-on, 'est-il
possible qu'un saint friponne au jeu?' 'Ho!' repliqua l'archevêque, 'il
disait, pour ses raisons, que ce qu'il gagnait était pour les pauvres.'"
[343] Mémoires inédits de Louis Henri de Lomenie, Comte de Brienne.
[344] "Une treizième circonstance, qui, à mon sens, est capable de
gâter le jeu, c'est quand on joüe des prières, je veux dire quand
on joüe à condition que celui qui perdra fera certaines prières ou
pour les fidèles trépassés, ou pour celui qui aura gagné, ou pour
quelqu'autre qui lui fera indiqué. Le Docteur Navarre ne condamne
pas cet pratique. Le P. Théophile Raynaud témoigne qu'elle est reçue
parmi les devots. Mais pour moi, je la regarde comme un raffinement
de dévotion hétéroclite ou irrégulière, et j'estime qu'il y a de
l'irrévérence à jouër, par exemple, des Pseaumes à reciter, ou des
_Pater noster_, ou des _Ave Maria_ à dire."--Thiers, Traité des Jeux,
p. 425.
[345] On this point the reader is more particularly referred to Thiers,
Traité des Jeux et des Divertissemens, p. 422; and to Barbeyrac, Traité
du Jeu, tom. ii, p. 356, second edit. 1737.
[346] "Toutefois sans venir à telles sortes de blasphèmes, nous en
trouvons de forts sauvages au langage Italien: dont aucuns semblent
plutost sortir de la bouche de diables que d'hommes. Du nombre desquels
est un que j'ouy proférer à Rome par un prestre, lequel sera recité
en son lieu. Mais on luy peut bien donner pour compagnon un qui fût
proféré à Venise par un Italien, non prestre, mais seculier, en jouant
aux cartes en la maison d'un ambassadeur du Roy. Ce blasphème est
tel: 'Venga 'l cancaro ad lupo.' Quel si grand mal y-a-t-il ici? dira
quelqu'un. Le grand mal est en ce que ceci se disoit par une figure,
qui s'appelle aposiopese ou retinenca, en lieu de (comme depuis on
cogneut) 'Venga 'l cancaro, ad lupo che non manjiò christo quando era
agnello.' Or l'appelloit il agnello, ayant esgard à ce qui est dict en
S. Jean, 'Ecce agnus Dei qui tollit peccata mundi.'"
[347] The author of 'A Short Essay on the Folly of Gaming,' reprinted
from the Dublin Intelligencer, in 1734, speaking of the loss of temper
at cards and dice, says: "If any one doubts the truth of this position,
I refer him to the Groom-Porter's, and other public tables, where the
virtuosos of the gaming science are daily and nightly to be seen.
If blasphemy, cursing, swearing, duelling, running of heads against
the wall, throwing hats and wigs in the fire, distortions of the
countenance, biting of nails, burning of cards, breaking of dice-boxes,
can be called a loss of temper, they are to be found there in the
highest degree."--He concludes his essay with the following warning: "I
shall close these cursory reflections with a useful remark of Plato's,
viz. that the Dæmon Theuth was the inventor of Dice; and the vulgar
have it by tradition that cards are the Devil's books; therefore I
cannot but say that after this information given, if gamesters will not
desist, they are undoubtedly at the Devil's devotion."
[348] An Essay upon Gaming, in a Dialogue between Callimachus and
Dolomedes. By Jeremy Collier, M.A. 1713.
[349] This title is taken from the 14th verse of the xxxivth Psalm:
"Depart from evil, and do good." The names of the speakers, Eldad and
Medad, are from Numbers, xi, 26.
[350] Eldad, in replying to this portion of Medad's argument, observes
that Play is not to be compared with commerce or trade, which supplies
men with things necessary or useful, and that in fair trade both the
buyer and the seller are benefited.
[351] Eldad, in answer to this tirade, observes that no blessing can
attend the gains of such an unfeeling character, and that his money
will go as it has come. Out of a thousand, he says, there is not one
who succeeds in such speculations, and that we daily see many reduced
to poverty by them. Trade and commerce supplying us with useful
articles are to be distinguished from speculations which partake of the
nature of gaming.
[352] The following anecdote of a card-playing parson who inopportunely
let some cards drop from his sleeve when in church, occurs in 'The
Women's Advocate, or the Fifteen real Comforts of Matrimony.'--2d edit.
1683.
"The Parson that loved gaming better than his eyes, made a good use
of it when he put up his cards in his gown-sleeve in haste, when the
clerk came and told him the last stave was a-singing. 'Tis true, that
in the height of his reproving the Parish for their neglect of holy
duties, upon the throwing out of his zealous arm, the cards dropt out
of his sleeve, and flew about the church. What then? He bid one boy
take up a card and asked him what it was,--the boy answers the King of
Clubs. Then he bid another boy take up another card. 'What was that?'
'The Knave of Spades.' 'Well,' quo' he, 'now tell me, who made ye?' The
boy could not well tell. Quo' he to the next, 'Who redeemed ye?'--that
was a harder question. 'Look ye,' quoth the Parson, 'you think this
was an accident, and laugh at it; but I did it on purpose to shew you
that had you taught your children their catechism, as well as to know
their cards, they would have been better provided to answer material
questions when they come to church.'"
[353] Mons. Peignot says that Mlle. Le Normand, the celebrated
fortune-teller, published in her 'Souvenirs Prophétiques,' Paris, 1814,
the same history, but with the name of the hero changed to Richard
Middleton. Mlle. Le Normand died at Paris in 1843, aged 72, leaving
a fortune, it is said, of 500,000 francs. She had followed the trade
of fortune-telling for upwards of forty years; and is said to have
been frequently consulted by the Empress Josephine, who was extremely
superstitious. A great number of her customers were gamblers, of both
sexes. She is said to have been visited both by Napoleon, and by
Alexander, Emperor of Russia.
[354] Notice Bibliographique sur les Cartes à jouer, p. 9. Paris, 1842.
[355] Since this sheet was in type I have learned that cards are
mentioned in a work entitled 'Le Ménagier de Paris,' written about
1393, by "un bourgeois Parisien," and recently published by the Society
of Bibliophiles Français. In the notice of it in the 'Journal des
Savants' for February last, it said: "On y rencontre des indications
historiques que nul autre ouvrage ne nous fournit; tel est, par
example, la mention des Cartes à jouer."
APPENDIX.
No. 1.
_List of the Specimens of Cards given in the 'Jeux de Cartes
Tarots et de Cartes Numérales, du Quatorzième au Dix-huitième
Siècle;' published by the Society of Bibliophiles Français, Paris,
1844._
1. Seventeen cards, ascribed to Gringonneur, from the originals in the
Bibliothèque du Roi.
2. Ten cards, from the originals engraved on wood and coloured, in the
Bibliothèque du Roi. Supposed date, 1425.
3. Cards, from the originals engraved on wood, in the possession of
Mons. Hémuville. Supposed date, 1440.
4. Copies of the set of fifty old Italian engravings, usually called
Tarocchi. Supposed date, 1470.
5. Ten plates, containing a set of fifty-two circular cards, with the
mark T. W., and having Hares, Parroquets, Pinks, and Columbines as the
marks of the suits. Supposed date, 1477.
6. Four cards of a pack engraved on copper at Venice in 1491.
7. Ten plates, containing forty cards, with Human Figures, Bears and
Lions, Deer, and Birds as the marks of the suits. From the originals,
ascribed to the "Master of 1466," formerly in the possession of Mr. T.
Wilson, but now in the Bibliothèque du Roi.
8. Four plates, containing thirty-six cards of a German pack of
fifty-two, engraved on wood, of the date 1511.
9. A plate, containing sixteen Portuguese cards, of the date 1693.
10. A plate, containing twelve French cards, engraved by Vincent
Goyraud, of the time of Henry IV.
11. A plate, containing sixteen French cards, of the time of Louis XIII.
12. A plate, containing twelve cards of a Republican pack, engraved in
France about 1793.
13. A plate, containing twelve cards of another Republican pack,
engraved in France about the same period as the preceding.
The originals of all the specimens, with the exception of those
mentioned under No. 3, are preserved in the Bibliothèque du Roi.
No. 2.
_A List of the principal Works either directly relating to Cards,
or incidentally treating of the Game. From the 'Jeux de Cartes
Tarots et de Cartes Numérales,' with many additions._
Le Ménagier de Paris: traité de morale et d'économie domestique,
composé, vers 1393, par un Bourgeois Parisien. Publié pour la première
fois par la Société des Bibliophiles Français. 8vo, Paris, 1848.
Ingold, Das Güldin Spil. Folio, Augsburg, 1472.
Baptista Platina, de Honesta Voluptate. 4to, Venice, 1475.
Galeottus Martius, de Doctrina promiscua. About 1490.
R. Maphei Volaterrani Commentaria Urbana. 1506.
Logica Memorativa: Chartiludium logice, auctore Thoma Murner. 4to,
Cracoviæ, 1507. Strasburg, 1509. Reprinted at Paris. 8vo, 1629.
Philesii Vosgesigenæ Grammatica figurata. 4to, 1509.
Speculum Fatuorum, auctore Joanne Geiler de Kiesersberg, concionatore
Argentorense. Sect. lxxvii, Lusorum turba. 4to, Strasburg, 1511.
Chartiludium institute summarie, vel institutiones Justiniani; doctore
Thoma Murner, memorante et ludente. 4to, Argentinæ, 1518.
Dialogi omnes Hadriani Barlandi. 8vo, Paris, 1542.
Ludus Chartarum, Dialogus, auctore Ludovico Vives. 1545.
Raggionamiento del divino Pietro Aretino, nel quale si parla del
giuoco, con moralità piacevole. 8vo, about 1545. Reprinted in 1589 and
1651.
Le Mépris et le Contemnement de tous les Jeux de Sort, par Ol. Gouyn.
8vo, Paris, 1550.
Cento Giuochi liberali e d'ingegno, da Innocentio Ringhieri ritrovati.
4to, Bologna, 1551.
Satyra invectiva contra los Tahures: en que se declaran los daños? que
al cuerpo, y al alma, y la hazienda se siguen del juego de los naypes.
(Por Diego del Castillo.) 12mo, Sevilla, 1557.
Pascasius Justus, de Alea. About 1560. Reprinted in 4to, with a large
Appendix on the subject of gaming, selected from various authors, by
Joannes a Munster, at Neustadt, in the diocese of Spires, 1617.
Hieronymi Cardani Lib. de ludo Aleæ. About 1560.
John Northbrooke's Treatise against Dicing, Dancing, Plays, and other
Idle Pastimes, 1577. Reprinted by the Shakspeare Society, 1843.
Liber de Alea, ou breve Remontrance sur les Jeux de Cartes et de Dés,
par Lambert Daneau. Small 8vo, Paris, 1579.
Philip Stubbes's Anatomy of Abuses. 12mo, 1583.
Reginald Scott's Discovery of Witchcraft. 4to, 1584.
Le Triomphe du Berlan, par J. Perrache. 8vo, Paris, 1585.
Del Giuoco; Discorso del R. Padre M. Tommaso Buoninsegni. 4to,
Florence, 1585.
A Short and Plain Dialogue concerning the Unlawfulness of Playing at
Cards or Tables. By James Balmford. First edition, 1593. Reprinted in
1607.
Les Tromperies et Piperies du Jeu, ou la Mort aux Pipeurs. 12mo, Paris,
1608.
The Four Knaves, a series of Satirical Tracts. By Samuel Rowlands,
1611-13. Reprinted by the Percy Society, 1843.
Commentarius contra Ludum Alearum, Chartarum scilicet ac Taxillorum; a
Fratre Angelo Roccha, episcopo Tagastensi. 4to, Rome, 1616.
On the Nature and Use of Lots. By Thomas Gataker, B.D. 4to, London,
1619. Second edition, 1627.
Académie des Jeux. 12mo, Paris, 1659. Numerous enlarged editions of
this work have been published.
And. Senftlebius, de Alea veterum, p. 137-8. 8vo, Leipsic, 1667.
The Compleat Gamester. By Charles Cotton. 12mo, London, 1674.
Der Gelehrte und Bekehrte Spieler: das ist ein annehmliches
Tractätlein, darinnen zwey Jüdische Studenten scharffsinnig disputiren,
Was vom Spiel zu halten sey? Ins Deutsche übersetzet von P. A.
Christian. 12mo, Leipzig, 1683. The first edition of the original
Hebrew appears to have been printed at Venice about 1615. A second
edition was printed at Leyden about 1660.
Traité des Jeux et des Divertissemens, par M. Jean Baptiste Thiers,
Docteur en Théologie. 12mo, Paris, 1686.
Parallèle entre la Jurisprudence espagnole et celle de France,
relativement aux Jeux de Cartes, par Lucio Marinero Siculo, 1686.
Elenchus quorumdam eorum qui de ludis scripserunt, et de ludis
orientalibus; auctore Thoma Hyde. 12mo, Oxford, 1694.
Réflexions sur ce que l'on appelle Bonheur et Malheur en matière de
Loteries (Par J. Le Clerc.) 12mo, Amsterdam, 1696.
Bibliothèque instructive et curieuse, par le Père Menestrier. 12mo,
Trévoux, 1704.
Essai d'Analyse sur les Jeux de Hasard (cartes, dés, tric-trac). Fig.
de Seb. Leclerc. 4to, Paris, 1708.
Traité du Jeu, où l'on examine les principales Questions de Droit
naturel et de Morale qui ont rapport à cette matière, par Jean
Barbeyrac. 16mo, Amsterdam, 1710. Seconde edition, revue et augmentée,
1738.
An Essay upon Gaming, in a Dialogue between Callimachus and Dolomedes.
By Jeremy Collier. A.M. 8vo, London, 1713.
Memoirs of the Lives, Intrigues, and Comical Adventures of the most
Famous Gamesters and Celebrated Sharpers in the reigns of Charles II,
James II, William III, and Queen Anne. By Theophilus Lucas, Esq. 12mo,
1714.
The Court Gamester: or full and easy instructions for playing the Games
now in vogue. By Richard Seymour, Esq. 12mo, second edition, London,
1720.
Dissertation sur l'Origine du Jeu de Piquet, par le Père Daniel,
extraite du Journal de Trévoux, Mai, 1720.
A View of the Antique Laws against Immorality and Profaneness. By the
Rev. John Disney, A.M. Folio, London, 1729.
A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist. By Edmond Hoyle, Gent. 12mo,
first published about 1737.
Istoria della Citta di Viterbo, da Feliciano Bussi. Folio, Rome, 1740.
This work contains the extract from Covelluzzo, relating to the
introduction of cards into Viterbo, in 1379, first pointed out by M. C.
Leber.
The Humours of Whist; a Dramatic Satire: as acted every day at WHITE'S,
and other Coffee-houses and Assemblies. 8vo, London, 1743.
A Letter to a Lady on Card-playing on the Lord's Day. 8vo, London, 1748.
Longuerana. Tom. i, p. 408. 12mo, Berlin, 1754.
Recherches sur les Cartes à jouer, par Bullet. 12mo, Lyon, 1757.
H. J. Clodii Bibliotheca Lusoria, sive Notitia Scriptorum de Ludis.
8vo, 1761.
Meerman, Origines Typographicæ. Vol. I. 4to, 1765.
Traité historique et pratique de la Gravure en Bois, par J. M.
Papillon. Tom. i, p. 80. 8vo, Paris, 1766.
Burgh on the Dignity of Human Nature. Vol. II, p. 164-6. 8vo, 1767.
Coutumes d'Italie, par Baretti. Vol. II. London, 1768.
Encyclopédie des Arts et Métiers (Art du Cartier), par Duhamel du
Monceau. 4to, 1771-76.
Idée générale d'une Collection d'Estampes, par le Baron de Heineken.
8vo, Leipsic, 1771.
Recueil des Actes sur la Régie du Droit des Cartes. 4to, Paris, 1771.
Il Giuoco del Carte, da Saverio Bettinelli. 8vo, Cremona, 1775.
C. G. Von Murr, Journal zur Kunstgeschichte, 2ter Theil, s. 89-92; 98;
200. 12mo, Nuremberg, 1776.
Explication du Jeu des Cartes, anecdote curieuse sous le nom de Louis
Bras-de-fer. 12mo, 1778. The original of the story of the soldier who
used a pack of cards for his prayer-book.
Sur la Passion du Jeu, par Dusaulx. 8vo, Paris, 1779. Mons. Peignot
says that this work seems to have produced but little effect; for
in the following year a counsellor of parliament, M. Bergeret de
Frouville, lost at one sitting 27,000 louis.
Eclaircissements sur l'Invention des Cartes à jouer, par l'Abbé Rive.
12mo, Paris, 1780.
Le Monde primitif, par Court de Gebelin, tom. viii, pp. 365-418. 4to,
Paris, 1781.
Versuch den Ursprung der Spielkarten zu erforschen. Von J. G. I.
Breitkopf. 4to, Leipsic, 1784.
A Dissertation on the pernicious effects of Gaming. By Richard Hey,
LL.D. 8vo, Cambridge, 1784.
Archæologia, vol. viii. Dissertations on the History of Playing Cards,
by Barrington, Bowle, and Gough. 4to, London, 1787. In Vol. XV of the
same work there is an Account of the Italian game of Minchiate.
Whist: a Poem, in twelve cantos. By Alex. Thomson, Esq. 12mo, second
edition, London, 1792.
Leçons sur l'Histoire universelle, depuis le commencement du XVI^e
Siècle par M. Fant, Professeur à l'Université d'Upsal, 1780-93. In this
work the author speaks of the engraving of cards as having led to the
invention of printing.
Decret de la Convention, dite Nationale de France, du 22 Octobre, 1793,
qui enjoint aux municipalités Françaises de purger les cartes à jouer
de tous les emblèmes de la royauté et de la féodalité.
Materiali per servire all' Storie dell' Origine e de' Progressi dell'
Incisioue in Rame e in Legno, col. da Pietro Zani, pp. 78-81, et
149-93. 8vo, Parma, 1802.
The Monthly Repository of Theology and General Literature. Vol. I, pp.
534, 644-50. On the Propriety of Dissenting Ministers playing at Cards.
8vo, 1806.
Essai sur l'Origine de la Gravure en Bois et en Taille-douce, par Henri
Jansen. 8vo, Paris, 1808.
Le Peintre-Graveur, par Adam Bartsch, tom. x, pp. 70-120, et tom. xiii,
pp. 120-38. 8vo, Vienna, 1812.
Aperçu du Jeu des Tarots, ou Jeu de la Vie, &c., par Durand. 12mo,
Metz, 1813.
Hindostanee Cards. In the Calcutta Magazine, vol. ii. 8vo, Calcutta,
1815.
Researches into the History of Playing Cards; with Illustrations of the
Origin of Printing and Engraving on Wood. By Samuel Weller Singer. 4to,
London, 1816.
Mélanges d'Origines étymologiques et de Questions grammaticales, par
Eloi Johanneau. P. 35, Sur l'Origine étymologique du Nom Espagnol et
Italien des Cartes à jouer. 8vo, Paris, 1818.
The Gaming Calendar, to which are added the Annals of Gaming. By
Seymour Harcourt, Esq. 12mo, third edition, London, 1820.
Geschichte der Holzschneidekunst; nebst zwei Beilagen enthaltend den
Ursprung der Spielkarten und ein Verzeichness der samt xylographischen
Werke, von Joseph Heller. 8vo, Bamberg, 1823.
Analyse critique et raisonnée de toutes les Recherches publiées jusqu'à
ce jour sur l'Origine des Cartes à jouer, par G. Peignot (à la suite de
ses Recherches sur les Danses de Mort.) 8vo, Dijon, 1826.
Catalogue raisonné of the select collection of engravings of an
Amateur, (Mr. T. Wilson) pp. 87-91. 4to, London, 1828.
Manuel du Cartonnier, du Cartier, et du Fabricant de Cartonnages. Par
M. Lebrun, pp. 189-237. 16mo, Paris, 1830.
Memorie spettanti alla storià délia Calcografia, dal conte Leopold
Cicognara. 8vo, Prata, 1831.
Origine Française de la Boussole et des Cartesà jouer, par Rey. 8vo,
Paris, 1836.
Observations sur les Cartes à jouer, par M. Duchesne ainé, extraites de
l'Annuaire Historique pour 1837. 12mo, Paris, 1836.
Gaming, and the Gaming Houses of London and Paris, or Les Maisons des
Jeux dévoilées. By Scrutator. 8vo, London, 1836.
A Treatise on Wood Engraving. (By Wm. A. Chatto.) P. 52-9. Royal 8vo.
Published by Charles Knight and Co., London, 1839.--Copies of this work
without the _Third_ Preface are incomplete.
Catalogue des livres, dessins, cartes, etc., de M. C. Leber. 8vo,
Paris, 1839. The list of works on cards, and of old cards collected by
Mons. Leber, is in tom. i, p. 240 et seq.
Etudes historiques sur les Cartes à jouer, principalement sur les
Cartes Françaises. Par M. C. Leber. Extrait du tome xvi des Mémoires de
la Société Royale des Antiquaires de France. 8vo, Paris, 1842.
Notice Bibliographique sur les Cartes à jouer. 8vo, Paris, 1842.--A
Translation from the 'Lehrbuch einer Literargeschichte der berühmtesten
Volker des Mittelalters.' Von J. G. T. Grasse, Dresden, 1842, with
additions, by Brunet, the younger.
Dictionnaire historique des Moeurs des Français, par La Chesnaye des
Bois. Tom. i, p. 374.
Whist. By B. E. Pote. In the Foreign Quarterly Review, No. 48.
On the Costume of Coat Cards. By John Adey Repton. In the 'Gentleman's
Magazine' for November, 1843.
Sur d'anciennes Cartes à jouer, par M. le Baron de Reiffenberg. Dans
le Bulletin de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et des Beaux-arts de
Bruxelles. No. 10, 1847.
Bibliotheca Antiquaria Fabricii.
Vindiciæ typographicæ, auctore Schœpflin.
Dissertation sur l'Origine et le Progrès de la Gravure en Bois, par
Fournier.
Mémoire sur l'Origine de l'Imprimerie, par De Vigny.
Essais sur Paris, par Saint-Foix.
Traité de la Police, par De la Marre.
[Illustration]
INDEX.
Act of Parliament, of 1463, prohibiting the importation of cards, 96.
--Acts to protect gamesters who play on credit, 147;
the reason of their partial repeal, 148.
Advice to professional card-players, 270.
Alea, a general term for play; supposed to include cards, 61.
Almanac, Cotta's card, 259;
the Perpetual, or Gentleman-Soldier's Prayer Book, 321.
Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy, forbids gaming in 1430, 80.
Ames, William, 129;
preaches against cards and dice at Cambridge in 1610, 281.
Amman, Jost, his designs in a book of trades, 84;
cards of his designing, 238.
Anderson's History of Commerce, 96.
---- Christopher, Annals of the English Bible, 109, 112.
---- R., Ballads in the Cumberland dialect, 185.
Anson, Lord, the circumnavigator, caricatured as a gamester, 181.
Anstis's History of the Garter, 18.
Arabian Nights, cards not mentioned in, 46.
Aretine, Pietro, his Carte Parlanti, 194, 207.
Assembly-rooms devoted to dancing and cards, 185.
Astragali, 11.
Avatars of Vichnou, 38.
Bacon, Lord, his inquisitive spirit excited when a boy by a juggling
trick with cards, 118.
Baker's chronicle, 108.
Baker and Co.'s eclectic cards, 261.
Bale, John, uses the word Jack-a-Naipes, 233.
Balmford's, James, tract concerning the unlawfulness of games of
hazard, 129, 279.
Barbeyrac's Traité du Jeu, extracts from, 282-94, 310.
Barrington's, the Hon. D., Observations on the Antiquity of
Card-playing in England, 18, 46, 65, 107, 132, 145, 160.
Barrois, J., on the proper meaning of the name Gringonneur, 76.
Bartsch's Peintre-Graveur, 200, 223.
Basset, prohibited by Louis XIV, 147.
Battle of the Reed Swire, 113.
Bells, an ornament of dress, 240.
--Leber's researches on the subject, 240-5.
Bernardin, St., his address to the citizens of Bologna, 90.
Bibliophiles Français, specimens of cards published by, 190, 201,
236, 250-3.
Blacksmith's coat of arms, 6.
Bonds, voluntary, to abstain from gaming, 79.
Bras-de-fer, his moral exposition of a pack of cards, 320, 324.
Brietkopf's Inquiry into the Origin of Playing Cards, 7, 26, 225,
227, 239.
Briefe, the German name for cards, 26.
Briefmaler, 84.
Brunet, the younger, his note prefixed to a 'Notice Bibliographique
sur les Cartes à jouer,' 100, 326.
Bullet's Recherches Historiques sur les Cartes à jouer, 27-8.
Buoninsegni's, Father Thomas, Discorso del Giuoco, 90.
Bussi's History of Viterbo, 23, 73.
Cabinet du Roi de France, cited, 111.
Capability of cards as a subject of disquisition, 2.
Capistran, John, his discourse against gaming at Nuremberg in 1452, 91.
Card-playing at Bologna in 1423, 90.
---- in Germany in the fifteenth century, 92.
Card-playing common in England as a Christmas game about 1484, 97.
---- in Scotland, 98, 110, 113.
---- at Rhodes in 1498, 99-100.
---- in Ireland and Spain, about 1590, 114-15.
---- in the reign of James I, 125.
---- in the reign of Charles II, 146-9.
---- in the reign of Queen Anne, 165.
---- in the reign of George II, 170-80.
---- in the reign of George III, 186.
Cards.--Hindostanee, 32-50.
---- Chinese, 55-9.
---- old stencilled, in the British Museum, 88.
---- Heraldic, 150.
Historical, 153.
Mathematical, 155.
For carving, 156.
Satirical, 157-9.
---- old painted, ascribed to Gringonneur, 195-8.
---- Dr. Stukeley's, 205.
---- old French, 211, 214.
---- old German, engraved on copper, 220-6.
---- engraved on copper, ascribed to Israel van Mecken, 226.
---- German, engraved on wood, 1511, 236.
---- French, of the time of Henry IV, 250.
---- Portuguese, of the date 1693, 251.
---- French Republican, 253-6.
---- American, 256.
Caricatures in the reign of George II, 181.
Cartas (Epistolæ) from Carthage, 26.
Cartes, chartæ, cards, probable etymology of, 20, 22.
Carving, cards teaching the art, 156.
Castillo's, Diego del, Satyra contra los Tahures, 115.
Catharine of Arragon, wife of Henry VIII, a card-player, 107.
Cervantes' Comical History of Rinconete and Cortadillo, 115.
Charta, paper, probable etymology of, 24.
Chaturanga, the Hindostanee name for chess, 16.
Cheating at cards, trial on the subject, 296.
Chess, said to have been invented by an Indian, 13.
Chesterfield, _the_ Earl of, a card-player, 173.
Chinese cards, 55-9.
Christie, James, his inquiry into an ancient Greek game, 13.
Clubs for gaming, 170.
Cole's, Dr. loss of his commission, 327.
Collier, Jeremy, on gaming, 312.
Colours of the ground of the Hindostanee cards, 17, 35, 36, 37.
Comedy devised on the game of cards, 122.
Controversy on the lawfulness of playing at cards and other games of
chance, 128, 279.
Cook's, Aurelian, Titus Britannicus, 145.
Cotta's Card Almanacs, 259.
Cotton's Complete Gamester, 159.
Counting and guessing, 11.
Covelluzzo's account of the introduction of cards into Viterbo,
23, 73.
Cuffe, secretary to the Earl of Essex, his fortunes told by cards,
119.
Curse of Scotland, 266-8.
Cyprian, St., his treatise, de Aleatoribus, 61, 290.
Daniel's, Père, Origine du Jeu de Piquet, 4, 209, 265.
Dictionary of the Spanish Academy; its sanction of a conundrum as an
etymology of Naipes, 23.
Dominotiers, an old name for engravers and colourers of woodcuts, 87.
Ducange's glossaries, 63, 99.
Duchesne's, Observations sur les Cartes à jouer, and Précis
Historique, 65, 99, 189, 204, 206, 210, 225.
Dunbar's, Wm., poems, 110; Valet of cards, 234.
Dutch names of the suits of cards, 230.
Elizabeth, Queen, a card-player, 120.
Engravings, a series of, improperly called Tarocchi cards, 199-204.
Epitaph on Beau Nash, 173; on a noble gambler, 297.
Equity, natural, how to be enforced in games of hazard, 287.
Evelyn's Memoirs, 146.
Exchequer, derivation of the word, 16, 21.
Fante, the Italian name for the Knave of cards, 229.
Fierge, the Pherz of Persian chess, 14.
Fleur-de-lis, on coat cards, and in the compass, 7.
Foreign Quarterly Review, article on Whist, 36.
Formschneider, a wood-engraver, as distinguished from a
card-painter, 83.
Forret, Thomas, his objections to the manner in which many of the
Scottish clergy, about 1539, spent their tithes, 111-12.
Fortune, the gambler's goddess, 11.
Fortune-telling by cards, 116-19.
Four Kings, a name given to cards, 19.
Franklin, Dr., his definition of man, 1.
Freret on the origin of chess, 14.
Furny card, explained, 109.
Game, the first played at, 9.
Games at cards in 1709, 159.
Before the time of Charles II, 160.
Games, various, enumerated by Taylor, the water-poet, 163.
Games, three different species of, 294.
Gaming, excessive, of the French clergy, about 1580, 111.
Gammer Gurton's Needle, cards mentioned in, 109.
Gataker, Thos. B. D., on Lots, 129, 279.
Gebelin, Court de, finds in cards an abstract of Egyptian learning, 5;
his explanation of the word Tarocchi, 189.
Geiler, John, his remarks on card-playing about 1508, 100.
Geographical cards, 150.
German cards, names of the suits, 228.
Gittern, guitar, derivation of the word, 25.
Goethe's Götz von Berlichingen, 61.
Gough's Observations on the Invention of Cards, 22.
Goyraud, Vincent, a French card-manufacturer, of the time of Henry
IV, 249.
Grace's card, 266.
Gregory, Dr., reply of, respecting cards, 77.
Gringonneur, Jac., paints cards in 1393, 76.
Guevara's epistles translated into French by Gutery, 66.
Guilleville's, William de, Pelerinaige de l'Homme, 69.
Güldin Spil, 74.
Gungefu, the name for cards among the Moslems, in Hindostan, 41.
Heineken's Idée générale d'une Collection d'Estampes, 15, 27, 82,
228.
Helgen, a name given to woodcuts in Suabia, 87.
Heller's History of Wood-engraving cited, 91, 93.
Henry VII, a card-player, 98.
Henry VIII, Act of Parliament against card-playing, 108.
Henry, Prince of Wales, son of James I, a card-player, 125.
Heraldic cards, 150-2.
Herrera relates that Montezuma took pleasure in seeing the Spanish
soldiers play at cards, 106.
Hieroglyphics, 6.
Hindostanee cards, 33-52.
Historical cards, relating to the Popish plot, and the death of Sir
E. Godfrey, 153-5.
Homer, his notice of the games of Petteia and Astragali, 12.
Houbigant's Cartes Royales, 257.
Hoyle, Edmond, his treatise on Whist, 162, 170.
Hume, David, apostrophised as a whist-player, 160.
Hycke-Scorner, cards mentioned in, 108.
Hyde, Dr. T., De ludis orientalibus, 16, 265.
Ingilby, Sir Wm., his examination on the trial, Lord De Ros _versus_
Cumming, 295.
Ingold, a Dominican friar, author of the Güldin Spil, 74.
Injunctions to the clergy, 1559, against card-playing, 121.
Interpolations of the word Cartes, in old MSS., 67-71.
Isis, the horned, the original of the Virgin with the crescent on her
head, 5.
Italian names of the suits of French cards, 207.
Jackanapes, the probable etymology of the word, 231-5.
Jack at Warts--Jack o'Hearts, 235.
James IV of Scotland a card-player, 98.
James I of England a card-player, 126.
Jansen's Essai sur l'Origine de la Gravure, 67.
Jeux de Cartes, Barrington's opinion of the signification of the term,
78.
Johanneau, Eloi, on the etymology of Naipes, and the invention of
cards, 27-30.
Johnson, Dr. Samuel, his opinion of card-playing, 302.
Jones, Sir Wm., on Chess, 15-17.
Jonson, Ben, his device for Abel Drugger's sign, 6.
Juggling tricks with cards, 118.
Junius, F., his explanation of the word Quartes, 22.
Justus, Pascasius, his work on gaming, 115, 174, 271.
Kartenmacher at Augsburg in 1418, 81;
at Ulm, 82.
Knave, the original meaning of the word, 231.
Lassale, Antoine de, author of the Chronicle of Jehan de Saintré, 68.
Latrunculi, 12.
Leber's, M. C., Etudes Historiques sur les Cartes à Jouer, 8, 23, 73,
85, 103, 132, 155, 211-13, 217, 220, 240-9.
Le Normand, Mlle., the Parisian fortune-teller, 324.
Leo X, a trick of his at cards, 174.
List of specimens of cards published by the Society of Bibliophiles
Français, Appendix, No. 1, 333.
List of works relating to cards, Appendix, No. 2, 334.
Locke, John, his opinion of card-playing, 302.
Lookup, the gamester, 173-6.
Loyola, St. Ignatius, wins, miraculously, at billiards, 292.
Lusty Juventus, cards mentioned in, 108.
Lyly, John, represents Cupid and Campaspe playing at cards, 123.
Lyndsay, Sir David, satirises the card-playing of the clergy in
Scotland, about 1535, 110.
Machiavelli on Fortune, 10.
Madden's, Sir F., Privy-purse Expenses of the Princess Mary, daughter
of Henry VIII, 109.
Magasin Pittoresque, article on cards in, 71.
Manners in the time of Charles II, 143;
George II, 176.
Manufacture of cards, extensive in Germany about 1450, 82;
at Venice, 1441;
in England, 131, 166, 272.
Mappa, its ancient meaning, 29.
Margaret, daughter of Henry VII, found playing at cards by her
affianced husband, James IV of Scotland, 98.
Marks of the suits of cards, 206.
Martius, Galeottus, speculates on the meaning of the marks of the
suits, 93.
Mary, the Princess, daughter of Henry VIII, afterwards queen, a
card-player, 109.
Mary, daughter of James II, afterwards queen, a card-player, 146.
Mazarine, Cardinal, played at cards when dying, 310.
Mecken, Israel van, cards supposed to be engraved by, 226.
Meerman's reference to the chronicle of Petit-Jehan de Saintré, 68.
Menestrier's, Père, Bibliothèque curieuse et instructive, 3, 76, 80,
151, 191.
Meré, the Chevalier de, submits certain questions to Pascal respecting
chances at play, 157. [See the treatise on Probability, by Lubbock
and Drinkwater, published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful
Knowledge, p. 12; 41-50.]
Merrels, the game of, 13.
Meursius, de Ludis Græcorum, 5.
Millin's description of the Marquis Girolamo's cards, 229.
Morelli's chronicle, 73.
Moxon's cards for carving, 156;
astronomical cards, 157.
Murner's Chartiludium, or logical card-play, 101-5.
Murr's, C. G. von, Journal, 75, 81, 85, 133, 226.
"Murry neet," in Cumberland, 185.
Nabob, the meaning of the word, 22.
Naibi, and Naipes, speculations on the name as applied to cards, 22-9.
Names of the suits of Hindostanee cards, 41-2; of German, Spanish,
Italian, and French cards, 228.
---- given to coat cards, 208, 211, 215.
---- of particular cards, 265-9.
Nash, Beau, his reign at Bath, 171.
Nine of Diamonds,--the Curse of Scotland, 266-8.
Noctes Ambrosianæ., extract from, relative to card-playing, 303.
Ombre, Barrington's conjecture as to the time of its introduction into
England, 145.
---- Pope's description of, frequently praised, 167.
One-and-thirty, a popular game at cards in Ireland and Spain, 115.
Pair of Cards, the old name for a pack, 269.
Pam, the Knave of Clubs, 269.
Pamphlets with titles borrowed from the game of cards, 138.
Paris, Mons. Paulin, his collation of MSS. of Wm. de Guilleville's
poem of the Pilgrimage of Man, 70;
his conjectures respecting the name Valery on a Knave of cards, 218.
Parson, the, that loved gaming better than his eyes, 321.
Paston, Margery, mentions cards as a Christmas game, about 1484, 97.
Peignot's Analyse de Recherches sur les Cartes à jouer, 20, 69, 81,
253-6, 259, 265.
Pepin, Nicolas, said to be the inventor of cards, 23.
Pepys's Diary, 146.
Perlimpimpim, the by-name of an Italian juggler in 1622, 117.
Phaer's Book of Precedents, 121.
Picture cards in Cotta's Card Almanac, 259.
Piozzi, Mrs., refers to the game of the Four Kings, 20.
Piquet, the meaning of the game explained by Père Daniel, 209.
Platina, B., cards mentioned by, 93.
Pollux, Julius, his account of the game of Petteia, 13.
Pomegranate, a mark on cards, 226.
Poupart, C., pays Gringonneur for cards in 1393, 74.
Prayer-book, the soldier's, in a pack of cards, 321.
Prayers, playing for, 311.
Price of a pack of cards in the time of Roger Ascham, 133;
in the reign of Queen Anne, 167.
Process of card-making at De La Rue and Co.'s, 272.
Prodigal, picture of a, 163.
Protestants of Ireland, in the reign of Queen Mary, how saved from
persecution, 327.
Pulci's Morgante Maggiore--Re di Naibi, 234.
Quartes, 22.
Quatuor Reges, a game so called, mentioned in the wardrobe accounts of
Edward I, 18, 64.
Queen, none in the earliest European cards, 15.
Quire, derivation of the word, 25.
Rabelais, translated by Urquhart, 19.
Rabbinical treatise against gaming, 316-20.
Reiffenberg, the Baron de, his account of a woodcut discovered at
Malines, with the supposed date 1418, 86;
mistakes the Spanish _sota_ for a female, 229.
Rennell, Dr. Thomas, his sermon against gaining, 187.
Republican cards, 253-6.
Rey, M., on cards, 7.
Ringhieri's Cento Giuochi liberali, 53.
Rive's, the Abbé, Eclaircissements Historiques sur les Cartes à jouer,
20, 66.
Roccha, Angelus, Commentarius contra Ludum Alearum, 61.
Rogers represents the followers of Columbus playing at cards, 105.
Rowlands, Sam., his Knave of Hearts, and More Knaves yet, 134-7.
Roy's, William, satire on Cardinal Wolsey, 109.
Russia, great consumption of cards in, 272.
Sadler's, Sir Ralph, State Papers, 112.
Saint Foix's historical essays on Paris, 123.
Saintré, Petit-Jehan de, 68.
Sales, St. Francis de, a card-player when young, 309.
Sandro di Pipozzi, cards mentioned in a MS. work of his, 65.
Sarisberiensis, Joannes, 62.
Satirical cards, French, about 1819, 264
Schön, Erhard, cards of his designing, 238.
Sciential and grammatical cards, 139-41.
Sex of the East India Company, 32.
Seymour's Court Gamester, 168.
Sheppard, W., his England's Balm, 141.
Sheridan's character of the East India Company, 32.
Shufflers, diplomatic, 181.
Singer's Researches into the History of Playing Cards, 7, 131, 147,
201, 223, 238.
Skelton's Bowghe of Court,--Card of Ten, 234.
Solis, Virgil, cards of his designing, 238.
Solme, Thomas, 'the Bushoppes poure thresshere,' uses the term _Yack
an napes_, 233.
Sota, the Spanish name for the Knave of cards, 229.
South-sea bubble, cards ridiculing the speculators, 169.
Spata, a weapon figured in Baker and Co.'s eclectic cards, 261.
St. Christopher, woodcut of, with the date 1423, in Earl Spencer's
collection, 86.
Stencilling, early cards executed by means of, 83.
Stephens, Henry, relates an anecdote of a losing gamester's
swearing, 312.
Strutt's Sports and Pastimes, 107.
Stubbes, Philip, his opinion of playing at cards and other games, 124;
on ruffs, 165.
Stukeley, Dr., old cards formerly belonging to, 205.
Suits of cards, names of, 228, 230.
Sunday, card-playing on, 146.
Sûr Mera, the title of a Rabbinical treatise against gaming, 317.
Swabbers, 161.
Swearing, a vice to which gamesters are prone, 311.
Tahures, a Spanish name for gamesters, etymology of the word,
according to Diego del Castillo, 115, 116.
Taj, or Tas, a name for cards in Hindostan, 41.
Tali, 11.
Tarocchi, or Tarots, 190-5.
Tarotiers, French card-makers called by this name in 1594, 272.
Tax on cards, when first levied in England, 131.
Taylor, the water-poet, his picture of a prodigal, 163.
Taylor, Dr. Jeremy, on card-playing, 297-300.
Teniers, in a picture represents two soldiers playing at cards in the
hall of the high priest, 123.
Terms used at the game of cards in Hindostan, 43.
Thiers, Dr. J. B., his Traité des Jeux, 80, 293, 309, 311.
Thimble-rig superseded by railway speculation, 101.
Toplady, the Rev. Augustus, on card-playing, 300.
Townshend, Lord George, caricatures ascribed to, 184.
Transformation of cards, 260.
Turner, Sharon, his derivation of the word jackanapes, 231.
T. W., the initials of the engraver of a pack of cards of the 15th
century, 222.
Urquhart, Sir Thomas, his translation of Rabelais, 19.
Valery, a name on an old Knave of Hearts, 217.
Valet, the original meaning of the word, 231
Vega, Garcilasso de la, his account of the Spanish soldiers
manufacturing cards, 106.
Vichnou, incarnations of, in a pack of Hindostanee cards, 36-40.
Vierge, Fierge, Pherz, the queen at Chess, 15-21.
Visconti, Philip, Duke of Milan, cards painted for him, 230.
Volay, Jean, a French card manufacturer, 132.
Volpato, Mons., cards formerly belonging to, 221.
Ward, Samuel, preacher, of Ipswich, his Woe to Drunkards, 130.
Wesley, John, sometimes sought an answer by lot, 129: fond of whist
when a young man, 301.
Whist, its relation to chess, 17.
----, a game of English origin, 160-5.
White's coffee-house, 161-2; club at, 178.
Wilson, Mr. T., old cards engraved on copper, formerly belonging
to, 224.
Wilson, Professor, on card-playing, in the 'Noctes Ambrosianæ,' 303-7.
Wood-engraving, the earliest with an authentic date, 85.
Worcester, council of, prohibitions in its canons, 62.
Wuruq, a leaf, the name for a card with the Moslems in Hindostan, 25.
Xavier, St. Francis, card-playing in the East in his time, 53;
his lenity towards gamesters, 307.
Yack an napes, Jackanapes, Jack-a-Naipes, the Knave of cards, 233.
Zani, P. on the Pipozzi MS., 65.
[Illustration]
C. AND J. ADLARD, PRINTERS, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.
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| Transcriber's Note: |
| |
| Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note where |
| the author's original intent was clear. |
| |
| Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant |
| form was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed. |
| |
| Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained. |
| |
| Mid-paragraph illustrations have been moved between paragraphs |
| and some illustrations have been moved closer to the text that |
| references them. The List of Illustrations paginations and those |
| in image captions were not corrected. |
| |
| Italicized words are surrounded by underline characters, _like |
| this_. Superscript characters are preceded by a caret, |
| as in n^o or XIV^{me}. |
| |
| Footnotes were moved to the ends of the chapters in which they |
| belonged and numbered in one continuous sequence. The pagination |
| of index entries which referred to these footnotes was not |
| changed to match their new locations so they refer to the pages |
| in the main text where the footnotes are referenced. |
| |
| The index entry for "Manufacture of Cards, extensive ... at |
| Venice, 1441;...." lacked a page reference. That text was found |
| to be on page 194 and was added to the index entry. |
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