of the state in the matter of certain undertakings
which are total or partial monopolies.
Finley, Robert J. “Electric Street Lighting in American Cities.
The question of municipal vs. private supply.”
Review of Reviews, February, 1893, vol. 7, p. 68.
Foote, Allen R. “Municipal Ownership of Industries” and
“Municipal Ownership of Quasi-Public Works.”
Washington, D. C., 1891.
Two pamphlets against public ownership.
Francisco, M. J. “Municipal Lighting.”
Rutland, Vermont, 1890.
Arguments against public ownership.
Goodwin, W. W. “Directory of the Gas Light Companies.”
N. Y., A. M. Callendar & Co.
This trade annual gives the number of gas companies,
number of public lamps, price of gas, method or
manufacture, etc., in the cities of the United States.
James, E. J. “The Relation of the Modern Municipality
to the Gas Supply.”
Publications of the American Economic Association, vol. 1.
Keeler, Bronson C. “Municipal Control of Gas Works.”
Forum, November, 1889.
Mikkelsen, M. A. “Electric Street Lighting in Chicago.”
Annals of the American Academy of Political and
Social Science, March, 1892, vol. 2, pp. 139-44.
Powers, Samuel Leland and Schindler, Solomon.
“The Use of Public Ways by Private Corporations.
A Discussion.”
Arena, May, 1892, vol. 5, pp. 681-93.
Sinclair, A. H. “Municipal Monopolies and their Management.”
No. 2, Toronto University Studies in Political Science.
Toronto, 1891.
This is an excellent essay on the relation of cities
to water works, gas and electric lighting, and street
railways. It may be obtained on application to the
Education Department of Ontario.
Sinclair, A. H. “The Toronto Street Railway.”
Quarterly Journal of Economics, October, 1891,
vol. 6, pp. 98-105.
University of Wisconsin. “Joint Debate on Municipal
Ownership and Operation of Lighting Works and
Street Railways.”
This is a debate by students of the University of
Wisconsin, printed in the college paper, “The
Ægis,” for March 3, 1893. Arguments for and against
public ownership are well stated.
6. VARIOUS TOPICS.
Adams, H. B. “Notes on the Literature of Charities.”
Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and
Political Science, vol. 5.
References on the charities of Baltimore,
Philadelphia, New York and Boston.
Billings, John S. “Public Health and Municipal Government.”
Supplement to the Annals of the American Academy of
Political and Social Science, February, 1891.
Address before the Academy, January 14, 1891.
Clarke, Thomas Curtis. “Rapid Transit in Cities.”
Scribner’s Magazine, May and June, 1892, vol. 11,
pp. 567-78 and 743-58.
Gould, E. R. L. “Park Areas and Open Spaces in American
and European Cities.”
Publications of the American Statistical Association,
1888, vol. 1, pp. 49-61.
Holls, F. S. “Compulsory Voting as a means of
Correcting Political Abuses.”
Annals of the American Academy of Political Science,
April, 1891, vol. 1, pp. 586-614.
Philbrick, John D. “City School Systems.”
Circular of Information, No. 1, 1885,
issued by the National Bureau of Education.
Purroy, H. D. “English and American Fire Services.”
Forum, November, 1886, vol. 5, pp. 299-307.
Shaw, Albert. “Municipal Lodging Houses.”
Charities Review, No. 1.
Smith, Irwin F. “Influence of Sewerage and Water Supply
on the Death-Rate in Cities.”
A paper read at a Sanitary Convention in Ypsilanti,
Mich., July 1, 1885, and reprinted from a
Supplement to the Annual Report of the Michigan
State Board of Health for the year 1885. Numerous
references in the notes.
Sterne, Simon. “The Greathead Underground Electric Railway.”
Forum, August, 1891, vol. 11, p. 683.
Thompson, Clifford. “Waste by Fire.”
Forum, September, 1886, vol. 2, pp. 27-39.
Warner, Amos G. “The New Municipal Lodging-House in Washington.”
Charities Review, March, 1893.
7. PARTICULAR CITIES.
The municipal reports of American cities form the original material
for a study of their government. Many of the papers already cited,
especially the Johns Hopkins Studies, relate to particular cities,
but have been given above because of their more or less general
application. New York is taken as a type of our large cities and a few
notes are added upon other cities.
_a. New York._
For a brief account of the system of Government, see the article on
“New York,” by E. L. Godkin in the Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed.,
vol. 17. Dr. J. F. Jameson’s “Origin and Development of the Municipal
Government of New York City,” Magazine of American History, May and
September, 1882, gives a sketch of municipal government down to 1821.
A portion of each volume of the Manual of the Corporation (28 v.,
1841-71), after that for 1846, is devoted to a history of the city.
The volume for 1868 contains a reprint of old charters. The fact that
James Parton in October, 1869, North American Review, vol. 103, p.
413, attributed the growing evils in the government of the city to
the abolition of household suffrage, is interesting in connection
with the recommendation of the Commission of 1877. See also in the
North American Review, “The Judiciary of New York,” July, 1867, vol.
105, p. 148, and Charles Nordhoff’s “Misgovernment of New York,”
October, 1871, vol. 113, p. 321. An account of the Tweed ring may
also be found in the North American Review, in a series of articles
by C. F. Wingate, entitled “An Episode in Municipal Government,”
beginning in the number for October, 1874, and ending in the number
for October, 1876. On the same subject cf. A. H. Green’s “Three Years’
Struggle with Municipal Misrule in New York City, a Report made by the
Comptroller to the Board of Aldermen,” February 18, 1875, and S. J.
Tilden’s “Municipal Corruption,” Law Magazine and Review, N. S. vol.
2, p. 525, London, 1873. See also Geo. H. Andrews’s Twelve Letters on
the Future of New York, N. Y., 1877. The entire second volume of the
Statutes of New York for 1882 is devoted to the present charter of
the City of New York, or the “Consolidated Act,” as it is called. The
Investigation of the Department of Public Works in 1884 was printed in
Senate Doc. No. 57, 1884; and the investigation by the committee, of
which Theodore Roosevelt was chairman, was reported in Assembly Docs.
Nos. 125, 153, and 172, 1884. The Report of the Investigation of the
New York Consolidated Gas Company forms Senate Doc. No. 47, 1886. The
committee found that in 1883 the gas trust declared dividends of from
23 to 33 per cent. A pamphlet by Wm. M. Ivins on “The Municipal Debt
and Sinking Fund of the City of New York” contained an argument on
hearing before the Governor, June 2, 1885, and an historical review
of the funded debt and of the operation of the sinking-fund since its
foundation. Of recent articles on cost and methods of elections cf. W.
M. Ivins’s articles cited above; Theodore Roosevelt’s “Machine Politics
in New York City” in the Century, November, 1886, vol. 33, p. 74; E.
S. Nadal’s “The New York Aldermen” in the Forum, September, 1886, vol.
2, pp. 49-59; Howard Crosby’s “Letter to the People of New York” in
the Forum, December, 1886, vol. 2, pp. 420-28; J. B. Bishop’s “Money
in City Elections,” an address read before the Commonwealth Club in
New York, March 21, 1887, reported in the Evening Post and printed
separately; the same writer’s “The Law and the Ballot,” Scribner’s
Magazine, February, 1888, vol. 3, p. 194; and the Nation, vol. 44, pp.
180 and 204; A. C. Bernheim’s “Party Organizations and their Nomination
to Public Office in New York City” in the Political Science Quarterly,
March, 1888, vol. 3, pp. 97-122, and the same writer on “The Ballot in
New York” in the Political Science Quarterly, March, 1889, vol. 4, pp.
130-52; and Dr. Shaw’s “Municipal Problems of New York and London” in
the Review of Reviews, April, 1892, vol. 5, p. 282.
_b. Other American Cities._
_Boston._--Report of the Commission on the City Charter and Two
Minority Reports (Docs. 120, 146, and 147, 1884). The first Report
contains an outline of the municipal governments of New York, Brooklyn,
Philadelphia, Baltimore, St. Louis, and Chicago.
_Philadelphia._--Johns Hopkins Studies cited above; E. V. Smalley’s
article on the “Committee of 100” in the Century, July, 1883, vol. 4,
p. 395; Publications of the Philadelphia Social Science Association for
1876 and 1877, on the subject of building associations; Henry C. Lea
had a “Letter to the People of Philadelphia” in the Forum, January,
1887, vol. 2, pp. 532-8. The reform charter or the “Bullitt Bill,”
which went into effect April, 1887, is said to be a model municipal
constitution.
_Chicago._--Reports of the Citizen’s Association, beginning in 1874.
Ada C. Sweet, on “Chicago City Government” in Belford’s Monthly for
November, 1892.
_Charleston._--The Yearbooks contain in the appendices much valuable
historical matter. That for 1880 gives a sketch of the development of
the city government; that for 1883 a description of the centennial
celebration, with an historical review.
_Providence._--Town and City Government in Providence, a Study in
Municipal History, by Geo. C. Wilson, Providence, Tibbitts & Preston,
1889.
[Illustration: PLATE I. KANSAS STATE PENITENTIARY--MAIN ENTRANCE.
E. S. Tucker, Phot.]
[Illustration: PLATE II. HORSE COLLAR FACTORY.
E. S. Tucker, Phot.]
[Illustration: PLATE III. INTERIOR OF CELL HOUSE.
E. S. Tucker, Phot.]
[Illustration: PLATES IV AND V.
E. S. Tucker, Phot.]
[Illustration: PLATES VI AND VII.
E. S. Tucker, Phot.]
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