_Of the second election of our father Fray Diego Alvarez_
Father Fray Diego de Alvarez left so good an estimation of himself
during the three years of his service as provincial, and governed
with so great prudence, that so great a desire for his rule was
aroused that, upon the arrival of the time assigned by our rules,
the fathers did not wish to make any new trials of conditions which,
although in appearance good, afterwards are found deceitful. They
had had experience of the prudence of father Fray Diego Alvarez, and
accordingly reelected him so that they might enjoy him for the second
time; for in truth he had been a father to them. Hence he was elected
unanimously, May 6, 1593. His election was very favorably received in
the islands, for he was always much loved by his own and by others;
and he always showed great judgment, preserving the province during
his two trienniums in that flower and rigor of devotion which it had
at first, and also glorifying the province with the new inauguration
of houses and convents.
He established a religious in Pototan, a village then ruined; [144]
and that village, as it was so small, was united, above Suagui,
with another called Baong. [145] Accordingly, a church was built
there. This convent of Baong had more than one thousand Indians, and
was a well-known place for recreation; but now, although it endures, it
has but six hundred Indians. As it is remote from trade, and situated
inland, residence there is regarded as exile. It is one day's journey
from Dumangás, and its river empties into that of Alaguer.
This chapter also established religious in Sibucao, a matter of one
legua from the Suagui River, up the river Alaguer. The road also
turned from Dumangás by ascending the river, although by land the
journey is shorter. This convent was very well located here, for,
in short, it is within sight of so gloomy [146] a river, and very
convenient for the religious. Afterward the fathers thought that they
were acting wisely in moving the convent one-half day's journey inland
to a village called Laglag, very inconvenient for the religious. But
indeed it is apparent how the fathers of former days sought rather
the comfort of the natives than their own convenience; accordingly,
wherever they found the most people, there they went. This convent
has more than one thousand Indians, and two religious live there
ordinarily. It is one of the good convents of the province of Bisayas,
and has a wooden church. [147]
The bishop of Sugbú, Don Fray Pedro de Agurto, bestowed the district
of Salog upon the province, as I have said before. It is very near
the port and fort of Ilong-ilong. It is an excellent port, and has
now been improved through becoming the property of his Majesty. This
convent has more than one thousand Indians in charge, and generally
has two religious. Its chief center is on the coast, or rather,
near the coast, on a fine river, and its visitas are inland.
Religious were established also in the village of Octóng, one of
the chief villages of the Bisayas. That convent has a vote, and is
in charge of more than one thousand two hundred Indians. [148] It
is one-eighth legua from the village of Arévalo. This village was
well inhabited, and the people spread along that coast. The Dutch
burned it once, as well as the convents of Salog and Tigbauan; but
it was rebuilt, better than ever. In regard to the people along the
coast, they have diminished greatly, for the ravages [of pirates]
on that coast are frightful. I cannot understand how the Indians
can endure so much, for they have too much toil--now with the little
fleet that defends their coast, now with the ships sent to Ternate,
whose boats are laded and provisioned in that port. Two religious
live in that convent, which is adorned with considerable silver and
many ornaments. The people are intelligent, as they are reared with
Castilians. The convent is situated in the Sugbú bishopric.
Religious were established in Potol, [149] the first point on Panay
Island coming from Manila. That convent enjoys an exceedingly large
stipend, for its jurisdiction extends very far. It has as visitas the
five islands mentioned previously, and all those coasts. Thus it had
more than two thousand Indians. Later fleeing from their enemies,
more came to the island, four leguas up the river of Ibahay. The
river is so long that it has an ascent of as many more leguas. This
was my first priorate in 1611, when it was yet good. That year came
three severe hurricanes--called _báguios_--which ruined the country,
and laid low the church and house, which was very large and fine. I
rebuilt it. Afterward our Father Barona [150] exchanged it for that
of Tigbauan. The bishop of Sugbú made two benefices of that district,
and two beneficiaries reside there at present. But the natives always
remember the first religious that they had, for what is known first
is liked more--but not because they have ceased to be tended with
good devotion.
During this three years, priorates were established in many convents
in llocos, as in that of Tagudin. That convent suffers greatly from
the Igorrotes, and on that account is almost depopulated. [151]
A priorate was established in Candón, an important priorate of that
province and the best, although without a vote. It ministers to more
than one thousand five hundred Indians. [152] Another was established
in Nalbacán, a priorate with a vote, although it has been greatly
exhausted by the burning of the church and convent. Batac also is an
excellent priorate, and now is one of those that have a vote and are
more esteemed. Resident religious were established in Dinglao, [153]
which is an excellent vicariate. Religious were placed in Bauang. All
these convents belong to the bishopric of Nueva Segovia or Cagayán,
as above stated.
In the island of Manila, that is, in the archbishopric of Manila,
religious were established, in Caruyan and Quingua. Now these last
two are vicariates, and do not have one thousand Indians.
The religious living in them can scarcely support himself. [154]
(_To be concluded._)
Bibliographical Data
The following documents are obtained from MSS. in the Archivo general
de Indias, Sevilla:
1. _Letter from Manila Dominicans._--"Simancas--Eclesiastico; Audiencia
de Filipinas; cartas y expedientes de personas eclesiasticas de
Filipinas; años de 1609 á 1644; est. 68, caj. 1, leg. 43."
2. _Letters from Juan Niño de Tavora,_ 1629.--"Simancas--Secular;
cartas y espedientes del gobernador de Filipinas vistos en el Consejo;
Audiencia de Filipinas; años de 1629 á 1639; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 8."
3. _Letters from Juan Niño de Tavora,_ 1630.--The same as No. 2.
The following document is obtained from Pastells's edition of Colin's
_Labor evangélica_:
4. _Decree regarding missions._--In vol. iii, p. 686.
The following document is taken from the Ventura del Arco MSS. (Ayer
library):
5. _Relation of 1629-30._--In vol. i, pp. 617-625.
6. Medina's _Historia de la orden de S. Agustin_ is partly translated
in full, partly synopsized, from a copy of the printed work in the
possession of the Editors.
NOTES
[1] See _Vol_. xxii, p. 128.
[2] See, _post_, the statements of the fiscal at Madrid regarding
the various points of this letter. His examination was made and his
opinions noted before the decrees of the Council were given.
[3] Referring to the Dutch East India Company, formed by the
consolidation (1602) of the various trading companies in the Orient,
by the States-General of Holland. This was for many years one of
the richest and most successful of the world's great commercial
associations; but in the eighteenth century its condition became one of
decline. When Holland and Belgium were conquered by France, in 1795,
the Dutch East India Company was practically abolished. Thereafter,
until 1808, the Dutch Indias were administered by a committee of the
States-General, and in the latter year their government was formally
vested in the Dutch nation, which has from that time retained it.
[4] Spanish _vandala_: a Filipino word, signifying a forcible
assessment on the natives for government supplies--_i.e.,_ a
repartimiento; see explanation in Retana's _Zúñiga_, ii, p. 532*. For
later and different use of the word, see Zúñiga's text (_ut supra_),
i, p. 325.
[5] Alluding to the floods which, as often in former years, had
recently inundated a part of the valley in which lies the City
of Mexico. In 1627 heavy rains caused the bursting of the dams
that confined the Quauhtitlan River, and parts of the city were
overflowed. The same experience was repeated in 1629, but to such
an extent that the entire city was under water, in most places more
than five feet deep. It was more than four years before the city was
freed from this calamity, and not until 1634 was this accomplished for
the valley, by a series of earthquake shocks. See Bancroft's account
of these floods, and the drainage works undertaken to prevent them,
in his _Hist. Mexico_, iii, pp. 7-11, 85-91.
[6] The petition here addresses the governor instead of the king.
[7] See _Vol_. VIII, pp. 127, 133, where the encomiendas of Butuan
and Oton are mentioned as held by Doña Lucía de Loarca. This would
indicate that Silva's wife was a granddaughter of Miguel de Loarca,
and that her father was a son of the latter.
[8] The above matter in quotation marks, as appears from a footnote
in the Ventura del Arco MS., is taken from a letter written by Father
Manuel Azevedo, rector of Manila, May 3,1630. Evidently "Manila" is
an error for "Malaca," and the letter was probably written to Manila,
and the above section embodied in the relation written from that place.
[9] See account of the establishment of this mission, in _Vol_. XVIII,
p. 213.
[10] The festival here mentioned would seem, from its length, to
mean the two feasts observed by the Chinese in the first month of
the year--New Year's and the "feast of lanterns." See accounts of
these and other feasts in Williams's _Middle Kingdom_, ii, pp. 76-84;
and Winterbotham's _Chinese Empire_, ii, pp. 49, 50, 138-142.
[11] Fray Juan de Medina was born at Sevilla, and entered the
Augustinian convent of that city. On reaching the Philippines he was
assigned to the Bisayan group, and was known to those natives by
the name of "the apostle of Panay." A zealous worker, he was wont
on feast days to preach to his flock in three languages--Bisayan,
Chinese, and Spanish. He was minister at Laglag in 1613, at Mambúsao
in 1615, at Dumangas in 1618, at Panay in 1619, and at Passi in 1623;
prior of the convent at Cebú in 1626; and definitor in 1629. After
twenty years of missionary labors, being soul-tormented, he asked and
secured reluctant permission to return to Spain; but the exigencies
of the weather prevented the ship from making its voyage. Three years
later he obtained permission to make the same voyage, but died at sea
(1635). Diaz, in his _Conquistas_, says that Medina composed many
things in aid of his missionary work; but only the present history
and four volumes of manuscript sermons in the Panayana language are
known with certainty. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, pp. 83-85; and Pardo
de Tavera's _Biblioteca Filipina_, p. 255.
[12] The island of Panay, in which is a village of the same name. The
Augustinian missionaries began their labors in this island in 1572,
at Otón (or Ogtóng). Their first establishment in the archipelago was
at Cebú (1565). Dumangas mission was begun in 1578; Aclán, in 1581;
Passi, in 1593; Ibahay, in 1611. All these are in Panay. See list of
convents and villages founded by the Augustinians in the Philippines,
from 1565 to 1880, at the end of Medina's _Historia_, pp. 481-488.
[13] The monument of Legazpi and Urdaneta presented in this volume
was the work of the sculptor, Agustín Querol, and of the architect,
Luis María Cabello. On the front and rear of the pedestal are the
arms of Manila and Spain. On one side are allegorical representations
of the sea and, valor for Legazpi, and on the other the emblems
of science for Urdaneta. The pedestal ends above in a border upon
which are the names of Magallanes, Elcano, Jofré de Loaisa, and
Villalobos. This monument is due to Señor Gutiérrez de la Vega,
who initiated a public subscription during the last years of the
Spanish regime for a monument to the two discoverers. As it arrived at
Manila where Spanish authority in the islands was tottering or ended,
it was placed in position by the Americans. See "España y América,"
(Augustinian review), for April, 1903, pp. 479-485.
[14] See _Vol_. XV, p. 102, note 66.
[15] Western group of the Carolinas. They were called Los Reyes,
because they were discovered on the sixth of January, when the festival
of the holy kings is celebrated.--_Miguel Coco, O.S.A._
Fray Miguel Coco--born at Zamora in 1860, and a resident in the
Philippines during 1881-95--was editor of Medina's _Historia_, on which
he made copious annotations. Many of these we reproduce or synopsize,
in English translation, all of which are signed by his name.
[16] The Corales (or Coral), San Estéban, or Jardines Islands are
now the northern Carolinas.--_Coco_.
[17] Now the Palaos.--_Coco_.
[18] For the name of this latter island, see _Vol_. II, p. 68. The
Spanish editor of Medina, in referring to San Agustin's _Conquistas_
(p. 26), where the name of this island is discussed, says wrongly
that the name was given by the Legazpi expedition. It is one of the
western Carolinas.
[19] In hydrography the name _placeres_ is given to the layer of sand
in stagnant water or alluvion which usually has particles of gold. The
Placeres are in die western part of the Carolinas. See San Agustin's
_Conquistas_, p. 67, and Montero y Vidal's _El archipiélago filipino_
(Madrid, 1886), pp. 443-499.--_Coco_.
[20] The largest of the Marianas or Ladrone Islands is Guam, which
was ceded to the United States by Spain in 1898. The remaining twelve
smaller islands of the group were transferred to Germany by Spain.
[21] Retana (_Estadismo,_ ii, p. 512*) says that the _baroto_ is now
a boat dug out of a single log, sometimes of more than eighty feet
in length. They are used principally for the lading and discharging
of vessels, and are native craft of Cebú and neighboring islands. See
_U.S. Gazetteer of Philippine Islands_ (Washington, 1902).
[22] See _Vol_. I, pp. 105-111, for the English translation of
this bull. The translation of the portion quoted occupies parts of
pp. 108, 109.
[23] This image is not now carried to the Cathedral on St. Vidal's
day. It is carried in procession, however, on the second Sunday
succeeding Epiphany when the Church celebrates the feast of the sweet
name of Jesus. Until the end of Spain's domination of the islands
the banner of Castile was also carried in this procession.--_Coco_.
[24] Literally "barren loves," the _Chrysopopogon acicutatus_
(Trin.). It is described by Delgado (_Historia,_ p. 744) as a brake
that is found quite commonly in the fields, and has small ears that
bear a kind of very small millet, like that called _vallico_ in Spain,
which grows among the wheat. It has a rough mildew that sticks to
the clothes and penetrates them, which the Spaniards call _amores
secos_. It is especially abundant where there are cattle; and when
these are grazing, the plants penetrate their eyes, even blinding
them because they grow so thickly, and they must be withdrawn with
the fingers.
[25] Charts of the villages of Opong and Córdoba in the island of
Mactan, made about 1893, showed that the island possessed 15,060
inhabitants.--_Coco_.
Bulletin No. 1, of _Census of the Philippine Islands_: 1903,
"Population of the Philippines" (issued by the Bureau of the Census,
of the Department of Commerce and Labor, Washington, 1904), gives
the present population of Mactán, which is in the province of Cebú,
as 17,540, all civilized.
The Philippine Islands are divided into provinces or _comandancias,_
the latter meaning military district, and in which civil government
has not yet been established. The province or comandancia is divided
into municipalities and _barrios_. That barrio or ward in which
the municipal government is located is called the _población_ or
_centro_. The census of the various municipalities has been returned
for each barrio. See Bulletin No. 1, _ut supra_.
[26] Cebú and San Nicolás are now two independent towns. The census
of the latter, about 1893, showed 20,498 inhabitants.--_Coco_.
The population of the island of Cebú, according to the census of
1903 (see Bulletin No. I, _ut supra_), was 592,247; of the city of
Cebú, 31,079; or, if the closer-built part of this municipality,
which may properly be regarded as the city of Cebú, be considered,
its population is 18,330.
The steady increase in the total population of the Philippines, as
shown by various reports and sources, more or less authoritative
and trustworthy, is seen in the following figures. At the time
of the discovery by Magallanes in 1521, the total population is
supposed to have numbered about 500,000. In 382 years, according to
the census report of 1903, the population (now 7,635,426, slightly
more than the 1900 census of New York State) has multiplied fifteen
times. The increase during the past century was 1.5 per cent. Of
the present population, 6,987,686 are civilized or partly so, and
647,740 are wild and uncivilized, although they have some knowledge
of domestic arts. Of this latter number about 23,000 are Negritos,
who are supposed to be the aborigines of the archipelago. Sources
(ecclesiastical and governmental) give the census for various years
as follows; they cannot all be taken as definite, although some are
approximately so:
1735 837,182
1799 1,522,224
1805 1,741,234
1812 1,933,331
1815 2,502,994
1817 2,062,805
1818 2,026,230
1827 2,593,287
1833 3,153,290
1840 3,096,031
1845 3,434,007
1850 3,800,163
1862 4,734,533
1870 4,698,477
1876 5,567,685
1879 5,817,268
1887 5,984,727
1891 6,101,682
1896 6,261,339
That guesswork has figured to some extent in these figures is evident;
but as a whole they represent tolerably well the growth of the
islands. The figures for 1903 are to be relied on. See Bulletin No. 1,
_ut supra_, and _U.S. Gazetteer of the Philippine Islands_, pp. 25-31.
[27] The episcopal residence is now in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, where it
was removed in 1755 from Lal-lo, Cagayán.--_Coco_.
[28] The island now known as Samar was formerly called Samar in the
south, and Ibabao in the north.--_Coco_.
[29] The island of Panay has at present one hundred villages,
scattered through the three provinces of Iloilo, Capiz, and Antique,
and the two districts of Concepción and Aclán--with a population in
1893 of about 790,772 people, of whom the Augustinians had in charge
561,158.--_Coco_.
The "Bulletin" above cited gives Panay (which comprises parts of
Antique, Capiz, and Iloilo provinces) 743,646 people, of whom 14,933
are wild.
[30] This is a fact if the figures of the _U.S. Gazetteer of
the Philippine Islands_ are correct. Those figures show that the
mainland of Luzon contains 43,075 square miles and that of Mindanao
45,559. While these numbers may not yet be taken as authoritative
they may be regarded as approximate until actual and scientific
surveys are made. Algué's _Atlas_ follows the generally accepted
though perhaps erroneous idea that Luzon is the larger of the two,
its figures being 47,238 and 36,237 square miles, respectively.
[31] This cross is still preserved. It was enclosed in an octagonal
temple by the Augustinians in the time of the Augustinian bishop of
Cebú, Fray Santos Marañón, in order to preserve it from the weather,
and from the natives, who, regarding it as miraculous, were accustomed
to take splinters from it as relics. The foundation of the enclosure
is of stone, and it has a grated window which permits passers-by to
see the cross. The latter is wooden, not stone, as Montero y Vidal
states in his _Historia general_, i, p. 17. This is the identical
cross erected by Magallanes in 1521.--_Coco_.
[32] This statement is an error. Drake's first trip to Spain was made
to the Biscayan coast in 1564, and was only for the voyage. See Julian
Corbett's _Sir Francis Drake_. (London, 1890).
[33] Fray Bernabé Villalobos was born in León, and professed in
the Augustinian convent of San Felipe el Real. He went to the
Philippines in 1590, where he had charge of missions in Halaud
(1591), Panay (1593), and Otón (1596). He was twice prior of Manila
(1602 and 1613), twice of Cebú (1606 and 1618), and definitor (1616),
and later labored in the Tagál missions. His death occurred at Manila
in 1646. See Perez's _Catálogo_, p. 41.
[34] Compare the materialism of the North American Indians, in
Cleveland reissue of _Jesuit Relations_, viii, p. 119; xx, p. 71; 1,
p. 289.
[35] Fray Juan de Alva was born of an illustrious family in Segovia,
and professed in the Augustinian convent at Toledo in 1514. In 1535
he went to Mexico, where he labored for thirty-three years. At the age
of seventy-two he went to the Philippines, landing at Cebú in 1569. He
labored successfully in Panay, and founded the church of Dumangas. In
1572 he was elected first prior of the convent of Manila and definitor,
after which (1575) he began the foundation of Pásig. He became rector
provincial of the Philippines in 1576, and died at Manila, September
17, 1577. See Perez's _Catálogo_, p. 8.
[36] Fray Alonso Jiménez was a native of Málaga, and took his vows in
the Augustinian convent at Mexico in 1558. He accompanied Juan de Alva
to the Philippines, where he voted in the first provincial chapter. He
was the first missionary to the islands of Masbate, Leyte, Samar,
and Burias. Thence he went to Ibalon in the province of Camarines,
where he resided several years, and made many excursions into Albay and
Sorsogón. He was prior of Cebú in 1575. Endowed with great facility
in learning languages, he became known as the first linguist of the
islands. His death occurred in August, 1577, at the Cebú convent. He
composed a catechism in the Bicol language. See Pérez's _Catálogo_,
p. 9.
[37] Fray Diego Ordóñez Vivar was a native of Guadalajara in Nueva
Galicia, and professed in the convent of Mexico in 1557. Arriving at
the Philippines in 1570 he became the first missionary to Bulacán in
1572, provincial secretary in 1580 and 1584, minister at Hagonoy in
1582 and 1587, procurator-general in 1583, and minister at Tendo in
1594 and 1599. He died in Pampanga in 1603. Agustín Maria, O.S.A.,
in his _Osario Venerable_ (still unpublished) says that Ordónez was
in Japan and was an eye-witness of the martyrdom of the Franciscans
in 1596. See Perez's _Catálogo_, pp. 9, 10.
[38] Fray Diego de Espinar was born in Toledo and entered a convent
in Castilla. Almost immediately upon his arrival at Cebú (1570)
he was assigned to the region about Laguna de Bay. He was the first
missionary at Bonbón (1575), Mindoro (1578), Parañaque (1580), and
Candaba (1581). He took part in the first diocesan council celebrated
by Bishop Salazar; and in 1587 went to Macao, where he lived until
1596. While returning to Manila in the latter year he was wrecked and
drowned between Mindanao and Borneo (1597). He had been definitor in
1581. See Perez's _Catálogo_, p. 10.
[39] "For he finds shackles who finds kindnesses."
[40] St. Gregory, _Homil. II in Evangelia_.--_Coco_. Englished, this
reads: "Therefore, he desires to plunder him who carries a public
treasure along the street."
[41] This islet is today called Corregidor. The name Mariveles is
applied to the mountain ridge in the southern part of Bataan Province,
whose brow forms, with Corregidor, one of the entrances to Manila
Bay. It is a great pity that Corregidor is not well fortified,
in case of war with a foreigner, as it is a very strategic point,
and the key to the port and city of Manila.--_Coco_.
[42] Buzeta and Bravo, _Diccionario Geográfico_, say that Manila Bay
is thirty-three leguas in circumference, and has a maximum depth of
thirty-five brazas.
Manila Bay is one of the finest bays in the world and by far the best
in the Far East. It will accommodate all the fleets of the world. Its
greatest dimensions are from Tubutubu Island in the estuary of Orani,
bay of Pampanga, in the northwest angle of the shore of the greater
bay, to Las Piñas, thirty-five miles, near the boundary between
Cavite and Rizal; and from the delta of the river Grande Pampanga,
on the shores of Bulacán in the northeast, to Corregidor Island,
southwest, thirty-one miles. It is one hundred and twenty miles in
circumference. Five of the important rivers of the archipelago empty
into it. See _U.S. Gazetteer of the Philippine Islands_, p. 186.
[43] Tondo now contains 39,043 civilized inhabitants. It is the
most northerly and populous district along the bay shore above the
Pásig. Its inhabitants are largely engaged in the tobacco and cigar
industries, and in fishing, weaving, and gardening for the Manila
market. See Bulletin No. 1 of the Census Bureau, and _U.S. Gazetteer
of the Philippine Islands_, p. 188.
[44] Psalms cxxi, 7.--_Coco_.
[45] Matthew xvii, 20.--_Coco_.
[46] See _Vol_. VI, p. 115, note 27.
[47] See _Vol_. VI, p. 88, note 22.
[48] See _Vol_. IX, p. 95, note 18.
[49] Fray Agustín de Alburquerque was a native of Castilla, and
professed at the convent of Salamanca. Batangas became the theater
of his missionary labors in the islands. He was definitor in 1572,
prior of Tondo in 1575, and prior provincial in 1578, renouncing
to the Franciscans during his term the _omnimoda_ ecclesiastical
jurisdiction. He tried to sell himself as a slave, in order that he
might introduce Christianity into China. He is the author of the
first or second Tagál grammar, the Franciscans claiming that the
first was written by Fray Juan de Plasencia. He died in 1580. See
Pérez's _Catálogo_, pp. 13, 14.
[50] Fray Francisco Merino took his vows in the Augustinian province of
Castilla. After his arrival in the islands he labored in the province
of Iloílo until his death. Although he was proposed as one of the
associates of Father Rada on the latter's memorable journey to China in
1576, Jerónimo Marín went in his stead; while he himself accompanied
Juan de Salcedo and Pedro Chaves on the Camarines expedition. He died
in 1581. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 14.
[51] Fray Juan de Orta, born in Moguer, in the province of Huelva,
professed in the convent of Mexico in 1558. He was a novice under
Urdaneta. Shortly after his arrival at the islands, he learned the
Bicol language, in which he evangelized with great success. A number
of villages founded by him were later handed over to the care of the
Franciscans. In 1575 he returned to Manila to help the prior there,
where he worked zealously, having in charge also until his death (in
Manila on Palm Sunday, 1577) the village of Parañaque. See Pérez's
_Catálogo_, p. 12.
[52] Isaiah v, 20.--_Coco_.
[53] This edifice is still in existence. It is the only one with a
stone vault which has been constructed in the archipelago. It resisted
with but little damage the series of most severe earthquakes which
devastated Manila so frequently. The earthquake of 1880 split one
of its towers, which the fathers of the convent afterward ordered
to be pulled down. The church is the most capacious and beautiful
in Manila, in spite of these circumstances. Its architect was the
Augustinian lay-brother Fray Antonio Herrara, nephew or son of the
famous architect who built the Escorial.--_Coco_.
[54] _In reg_., chapter viii. This is in English: "And therefore,
the more fully that you shall watch over a common possession than
your own, so much the more fully shall you learn how to progress."
[55] St. Poss, in his life of St. Augustine [_Vita S. Augustini_],
chapter xxix. Englished the above quotation is, "He made no will,
for, as he was a pauper in Christ, he had nothing."
[56] The _U.S. Gazetteer of the Philippine Islands_ (p. 374) says that
the lake of Bonbón or Taal is second in importance among the lakes
of Luzón. Its circumference is seventy-five miles, being seventeen
miles from north to south and twelve and one-half miles from east to
west: It reaches a depth of one hundred and six fathoms very near
shore. The crater of the volcano of Taal in its center supplies
quantities of sulphur.
[57] The last parochial census (before 1893) gave Taal 32,908
inhabitants, and says that from it was formed the village of Lemery,
which has 16,738 inhabitants.--_Coco_.
Bulletin No. 1 (_ut supra_) gives the present civilized population of
Taal as 17,525. The chief industries of the people are agriculture,
herding, fishing, and the coast trade. Lemery has 11,150 civilized
inhabitants.
[58] For a late discussion of the volcanoes of the Philippines, see
Bulletin No. 3 of _The Census of the Philippine Islands_, "Volcanoes
and Seismic Centers," published by the Department of Commerce and
Labor, Bureau of the Census (Washington, 1904).
[59] Today (1893) Tanauan has 21,363 inhabitants; Lipa, 40,031;
Bauang, 39,275; and Batangas, 35,156.--_Coco_.
The Bulletin's figures give Tanauan 18,263 civilized inhabitants;
Lipa, 37,934; Bauang, 39,094; and Batangas, 33,131.
[60] This lake has a coast-line of 108 miles, and its two greatest
diameters are respectively 32 and 28 miles. Fifteen rivers empty into
it. See _U.S. Gazetteer of the Philippine Islands._
[61] The original reads: "_porque dos Iglesias_," which we have
regarded as a misprint for "_porque dos leguas_."
[62] The original is "_de voto_." Perhaps Medina means that the
religious at this visita had the right of voting at the election of
the provincial.--_Coco_.
[63] Calumpit has now (1893) 15,024 inhabitants.--_Coco_.
Bulletin No. 1 (_ut supra_) gives the present civilized population
of Calumpit as 13,897.
[64] A small bird, native to the island of Cerdeña, whose nest is
utilized by the cuckoo. The context, however, suggests that the
word may be a misprint for _mezquitas_, referring to the mezquit
(_Algarobia_) of Nueva España--the writer meaning that along the
Quiñgua valley were numerous thickets of some shrub resembling the
mezquit. The river is now fringed with clumps of prickly bamboo. It
is also possible that _mosquitas_ is simply a misprint for _mosquitos_
("mosquitoes").
[65] Fray Pedro Mejia was born in La Mancha, and professed in the
Augustinian convent at Valladolid. He became prior of Guadalupe in
1621, and later definitor and visitor. He was minister at Narvacan
in 1611 and of the Tagál villages of Calumpit, Bauan, and Guiguinto
until his death in 1659. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 94.
[66] Fray Luis Ronquillo, nephew of Governor Gonzalo Ronquillo, was
born in the city of Arevalo (Spain), in the province of Avila. He was
lecturer in theology, master, and prior of the convent of Arenas. He
went to the Philippines in 1624, where he became preacher in 1626,
definitor-general in 1628, prior of Manila and master of novitiates in
1638, prior of Tondo and Malate, and definitor of the province in 1632;
and was at the missions of Calumpit (1629), Bay (1635), Bulacán (1641),
and Pásig (1642). He died at Manila in 1644. See Pérez's _Catálogo_,
p. 102.
[67] The census prior to 1893 gave Lubao 20,568 inhabitants.--_Coco_.
Its present civilized population according to Bulletin No. 1 (_ut
supra_) is 19,063.
[68] Doubtless a mistake of the author, for Manila is about three
hundred and twenty miles from Iloílo.--_Coco_.
[69] Today (1893) administered by seculars, to whom the Augustinians
ceded it.--_Coco_.
[70] Today Halaud.--_Coco_.
[71] Dueñas.--_Coco_.
[72] Dingle.--_Coco_.
[73] The island of Guimarás, today (1893) in charge of
seculars.--_Coco_.
[74] The present province of Antique.--_Coco_.
[75] The Chinese call their country Song-Song.--_Coco_.
[76] "_Manguianes._--The heathen, unaffiliated natives inhabiting the
interior of Mindoro, Romblon, and Tablas. Manguian (forest people)
is a collective, name of different languages and races. According to
R. Jordana, the Manguianes of Mindoro are divided into four branches,
one of which, Bukil or Buquel, is a bastard race of Negritos, while a
second in external appearance reminds one of Chinese Mestizos, and on
that account it is to be regarded as a Mongoloid type. The other two
are pure Malay." (Blumentritt's "Native Tribes of the Philippines,"
in _Smithsonian Report,_ 1899, p. 541.)
Colin says (_Labor evangélica,_ lib. i, cap. iv, sec. 30) that the
tribes dwelling at the headwaters of the rivers in the various islands
are known by almost as many different names--among these, as Zambales,
Manguianes, etc. "It is understood that they are mestizos of the
other tribes, the savage and the civilized; and that for this reason
they rank between those two classes of peoples in color, dress, and
customs." He also describes their habits and mode of life (cap. vi,
sec. 52), and says of them: "They are a simple, honest, temperate
people," and adds that, up to the time of writing his book, they
had not been christianized, "save some six hundred in the district
and visitas of Nauhan, who received baptism during the few years in
which the Society of Jesus had charge of them."
Murillo Velarde, S.J., states in his _Historia de Philipinas_ (Manila,
1749), fol. 52, that "in 1631 the cura of Mindoro, who was a secular
priest, ceded that ministry to the Society;... the superior lived at
Nauhan in Mindoro, and Ours undertook to preach to and convert the
Manguianes, heathen Indians of that island." On fol. 63, verso, and
folio 64 he gives some account of these labors, and of the customs
of these people, under the date 1633.
Sawyer (_Inhabitants of the Philippines,_ p. 206) describes the
Manguianes as "probably a hybrid Negrito-Visaya race." He mentions
three varieties of these people, of whom "those residing near the
western coast are much whiter, with lighter hair and full beards;"
those of the southern part show evident signs of Chinese blood;
and those in the center are darker and less intelligent. He praises
the morality and honesty of the Manguianes, as also does Worcester
(_Philippine Islands,_ p. 413).
[77] Fray Diego Mójica was born of noble parents in a Castilian town,
and took the Augustinian habit in Salamanca. After living for some
years in Mexico, he went (1573) to the Philippines, where he was sent
to Mindoro. He was the first prior of the Convent of Santa Maria de
Gracia in 1575; twice definitor; minister of Tondo and Batangas;
prior of Pásig in 1578; preacher and confessor to the Spaniards
in 1580; president of the provincial chapter in 1581. He died in
1584. Extremely modest by nature, he never sought or wished preferment.
[78] Fray Alonso Gutiérrez professed in the province of Castilla, and
was a conventual in Cebú in 1573. He ministered to Halaud and Otón
successively in 1576 and 1577; was preacher and confessor in 1581;
minister at Parañaque in 1584, at Tabucao in 1584, at Pásig in 1586,
and at Tondo in 1587. In the last-named year he was definitor and
lecturer, and in 1590 president of the chapter, dying at Manila in
1605. See Perez's _Catálogo,_ p. 15.
[79] Fray Juan Gallegos took his vows at the convent at Mexico
about 1566. Upon his arrival at the islands, he became a conventual
at Lubao. He was first minister to Bay in 1578, and to Tabucao in
1581. He died while definitor, at the end of 1581. _Ibid_., p. 15.
[80] Fray Francisco Manrique professed at Valladolid, and on his
arrival at the islands relieved Father Rada (September 11, 1575) of
the ministry at Otón. He was afterward definitor and missionary at
Lubao (1576); rector provincial in 1577; first minister to Candaba in
1579; prior of Manila, 1575, 1578, 1581, and 1584; definitor, 1581;
vicar-provincial, 1582; and first prior of Macao, 1587. His death
must have occurred in 1588, as his name does not appear after that
in the provincial records. _Ibid_. p. 16.
[81] Fray Sebastián Molina, after his arrival at the islands, became
first minister to Macabebe in 1575. He died in September of the
following year. _Ibid_., p. 16.
[82] Fray Alonso Heredero was an austere religious, and was three
times minister at Macabebe (1576, 1578, and 1581). He was definitor
and minister at Calumpit in 1584, and again definitor and minister
at Méjico in 1590. He died in the latter town in 1591. _Ibid_., p. 16.
[83] The viceroy of Nueva España at this time was Martin Enriquez de
Almansa; he arrived in the City of Mexico November 5, 1568, and held
his office until October, 1580, when he was succeeded by the Condé
de la Coruña.
[84] The Franciscans were in charge of these islands in 1893.--_Coco_.
[85] The "Christian Doctrine" of Cardinal Bellarmino; see _Vol_. XVII,
p. 70, and note.
[86] Only the name of Parián remains today; and of the church not
even the ruins.--_Coco_.
[87] San Agustín (_Conquistas_ p. 381) says that the Augustinian
mission to the Chinese was established in the Tondo convent in 1581,
and placed under the special charge of Fray Diego Muñoz. Later a suit
arose between the Augustinians and Dominicans (_Conquistas_, p. 533)
as to the administration of the Chinese at Baybay. It was settled in
1612, on condition of the two orders celebrating alternately Corpus
Christi day.
[88] Ecclesiastes xi, 30.--_Coco_.
[89] See Gonzalez de Mendoza's _Historia de la gran China_ (1586),
for a relation of this journey. Part of it may be found in _Vol_. VI
of this series, pp. 114-125.
[90] This is evidently the _Historia de la gran China_ by Gonzalez
de Mendoza.
[91] In Tagál, _molave_.--_Coco_.
[92] Bulacán in the census preceding 1893 had a population of
13,659.--_Coco_.
Bulletin No. 1 gives Bulacán 11,589 civilized inhabitants.
[93] The Rio Grande of Pampanga.
[94] In 1893, the inhabitants numbered 15,156, with a convent and
church of solid masonry.--_Coco_.
Bulletin No. 1 makes the present civilized population 11,783.
[95] In 1893 Macabebe had 19,801 inhabitants, and a stone church
and convent.--_Coco_.
The civilized population now (see Bulletin No. 1, _ut supra_)
is 14,405.
[96] The population of the province of Pampanga is reported for
five different years as follows: 1818, 106,381; 1840, 152,232;
1850, 156,272; 1870, 203,137 (these four including Tárlac); 1887,
223,902. The estimate of the _U.S. Gazetteer of the Philippine
Islands_, from which these numbers are taken, figures a population
of 223,922 for 1901. Bulletin No. 1 (_ut supra_) reports 223,754 for
1903, of whom 222,656 are civilized, and 1,098 wild.
[97] The attitude of the great Augustinian Philippine writer, San
Agustín, and in general the friars of the last century of the Spanish
regime, toward the native is well shown in the following note by the
Spanish editor, Father Coco: "The Indians have not changed in this
regard. Since they have not lost their disposition they preserve
with it their vices. If the father does not interest himself in the
regulation of bridges, roads, the maintenance of the children at
school, etc., nothing useful is done. In this interest and zeal, the
father must not relax one instant, for the very moment in which the
vigilance of the father rests, little by little all the good that he
has done in the village disappears. The greater number of the Ilocan
plains are crossed by irrigation canals, brought to completion by the
initiative of the fathers, and preserved until now by the watchfulness
of the same persons. All this, as is natural, brings endless troubles
and not small sorrow to the parish priest."
[98] Psalms xxxv, 7.--_Coco_.
[99] The author might have added something more, namely, that from
the little that is enjoyed from the Spanish race, it is becoming so
degenerate in the course of time that it is losing completely even the
characteristic traces of its origin. It is giving the "leap backward,"
as we say here in common parlance.--_Coco_.
[100] The original is _bozales_, which is a term applied to negroes
lately imported, or to inhabitants of the less polished provinces of
Spain, newly arrived in Madrid.
[101] Dative of _agibilis_, a late Latin word coined from _agere_;
meaning "what can be done or accomplished."
[102] _Visitas_ in the Philippines are the distant suburbs of a
village. They generally have their chapel and patron saint, and
the chapel is called _visita_. The term has been extended to the
suburbs. Many of the _visitas_ are distant from the mother village
four or six hours by horse, along impassable roads which cause great
annoyances to the parish priests.--_Coco_.
[103] Odes, book iv, 24, 11. 30, 31. William Coutts in his translation
of Horace (New York and Bombay, 1898) renders this passage as follows:
"We hate virtue when safe amongst us, but seek for it when removed
from our eyes, envious alike."
[104] Still today [1893], thanks to God, one may sleep in the convents
with doors unlocked, without the slightest fear. However, now they
are generally locked in the province of Manila.--_Coco_.
[105] Paul's first Epistle to the Corinthians iv, 9.--_Coco_.
[106] Job iii, 3.
[107] Much more might be said about these points, which Father Medina
treats with as much skill as delicacy.... Not to go into certain
details, wearisome beyond measure, I shall only say, that even now
were it not for the direct intervention of the Spanish priest in
the collection of the cedula or tribute, the treasury would lose
some hundreds of thousands of pesos. Many are the parish priests,
especially in the Bisayas, who oblige the heads of barangay to deliver
at the convent the result of the collection; for if they did not do so,
not one-half of what the town should furnish would be deposited in the
royal treasury. While the writer of these lines was in a certain town
of Iloílo a few years ago, the parish priest had in his convent the
sum of 15,000 pesos, belonging to the collection of the tribute. He
petitioned the corresponding authority for an armed force to conduct
the revenues of the state safely to the royal treasury. That authority
considered it suitable to answer him that it was not part of the
duty of the military force to act as a custodian for the conveyance
of the state revenue....--_Coco_.
[108] Fray Juan de Villamayor took his vows in the Augustinian convent
of Toledo, and was conventual and prior of Halaud in 1590 and 1593
respectively. He ministered at Aclán in 1596, at Jaro in 1598, at
Sibucao in 1599, at Potól in 1603, and finally at Aclán, 1605-1608,
where he died the latter year. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 38.
[109] The lay brother Fray Andrés Garcia was assistant for some years
at the mission at Aclán. He died in 1623. See Pérez's _Catálogo_,
p. 75.
[110] The island of Bantayan (province of Cebú) has now a population
of 18,325, all civilized. See Bulletin No. I, _ut supra._
[111] And of pearls.--_Coco_.
[112] Antique; in 1893 it was a province with twenty-one
villages and a population of 119,322, under the charge of sixteen
Augustinians.--_Coco_.
Its present population is 134,166, of whom 131,245 are civilized and
2,921 wild. The reports of population for several other years are as
follows: 1818, 50,597; 1840, 48,333; 1850, 84,570; 1870, 108,855;
1887, 115,434. See Bulletin No. 1 (_ut supra_) and _U.S. Gazetteer
of the Philippine Islands._
[113] Father Fray Nicolás Melo, or Moran, Portuguese by birth, and
the lay-brother Fray Nicolás de San Agustín, a Japanese, were sent
on an important commission to Europe in 1597. They went to Malacca,
and thence to Goa--where, not finding facilities to embark, they
determined to make the journey by land. They journeyed toward Persia,
in company with other Augustinian religious, who were going to our
missions in that empire. Thence they went to Moscow, where Father
Melo comforted the persecuted Catholics (to whom he administered
the holy sacraments), and tried to convert the Calvinist heretics,
for which reason they were imprisoned and suffered penalties without
number. When they reached Nisna, near the Caspian Sea, brother Fray
Nicolás de San Agustín was beheaded on the thirtieth of November,
1611, for refusing to apostatize from the holy Catholic faith. Father
Nicolás Melo was burned alive in Astrakán, together with Princess
Bárbara Noski, a tertiary of our order, on the first of November,
1616.--_Coco_.
Father Melo was born of a noble family in Corinchán, Portugal. Going
to Mexico at an early age, he took the Augustinian habit in the
convent of Puebla de los Angeles, June 28, 1578. After becoming a
priest he went to the Philippines, where he learned the Tagál and
Bisayan tongues, and ministered at Aclán, Cagayancilo, Batangas,
and Tanauan. See Pérez's _Catálogo,_ p. 27.
The lay-brother, Fray Nicolás de San Agustín, a Japanese, converted
by the above, professed in the Manila convent in 1594. Ibid., p. 69.
[114] In 1893 Malolos had 14,635 inhabitants, without reckoning
the villages of Barasoaín and Santa Isabel, with 9,442 and 7,174
inhabitants respectively. The three villages, especially Malolos,
had at the above date beautiful churches and convents of solid
masonry.--_Coco_.
The present civilized population of Malolos (see Bulletin No. 1, _ut
supra_) is 12,575; Barasoaín, 8,047; and of Santa Isabel, 6,403. The
first named is the capital of Bulacán province.
[115] Now (1893) the parish of Hagonoy has in charge 19,755 people,
and has a very large stone church and convent.--_Coco_.
Its present civilized population (see Bulletin No. 1, _ut supra_)
is 21,304.
[116] This town had 16,867 inhabitants in 1893.--_Coco_. It now has
13,469 civilized inhabitants according to the latest census. See
Bulletin No. 1, _ut supra._
[117] _Pedáneo_ or _gobernadorcilio_, as he is called in the
country.--_Coco_.
[118] Matthew x, 22.--_Coco_.
[119] "The iniquity of thy sister was pride, abundance, and sloth."
[120] In regard to what is mentioned of the character and nature of
the Indian, all the authors, native and foreign, whom I have read are
unanimous in this, with the exception of Father Delgado, S.J., who for
reasons unknown to me, although not difficult to infer, dissents from
the others. See the attempt at refutation (!) which the above father,
with more good will than success, has tried to make of the so well
known letter of Father Gaspar de San Agustín--a letter which in my
opinion should never have been published (as in fact it was published
in the first volume of this "Biblioteca," p. 273, _et seq._). No
Spaniard or foreigner who has lived for some time in the islands
and has had intercourse with the natives will agree with what Father
Delgado asserts, but which is so opposed to the facts. To speak truly
is not to offend, but to depart from the truth is injustice; and in the
present case, he who writes thus would merit another epithet.--_Coco_.
The letter mentioned in the preceding paragraph will be published
later in this series.
[121] That is, the vicar-provincial and definitors, who governed
the province.--_Coco_.
[122] This letter is given in full by Gaspar de San Agustín in his
_Conquistas_, pp. 395-409.--_Coco_.
This was the father master, Fray Alonso de la Vera-Cruz, one of those
in Mexico to whom the bishop wrote. See San Agustín, _ut supra_,
p. 395.
[123] Fray Diego Alvarez was master of novices in the Manila convent
in 1580, and minister at Taal in 1581, and at Bulacán in 1582. He
was elected prior provincial in 1584, and definitor and minister at
Taguig in the provincial chapter of 1587. In 1590 he took charge of
the Manila priorate and was elected provincial for the second time
in 1593. He died in the convent of San Pablo in Manila, in 1601. See
Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 20.
[124] Ecclesiasticus xix, 1.
[125] The city of Vigan is not now [1893] in so poor a state as Father
Medina says. It is well inhabited, and presents a good appearance,
having many stone edifices.--_Coco_.
It is the capital of the province of Ilocos Sur, and has a civilized
population of 14,945 (See _U.S. Gazetteer of the Philippine Islands_
and Bulletin No. 1, _ut supra_); and from its position on the railroad
from Manila it is a town of importance.
[126] Now [1893] called Balaoang, and with 8,260 inhabitants.--_Coco_.
Balaoang is now in the province of La Unión, and has a civilized
population of 10,008. See _ut supra._
[127] In 1893 the three provinces of La Unión and South and North
Ilocos had, in the lowlands, forty-two villages with a total population
of 349,205; and in the mountains fifteen missions in Abra, Lepanto,
and Benguet, with a population of 43,044, or a total of 392,249. All
were under charge of the Augustinians.--_Coco_.
Ilocos Norte now contains 178,995 (2,210 wild) inhabitants, Ilocos
Sur, 187,411 (13,611 wild); and La Unión, 137,839 (10,050 wild). The
province of Abra contains 51,860 (14,037 wild) inhabitants; Benguet,
22,745 (21,828 wild); and Lepanto-Bontoc, 72,750 (70,283 wild). See
Bulletin No. 1, _ut supra_.
[128] Fray Francisco Mercado took his vows in the Manila convent in
1611. He was a missionary at Laoag (1614, 1626, 1635) and Batác (1620,
1641), provisor of the bishop of Nueva Segovia (1623), and definitor
(1632). He gave generous alms to the province from his own funds,
showing special favor to the convents of Guadalupe and Bantay. In
the latter he acquired a fine estate, with the intention of building
a hospital for the Ilocan friars; and at that convent he collected
a good library, which was later removed to Manila. He died at Batác
in 1642. See Perez's _Catálogo_, p. 194.
[129] "Ilaoag" is the capital of the province of Ilocos Norte and
is today called Laoag. It has a civilised population of 34,454. See
_U.S. Gazetteer of the Philippine Islands_, and Bulletin No. 1,
_ut supra_.
[130] It does not exist now. Its demolition was ordered by the general
government, after Manila was evacuated by the English, who used it
as a fort, as they likewise did the convent of the Recollects, in
the siege of Manila in 1763.--_Coco_.
[131] Ermita has a present population of 12,246. It is the seat of the
observatory of Manila, and of the normal school. See Bulletin No. 1,
_ut supra_; and _U.S. Gazetteer of the Philippine Islands_, p. 189.
[132] Now [1893] this is in charge of the Recollects.--_Coco_.
[133] Spanish, _ni hay padre para hijo, ni hijo para padre_--"there
is neither father for child, nor child for father."
[134] Now [1893] there are 1,805 inhabitants; and the village
of Pineda, with 8,196 inhabitants, was separated from it. The
Virgin de los Remedios [i.e., "of the remedies"] is still highly
reverenced.--_Coco_.
Malate has now (see Bulletin No. 1, _ut supra_) a population of 8,855.
[135] In 1893 Tanauan had a fine stone church with three naves and
a convent.--_Coco_.
See _ante_, note 58.
[136] The Order ceded it to the Franciscans.--Coco.
[137] Fray Hernando Cabrera took his vows at Cordova in 1601. Upon
going to the Philippines he filled the following positions: sub-prior
at Manila, 1609; missionary at Batangas, 1611; at Taal, 1613; at
Parañaque, 1614; at San Pablo de los Montes, 1618, 1626, and 1629,
where his efforts resulted in an excellent and well equipped church
and convent; definitor, examiner, and definitor-general. He died at
sea in 1630, while on his way to Nueva España. See Perez's _Catálogo_,
pp. 78, 79.
[138] Fray Diego Muñóz was born in the town of Zafra, of the province
of Badajoz, and took his vows in the Augustinian convent of Mexico
in 1571. He was renowned for both his learning and his virtues,
and on his arrival at the Philippines in 1578 was given the chair
of sacred theology in the convent of San Pablo at Manila. He was the
first commissary of the Holy Inquisition in the islands; missionary
at Pásig and Malolos in 1580 and 1584 respectively, and of the Tondo
Sangleys in 1581; definitor in 1584; provincial in 1587, when it was
necessary to obtain dispensation from Rome, as he had not reached the
required age. During his term as provincial the regulations of the
order were received, and the present Manila convent begun. He died
in 1594, leaving sermons in Castilian and Tagál, one volume each. See
Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 22.
[139] The last census before 1893 gave Apalit 11,563
inhabitants.--_Coco_.
Bulletin No. 1 (_ut supra_) shows the present civilized population
to be 12,206.
[140] Fray Juan Quiñones was born at Sevilla about 1551 of a
noble family. He studied in the university of Mexico, and took the
habit in that city in 1575. He went to the Philippines in 1577,
where he threw himself fervently into the missionary work. In 1578
he was named minister to Bay and extended his efforts to Taal and
Pásig. He was definitor in 1581 and 1587; prior of Manila in 1586,
and vicar-provincial in 1587, dying that same year at the convent of
San Pablo in Manila. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 19.
[141] This is the date of the text, and if true, the date of the
title-page (1630) must be either a misprint or an equivocation on the
part of the author. Or this instance and the several others similar
to it may have been added by Medina to his manuscript after he had
completed it to the date of the title-page; or they may be due to a
later hand.
[142] In 1893 there were 12,858 inhabitants.--_Coco_. The present
civilized population of Aráyat is 12,904. See Bulletin No. 1,
_ut supra._
[143] Information regarding this father is very slight. He was admitted
as confessor to the Spaniards, as appears by an Augustinian record of
November 12, 1602 after having been examined, and having presented
his licenses to confess, which had been given him in Goa. In 1604,
he returned to be approved. See Pérez's _Catálogo_, p. 185.
[144] In 1893, one of the best towns in Iloílo, with a population
of 15,842.--_Coco_.
Bulletin No. 1 (_ut supra_) gives the civilized population for 1903
as 20,964.
[145] Now Dingle, and not connected with Pototan. It has a population
of 9,769.--_Coco_.
Also in Iloílo province and with a present civilized population of
12,129. See Bulletin No. 1, _ut supra._
[146] Spanish, _lamentado_; thus in printed text, but this word seems
of dubious accuracy.
[147] It now has [1893] a beautiful stone church, and a population
of 5,281. Its modern name is Dueñas.--_Coco_.
Also situated in the province of Iloílo, with a present civilized
population of 6,700. See Bulletin No. 1, _ut supra._
[148] This is a very important town in Iloílo. In 1893 it had 15,151
inhabitants. It had a beautiful stone church, built very high, and
in the form of a Greek cross, crowned with a fine cupola.--_Coco_.
Its present civilized population is 14,464. See Bulletin No. 1,
_ut supra._
[149] Ibahay in the district of Aclán, of Cápiz Province--_Coco_.
[150] This is Fray Alonso Baraona, a native of Quintanario, in the
province of Burgos. He took his vows in the convent of that city in
1596. He became prior of Santo Niño in 1607, and was missionary at
Dumangás in 1608, Batan in 1609, Jaro in 1610, Aclán in 1613, and
Passi in 1614. He was definitor and prior provincial in 1617, and
missionary at Bay in 1633. His death occurred in 1626. See Pérez's
_Catálogo_, p. 77.
[151] In 1893 it had 7,623 inhabitants.--_Coco_.
The civilized population in 1903 was 8,503. It is in the province of
llocos Sur. See Bulletin No. 1, _ut supra._
[152] In 1893, a parish chart showed 12,180 inhabitants.--_Coco_.
Also in llocos Sur, and with a civilized population of 18,828. See
Bulletin No. 1, _ut supra._
[153] Dingras with 11,113 inhabitants in 1893.--_Coco_.
The present civilized population is 15,792. This village is situated
in the province of Ilocos Norte. Narvacán (the Nalbacán of the text),
in Ilocos Sur, has a present civilized population of 19,575. See
Bulletin No. 1, _ut supra_.
[154] Caruya or Caruyan, now Bigaa was in 1893 a parish, as was
also Quingua, in the province of Bulacán. They had populations in
1893 of 7,108 and 7,787 respectively, and good stone churches and
convents.--_Coco_.
These two villages have present civilized populations of 8,000 and
7,229, respectively. See Bulletin No. 1, _ut supra._