NOTES._Emanuel Swedenborg's Investigations in Natural Science and the Basis for His Statements Concerning the Functions of the Brain

[1] See the treatise of ANDERS RETZIUS on: ›The Origin and Development

of Anatomy in the Scandinavian North›, which he delivered as an address

on the occasion of his leaving the presidency of the Royal Swedish

Academy of Sciences on April 9th, 1845. See also GUSTAF RETZIUS: Preface

to ›EMANUEL SWEDENBORG’s Scientific Works›, edit. by the Royal Swedish

Academy of Sciences, Vol. I., 1907, p. V., _et seqq._, and ALFRED H.

STROH, M. A.: ›Some testimonies concerning SWEDENBORG, the Scientist›,

Stockholm 1909, p. 10.

[2] In an address before the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences at

Stockholm in connection with a reference to SWEDENBORG’s work: ›De

Cerebro›, which had just appeared in the English translation by DR.

RUDOLF TAFEL; See GUSTAF RETZIUS: Op. cit. p. VI. and ALFRED H. STROH:

Op. cit. p. 11.

[3] See an address of MAX NEUBURGER concerning ›Swedenborg’s Beziehungen

zur Gehirnphysiologie›, delivered before the ›Versammlung deutscher

Naturforscher und Ärzte›, Hamburg, 1901.

[4] See the article by C. G. SANTESSON concerning SWEDENBORG in ›Nordisk

Tidskrift›, 1904, No. 5.

[5] See an address of GUSTAF RETZIUS as president of the ›Versammlung der

Anatomischen Gesellschaft›, Heidelberg, 1903; and also his preface to the

edition of EMANUEL SWEDENBORG’s Scientific Works, which the Royal Academy

of Sciences began to publish in 1907; and the references by the same

author to SWEDENBORG’s statements concerning the anatomy and physiology

of the brain in the Croonian lecture delivered by him in London, in the

year 1908.

[6] See the address of J. J. BERZELIUS at the meeting of Scandinavian

Natural Scientists in 1842 concerning: ›The rise of the Scandinavian

shore above the level of the surrounding ocean› etc., quoted from ALFRED

H. STROH: Op. cit. p. 6.

[7] See the address of A. E. NORDENSKIÖLD before the Royal Academy of

Sciences on March 26th, 1888, quoted from A. H. STROH: Op. cit. p. 6.

[8] See A. G. NATHORST’s introduction to the edition of SWEDENBORG’s

Scientific Works of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Vol. I., 1907.

[9] See ›Vierteljahrschrift der Astronomischen Gesellschaft›, Part 14,

1879, quoted from A. H. STROH: Op. cit. p. 8.

[10] See S. ARRHENIUS’ introduction to the edition of SWEDENBORG’s

Scientific Works of the R. Acad. of Sciences, Vol. II., 1908.

[11] See GUSTAF RETZIUS: Preface to ›E. SWEDENBORG’s Scientific Works›,

edit. by the R. Acad. of Sciences, Vol. I., 1907, p. V. _et seqq._

[12] EMANUEL SWEDENBORG was born at Stockholm, January 29th, 1688;

matriculated at the University of Uppsala and ›Västmanlands-Dala-nation›,

1699; Diss. cum consensu Fac. Philos. publico examini submissa, Upsaliæ,

1. Junii, 1709; appointed assessor extraordinary in the Royal College of

Mines, 1716; ordinary assessor in the same College, 1724; retired from

the assessorship, 1747; died in London, March 29th, 1772. His name was

SWEDBERG until the year 1719, when he was ennobled and his name changed

to SWEDENBORG.

[13] Epistola Eman: Swedbergii ad Ericum Benzelium, Londini, Oct., 1710.

See EMANUEL SWEDENBORG: Opera quædam aut inedita aut obsoleta de rebus

naturalibus, nunc edita sub auspiciis Regiæ Academiæ Scientiarum Suecicæ,

I. Geologica et Epistolæ, Edit. ALFRED H. STROH, Holmiæ, 1907, p. 206 _et

seqq._

[14] Epist. Em. Sw. ad E. Benz., London, April, 1711, see Op. cit. p. 208

_et seqq._

[15] Epist. Em. Sw. ad E. Benz., London, Augusti, 1712, see Op. cit. p.

218 _et seqq._

[16] Epist. Em. Sw. ad E. Benz., Paris, Augusti, 1713, see Op. cit. p.

222 _et seqq._

[17] Epist. Em. Sw. ad E. Benz., Rostock, September, 1714, see. Op. cit.

p. 224 _et seqq._

[18] Suggestions for a Flying Machine by EMANUEL SWEDENBORG, translated

from the original Swedish by HUGO LJ. ODHNER and CARL TH. ODHNER,

published by the Swedenborg Scientific Association, Philadelphia, Pa.,

1910.

[19] Dædalus Hyperboreus, Eller Några Nya Mathematiska och Physicaliska

Försök och Anmerckningar: Som Wälborne Herr Assessor Polhammar och

Andre Sinrike i Swerige Hafwa giordt Och Nu tijd efter annan til almen

nytta lemna. Printed in Uppsala (and Skara), 1716-1718. Preface by EM.

SVEDBERG, Stockholm, Dec. 23rd, 1715.

[20] ›Förslag til wart Mynts och Måls Indelning, så at Rekningen kan

lettas och alt Bråk afskaffas›. Stockholm, Kongl. Boktryckeriet, 1719, 8

pp. 4:o. See ALFRED H. STROH and GRETA EKELÖF: Chronological list of the

works of Emanuel Swedenborg, dedicated to the Swedenborg Society by the

Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Uppsala and Stockholm, 1910, pp. 17

and 19.

[21] Eman. Swedbergs Assess. i Kongl. Bergz Coll. Försök At finna Östra

och Westra Lengden igen igenom Månan, Som Til the Lärdas ompröfwande

framstelles. Upsala, 1718. See ALFR. H. STROH and G. EKELÖF: Op. cit. p.

17. See also the letters of Eman. Swedberg ad Ericum Benzelium in the

Swedenborg edition of the Acad. of Sciences, Vol. I.

[22] See E. LILJEDAHL: ›Swedenborg›, Stockholm, 1908; and HJ. HOLMQUIST:

›Från Swedenborgs ungdom och första stora verksamhetsperiod›,

Bibelforskaren, 1909, No. 3.

[23] See also ALFR. H. STROH and G. EKELÖF: Chronological list of the

works of E. Swedenborg, pp. 15 and 16. The titles of the three pamphlets

are in English: ›On the way to improve commerce and manufactures›,

›Memorial on the institution of saltboileries in Sweden›, ›On the utility

and necessity of instituting an observatory in Sweden›.

[24] ›Om Watnens Högd och Förra Werldens starcka Ebb och Flod, Bewjs utur

Swergie›. (Stockholm, 1719; see also Acta Literaria Sueciæ Upsaliæ publ.

1720, pp. 5-11). Reprinted in the edition of Swedenborg’s Scientific

works, publ. by the R. S. Acad. of Sciences, Vol. I., pp. 1-27.

[25] See concerning this the above-named work by HJ. HOLMQUIST, in which

he says p. 223 concerning SWEDENBORG’s method of research: ›SWEDENBORG

himself indicates the scientific method which he followed: first, the

collecting of as many experiments and investigations as possible,

afterwards the working over of these according to the laws of geometry,

and lastly, speculation, hypotheses: ’as long as proofs are lacking,

principles may not be accepted and hypotheses defended, as they then

deserve better the name of fantasies than of principles’. ’Experientia,

geometria et facultas ratiocinandi’, experience, geometry and reason,

were the foundations of SWEDENBORG’s work both within the world of nature

and that of spirit.›

[26] See ›Œconomia Regni Animalis›, Vol. I., No. 360, where Swedenborg

mentions Parts IV., V., VI. of the Œc. R. A.

[27] Œc. R. A. Vol. III., ›De Fibra›, translated into English by Rev.

Prof. ALFRED ACTON in ›New Philosophy›.

[28] See Œc. R. A. Vol. II., Nos. 71-75, 76-82, 112; III. No. 59, etc.

[29] See Œc. R. A. Vol. II., Nos. 100, 101, 191; ›Quod sensationes

externae non ad ulteriores metas quam ad sphaerulas corticales

pertingant, id satis in confirmato est, quando hae fibrarum nervearum et

medullarium sunt principia›; and 113, 130, 140, 141, etc. See also ›The

Brain› No. 98.

[30] As observed in Quain’s ›Elements of Anatomy›, Tenth edition, edit.

by E. A. SCHÄFER and G. D. THANE, Vol. III., Part. I, p. 39: ›The term

medulla oblongata, as employed by WILLIS and VIEUSSENS, and by those who

directly followed them, included the crura cerebri and pons Varolii,

as well as that part to which by HALLER first, and by most subsequent

writers, this term has been restricted.›

[31] See Œc. R. A. Vol. II., Nos. 83-85, 91, 93, 95, 114, 140: ›Proinde

cum totidem origines motus sunt, quot sphaerulae istius substantiae;› and

144, 146: ›Sic distinctissime quaevis (sphaerula) suam fibrulam animat

& usque ad ejus finem in fibram corporis motricem influit;› 157 and

191-194-95, 202 etc. See also ›The Brain›, No. 399.

[32] So, for example, in Œc. R. A. Vol. II., No. 100: ... ›quod Cortex

sit principalis totius Cerebri substantia; in ipso termino primo Fibrarum

et ultimo Arteriarum sita; See also Œc. R. A. Vol. II., 111-116, 133,

134, 138, 152, 197, 290, etc., or, for example, Œc. R. A. III., No.

127, fin., and No. 404, where we read as follows: ›Ex anatome Cerebri

id constat, quod Cerebrum, seu substantia ejus corticalis, quae proprie

cerebrum audit, sit _Sensorium commune_, nam quinque organa suos sensus

externos ad corticem ut ad suum sensorium commune et unicum internum

referunt. Cerebrum corticale etiam est _Motorium commune voluntarium_,

quicquid enim agendum est mediantibus nervis et musculis, id praevia

voluntate a cerebro determinandum est.›

[33] Œc. R. A. II., 107: ›Partes hujus substantiae — — — merentur _Organa

Sensuum interiorum_ et Cerebellula nuncupari, nam media substantia

medullari et sanguine ab Organis externis alluentes modos et tactus

recipiunt, et ad judicem animam referunt.› See also Œc. R. A. 191, 192,

Œc. R. A. II., 195: — — ›Substantiae Corticales totidem sunt Cerebellula,

— —; singula enim sensorium est in particulari, quale est Cerebrum in

communi.›

[34] Œc. R. A. II., 193: ›Haec minime effectum consequerentur, — — —

nisi _partes substantiae Corticalis inter se, atque in gradus et series

sint divisae, in quales sunt modificationum causae: seu nisi series

substantiarum corticalium sint uti series sensationum_; nisi sphaerularum

Corticis perfectissima sit varietas harmonica, ita ut nulla earum,

praeter qua essentialia et attributa, alteri sit simillima.› For the

same see also ›Regnum Animale›, VII., chap. XX; Œc. R. A. II., No. 307:

›Ex lustratione ipsius Cerebri apparet, quod _substantiae corticales ita

Sapienter sunt ordinatae, ut cuilibet sensationi externae ad amussim

correspondeant_; nam _dictae substantiae_, ut unitates glomatim in

quendam numerum coalescunt, et _hi glomuli_ tanquam novae unitates _in

congeries_ adhuc majores, et hae in maximam, quae est ipsum Cerebrum:

_singulae partitiones_ discriminatae sunt per rimas, sulcos et anfractus,

et consertae per vasa et productiones meningeas, sic ut quasi sint numeri

unitatum in analogiae formam redacti, prorsus ut decet sensorium commune,

quod _recepturum sit omnem speciem sensationis externae, distinctim suum

visum, distinctim auditum, gustum et olfactum_. Œc. R. A. II., chap. XX.

[35] Œc. R. A. II., No. 192, ›Ex anatome Cerebri in ipsius oculi luce

est, quod _radii visuales_ medio nervo optico _influant in thalamos

nervorum opticorum_, et abinde per collectas e toto Cerebro, perque

Fornicis basin transmissas, et thalamis superinstratas fibras,

quaquaversum in _corticem_ diffundantur.›

[36] Œc. R. A. II., No. 192. — — ›quod _subtiles tactus membranae

Olfactoriae_ cavitates labyrintheas narium investientis, et inde oriundae

subtiles contremiscentiae aut modificationes per laminam cribrosam et

processus mammillares _in Corpora striata_, aut in medullam totius centri

ovalis enitentes non desinant nisi in peripheriam fibrarum, seu _in

ambitum corticalem_;› See also II., 38-42, where the processus mamillaris

is supposed to mediate a reflex action from the sense of smell upon the

muscles of breathing.

[37] Œc. R. A. II., No. 101: — — ›totidem origines motus sunt, quot

sphaerulae illius substantiae (corticis)›; II., 140, 153, etc.

[38] Œc. R. A. II., No. 146, ›Sic distinctissime quaevis (Sphaerula)

suam fibrulam animat, et usque ad ejus finem in fibram corporis motricem

influit›; see also II., 135, 147, 150, 156: ›Ex his ... fluit consequens

de singulis Cerebellulis ..., quod vitiato uno aut pluribus ... contagium

se non latius quam in appensas fibras et subjectos musculos immediate

extendat.› And III., 59, 127, at the end, and 197.

[39] Œc. R. A. II., No. 147: ›Sphaerulae illum sortitae sunt in Cerebro

ordinem et situm, ut _singulae aut plures simul, aut omnes in communi_

queant systolen suam et diastolen perficere›. Œc. R. A. II., No. 156:

›Quare ita compaginatum est Cerebrum, ut totum queat alterna vertigine

auferri, utque solum ejus medietas aut semiglobi Haemisphaerium; aut

solum plures aut una circumgyratio; aut utmodo hujus glomus, minor

congeries, aut pars.› The same in ›The Brain›, No. 104 c.

[40] Œc. R. A. I., No. 505: ›Ergo inquirendum venit, _qui tori corticei

his aut illis musculis in Corpore correspondent_; quod fieri non potest

nisi _per experientiam in vivis Animalibus; per punctiones, sectiones

et compressiones_ plurium, perque inde in Corporis musculis redundantes

effectus.›

[41] Œc. R. A. II. Nos. 151, 157: › — — — licet _ipsa fibra Cerebri non

agat motricem in musculis, agit tamen in utraque illa Medulla, quarum

fibras ad sic non aliter agendum disponit_, uti ab Anatomia Cerebri tam

humani, quam animalium brutorum, imo insectorum, clare colligitur: idque

ob rationem, ut _Cerebri Voluntarium abeat in spontaneum et naturale

mediis Medullis_, ne toties in particulares profundas motiones auferatur,

_quoties actio semel incepta ex consueto continuanda sit_; id ejus

sublimiorum officiorum administrationem toties alias interturbaret, et in

Homine analyses rationales, quae quietiorem Cerebri statum poscunt: quare

_ut primum actio voluntaria poscit seriem agendorum continuam, Cerebrum

annuet et consentiet, tum et actionis actualitatem producet_: Sic _ejus_

est _causa principalis, Medullis autem incineratis injuncta secundaria_.›

See also I., No. 574:—›_origo secundaria_ vel causa intermedia _actionum

Voluntariarum in Spontaneas abeuntium_ sit _in Medulla Spinali et

oblongata_.›

[42] Œc. R. A. II., No. 107: ›Partes hujus substantiae ex eadem ratione

merentur _Organa Sensuum interiorum_, et Cerebellula nuncupari›. See also

II., No. 191, etc.

[43] Œc. R. A. II., No. 159: ›Id jam extra omnem dubitationis aleam

ponimus, quod _substantia corticalis_ sit _determinans, licet non omnium

primum_, actionum Corporis, quia determinans est fibrarum, et fibrae

musculorum, a quibus actio›. — — — II., No. 160: ›Sed hae _substantiae

corticales_ licet sunt determinantes actionum sui Corporis, respective

tamen sunt _modo subdeterminantes et mediantes_, quibus respondent

subdeterminantes in Corpore, quae sunt fibrae motrices.› See also II.,

No. 204.

[44] Œc. R. A. II., No. 277: ›— — — dicere quod _Anima sit supra mentem

intellectualem_, — — —› See also II., No. 280. II., No. 160: ›_Per illas

(substantias corticales) etenim determinatur in actum voluntas_, cujus

principium altius est rimandum. — — — _requiritur vis_ altior, sublimior,

principalior, et universalior, _in qua sit principium voluntatis, qua his

mediis determinatur in actum_. Proinde est fluidum spirituosum, in quo

est _vita, et proinde anima_.›

[45] Œc. R. A. II., 285: ›Ex his jam sequitur, quod _Anima sit, quae

intelligit, cogitat, judicat, vult, desiderat, imaginatur, cupit,

reminiscitur, videt, audit, gustat, odorat, sentit, loquitur, agit_, — —

—.› See also II., 287.

[46] Œc. R. A. II., No. 160, 161: ›Et haec denique concludit, quod sit

_anima, quae huic fluido (spirituoso) inest_, cujus est determinare in

actum.› II., 165. II., 303: ›Ipsum Fluidum Spirituosum est substantia

eminenter organica suae Animae; uti Oculus est organum visus, Auris

auditus, Lingua gustus, Cerebrum perceptionis omnium›; etc. See also ›The

Brain›, No. 7.

[47] See for example Œc. R. A. II., No. 246: — — — ›sic etiam quod hoc

Fluidum sit Spiritus et Anima sui Corporis›. — — — Œc. R. A. III., No.

317: ›_Anima est purissima essentia animalis, caelestis et spiritualis_,

quae fibram simplicem excitat et simul sanguinem tam candidum quam rubrum

ingreditur.›

[48] See also Œc. R. A. II., No. 348: ›Ex his jam praemissis usque ad

fidem intellectus demonstrari potest, quod _Fluidum Spirituosum humanum_

immunissimum sit ab omni injuria contingentium in regione sublunari;

nec exstinguibile, sed _immortale_, tametsi non per se, _post casum sui

Corporis_. Quod exsolutum a vinculis et laqueis terrestrium in omnem

sui Corporis formam coaliturum sit et victurum vitam omni imaginatione

puriorem. Tum quod nulla sit actiuncula ex consulto, et nulla vocula

ex consensu, in vita ejus corporea, edita, quae non affulgente luce

sapientiae, inhaerenter designatae, tunc ante ejus conscientiae judicium,

distincte compariturae sint›.

[49] Œc. R. A. II., No. 303: ›_usque eodem recidit, sive memoratum

fluidum dicimus Spiritum aut Animam, sive ejus facultatem_ sibi

repraesentandi universum et intuendi fines, nam unum non concipi potest,

quia non datur sine altero.›

[50] J. J. GARTH WILKINSON has published Part I. in an English

translation in 1843, and Parts II. and III. in 1844, London.

[50 b] ›Regnum Animale›, Pars quarta: ›De Sensibus›, publ. by IM. TAFEL,

London, 1848; transl. into English by ENOCH S. PRICE in ›New Philosophy›;

›R. A.›, Pars septima: ›De Anima›, publ. by IM. TAFEL, Tübingen and

London, 1849; transl. into English by FRANK SEWALL, New York, 1887 and

1900.

[51] The words enclosed in parentheses have been added by the author of

this paper to make the meaning more clear, and are unmistakeably inferred

from the connection.

[52] As Professor G. RETZIUS also says in his ›Croonian lecture›,

delivered in London, 1908: ›The theses cited [especially those concerning

the localization of the motor centres in the cerebral cortex] are drawn

up with such precision by SWEDENBORG that they cannot possibly be based

on divination only, but must rest upon a real grasp of natural phenomena

as well as on actual experiments and dissecting work›.

[53] See ›Œconomia Regni Animalis›, I., Nos. 559 _et seqq._; also 571 and

572, and R. VIEUSSENS: ›Neurographia universalis›, Lugduni, 1685, pp.

123, 124, etc.

[54] See ›Œconomia Regni Animalis›, I., Nos. 559 _et seqq._, as also R.

VIEUSSENS: ›Neurographia universalis›, Lugduni, 1685, pp. 123, 124, _et

seqq._

[55] See BOERHAAVE: ›Institutiones medicae›, Lugduni Batavor. 1720, No.

415: ›Ergo musculi voluntarii nervos habent ultimo oriundos a cerebro.

Illi vero, qui spontaneis, vitalibusque motibus serviunt, a cerebello

nervos accipiunt.›

[56] See TH. WILLIS: ›Cerebri Anatome›, Amsterdam, 1667, pp. 73-74:

›Cerebrum motuum et conceptuum omnium origo et fons. Sensus et motus,

item passiones et instinctus mere naturales, licet a Cerebro quadantenus

dependent, tamen proprie in Medulla oblongata et Cerebello aut

perficiunter aut ab iis procedunt.

[57] See Œc. R. A. III., No. 404, etc.: ›Medulla oblongata — — —

sensorium et motorium commune tam Cerebri quam Cerebelli, sed secundarium

et instrumentale superius. Medulla spinalis similiter — — — sensorium et

motorium commune, sed secundarium et instrumentale inferius.›

[58] Œc. R. A., III., No. 133: ›Substantia — — — corticalis est ipsum

Cerebrum seu Sensorium — — — commune›; No. 404, etc.

[59] See R. DESCARTES: ›Tractatus de homine›, Lugd. Bat. 1662, pp. 77,

81, 82; 32, 67 etc.: 72, 79 etc.

[60] See H. BOERHAAVE: ›Institutiones medicae›, Lugd. Bat. 1720, p.

253: ›Sensorium commune est pars cerebri, — — —, adeoque, ut apparet,

medulla cerebri in capite;› and BOERHAAVE: ›Praelectiones academicae,

(published by HALLER), Göttingen, 1743, p. 451: ›Haec ergo sedes animae

non est in pineali glandula, uti CARTESIUS voluit,—neque est in medulla

spinali, neque est in cerebello, verum _in fornicata medulla circumstante

cavitatem ventriculorum cerebri_.›

[61] See CASP. et THOM. BARTHOLIN: ›Instit. anatom.›, 1641, p. 265:

›Putamus enim in Cerebro proprie dicto, vel cortice servari spiritum

animalem pro sensu, in medulla vero tota tam quoad caput quam quoad

caudam, reservari spiritum pro motu.›

[62] See THOMAS WILLIS: ›Cerebri Anatome., 1667, pp. 76, 77: ›Etenim

existimare fas est, spiritus animales — — in corticali cerebri substantia

procreari› — — — ›hæ partes medullares spirituum animalium exercitio et

dispensationi — — — inserviunt;› and J.J. WINSLOW: ›Exposition anatomique

— — —›, 1732, IV., p. 210: ›WILLIS nous donne un système tout-à-fait

particulier. Il loge le sens commun dans le corpus striatum ou corps

rougé, l’imagination dans le corps callosum, et la mémoire dans l’écorce

ou dans la substance grisâtre qui envelloppe la blanche.›

[63] See M. MALPIGHI: ›Opera Omnia›, 1686-87, Tom. II., p. 85:

›Suspicari possumus minimis hisce glandulis ex delato sanguine separari,

recolligique particulas illas a natura ad promendum instrumentaliter

sensuum destinatas, quibus per nervorum tubulis delatis continuatae

partes inbibantur et turgeant.›

[64] See MALPIGHI: ›Opera Omnia›, 1686-87, Tom. II., De Cerebri cortice,

pp. 78 _et seqq._ ›In — — cerebro corticem affusum minimarum glandularum

proventum et congeriem esse deprehendi: hæ in cerebri gyris et protractis

veluti intestinales, ad quæ desinunt albæ nervorum radices, vel inde, si

mavis, oriuntur — — —›; and SWEDENBORG: Œc. R. A. II., Nos. 76-82, 112,

114 etc.

[65] See BOERHAAVE: ›Institutiones medicae›, 1720, No. 266: ›folliculi

illi minimi glandulosi emittunt tenues fibras, albas, compactas quibus

adenutis fit callosum, medullosumque corpus› — — —; No. 274: ›fibras

has canaliculos tenuissimos pervios esse, qui in se excipiant humorem

corporis humani omnium quidem subtilissimum, qui fabrica mirifica

corticis praeparatus, secretus atque vi in has fistulas impulsus est, ex

omni quidem parte hujus in medullam oblongatam collectus; see also No.

263; No. 284: ›fibrillas nerveas humorem medullae — — ad omne punctum

totius corporis distinctissimis viis deferre.› — —

[66] ›Nisi mutua sit connexio et perpetua communicatio substantiae

medullaris qua fibrillas et manipulos intra thecam vertebralem et

cranium, undecunque ducitur ad corticem cerebri. — — —› (Œc. R. A. II.,

No. 193; See also No. 115).

[67] See above CASP. and THOM. BARTHOLIN: ›Inst. Anat.›, 1645, p. 265.

[68] See H. BOERHAAVE: ›Inst. Med.›, 1720, N. 574. or 274.

[69] See above A. V. HALLER: ›Elem. Physiol.›, 1762, IV., p. 392.

[70] Œc. R. A. loco cit. and II., 88. See also A. PACCHIONI: ›Opera›, Ed.

quarta, Romæ, 1741, p. 112.

[71] See BOERHAAVE: ›Instit. med.›, 1720, No. 570, 574. The edition used

by SWEDENBORG was printed 1727.

[72] ›Nempe in sensorio communi distinctas loco provincias esse pro

diversis sensibus, uti cuilibet sensui suum externum proprium organum

datum est.› BOERHAAVE: ›Prael. acad.›, published by HALLER 1743, Vol.

IV., p. 435. See also BOERHAAVE: ›Inst. med.›, 1720, No. 568.

[73] These lobes are, as he says, ›marked out and encompassed by the

carotid artery, a statement by which he probably means the same as

RIDLEY, when the latter says of the whole anterior region that it is

marked out, as it were, by two branches of the carotid artery, one at the

front and one at the side, i. e., _Arteria cerebri anterior_ and _Arteria

cerebri media_.

[74] J. J. WEPFER: ›Observationes anatomicæ ex cadaveribus eorum, quos

sustulit Apoplexia›. Amstelædami, 1681, pp. 5-11, Case II.

[75] See A. PACCHIONI: ›Opera›, Ed. quarta, Romæ, 1741, p. 112.

[76] See J. B. WINSLOW: ›Exposition anatomique de la Structure du corps

humain.› Paris, 1732, IV., p. 210. With WILLIS one also finds the same

subdivision of the hemispheres of the brain into an anterior and a

posterior ›province›, as that employed by SWEDENBORG.

[77] VIEUSSENS: ›Neur. univ.›, pp. 115, 117, and Tab. X.

[78] Op. cit., pp. 115, 117, and Tab. XVI.

[79] Op. cit., pp. 115, 117 and Tab. XV.

[80] Œc. R. A. II., No. 153: ›Experientiae est et temporis, ut

evestigetur, qui gyrus et qui serpens tumulus in cerebro hunc aut illum

musculum ut correspondentem suum in corpore respiciat. ’Cuniculos cerebri

serpere, per autopsiam deprehenditur’ ait Clar. PACCHIONUS, BELLINUS et

alii plures.›

[81] See MALPIGHI: ›Op. omnia›, II., De Cerebro, p. 2, and SWEDENBORG:

Œc. R. A., II., Nos. 82, 58, etc.

[82] MALPIGHI: ›Opera omnia›, 1686-87, II., De Cerebri cortice, p. 78,

and SWEDENBORG: Œc. R. A., II., Nos. 76-82, 112, 114, etc.

[83] MALPIGHI: Op. cit. p. 78: ›Harum glandularum distinctionem affuso

atramento (ink) et leviter gossypio deterso, videbis, intercepta enim

spatia ita denigrantur, ut circumscriptas glandulas facilius exhibeant.›