suddenly sprang into prominence during this period and even
threatened to become the serious rival of Pittsburg. The
manufacturing industry contributed largely to the growth of this
town. In 1814 the 'Register' speaks of Cincinnati as being "the
busiest town in Ohio, and except Pittsburg, and Lexington, the
greatest place of manufacturing in the western country."[544] In 1826
the manufacturing industry of this city amounted to $1,800,000, not
more than fifteen steam engines being employed in manufactures.[545]
In 1830 the 'Register' speaks of this city as follows: "Cincinnati,
'the queen of the West' goes on rapidly to increase in population
and wealth. Her happy location is made the most of by industrious
and enterprising freemen. Manufactures abound, and a spirit of
improvement prevails. Labor is honored, and profits are constantly
added to capital. This city seems long since to have recovered from
the effects of certain spe culations which, for a considerable
time, checked its advancement."[546] Iron articles and cabinet
furniture were the chief articles of manufacture exported from
the city.[547] The making of sugar mills for Louisiana and the West
Indies formed a large business at Cincinnati, and also at Pittsburg
and Wheeling.[548]
The trade, especially the exports, formed a very large element
of the business of Cincinnati. Birkbeck, writing in 1818, says,
"Cincinnati is, however, a most thriving place, and backed as it
is already by a great population and a most fruitful country, bids
fair to be one of the first cities of the West. We are told, and
we cannot doubt the fact, that the chief of what we see is the
work of four years. The hundreds of commodious, well furnished
brick houses; the spacious and busy markets; the substantial public
buildings; the thousands of prosperous well dressed, industrious
inhabitants; the numerous wagons and drays; the gay carriages;
the shoals of craft; the busy stir prevailing everywhere, ..."[549]
all testify to the prosperity of the city. Pork formed the chief
article of export.[550] The 'Register' in 1827, says, "The pork
business of this city is equal if not of greater magnitude, than
that of Baltimore, and is, perhaps, not exceeded by that of any
place in the world.[551] The exports of Cincinnati in 1820 were
worth about $1,000,000, including both manufactures and other
articles.[552] The opening of the Miami Canal increased the trade
of Cincinnati, by making it the place of deposit for the produce
exported from the surrounding country.[553] In 1812 the sale of
imported articles amounted to $250,000 per year;[554] about 1830
the imports, of which dry goods formed the principal item, were
estimated to be worth five million dollars.[555]
The population of Cincinnati in 1815 was 6,498;[556] in 1826,
16,230;[557] and in 1830, 25,279.[558]
Louisville derived her greatest advantage from the river trade.
Before the building of the canal, goods brought down the river,
had to be unloaded here and carried around the Falls.[559] The steam
boat commerce of this city amounted in 1820 to 29,014 tons.[560]
The wealth of Louisville was employed chiefly in the importation
of merchandise from New Orleans, and the eastern cities, and
the shipment of western produce to the Southern and Atlantic
markets.[561] Manufactures were developed to some extent.[562] The
population increased from 1350 in 1810, to 10, 336 in 1830.[563]
Marietta had, in the early period, engaged quite extensively in the
ship building industry, which declined from about 1807 to 1816,
when it was revived again.[564] In 1814 this town was engaged in
manufacturing and carried on quite a brisk trade,[565] but Ogden, in
1821, says that it was rapidly declining.[566]
Wheeling derived much advantage from her location, being situated
at a point where the Ohio was navigable at all seasons. It was
the principal depot for the supply and commerce of that part of
Virginia in 1819,[567] and in 1823 enjoyed considerable importance on
account of the great quantity of merchandise brought to and from
the Ohio along the National Road.[568] Boat building was carried on
to some extent in Wheeling. By 1829 this town had engaged quite
extensively in manufactures.[569]
Steubenville, Ohio, was the market for the produce of the
surrounding country, which it supplied with English and West
India goods.[570] As early as 1815 this town began to establish
manufactories,[571] and in 1825 was exporting many thousand dollars
worth of cloth to the Atlantic States.[572] In 1817 the city
contained 2032 inhabitants,[573] and in 1830, 3153.[574]
Maysville, Kentucky, was the principal river port for the
northeastern part of the State.[575] The greater part of the goods
from Philadelphia and the eastern cities were landed here, and
distributed over the state.[576]
Vincennes, Indiana, served as a place of extensive supply of
merchandise to the interior of that state.[577] Vevay, Indiana,
was also quite a commercial town.[578] Zanesville, Ohio, became a
thriving town, engaged in manufactures[579] and trade.[580]
Shawneetown, Illinois, enjoyed a share in the trade on the
river.[581]
These river towns developed and increased in importance as the
river trade became an ever increasing object of importance.
Pittsburg and Cincinnati were by far the two greatest commercial
and manufacturing centers of this western country during the years
1811-1830. As this great stream of emigrants poured into the West,
the soil was brought into cultivation, and its surplus produce
exchanged for articles of home and foreign manufacture.
FOOTNOTES:
[487] Flint, T., History and Geography, I., 387.
[488] Ibid., I., 178.
Peck, J. M., Annals, 651-652.
[489] Flint, T., History and Geography, I., 178.
[490] Ibid., I., 172.
[491] Flint, T., History and Geography, I., 178.
[492] Ibid., 180-182.
[493] Howells, W. C., Recollections, 9.
[494] Ibid., 10.
[495] Niles, Weekly Register, V., 263.
[496] Ibid., 39. VIII.
[497] Ibid., VIII., 420.
[498] Niles, Weekly Register, VII., 350.
[499] Ibid., XI., 223.
Ibid., XI., 127. "We observe the current of emigration directed
strongly toward the Territory of Missouri."
Ibid., XI., 208. "Emigration powerfully sets westward. 50 wagons
are said to have passed the Muskingum at Zanesville, in a day,
going west."
[500] Brown, S. R., Gazetteer, 316.
[501] Niles, Weekly Register, XIII., 224. November 29, 1817.
[502] Niles, Weekly Register, XI., 336. June 11, 1817.
[503] Birkbeck, M., Notes, 25-26.
[504] Ibid., 79.
[505] Birkbeck, M., Letters, 33. "Horseback is the most pleasant
and expeditious; on foot the cheapest; a light wagon is eligible
in some cases; in others the stage is a necessary evil."
[506] Birkbeck M., Letters, 33.
[507] Birkbeck, M., Letters, 97.
[508] Ibid., 110-111.
[509] Ibid., Notes, 36.
Fearon, H. B., Journey, 192. "All the emigrants with whom I
conversed complained of the enormous charges at taverns."
Welby, A., Visit, Early W. Travels, XII., 195-196. Says that the
charges at a good English Inn would be double the amount charged
in America.
Faux, W., Memorable Days, Early W. Travels, XI., 171, 196-197.
Complains of the expense.
[510] Fordham, E. P., Travels, 118.
[511] Ibid., A journey from New Orleans up the Mississippi cost $90.
Fearon, H. B., Journey, 337-338. Quoted from M. Birkbeck's
letter of November 29, 1817.
Fordham, E. P., Travels, 59. The wagons from Baltimore to
Pittsburg, made the journey of 240 miles in 16 days.
Fearon, H. B., Journey, 452-453.
[512] Flint, J., Letters, Early W. Travels, IX., 98, 74, 68, 101.
Discusses the expense of traveling.
Faux, W., Memorable Days, Early W. Travels, XI., 198. Passage in
steamboat from an eastern port to New Orleans was $200.
[513] Fearon, H. B., Journey, 196.
Ibid., 188. He speaks of meeting 20 wagons containing families
from Massachusetts, Jersey, and Connecticut.
[514] Fearon, H. B., Journey, 213-214.
[515] Ibid., 255.
Reynolds, J., My Own Times, 176.
[516] Flint, J., Letters, Early W. Travels, IX., 67-68. Ibid., Ix.,
65, 72, 77, 87. For reference to the vast numbers of emigrants
[517] Flint, J., Letters, Early W. Travels, IX., 105-115.
[518] Ibid., IX., 288.
[519] Nuttall, T., Travels, Early W. Travels, XIII., 65.
James, E., Account, Early W. Travels, XIV., 59. For reference to
emigrants on the Ohio.
Niles, Weekly Register, XVII., 286.
[520] Ogden, G. W., Letters, Early W. Travels, XIX., 80.
[521] Ibid.,
Ibid., XIX., 82. Mentions other inducements to emigration
Reynolds, J:, My Own Times, In 1820 the price of land was
reduced from $2 to $1.25 per acre.
James, E., Account, Early W. Travels, XIV., 63. In 1819-1820,
James says, "The difficulty of establishing an indisputable
title to lands has been a cause operating hitherto to retard
the progress of settlement in some of the most fertile parts
of the country of Ohio, and the inconveniences resulting from
this source still continue to be felt.
[522] Niles, Weekly Register, XXVIII., 161-162.
[523] Ibid., XXIX., 147.
Ibid., XXXVII., 165.
[524] Ibid., XXIX., 422. February 25, 1826.
[525] Ibid., XXXVI., 271.
Ibid., XXXVI., 304. "Owing to the great influx of emigration,
provisions of all kinds are very scarce."
Latrobe, C. J., The Rambler, II., 221-222. Speaks of Illinois as
"a country rapidly filling with settlers."
Reynolds, J., My Own Times, 304. 1830 "For several years past, a
strong tide of emigration has flowed in upon us. Its wilderness
has been subdued; and thriving villages and cultivated farms are
now scattered over its whole extent."
[526] Niles, Weekly Register, XL., 141.
Flint, T., History and Geography, I., 130.
[527] Franchepain, Travels, 90-91.
[528] Flint, J., Letters, Early W. Travels, IX., 86.
Niles, Weekly Register, VI., 207. Says that 4,000 wagon loads of
dry goods, groceries, etc., and 1,000 wagon loads of iron were
received at Pittsburg in 1813.
[529] Niles, Weekly Register, X., 371.
Ibid., X., 231. Wagons with upwards of 3,500 pounds have reached
Pittsburg in 13 days from Philadelphia.
[530] Birkbeck, M., Notes, 29.
Ibid., 128. The land carriage from Philadelphia to Pittsburg is
from $7 to $10 per cwt.
Fearon, H. B., Journey, 186,196. references to this trade.
[531] Fearon, H. B., Journey, 186.
Niles, Weekly Register, XIII., 116-117. "A merchant from
Marietta, Ohio, has just left this city (New York) with several
tons of goods (it being his second trip,) who takes them from
Albany by way of Geneva and Hamilton on the Alleghany River, to
his place in the State of Ohio. This gentleman is of opinion
that goods can be transported from this place to Pittsburg for
considerably less than they can be taken from Philadelphia over
the mountains to Pittsburg."
[532] Fearon, H. B., Journey, 205. "The state of trade is at
present dull, but that there is a great deal of business done
must be evident from the quantity of "dry goods" and "grocery
stores", many of the proprietors of which have stocks as large
as the majority of London retail dealers."
Fordham, E. P., Travels, 75.
[533] Niles, Weekly Register, XXVIII., 82.
Birkbeck, M., Notes, 34.
Nuttall, T., Travels, Early W. Travels, XIII., 41. "To judge of
the inland commerce carried on betwixt Philadelphia and
Pittsburg, a stranger has but to view this road at the present
season. All day I have been brushing past wagons heavily loaded
with merchandise, each drawn by five and six horses.
[534] Welby, A., Visit, Early W. Travels, XII., 197.
Niles, Weekly Register, XV., 267. "It has been estimated that
three millions of dollars worth of goods were at Pittsburg on
the 7th ult. (December, 1818) waiting for a rise of the waters,
to descend the river, as well as a multitude of travelers and
emigrants."
[535] Nuttall, T., Travels, Early W. Travels, XIII., 38.
[536] Ogden, G. W., Letters, Early W. Travels, XIX., 25.
[537] Ibid., XIX., 27.
Niles, Weekly Register, XXVII., 149. "The number of wagons
loaded for Pittsburg, by a single house last year was upwards
of 200; and the freight alone, at the present reduced rate,
amounted to $24,000. (from Philadelphia).
[538] Flint, T., Recollections, 17.
Hall, J., Letters, 34. Agrees with Flint's statement of the
causes of the decline.
[539] Niles, Weekly Register, XXXII., 34.
Ibid., XXXI., 165. "The river remains low. But the number of
heavily laden keels which arrive and depart daily, show that the
improvements in the channel have been such as to secure us an
uninterrupted navigation from Pittsburg westward, at the very
lowest stages of the water."
Ibid., XXXIV., 411. "Pittsburg goes on prosperously. The happy
union of the two arms of the American system will make her
great, her manufactures and the location of the Pennsylvania
Canal
[540] Niles, Weekly Register, VI., 208.
[541] Ibid., XXVIII., 82.
[542] Niles, Weekly Register, VI., 208.
[543] Ibid., XXXIX., 219
For references to manufactures see
Niles, Weekly Register, VI., 208.
Ibid., XVII., 341.
Ibid., VIII., 141.
Thomas, D., Travels, 52.
Brown, S. R. Gazetteer, 338.
Fordham, E. P., Travels, 75-76, 71-72.
Fearon, H. B., Journey, 203.
Birkbeck, M., Notes, 33-34.
Nuttall, T., Travels, Early W. Travels, XIII., 45.
Ogden, G. W., Letters, Early W. Travels, XIX., 25.
Niles, Weekly Register, XXIX., 180.
Ibid., XXXV., 102.
Hall, J., Letters, 34.
Flint, T., History and Geography, I., 132, 147, 426-427.
Niles, Weekly Register, XXXVI., 66.
Ibid., XXXVII., 178.
Ibid., XXXIV., 346.
[544] Niles, Weekly Register, VI., 209.
[545] Hall, J., The West, 264.
Hall, J., Notes, 270.
[546] Niles, Weekly Register, XXXVIII., 86.
Hall, J., Notes, 174. A period of distress in the western
country which reached its height about 1819.
Flint, T., History and Geography. I., 180.
[547] Flint, T., History and Geography, I., 410.
Niles, Weekly Register, XXXVIII., 86. Speaks of the exportation
of chair and cabinet wares.
[548] Niles, Weekly Register, XXXVIII., 293.
[549] Birkbeck, M., Notes, 70.
[550] Niles, Weekly Register, XXIV., 176.
[551] Ibid., XXXII., 35. In three months, 40,000 hogs were packed
in Cincinnati. See also, Niles, Weekly Register, XL., 142.
[552] Hall, J., Notes, 270.
Flint, T., History and Geography, Appendix, 211. From Cincinnati
in 1831 the exports were over $1,000,000.
[553] Niles, Weekly Register, XXXVIII., 86-87. Ibid., XL., 52.
[554] Niles, Weekly Register, VI., 209.
[555] Flint, T., History and Geography, I., 410. Fearon, H. B.,
Journey, 231. Flint, J., Letters, Early W. Travels.
Ix., 238. The Town suffered a decline in trade in 1817 and 1820
[556] Niles, Weekly Register, X., 16.
[557] Ibid., XXXII., 35.
[558] Ibid., XXXIX., 5.
[559] Tranchepain, Travels, 116.
[560] Niles, Weekly Register, XXXII., 89.
[561] Hall, J., Notes, 267.
[562] Niles, Weekly Register, VI., 250.
Brown, S. R. Gazetteer, 104-105.
Niles, Weekly Register, XXXVII., 181.
[563] Flint, History and Geography, I., 355.
[564] Ogden, G. W., Letters, Early W. Travels, XIX., 34.
[565] Niles, Weekly Register, VI., 209.
[566] Ogden, G. W., Letters, Early W. Travels, XIX., 34.
[567] Nuttall, T., Travels, Early W. Travels, XIII., 51.
[568] Tranchepain, Travels, 91.
[569] Niles, Weekly Register, XXXVI., 298.
Flint, T., History and Geography, I., 431-432.
[570] Ogden, G. W., Letters, Early W. Travels, XIX., 34.
[571] Niles, Weekly Register, VIII., 452.
[572] Ibid., XXVIII., 82.
[573] Ibid., XII., 144.
[574] Ibid., XXXVIII., 339.
[575] Brown, S. R. Gazetteer, 90.
[576] Flint, T., History and Geography, I., 356-357.
[577] Ibid., I., 378.
[578] Ogden, G. W., Letters, Early W. Travels, XIX., 42.
[579] Flint, T., History and Geography, I., 414.
[580] Niles, Weekly Register, VI., 209.
[581] Ibid., XXXVI., 302.
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Transcriber's Notes:
As this is not a professionally published document, and was under
the full control of the author, no attempt has been made to edit
or improve the document. Every effort has been made to retain each
character of the original document, including typographical errors
and omissions, except as noted below. Hand-written corrections in
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