Berwick slain.
Trial of Zenger in New York, establishing the principle of freedom of
the English colonial press.
1735. First settlement of the Moravians in America, made at Georgia.
Don Carlos conquers Sicily; is crowned king as Charles III.
1736. Issue of a papal bull against freemasonry.
Glass lamps used in the streets of London.
War of Russia against Turkey; capture of Azov by the former.
Nadir Shah (Kuli Khan) succeeds to the Persian throne.
1737. War on Turkey by Charles VI.
End of the Medici line in Tuscany; Francis Stephen becomes grand duke.
English theatres are placed under control of the lord chamberlain.
Birth of Edward Gibbon, historian.
1738. Conquest of Afghanistan by Nadir (Kuli) Shah.
At Vienna is signed the definitive treaty between Charles VI of Germany
and Louis XV of France.
Forming of the first Methodist Society in England, by John Wesley. See
"RISE OF METHODISM," xiii, 57.
1739. War of Jenkins's Ear between England and Spain; in 1731 an English
merchant-vessel was boarded by a Spanish guardship, and the captain,
Robert Jenkins, cruelly used, an ear being torn off.
Nadir Shah captures Delhi; he sacks the city and massacres the people.
See "CONQUESTS OF NADIR SHAH," xiii, 72.
Recovery of Belgrad and Servian territory by the Turks, arranged by
treaty between Austria and Turkey.
1740. Death of Frederick William I; accession of Frederick the Great to
the Prussian throne. Treachery of the powers which had guaranteed the
succession of the Austrian throne to Maria Theresa. See "FREDERICK THE
GREAT SEIZES SILESIA," xiii, 108.
A Moravian settlement formed at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
"FIRST MODERN NOVEL." See xiii, 100.
1741. A revolution places Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, on the
throne of Russia; Ivan, an infant, and his parents are imprisoned.
Alliance between England and Austria.
War between Sweden and Russia.
Unsuccessful attack of Admiral Vernon on Cartagena, New Granada.
Final separation of New Hampshire from Massachusetts.
Pretended negro plot in New York.
1742. Election and coronation of the Elector of Bavaria as Emperor
Charles VII of Germany.
Silesia and Glatz ceded to Frederick the Great.
The French are expelled Bohemia.
1743. Second Bourbon Family Compact between the kings of France and
Spain.
Great Britain supports the cause of Maria Theresa. Battle of Dettingen;
victory of the English and Hanoverian army.
1744. War renewed with Austria by Frederick the Great; he invades
Bohemia, captures Prague, but is forced to retreat.
Beginning of King George's War in America.
1745. Last Jacobite rebellion in Britain; Scotland rises for the Young
Pretender, Charles Edward; Battle of Prestonpans; he is victorious and
advances into England, but is compelled to retreat.
Capture of Louisburg by British-American colonists.
Death of Emperor Charles VII; Maximilian Joseph, his successor in
Bavaria, makes peace with Maria Theresa. Battle of Fontenoy; victory of
the French, under Marshal Saxe, over the allies under the Duke of
Cumberland. Victories of the Prussians at Hohenfriedberg, Sohr,
Hennersdorf, and Kesseldorf. Francis I, husband of Maria Theresa,
elected to the imperial throne. Peace between Austria and Prussia.
Invention of the Leyden jar, named from the city where first used.
1746. Battle of Falkirk; victory of the Young Pretender; he is
overthrown at the Battle of Culloden. See "DEFEAT OF THE YOUNG PRETENDER
AT CULLODEN," xiii, 117.
Conquest of the Austrian Netherlands by the French.
Madras, India, surrenders to the French.
Genoa surrenders to the Austrians; they are expelled by a popular
rising.
1747. Naval victory of the English, off Cape Finisterre, under Anson and
Warren, over the French. They suffer another defeat at the hand of
Admiral Hawke at Belle-Isle. Battle of Rocourt; Marshal Saxe defeats the
allies under the Duke of Cumberland, at Lawfeld. Russia supports the
cause of Maria Theresa.
"FRANKLIN EXPERIMENTS WITH ELECTRICITY." See xiii, 130.
1748. Marshal Saxe captures Maestricht; Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle,
ending the War of the Austrian Succession.
Excavations begin at Pompeii.
Pompadour's ascendency over the French King.
Pondicherry successfully defended by Dupleix against the English under
Boscawen and Lawrence.
1749. George II grants a charter to the Ohio Company.
1750. Bounties granted and a company formed in England to encourage the
herring and cod fisheries.
1751. Clive begins his successful career in India.
1752. Change from the Old to the New (or Gregorian) style of calendar in
England.
1753. Founding of the British Museum, due to the legacy of Sir Hans
Sloane, who bequeaths his library, antiquities, and collection of
natural curiosities for that purpose.
1754. Encroachments of the French in North America; Washington, colonel
of a provincial regiment, sent from Virginia to drive them from the
Ohio, is defeated and made prisoner.
King's College, now Columbia, founded at New York.
A congress of the American colonies at Albany; union discussed.
1755. Braddock defeated and slain near Fort Duquesne. See "BRADDOCK'S
DEFEAT," xiii, 163.
Great earthquake at Lisbon, Portugal, November 1st.
"VOLTAIRE DIRECTS EUROPEAN THOUGHT." See xiii, 144.
Dispersion of the French colonists of Acadia. See "EXILE OF THE ACADIAN
NEUTRALS," xiii, 181.
1756. Treaty of Defence between England and Prussia. Treaty of alliance
between France and Austria against Prussia. Beginning of the Seven
Years' War. See "SEVEN YEARS' WAR," xiii, 204.
Calcutta captured by Surajah Dowlah; he throws the English prisoners
into the Black Hole. See "CLIVE ESTABLISHES BRITISH SUPREMACY IN INDIA,"
xiii, 185.
Conquest of Minorca by the French from the English.
Fort Oswego, New York, captured by Montcalm's troops.
1757. Calcutta retaken by Watson and Clive. Capture by the English of
the French fort Charlemagne, on the Ganges.
An army levied by the German Diet against Frederick the Great.[60]
France and Sweden declare war against Prussia. Battle of Prague; the
Austrians defeated by Frederick. His army beaten by the Austrians under
Daun, at Kolin; a Russian army overruns East Prussia. The Duke of
Cumberland defeated by the French at Hastenbeck. Defeat of the Prussian
general Lehwald by the Russians. The French and Imperialists, under
Soubise, defeated by Frederick at Rossbach. After occupying Silesia the
Austrians are defeated at Leuthen.
Capture of Fort William Henry, at the south end of Lake George, by
Montcalm.
Mission by Franklin to England in behalf of the Pennsylvanians.
1758. Expulsion of the French from Hanover, by Ferdinand of Brunswick.
Frederick defeats the Russians at Zorndorf; Daun defeats him at
Hochkirchen.
Arcot, India, taken by the French, who then besiege Madras.
Battle of Ticonderoga; victory of Montcalm over Abercrombie, July 8.
Louisburg reduced and occupied by Amherst and Boscawen; loss to the
French of forts Frontenac and Duquesne.
The French fleet is driven out of the Indian seas by the English
admiral, Peacocke.
1759. Battle of Minden; defeat of the French by Ferdinand of Brunswick.
Kunersdorf: overwhelming defeat of Frederick the Great by the Austrians
and Russians. Boscawen, the English Admiral, defeats the French off
Lagos; Admiral Hawke gains a naval victory over them, under Conflans, in
Quiberon Bay. Fink, the Prussian General, surrenders at Maxen. Havre de
Grace bombarded by Rodney, the British Admiral.
Quebec captured by the British under Wolfe. See "CONQUEST OF CANADA,"
xiii, 229.
Opening of the British Museum.
Expulsion of the Jesuits from Portugal by King John.
Guadelupe taken from the French by the English.
1760. George III succeeds to the English throne on the death of his
grandfather, George II.
Montreal captured by the English; completion of the conquest of Canada.
Battles of Liegnitz, Torgau, and Warburg; Berlin occupied by Austrians
and Russians.
Destructive eruption of Vesuvius, February 21st.
Battle of Wandiwash, India; the English defeat the French.
1761. Pitt resigns from the British ministry.
Third Family Compact of the Bourbons of France, Spain, Naples, and
Parma.
Belle-Isle captured from the French by the English.
Pondicherry surrendered to the English by the French.
Otis, at Boston, speaks against the Writs of Assistance.
1762. Declaration of war against Spain by England; Havana conquered.
Martinique captured from the French by the English: restored the year
following.
Death of Elizabeth, Empress of Russia; deposition and murder of her
successor, Peter III; Catharine II usurps the throne. See "USURPATION OF
CATHARINE II IN RUSSIA," xiii, 250.
1763. Peace of Paris, ending of the Seven Years' War: Canada, Nova
Scotia, Cape Breton ceded to England by France, and Florida by Spain;
Louisiana to France by Spain.
Peace of Hubertsburg: Silesia confirmed to Frederick the Great.
Indians unsuccessfully besiege the English at Fort Detroit. See
"CONSPIRACY OF PONTIAC," xiii, 267.
1764. Catharine II secures the election of Stanislas Poniatowski as king
of Poland.
Mason and Dixon begin the survey of the line determining the boundary
between Maryland and Pennsylvania.
1765. Parliament passes the Stamp Act; formation of the Sons of Liberty;
convening of the Stamp Act Congress. See "AMERICAN COLONIES OPPOSE THE
STAMP ACT," xiii, 289.
Formal ceding of Bengal, Behar, and Orissa by the Mogul Emperor to the
English.
1766. Repeal of the Stamp Act by the British Parliament.
Hydrogen discovered by Henry Cavendish.
Protestants refused concessions by the Diet of Poland; Russia and
Prussia intervene; first step toward the partition of Poland.
1767. Parliament imposes duties on imports into the American colonies.
Beginning of the war between the English and the rajah of Mysore, Hyder
Ali.
Hargreaves invents the spinning-jenny for cotton-weaving.
1768. Elections in England; repeated expulsion and reëlection of Wilkes.
A military force stationed at Boston by the British; a circular-letter
of Massachusetts to the other American colonies.
Corsica, in revolt, is ceded by Genoa to France.
Cook sails on his first voyage around the world.
James Bruce sets out on his expedition to discover the sources of the
Nile.
Foundation of the Royal Academy, London; Sir Joshua Reynolds first
president.
1769. "WATT IMPROVES THE STEAM-ENGINE." See xiii, 302.
The _Letters of Junius_ begin to appear.
Patent issued in England to Richard Arkwright for his roller-spinning
"water-frame."
Daniel Boone migrates from North Carolina into Kentucky.
1770. Lord North's ministry succeeds that of Grafton in England; Burke
introduces resolutions condemning the course adopted in America.
Boston Massacre, March 5.
Military and naval successes of the Russians against Turkey.
1771. Parliament concedes the freedom of reporting its proceedings.
Battle of the Alamance; insurrection of the North Carolina Regulators.
Russia conquers the Crimea.
1772. "FIRST PARTITION OF POLAND." See xiii, 313.
Appointment of Warren Hastings as president of the Supreme Council of
Bengal.
A revenue cutter burned by the populace of Rhode Island while it was
attempting to suppress smuggling.
Lord Mansfield, in the case of the negro Somerset, decides that a slave
cannot be held in England.
The Watauga Association, from which grew the State of Tennessee,
founded.
1773. "THE BOSTON TEA PARTY." See xiii, 333.
A pseudo Peter III, Pugatcheff, raises a rebellion against Catharine II
of Russia.
1774. Passing by the British Parliament of the Boston Port Bill, closing
the port; meeting of the first Continental Congress at Philadelphia,
September 5th.
John Howard, the philanthropist, receives the thanks of Parliament for
his attention to the condition of prisons.
"COTTON MANUFACTURE DEVELOPED." See xiii, 341.
Oxygen discovered by Joseph Priestley, England.
1775. "INTELLECTUAL REVOLT OF GERMANY." See xiii, 347.
Outrages of the Whiteboys in Ireland.
Execution in Russia of Pugatcheff, pseudo Peter III.
Stereotype printing first attempted at Philadelphia by Benjamin Mecon,
Franklin's nephew.
FOOTNOTES:
[60] It should be remembered that the German empire of those days was
not the same as the German Empire of to-day. Austria was formerly the
paramount state.
END OF VOLUME XIII