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[Illustration: Cover Title Page]
_OF THE_
Cambridge Edition
_There have been printed seven hundred and fifty sets
of which this is copy_
_No._ 337
INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS
OF ARTS AND SCIENCE
[Illustration: ALMA MATER
_Photogravure of the Statue by Daniel C. French_
The colossal figure of French's Alma Mater adorns the fine suite of
stone steps leading up to the picturesque library building of
Columbia University. It is a bronze statue, gilded with pure gold.
The female figure typifying "Alma Mater" is represented as sitting
in a chair of classic shape, her elbows resting on the arms of the
chair. Both hands are raised. The right hand holds and is supported
by a sceptre. On her head is a classic wreath, and on her lap lies
an open book, from which her eyes seem to have just been raised in
meditation. Drapery falls in semi-classic folds from her neck to her
sandalled feet, only the arms and neck being left bare.
Every University man cherishes a kindly feeling for his Alma Mater,
and the famous American sculptor, Daniel C. French, has been most
successful in his artistic creation of the "Fostering Mother"
spiritualized--the familiar ideal of the mother of minds trained to
thought and consecrated to intellectual service.]
INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS
OF
ARTS AND SCIENCE
_EDITED BY_
HOWARD J. ROGERS, A.M., LL.D.
DIRECTOR OF CONGRESSES
VOLUME I
PHILOSOPHY AND METAPHYSICS
COMPRISING
Lectures on Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century,
Philosophy of Religion, Sciences of the
Ideal, Problems of Metaphysics,
The Theory of Science,
and Logic
[Illustration: University Alliance logo]
UNIVERSITY ALLIANCE
LONDON NEW YORK
COPYRIGHT 1906 BY HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
COPYRIGHT 1908 BY UNIVERSITY ALLIANCE
_ILLUSTRATIONS_
VOLUME I
FACING
PAGE
ALMA MATER _Frontispiece_
Photogravure from the statue by Daniel C. French
DR. HOWARD J. ROGERS 1
Photogravure from a photograph
DR. SIMON NEWCOMB 135
Photogravure from a photograph
THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 168
Photogravure from the painting by OTTO KNILLE
_TABLE OF CONTENTS_
VOLUME I
THE HISTORY OF THE CONGRESS 1
HOWARD J. ROGERS, A.M., LL.D.
PROGRAMME 47
PURPOSE AND PLAN OF THE CONGRESS 50
ORGANIZATION OF THE CONGRESS 52
OFFICERS OF THE CONGRESS 53
SPEAKERS AND CHAIRMEN 54
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER OF PROCEEDINGS 77
PROGRAMME OF SOCIAL EVENTS 81
LIST OF TEN-MINUTE SPEAKERS 82
THE SCIENTIFIC PLAN OF THE CONGRESS 85
HUGO MUENSTERBERG, PH.D., LL.D.
INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS.
_The Evolution of the Scientific Investigator_ 135
SIMON NEWCOMB, PH.D., LL.D.
NORMATIVE SCIENCE
_The Sciences of the Ideal_ 151
BY PROF. JOSIAH ROYCE, PH.D., LL.D.
PHILOSOPHY.
_Philosophy: Its Fundamental Conceptions and its Methods_ 173
BY PROF. GEORGE HOLMES HOWISON, LL.D.
_The Development of Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century_ 194
BY PROF. GEORGE TRUMBULL LADD, D.D., LL.D.
METAPHYSICS.
_The Relations Between Metaphysics and the Other Sciences_ 227
BY PROF. ALFRED EDWARD TAYLOR, M.A.
_The Present Problems of Metaphysics_ 246
BY PROF. ALEXANDER THOMAS ORMOND, PH.D., LL.D.
PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION.
_The Relation of the Philosophy of Religion to the Other Sciences_ 263
BY PROF. OTTO PFLEIDERER, D.D.
_Main Problems of the Philosophy of Religion: Psychology and
Theory Of Knowledge in the Science of Religion_ 275
BY PROF. ERNST TROELTSCH, D.D.
_Some Roots and Factors of Religion_ 289
BY PROF. ALEXANDER T. ORMOND.
LOGIC.
_The Relations of Logic to Other Disciplines_ 296
BY PROF. WILLIAM ALEXANDER HAMMOND, PH.D.
_The Field of Logic_ 313
BY PROF. FREDERICK J. E. WOODBRIDGE, LL.D.
METHODOLOGY OF SCIENCE.
_On the Theory of Science_ 333
BY PROF. WILHELM OSTWALD, LL.D.
_The Content and Validity of the Causal Law_ 353
BY PROF. BENNO ERDMANN, PH.D.
[Illustration: _HOWARD J. ROGERS, A.M., LL.D._
Howard Jason Rogers, born Stephentown, Rensselaer Co., N. Y.,
November 16, 1861; graduated from Williams College, 1884; admitted
to bar, 1877; Superintendent New York State Exhibit World's
Columbian Exposition, 1893; Deputy State Superintendent Public
Institution, 1895-1899; Republican Director Department of Education
and Social Economy of U. S. Commission to Paris Exposition 1900;
Chief Department of Education, St. Louis Exposition, 1904; First.
Asst. Commissioner State Department of Education, N. Y., since 1904,
when he received degree of A.M. from Columbia and degree of LL.D.
from Northwestern University. He is an officer of the Legion of
Honor of France; Chevalier of San Maurice and Lazare, Italy;
Chevalier de l'Etoile Polaire, Sweden; Chevalier Nat. order of
Leopold, Belgium; and officer of the Red Eagle, Germany.]
THE HISTORY OF THE CONGRESS
BY HOWARD J. ROGERS A.M., LL.D.
The forces which bring to a common point the thousandfold energies of a
universal exposition can best promote an international congress of
ideas. Under national patronage and under the spur of international
competition the best products and the latest inventions of man in
science, in literature, and in art are grouped together in orderly
classification. Whether the motive underlying the exhibits be the
promotion of commerce and trade, or whether it be individual ambition,
or whether it be national pride and loyalty, the resultant is the same.
The space within the boundaries of the exposition is a forum of the
nations where equal rights are guaranteed to every representative from
any quarter of the globe, and where the sovereignty of each nation is
recognized whenever its flag floats over a national pavilion or an
exhibit area. The productive genius of every governed people contends in
peaceful rivalry for world recognition, and the exposition becomes an
international clearing-house for practical ideas.
For the demonstration of the value of these products men thoroughly
skilled in their development and use are sent by the various exhibitors.
The exposition by the logic of its creation thus gathers to itself the
expert representatives of every art and industry. For at least two
months in the exposition period there are present the members of the
international jury of awards, selected specially by the different
governments for their thorough knowledge, theoretical and practical, of
the departments to which they are assigned, and selected further for
their ability to impress upon others the correctness of their views. The
renown of a universal exposition brings, as visitors, students and
investigators bent upon the solution of problems and anxious to know the
latest contributions to the facts and the theories which underlie every
phase of the world's development.
The material therefore is ready at hand with which to construct the
framework of a conference of parts, or a congress of the whole of any
subject. It was a natural and logical step to accompany the study of the
exhibits with a debate on their excellence, an analysis of their growth,
and an argument for their future. Hence the congress. The exposition and
the congress are correlative terms. The former concentres the visible
products of the brain and hand of man; the congress is the literary
embodiment of its activities.
Yet it was not till the Paris Exposition of 1889 that the idea of a
series of congresses, international in membership and universal in
scope, was fully developed. The three preceding expositions, Paris,
1878, Philadelphia, 1876, and Vienna, 1873, had held under their
auspices many conferences and congresses, and indeed the germ of the
congress idea may be said to have been the establishment of the
International Scientific Commission in connection with the Paris
Exposition of 1867; but all of these meetings were unrelated and
sometimes almost accidental in their organization, although many were of
great scientific interest and value.
The success of the series of seventy congresses in Paris in 1889 led the
authorities of the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893 to establish the
World's Congress Auxiliary designed "to supplement the exhibit of
material progress by the Exposition, by a portrayal of the wonderful
achievements of the new age in science, literature, education,
government, jurisprudence, morals, charity, religion, and other
departments of human activity, as the most effective means of increasing
the fraternity, progress, prosperity, and peace of mankind." The
widespread interest in this series of meetings is a matter easily within
recollection, but they were in no wise interrelated to each other, nor
more than ordinarily comprehensive in their scope.
It remained for the Paris Exposition of 1900 to bring to a perfect
organization this type of congress development. By ministerial decree
issued two years prior to the exposition the conduct of the department
was set forth to the minutest detail. One hundred twenty-five
congresses, each with its separate secretary and organizing committee,
were authorized and grouped under twelve sections corresponding closely
to the exhibit classification. The principal delegate, M. Gariel,
reported to a special commission, which was directly responsible to the
government. The department was admirably conducted and reached as high a
degree of success as a highly diversified, ably administered, but
unrelated system of international conferences could. And yet the
attendance on a majority of these congresses was disappointing, and in
many there was scarcely any one present outside the immediate circle of
those concerned in its development. If this condition could prevail in
Paris, the home of arts and letters, in the immediate centre of the
great constituency of the University and of many scientific circles and
learned societies, and within easy traveling distance of other European
university and literary centres, it was fair to presume that the
usefulness of this class of congress was decreasing. It certainly was
safe to assume, on the part of the authorities of the St. Louis
Exposition of 1904, that such a series could not be a success in that
city, owing to its geographical position and the limited number of
university and scientific circles within a reasonable traveling
distance. Something more than a repetition of the stereotyped form of
conference was admitted to be necessary in order to arouse interest
among scholars and to bring credit to the Exposition.
This was the serious problem which confronted the Exposition of St.
Louis. No exposition was ever better fitted to serve as the groundwork
of a congress of ideas than that of St. Louis. The ideal of the
Exposition, which was created in time and fixed in place to commemorate
a great historic event, was its educational influence. Its appeal to the
citizens of the United States for support, to the Federal Congress for
appropriations, and to foreign governments for coöperation, was made
purely on this basis. For the first time in the history of expositions
the educational influence was made the dominant factor and the
classification and installation of exhibits made contributory to that
principle. The main purpose of the Exposition was to place within reach
of the investigator the objective thought of the world, so classified as
to show its relations to all similar phases of human endeavor, and so
arranged as to be practically available for reference and study. As a
part of the organic scheme a congress plan was contemplated which should
be correlative with the exhibit features of the Exposition, and whose
published proceedings should stand as a monument to the breadth and
enterprise of the Exposition long after its buildings had disappeared
and its commercial achievements grown dim in the minds of men.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONGRESS
The Department of Congresses, to which was to be intrusted this
difficult task, was not formed until the latter part of 1902, although
the question was for a year previous the subject of many discussions and
conferences between the President of the Exposition, Mr. Francis; the
Director of Exhibits, Mr. Skiff; the Chief of the Department of
Education, Mr. Rogers; President Nicholas Murray Butler of Columbia
University, and President William R. Harper of Chicago University. To
the disinterested and valuable advice of the two last-named gentlemen
during the entire history of the Congress the Exposition is under heavy
obligations. During this period proposals had been made to two men of
international reputation to give all their time for two years to the
organization of a plan of congresses which should accomplish the
ultimate purpose of the Exposition authorities. Neither one, however,
could arrange to be relieved of the pressure of his regular duties, and
the entire scheme of supervision was consequently changed. The plan
adopted was based upon the idea of an advisory board composed of men of
high literary and scientific standing who should consider and recommend
the kind of congress most worthy of promotion, and the details of its
development.
In November, 1902, Howard J. Rogers, LL.D., was appointed Director of
Congresses, and the members of the Advisory (afterwards termed
Administrative) Board selected as follows:--
CHAIRMAN: NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PH.D., LL.D., President Columbia
University.
WILLIAM R. HARPER, PH.D., LL.D., President University of Chicago.
HONORABLE FREDERICK W. HOLLS, A.M., LL.B., New York.
R. H. JESSE, PH.D., LL.D., President University of Missouri.
HENRY S. PRITCHETT, PH.D., LL.D., President Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
HERBERT PUTNAM, LITT.D., LL.D., Librarian of Congress.
FREDERICK J. V. SKIFF, A.M., Director of Field Columbian Museum.
* * * * *
The action of the Executive Committee of the Exposition, approved by the
President, was as follows:--
There shall be appointed by the President of the Exposition
Company a Director of Congresses who shall report to the
President of the Exposition Company.
There shall be appointed by the President of the Exposition
Company an Advisory Board of seven persons, the chairman to
be named by the President, who shall meet at the call of the
Director of Congresses, or the Chairman of the Advisory
Board.
The expenses of the members of the Advisory Board while on
business of the Exposition shall be a charge against the
funds of the Exposition Company.
The duties of the said Advisory Board shall be: to consider
and make recommendations to the Director of Congresses on
all matters submitted to them; to determine the number and
the extent of the congresses; the emphasis to be placed upon
special features; the prominent men to be invited to
participate; the character of the programmes; and the
methods for successfully carrying out the enterprise.
There shall be set aside from the Exposition funds for the
maintenance of the congresses the sum of two hundred
thousand dollars ($200,000).
The standing Committee on Congresses from the Exposition board of
directors was shortly afterwards appointed and was composed of five of
the most prominent men in St. Louis:--
CHAIRMAN: HON. FREDERICK W. LEHMANN, Attorney at Law.
BRECKENRIDGE JONES, Banker.
CHARLES W. KNAPP, Editor of _The St. Louis Republic_.
JOHN SCHROERS, Manager of the _Westliche Post_.
A. F. SHAPLEIGH, Merchant.
To this committee were referred for consideration by the President all
matters of policy submitted by the Director of Congresses. This
committee had jurisdiction over all congress matters, including not only
the Congress of Arts and Science, but also the many miscellaneous
congresses and conventions, and a great part of the success of the
congresses is due to their broad-minded and liberal determination of the
questions laid before them.
IDEA OF THE CONGRESS OF ARTS AND SCIENCE
It is impossible to ascribe the original idea of the Congress of Arts
and Science to any one person. It was a matter of slow growth from the
many conferences which had been held for a year by men of many
occupations, and as finally worked out bore little resemblance to the
original plans under discussion. The germ of the idea may fairly be said
to have been contained in Director Skiff's insistence to the Executive
Committee of the Exposition that the congress work stand for something
more than an unrelated series of independent gatherings, and that some
project be authorized which would at once be distinctive and of real
scientific worth. To support this view Director Skiff brought the
Executive Committee to the view of expending $200,000, if need be, to
insure the project. Starting from this suggestion many plans were
brought forward, but one which seems to belong of right to the late
Honorable Frederick W. Holls, of New York City, contained perhaps the
next recognizable step in advance. This thought was, briefly, that a
series of lectures on scientific and literary topics by men prominent in
their respective fields be delivered at the Exposition and that the
Exposition pay the speakers for their services. This point was
thoroughly discussed by Mr. Holls and President Butler, and the next
step in the evolution of the Congress was the idea of bringing these
lecturers together at the Exposition at about the same time or all
during one month. At this stage Professor Hugo Münsterberg, who was the
guest of Mr. Holls and an invited participant in the conference, made
the important suggestion that such a series of unrelated lectures, even
though given by most eminent men, would have little or no scientific
value, but that if some relation, or underlying thought, could be
introduced into the addresses, then the best work could be done, which
would be of real value to the scientific world. He further stated that
only in this case would scientific leaders be likely to favor the plan
of a St. Louis congress, as they would feel attracted not so much
through the honorariums to be given for their services as through the
valuable opportunity of developing such a contribution to scientific
thought. Subsequently Professor Münsterberg was asked by Mr. Holls to
formulate his ideas in a manner to be submitted to the Exposition
authorities. This was done in a communication under date of October 20,
1902, which contained logically presented the foundation of the plan
afterwards worked out in detail. At this juncture the Department of
Congresses was organized, as has been stated, the Director named, and
the Administrative Board appointed, and on December 27, 1902, the first
meeting of the Director with the Administrative Board took place in New
York City.
A thorough canvass of the subject was made at this meeting and as a
result the following recommendations were made to the Exposition
authorities:--
(1) That the sessions of this Congress be held within a period of four
weeks, beginning September 15, 1904.
(2) That the various groups of learned men who may come together be
asked to discuss their several sciences or professions with reference to
some theme of universal human interest, in order that thereby a certain
unity of interest and of action may be had. Under such a plan the groups
of men who come together would thus form sections of a single Congress
rather than separate congresses.
(3) As a subject which has universal significance, and one likely to
serve as a connecting thread for all of the discussions of the Congress,
the theme "The Progress of Man since the Louisiana Purchase" was
considered by the Administrative Board fit and suggestive. It is
believed that discussions by leaders of thought in the various branches
of pure and applied science, in philosophy, in politics, and in
religion, from the standpoint of man's progress in the century which has
elapsed, would be fruitful, not only in clearing the thoughts of men not
trained in science and in government, but also in preparing the way for
new advances.
(4) The Administrative Board further recommends that the Congress be
made up from men of thought and of action, whose work would probably
fall under the following general heads:--
_a._ The Natural Sciences (such as Astronomy, Biology, Mathematics,
etc.).
_b._ The Historical, Sociological, and Economic group of studies
(History, Political Economy, etc.).
_c._ Philosophy and Religion.
_d._ Medicine and Surgery.
_e._ Law, Politics, and Government (including development and history of
the colonies, their government, revenue and prosperity, arbitration,
etc.).
_f._ Applied Science (including the various branches of engineering).
(5) The Administrative Board recommends further referring to a special
committee of seven the problem of indicating in detail the method in
which this plan can best be carried out. To this committee is assigned
the duty of choosing the general divisions of the Congress, the various
branches of science and of study in these divisions, and of recommending
to the Administrative Board a detailed plan of the sections in which, in
their judgment, those who come to the Congress may be most effectively
grouped, with a view not only to bring out the central theme, but also
to represent in a helpful way and in a suggestive manner the present
boundary of knowledge in the various lines of study and investigation
which the committee may think wise to accept.
These recommendations were transmitted by the Director of Congresses to
the Committee on Congresses, approved by them, and afterwards approved
by the Executive Committee and the President. The first four
recommendations were of a preliminary character, but the fifth contained
a distinct advance in the formation of a Committee on Plan and Scope
which should be composed of eminent scientists capable of developing the
fundamental idea into a plan which should harmonize with the scientific
work in every field. The committee selected were as follows:--
DR. SIMON NEWCOMB, PH.D., LL.D., Retired Professor of Mathematics, U. S.
Navy.
PROF. HUGO MÜNSTERBERG, PH.D., LL.D., Professor of Psychology, Harvard
University.
PROF. JOHN BASSETT MOORE, LL.D., ex-assistant Secretary of State, and
Professor of International Law and Diplomacy, Columbia University.
PROF. ALBION W. SMALL, PH.D., Professor of Sociology, University of
Chicago.
DR. WILLIAM H. WELCH, M.D., LL.D., Professor of Pathology, Johns Hopkins
University.
HON. ELIHU THOMSON, Consulting Engineer General Electric Company.
PROF. GEORGE F. MOORE, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Comparative Religion,
Harvard University.
* * * * *
In response to a letter from President Butler, Chairman of the
Administrative Board, giving a complete résumé of the growth of the idea
of the Congress to that time, all of the members of the committee, with
the exception of Mr. Thomson, met at the Hotel Manhattan on January 10,
1903, for a preliminary discussion. The entire field was canvassed,
using the recommendations of the Administrative Board and the
aforementioned letter of Professor Münsterberg's to Mr. Holls as a
basis, and an adjournment taken until January 17 for the preparation of
detailed recommendations.
The Committee on Plan and Scope again met, all members being present, at
the Hotel Manhattan on January 17, and arrived at definite conclusions,
which were embodied in the report to the Administrative Board, a meeting
of which had been called at the Hotel Manhattan for January 19, 1903.
The report of the Committee on Plan and Scope is of such historic
importance in the development of the Congress that it is given as
follows, although many points were afterwards materially modified:--
NEW YORK, January 19, 1903.
President Nicholas Murray Butler,
Chairman Administrative Board of World's Congress at
The Louisiana Purchase Exposition:
Dear Sir,--The undersigned, appointed by your Board a
committee on the scope and plan of the proposed World's
Congress, at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, have the
honor to submit the following report:--
The authority under which the Committee acted is found in a
communication addressed to its members by the Chairman of
the Administrative Board. A subsequent communication to the
Chairman of the Committee indicated that the widest scope
was allowed to it in preparing its plan. Under this
authority the Committee met on January 10, 1903, and again
on January 17. The Committee was, from the beginning,
unanimous in accepting the general plan of the
Administrative Board, that there should be but a single
congress, which, however, might be divided and subdivided,
in accord with the general plan, into divisions,
departments, and sections, as its deliberations proceed.
PLANS OF THE CONGRESS
As a basis of discussion two plans were drawn up by members
of the Committee and submitted to it. The one, by Professor
Münsterberg, started from a comprehensive classification and
review of human achievement in advancing knowledge, the
other, by Professor Small, from an equally comprehensive
review of the great public questions involved in human
progress.
Professor Münsterberg proposed a congress having the
definite task of bringing out the unity of knowledge with a
view of correlating the scattered theoretical and practical
scientific work of our day. This plan proposed that the
congress should continue through one week. The first day was
to be devoted to the discussion of the most general problem
of knowledge in one comprehensive discussion and four
general divisions. On the second day the congress was to
divide into several groups and on the remaining days into
yet more specialized groups, as set forth in detail in the
plan.
The plan by Professor Small proposed a congress which would
exhibit not merely the scholar's interpretation of progress
in scholarship, but rather the scholar's interpretation of
progress in civilization in general. The proposal was based
on a division of human interests into six great groups:--
I. The Promotion of Health.
II. The Production of Wealth.
III. The Harmonizing of Human Relations.
IV. Discovery and Spread of Knowledge.
V. Progress in the Fine Arts.
VI. Progress in Religion.
The plan agreed with the other in beginning with a general
discussion and then subdividing the congress into divisions
and groups.
As a third plan the Chairman of the Committee suggested the
idea of a congress of publicists and representative men of
all nations and of all civilized peoples, which should
discuss relations of each to all the others and throw light
on the question of promoting the unity and progress of the
race.
After due consideration of these plans the Committee reached
the conclusion that the ends aimed at in the second and
third plans could be attained by taking the first plan as a
basis, and including in its subdivisions, so far as was
deemed advisable, the subjects proposed in the second and
third plans. They accordingly adopted a resolution that "Mr.
Münsterberg's plan be adopted as setting forth the general
object of the Congress and defining the scope of its work,
and that Mr. Small's plan be communicated to the General
Committee as containing suggestions as to details, but
without recommending its adoption as a whole."
DATE OF THE CONGRESS
Your Committee is of opinion that, in view of the climatic
conditions at St. Louis during the summer and early autumn,
it is desirable that the meeting of this general Congress be
held during the six days beginning on Monday, September 19,
1904, and continuing until the Saturday following. Special
associations choosing St. Louis as their meeting-place may
then convene at such other dates as may be deemed fit; but
it is suggested that learned societies whose field is
connected with that of the Congress should meet during the
week beginning September 26.
The sectional discussions of the Congress will then be
continued by these societies, the whole forming a continuous
discussion of human progress during the last century.
PLAN OF ADDRESSES
The Committee believe that in order to carry out the
proposed plan in the most effective way it is necessary that
the addresses be prepared by the highest living authorities
in each and every branch. In the last subdivisions, each
section embraces two papers; one on the history of the
subject during the last one hundred years and the other on
the problems of to-day.
The programme of papers suggested by the Committee as
embraced in Professor Münsterberg's plan may be summarized
as follows:--
On the first day four papers will be read on the general
subject, and four on each of the four large divisions,
twenty in all. On the second day those four divisions will
be divided into twenty groups, or departments, each of which
will have four papers referring to the divisions and
relations of the sciences, eighty in all. On the last four
days, two papers in each of the 120 sections, 240 in all,
thus making a total of 340 papers.
In view of the fact that the men who will make the addresses
should not be expected to bear all the expense of their
attendance at the Congress, it seems advisable that the
authorities of the Fair should provide for the expenses
necessarily incurred in the journey, as well as pay a small
honorarium for the addresses. The Committee suggest,
therefore, that each American invited be offered $100 for
his traveling expenses and each European $400. In addition
to this that each receive $150 as an honorarium. Assuming
that one half of those invited to deliver addresses will be
Americans and one half Europeans, this arrangement will
involve the expenditure of $136,000. This estimate will be
reduced if the same person prepares more than one address.
It will also be reduced if more than half of the speakers
are Americans, and increased in the opposite case.
As the Committee is not advised of the amount which the
management of the Exposition may appropriate for the purpose
of the Congress, it cannot, at present, enter further into
details of adjustment, but it records its opinion that the
sum suggested is the least by which the ends sought to be
attained by the Congress can be accomplished. To this must
be added the expenses of administration and publication.
All addresses paid for by the Congress should be regarded as
its property, and be printed and published together, thus
constituting a comprehensive work exhibiting the unity,
progress, and present state of knowledge.
This plan does not preclude the delivery of more than one
address by a single scholar. The directors of the Exposition
may sometimes find it advisable to ask the same scholar to
deliver two addresses, possibly even three.
The Committee recommends that full liberty be allowed to
each section of the Congress in arranging the general
character and programme of its discussions within the field
proposed.
As an example of how the plan will work in the case of any
one section, the Committee take the case of a neurologist
desiring to profit by those discussions which relate to his
branch of medicine. This falls under C of the four main
divisions as related to the physical sciences. His interest
on the first day will therefore be centred in Division C,
where he may hear the general discussion of the physical
sciences and the relations to the other sciences. On the
second day he will hear four papers in Group 18 on the
Subjects embraced in the general science of anthropology;
one on its fundamental conceptions; one on its methods and
two on the relation of anthropology to the sciences most
closely connected with it. During the remaining four days he
will meet with the representatives of medicine and its
related subjects, who will divide into sections, and listen
to four papers in each section. One paper will consider the
progress of that section in the last one hundred years, one
paper will be devoted to the problems of to-day, leaving
room for such contributions and discussions as may seem
appropriate during the remainder of the day.
COÖPERATION OF LEARNED SOCIETIES INVOKED
In presenting this general plan, your Committee wishes to
point out the difficulty of deciding in advance what
subjects should be included in every section. Therefore, the
Committee deems it of the utmost importance to secure the
advice and assistance of learned societies in this country
in perfecting the details of the proposed plan, especially
the selection of speakers and the programme of work in each
section. It will facilitate the latter purpose if such
societies be invited and encouraged to hold meetings at St.
Louis during the week immediately preceding, or, preferably,
the week following the General Congress. The selection of
speakers should be made as soon as possible, and, in any
case, before the end of the present academic year, in order
that formal invitations may be issued and final arrangements
made with the speakers a year in advance of the Congress.
CONCLUDING SUGGESTIONS
With the view of securing the coöperation of the governments
and leading scholars of the principal countries of Western
and Central Europe in the proposed Congress, it seems
advisable to send two commissioners to these countries for
this purpose. It seems unnecessary to extend the operations
of this commission outside the European continent or to
other than the leading countries. In other cases
arrangements can be made by correspondence.
It is the opinion of the Committee that an American of
world-wide reputation as a scholar should be selected to
preside over the Congress.
All which is respectfully submitted.
(Signed) SIMON NEWCOMB,
Chairman;
GEORGE F. MOORE,
JOHN B. MOORE,
HUGO MÜNSTERBERG,
ALBION W. SMALL,
WILLIAM H. WELCH,
ELIHU THOMSON,
Committee.
The Administrative Board met on January 19 to receive the report of the
Committee on Plan and Scope which was presented by Dr. Newcomb.
Professor Münsterberg and Professor John Bassett Moore were also present
by invitation to discuss the details of the scheme. In the afternoon the
Board went into executive session, and the following recommendations
were adopted and transmitted by the Director of Congresses to the
Committee on Congresses of the Exposition and to the President and
Executive Committee, who duly approved them.
To the Director of Congresses:--
The Administrative Board have the honor to make the
following recommendations in reference to the Department of
Congresses:--
(1) That there be held in connection with the Universal
Exposition of St. Louis in 1904, an International Congress
of Arts and Science.
(2) That the plan recommended by the Committee on Plan and
Scope for a general congress of Arts and Science, to be held
during the six days beginning on Monday, September 19, 1904,
be approved and adopted, subject to such revision in point
of detail as may be advisable, preserving its fundamental
principles.
(3) That Simon Newcomb, LL.D., of Washington, D. C., be
named for President of the International Congress of Arts
and Science, provided for in the foregoing resolution.
(4) That Professor Münsterberg, of Harvard University, and
Professor Albion W. Small, of the University of Chicago, be
invited to act as Vice-Presidents of the Congress.
(5) That the Directors of the World's Fair be requested to
change the name of this Board from the "Advisory Board" to
the "Administrative Board of the International Congress of
Arts and Science."
(6) That the detailed arrangements for the Congress be
intrusted to a committee consisting of the President and two
Vice-Presidents already named, subject to the general
oversight and control of the Administrative Board, and that
the Directors of the Exposition be requested to make
appropriate provision for their compensation and necessary
expenses.
(7) That it be recommended to the Directors of the World's
Fair that appropriate provision should be made in the office
of the Department of Congresses for an executive secretary
and such clerical assistance as may be needed.
(8) That the following payment be recommended to those
scholars who accept invitations to participate and do a
specified piece of work, or submit a specified contribution
in the International Congress of Arts and Science: For
traveling expenses for a European scholar, $500. For
traveling expenses for an American scholar, $150.
(9) That provision be made for the publication of the
proceedings of the Congress in suitable form to constitute a
permanent memorial of the work of the World's Fair for the
promotion of science and art, under competent editorial
supervision.
(10) That an appropriation of $200,000 be made to cover
expenses of the Department of Congresses, of which sum
$130,000 be specifically appropriated for an International
Congress of Arts and Science, and the remainder to cover all
expenses connected with the publication of the proceedings
of said International Congress of Arts and Science, and the
expenses for promotion of all other congresses.
In addition to the foregoing recommendations, Professor Münsterberg was
requested at his earliest convenience to furnish each member with a
revised plan of his classification, which would reduce as far as
possible the number of sections into which the Congress was finally to
be divided.
With the adjournment of the Board on January 19 the Congress may be
fairly said to have been launched upon its definite course, and such
changes as were thereafter made in the programme did not in any wise
affect the principle upon which the Congress was based, but were due to
the demands of time, of expediency, and in some cases to the accidents
attending the participation. The organization of the Congress and the
personnel of its officers from this time on remained unchanged, and the
history of the meeting is one of steady and progressive development. The
Committee on Plan and Scope were discharged of their duties, with a vote
of thanks for the laborious and painstaking work which they had
accomplished and the thoroughly scientific and novel plan for an
international congress which they had recommended.
It was determined by the Administrative Board to keep the services of
three of the members of the Committee on Plan and Scope, who should act
as a scientific organizing committee and who should also be the
presiding officers of the Congress. The choice for President of the
Congress fell without debate to the dean of American scientific circles,
whose eminent services to the Government of the United States and whose
recognized position in foreign and domestic scientific circles made him
particularly fitted to preside over such an international gathering of
the leading scientists of the world, Dr. Simon Newcomb, retired
Professor of Mathematics, United States Navy. Professor Hugo
Münsterberg, of Harvard University, and Professor Albion W. Small, of
the University of Chicago, were designated as the first and second
Vice-Presidents respectively.
The work of the succeeding spring, with both the Organizing Committee
and the Administrative Board, was devoted to the perfecting of the
programme and the selection of foreign scientists to be invited to
participate in the Congress. The theory of the development of the
programme and its logical bases are fully and forcibly treated by
Professor Münsterberg in the succeeding chapter, and therefore will not
be touched upon in this record of facts. As an illustration of the
growth of the programme, however, it is interesting to compare its form,
which was adopted at the next meeting of the Organizing Committee on
February 23, 1903, in New York City, with its final form as given in the
completed programme presented at St. Louis in September, 1904 (pp.
47-49). No better illustration can be given of the immense amount of
labor and painstaking adjustment, both to scientific and to physical
conditions, and of the admirable adaptability of the original plan to
the exigencies of actual practice. At the meeting of February 23, 1903,
which was attended by all of the members of the Organizing Committee and
by President Butler of the Administrative Board, it was determined that
the number of Departments should be sixteen, with the following
designations:--
A. NORMATIVE SCIENCES
1. Philosophical Sciences.
2. Mathematical Sciences.
B. HISTORICAL SCIENCES
3. Political Sciences.
4. Legal Sciences.
5. Economic Sciences.
6. Philological Sciences.
7. Pedagogical Sciences.
8. Æsthetic Sciences.
9. Theological Sciences.
C. PHYSICAL SCIENCES
10. General Physical Sciences.
11. Astronomical Sciences.
12. Geological Sciences.
13. Biological Sciences.
14. Anthropological Sciences.
D. MENTAL SCIENCES
15. Psychological Sciences.
16. Sociological Sciences.
SECTIONS
1. _a_ Metaphysics.
_b_ Logic.
_c_ Ethics.
_d_ Æsthetics.
2. _a_ Algebra.
_b_ Geometry.
_c_ Statistical Methods.
3. _a_ Classical Political History of Asia.
_b_ Classical Political History of Europe.
_c_ Medieval Political History of Europe.
_d_ Modern Political History of Europe.
_e_ Political History of America.
4. _a_ History of Roman Law.
_b_ History of Common Law.
_aa_ Constitutional Law.
_bb_ Criminal Law.
_cc_ Civil Law.
_dd_ History of International Law.
5. _a_ History of Economic Institutions.
_b_ History of Economic Theories.
_c_ Economic Law.
_aa_ Finance.
_bb_ Commerce and Transportation.
_cc_ Labor.
6. _a_ Indo-Iranian Languages.
_b_ Semitic Languages.
_c_ Classical Languages.
_d_ Modern Languages.
7. _a_ History of Education.
_aa_ Educational Institutions.
8. _a_ History of Architecture.
_b_ History of Fine Arts.
_c_ History of Music.
_d_ Oriental Literature.
_e_ Classical Literature.
_f_ Modern Literature.
_aa_ Architecture.
_bb_ Fine Arts.
_cc_ Music.
9. _a_ Primitive Religions.
_b_ Asiatic Religions.
_c_ Semitic Religions.
_d_ Christianity.
_aa_ Religious Institutions.
10. _a_ Mechanics and Sound.
_b_ Light and Heat.
_c_ Electricity.
_d_ Inorganic Chemistry.
_e_ Organic Chemistry.
_f_ Physical Chemistry.
_aa_ Mechanical Technology.
_bb_ Optical Technology.
_cc_ Electrical Technology
_dd_ Chemical Technology.
11. a_ Theoretical Astronomy.
b_ Astrophysics.
12. _a_ Geodesy.
_b_ Geology.
_c_ Mineralogy.
_d_ Physiography.
_e_ Meteorology.
_aa_ Surveying.
_bb_ Metallurgy.
13. _a_ Botany.
_b_ Plant Physiology.
_c_ Ecology.
_d_ Bacteriology.
_e_ Zoölogy.
_f_ Embryology.
_g_ Comparative Anatomy.
_h_ Physiology.
_aa_ Agronomy.
_bb_ Veterinary Medicine.
14. Anthropological Sciences:
_a_ Human Anatomy.
_b_ Human Physiology.
_c_ Neurology.
_d_ Physical Chemistry.
_e_ Pathology.
_f_ Raceomatology.
_aa_ Hygiene.
_bb_ Contagious Diseases.
_cc_ Internal Medicine.
_dd_ Surgery.
_ee_ Gynecology.
_ff_ Ophthalmology.
_gg_ Therapeutics.
_hh_ Dentistry.
15. Psychological Sciences:
_a_ General Psychology.
_b_ Experimental Psychology.
_c_ Comparative Psychology.
_d_ Child Psychology.
_e_ Abnormal Psychology.
16. Sociological Sciences:
_a_ Social Morphology.
_b_ Social Psychology.
_c_ Laws of Civilization.
_d_ Laws of Language and Myths.
_e_ Ethnology.
_aa_ Social Technology.
It was also resolved, that the discussion of subjects falling under the
first four divisions should be held in the forenoon of each of the four
days, from Wednesday until Saturday, and those relating to the three
divisions of Practical Science in the afternoon of the same days. The
programme was thus rearranged by the addition of the following:--
E. UTILITARIAN SCIENCES
17. Medical Sciences:
_a_ Hygiene.
_b_ Sanitation.
_c_ Contagious Diseases.
_d_ Internal Medicine.
_e_ Psychiatry.
_f_ Surgery.
_g_ Gynecology.
_h_ Ophthalmology.
_i_ Otology.
_j_ Therapeutics.
_k_ Dentistry.
18. Practical Economic Sciences:
_a_ Extractive Productions of Wealth.
_b_ Transportation.
_c_ Commerce.
_d_ Postal Service.
_e_ Money and Banking.
19. Technological Sciences:
_a_ Mechanical Technology.
_b_ Electrical Technology.
_c_ Chemical Technology.
_d_ Optical Technology.
_e_ Surveying.
_f_ Metallurgy.
_g_ Agronomy.
_h_ Veterinary Medicine.
F. REGULATIVE SCIENCES
20. Practical Political Sciences:
_a_ Internal Practical Politics.
_b_ National Practical Politics.
_c_ Tariff.
_d_ Taxation.
_e_ Municipal Practical Politics.
_f_ Colonial Practical Politics.
21. Practical Legal Sciences:
_a_ International Law.
_b_ Constitutional Law.
_c_ Criminal Law.
_d_ Civil Law.
22. Practical Social Sciences:
_a_ Treatment of the Poor.
_b_ Treatment of the Defective.
_c_ Treatment of the Dependent.
_d_ Treatment of Vice and Crime.
_e_ Problems of Labor.
_f_ Problems of the Family.
G. CULTURAL SCIENCES
23. Practical Educational Sciences:
_a_ Kindergarten and Home.
_b_ Primary Education.
_c_ Universities and Research--Secondary.
_d_ Moral Education.
_e_ Æsthetic Education.
_f_ Manual Training.
_g_ University.
_h_ Libraries.
_i_ Museums.
_j_ Publications.
24. Practical Æsthetic Sciences:
_a_ Architecture.
_b_ Fine Arts.
_c_ Music.
_d_ Landscape Architecture.
25. Practical Religious Sciences:
_a_ Religious Education.
_b_ Training for Religious Service.
_c_ Missions.
_d_ Religious Influence.
The programme was again thoroughly revised at the meeting of the
Organizing Committee on April 9, 1903, at Hotel Manhattan, and as thus
amended was submitted to the Administrative Board at a meeting held in
New York on April 11. A careful consideration of the programme at this
meeting, and a final revision made at the meeting of the Administrative
Board at the St. Louis Club April 30, 1903, brought it practically into
its final shape, with such minor changes as were found necessary in the
latter days of the Congress due to the unexpected declinations of
foreign speakers at the last moment. The continuous and exacting work
done in perfecting the programme by each member of the Organizing
Committee and by the Chairman of the Administrative Board deserves
special mention, and was productive of the best results by its logical
appeal to the scientific world. The programme as finally worked out in
orderly detail, shortened in many departments by various exigencies, may
be found on pages 47 to 49 of this volume.
PARTICIPATION AND SUPPORT
The general plan of the Congress having been determined and the
programme practically perfected by May 1, 1903, two most important
questions demanded the attention of the Administrative Board: first, the
participation in the Congress, both foreign and domestic; second, the
support of the scientific public. At a meeting of the Board held in New
York City April 11, 1903, these points were given full consideration. It
was determined that the list of speakers both foreign and domestic
should be made up on the advice of men of letters and of scientific
thought in this country, and accordingly there was sent to the officers
of the various scientific societies in the United States, to heads of
university departments and to every prominent exponent of science and
art in this country, a printed announcement and tentative programme of
the Congress, and a letter asking advice as to the scientists best
fitted in view of the object of the Congress to prepare an address. From
the hundreds of replies received in response to this appeal were made up
the original lists of invited speakers, and only those were placed
thereon who were the choice of a fair majority of the representatives of
the particular science under selection. The Administrative Board
reserved to itself the full right to reject any of these names or to
change them so as to promote the best interests of the Congress, but in
nearly every instance it would be safe to say that the person selected
was highly satisfactory to the great majority of his fellow scientists
in this country. Many changes were unavoidably made at the last moment
to meet the situation caused by withdrawals and declinations, but the
list of second choices was so complete, and in many cases there was such
a delicate balance between the first and second choice, that there was
no difficulty in keeping the standard of the programme to its original
high plane.
It was early determined that the seven Division speakers and the
forty-eight Department speakers, which occupied the first two days of
the programme, should be Americans, and that these Division and
Department addresses should be a contribution of American scholarship to
the general scientific thought of the world. This decision commended
itself to the scientific public both at home and abroad, and it was so
carried out. It was further determined that the Division and Department
speakers and the foreign speakers should be selected during the summer
of 1903, and that the American participation in the Section addresses
should be determined after it was definitely known what the foreign
participation would be. In view of the importance of the Congress, it
was deemed inadvisable to attempt to interest foreign scientific circles
by correspondence, and it was further decided to pay a special
compliment to each invited speaker by sending an invitation at the hands
of special delegates. Arrangements were therefore made for Dr. Newcomb
and Professors Münsterberg and Small to proceed to Europe during the
summer of 1903, and to present in person to the scientific circles of
Europe and to the scientists specially desired to deliver addresses the
complete plan and scope of the Congress and an invitation to
participate.
INVITATIONS TO FOREIGN SPEAKERS
The members of the Organizing Committee, armed with very strong
credentials from the State Department to the diplomatic service abroad,
sailed in the early summer of 1903 to present the invitation of the
Exposition to the selected scientists. Dr. Newcomb sailed May 6,
Professor Münsterberg May 30, and Professor Small June 6. A general
interest in the project had at this time become aroused, and there was
assured a respectful hearing. Both the President of the United States
and the Emperor of Germany expressed their warm interest in the plan,
and the State Department at Washington gave to the Congress both on this
occasion and on succeeding occasions its effective aid. The Director of
Congresses wishes to express his obligations both to the late Secretary
Hay and to Assistant-Secretary Loomis for their valuable suggestions and
courteous coöperation in all matters relating to the foreign
participation. Strong support was also given the Committee and the plan
of the Congress by Commissioner-General Lewald of Germany, and
Commissioner-General Lagrave of France. Throughout the entire Congress
period, both of these energetic Commissioners-General placed themselves
actively at the disposition of the Department in promoting the
attendance of scientists from their respective countries.
Geographically the division between the three members of the Organizing
Committee gave to Dr. Newcomb, France; to Professor Münsterberg,
Germany, Austria, and Switzerland; and to Professor Small, England,
Russia, Italy, and a part of Austria. It was also agreed that Dr.
Newcomb should have special oversight of the departments of Mathematics,
Physics, Astronomy, Biology, and Technology; Professor Münsterberg,
special charge of Philosophy, Philology, Art, Education, Psychology, and
Medicine; and that Professor Small should look after Politics, Law,
Economics, Theology, Sociology, and Religion. The Committee worked
independently of each other, but met once during the summer at Munich to
compare results and to determine their closing movements.
The public and even the Exposition authorities have probably never
realized the delicacy and the extremely careful adjustment exercised by
the Organizing Committee in their summer's campaign. Scientists are as a
class sensitive, jealous of their reputations, and loath to undertake
long journeys to a distant country for congress purposes. The amount of
labor devolving upon the Committee to find the scientists scattered over
all Europe; the careful and painstaking presentation to each of the plan
of the Congress; the appeal to their scientific pride; the hearing of a
thousand objections, and the answering of each; the disappointments
incurred; the substitutions made necessary at the last moment;--all sum
up a task of the greatest difficulty and of enormous labor. The
remarkable success with which the mission was crowned stands out the
more prominently in view of these conditions. When the Committee
returned in the latter part of September, they had visited every
important country of Europe, delivered more than one hundred fifty
personal invitations, and for the one hundred twenty-eight sections had
secured one hundred seventeen acceptances.
At a meeting of the Administrative Board, which met with the Organizing
Committee on October 13, 1903, a full report of the European trip was
received and ways and means considered for insuring the attendance from
abroad. A list of the foreign acceptances was ordered printed at once
for general distribution, and the Chairman of the Administrative Board
was requested to address a letter to each of the foreign scientists
confirming the action of the special delegates and giving additional
information as to the length of addresses, and rules and details
governing the administration of the Congress.
DEATH OF FREDERICK W. HOLLS
The number of the Administrative Board was decreased during the summer
by the sudden death of the Hon. Frederick W. Holls, on July 23, 1903.
Mr. Holls had been intensely interested in the development of the
Congress from its earliest days, and was very instrumental in
determining the form in which it was finally promoted. His great
influence abroad as a member of the Hague Conference, and his high
standing in legal and literary circles in this country, rendered him one
of the most prominent members of the Board. A resolution of regret at
his untimely death was spread upon the minutes of the Administrative
Board at the meeting in October, and it was decided that his place upon
the Board should remain unfilled.
DOMESTIC PARTICIPATION
At this same meeting of October 13, active measures were taken to
forward the American participation in the Congress. The necessity was
now very evident that our strongest men of science must be induced to
take part, in order to compare favorably with the leading minds which
Europe was sending. The Organizing Committee were instructed to consult
the American scientific societies and associations regarding the
selection of American speakers, and also in reference to presiding
officials for each section. Six weeks was considered sufficient for this
task, and the Committee were asked to submit to the Administrative Board
at a meeting in New York, on December 3 and 4, their recommendations for
American speakers.
An immense amount of detailed labor, in the way of correspondence, now
devolved upon the Organizing Committee as well as upon the Director of
Congresses, and a branch office was established in Washington equipped
with clerks and stenographers under the charge of Dr. Newcomb, who
devoted the greater portion of his time for the next six months to the
many details connected with the selection of foreign and American
speakers and chairmen. The meeting of the Administrative Board in New
York in December, and a similar meeting with the Organizing Committee
held at the St. Louis Club on December 28, were given over entirely to
perfecting the personnel of the programme. Great care was exerted in
selecting the chairmen of the departments and sections, inasmuch as they
must be men of international reputation and conceded strength. For the
secretaryships younger men of promise and ability were selected, chiefly
from university circles. Both the chairmen and secretaries served
without compensation.
The work of the late winter was a continuance of the perfecting of
details, and at a meeting of the Administrative Board held in New York
in February, 1904, a final approval was given to the programme and the
speakers. The imminent approach of the Exposition and the work of the
college commencement season made it impossible for further general
meetings, and on June 1 the Organizing Committee was constituted a
committee with power to fill vacancies in the programme or to amend the
programme as circumstances might demand. All suggestions with reference
to details were to be made directly to the Director of Congresses, upon
whom devolved from this time forward the entire executive control of the
Congress.
ASSEMBLY HALLS
The highly diversified nature of the Congress and the holding of one
hundred twenty-eight section meetings in four days' time rendered
necessary a large number of meeting-places centrally located. The
Exposition was fortunate in having the use of the new plant of the
Washington University, nine large buildings of which had been erected.
Many of these buildings contained lecture halls and assembly rooms,
seating from one hundred fifty to fifteen hundred people. Sixteen halls
were necessary to accommodate the full number of sections running at any
one time, and of this number twelve were available in the group of
University Buildings; the other four were found in the lecture halls of
the Education Building, Mines and Metallurgy Building, Agriculture
Building, and the Transportation Building. The opening exercises, at
which the entire Congress was assembled, was held in Festival Hall,
capable of seating three thousand people. In the assignment of halls
care was taken so far as possible to assign the larger halls to the more
popular subjects, but it often happened that a great speaker was of
necessity assigned to a smaller hall. Two of the halls also proved bad
for speaking owing to the traffic of the Intramural Railway, and there
was lacking in nearly all of the halls that academic peace and quiet
which usually surrounds gatherings of a scientific nature. This,
however, was to be expected in an exposition atmosphere, and was readily
acquiesced in by the speakers themselves, and very little objection was
heard to the halls as assigned. Every one seemed to recognize the fact
that the immediate value of the meeting lay in the commingling and
fellowship, and that the addresses, of which one could hear at most only
one in sixteen, could not be judged in the proper light until their
publication.
SUPPORT OF THE SCIENTIFIC PUBLIC
A strong effort was made by the Organizing Committee to secure the
attendance of an audience which should not only in its proportions be
complimentary to the eminence of the speakers, but also be thoroughly
appreciative of the addresses and conversant with the topic under
discussion. Letters were therefore sent to all of the prominent
scientific societies in the United States, asking that wherever possible
the meetings of the society be set for the Congress week in St. Louis,
and wherever this was not possible that the societies send special
delegates to attend the Congress, and urge their membership to make an
effort to be present. Personal letters were also sent to the leading
members of the different professions and sciences, to the faculties of
universities and colleges, urging them to attend, and pointing out the
necessity of the support of the American scientific public.
Special invitations were also sent in the name of the Organizing
Committee to the leading authorities of the various subjects under
discussion in the Congress, asking them to contribute a ten-minute paper
to any section in which they were particularly interested. The result of
this careful campaign, in addition to the general exploitation which the
Congress received, was such a flattering attendance of American
scientists, as to be both a compliment to the European speakers and a
benefit to scientific thought. Many societies, such as the American
Neurological Association, American Philological Association, American
Mathematical Society, Physical and Chemical Societies of America,
American Astronomical Society, Germanic Congress, American
Electro-Therapeutic Association, held their annual meetings during the
week of the Congress, although the date rendered it impossible for the
majority of the associations to meet at that time. The eighth
International Geographic Congress adjourned from Washington to St. Louis
to meet with the Congress of Arts and Science. In response to the
special invitations, two hundred forty-seven ten-minute addresses were
promised and one hundred two actually read.
RECEPTION OF FOREIGN GUESTS
Every effort was made by the Department of Congresses to assist the
foreign speakers in their traveling arrangements and to make matters as
easy and comfortable as possible. A letter of advice was mailed to each
speaker prior to his departure, carefully setting forth the conditions
of American travel, routes to be followed, reception committees to be
met, and other essential details. The official badge of the Congress was
also mailed, so that those wearing them might be easily identified by
the reception committees both in New York and St. Louis. Nine tenths of
the speakers came by the way of New York, and in order to facilitate the
clearance of their baggage and to provide for their fitting
entertainment in New York, a special reception committee was formed
composed of the following members:--
F. P. Keppel, Columbia University, New York City, Chairman.
Prof. Herbert V. Abbott, New York.
R. Arrowsmith, New York.
C. William Beebe, New York.
George Bendelari, New York.
Edward W. Berry, Passaic.
J. Fuller Berry, Old Forge.
Rev. H. C. Birckhead, New York.
Dr. James H. Canfield, New York.
Rev. G. A. Carstenson, New York.
Prof. H. S. Crampton, New York.
Sanford L. Cutler, New York.
Dr. Israel Davidson, New York.
William H. Davis, New York.
Prof. James C. Egbert, New York.
Dr. Haven Emerson, New York.
Prof. T. S. Fiske, New York.
J. D. Fitz-Gerald, II, Newark.
W. D. Forbes, Hoboken.
Clyde Furst, Yonkers.
William K. Gregory, New York.
George C. O. Haas, New York.
Prof. W. A. Hervey, New York.
Carl Herzog, New York.
Robert Hoguet, New York.
Dr. Percy Hughes, Brooklyn.
Prof. A. V. W. Jackson, New York.
Albert J. W. Kern, New York.
Prof. Charles F. Kroh, Orange.
Dr. George F. Kunz, New York.
Prof. L. A. Lousseaux, New York.
Frederic L. Luqueer, Brooklyn.
R. A. V. Minckwitz, New York.
Charles A. Nelson, New York.
Dr. Harry B. Penhollow, New York.
Prof. E. D. Perry, New York.
John Pohlman, New York.
Dr. Ernest Richard, New York.
Dr. K. E. Richter, New York.
Edward Russ, Hoboken.
Prof. C. L. Speranza, Oak Ridge.
Prof. Francis H. Stoddard, New York.
Dr. Anthony Spitzka, Goodground.
Harvey W. Thayer, Brooklyn.
Prof. H. A. Todd, New York.
Dr. E. M. Wahl, New York.
Prof. F. H. Wilkens, New York.
To each foreign speaker was extended the courtesies of the Century and
the University clubs while remaining in New York City. Mention should
also be made of the assistance of the Treasury Department and of the
courtesy of Collector of the Port, Hon. N. N. Stranahan, through whom
special privileges of the Port were extended to the members of the
Congress. The work of the reception committee was most satisfactorily
and efficiently performed, and was highly appreciated by the foreign
guests. Special acknowledgment is due Mr. F. P. Keppel, of Columbia
University, for his painstaking and efficient management of the affairs
of the committee in New York. Many of the speakers proceeded singly to
St. Louis, stopping at various places, but the great majority went
directly to the University of Chicago, where they were entertained
during the week preceding the Congress by President Harper and Professor
Small, of the University of Chicago. The arrivals at St. Louis were made
on Saturday the 17th and Sunday the 18th of September. Many of the
participants had arrived at earlier dates, and fully twenty of the
speakers were members of the International Jury of Awards for their
respective countries, and had been in St. Louis since September 1, the
beginning of the Jury work.
A reception committee similar to that in New York was also formed at St.
Louis from the members of the University Club, and their duties were to
meet all incoming trains and conduct the members of the Congress
personally to their stopping-places, and assist them in all matters of
detail. This committee was comprised of the following members, nearly
all of the University Club, who performed their work efficiently and
enthusiastically to the great satisfaction of the Exposition and to the
thorough appreciation of the foreign guests:--
V. M. Porter, Chairman, St. Louis.
E. H. Angert, St. Louis.
Gouverneur Calhoun, St. Louis.
W. M. Chauvenet, St. Louis.
H. G. Cleveland, St. Louis.
Mr. M. B. Clopton, St. Louis.
Walter Fischel, St. Louis.
W. L. R. Gifford, St. Louis.
E. M. Grossman, St. Louis.
L. W. Hagerman, St. Louis.
Louis La Beaume, St. Louis.
Carl H. Lagenburg, St. Louis.
Sears Lehmann, St. Louis.
G. F. Paddock, St. Louis.
T. G. Rutledge, St. Louis.
Luther Ely Smith, St. Louis.
J. Clarence Taussig, St. Louis.
C. E. L. Thomas, St. Louis.
W. M. Tompkins, St. Louis.
G. T. Weitzel, St. Louis.
Tyrrell Williams, St. Louis.
The itinerary of the foreign speakers after leaving St. Louis at the end
of the Congress took them on appointed trains to Washington, where they
were given an official reception by President Roosevelt and a reception
by Dr. Simon Newcomb, President of the Congress. From here they
proceeded to Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., where they were given
a reception by Prof. Hugo Münsterberg, and were entertained as guests of
Harvard University. Thence the great majority of the speakers returned
to New York, where they were the guests of Columbia University, and were
given a farewell dinner by the Association of Old German Students. Many
of the speakers, however, visited other portions of the country before
returning to Europe.
The foreign speakers while in St. Louis were considered the guests of
the Exposition Company, and were relieved from all care and expense for
rooms and entertainment. Those who were accompanied by their wives and
daughters were entertained by prominent St. Louis families, and those
who came singly were quartered in the dormitory of the Washington
University, which was set aside for this purpose during the week of the
Congress. The dormitory arrangement proved a very happy circumstance, as
nearly one hundred foreign and American scientists of the highest rank
were thrown in contact, much after the fashion of their student days,
and thoroughly enjoyed the novelty and fellowship of the plan. The
dormitory contained ninety-six rooms newly fitted up with much care and
with all modern conveniences. Light breakfasts were served in the rooms,
and special service provided at the call of the occupants. The situation
of the dormitory also in the Exposition grounds in close proximity to
the assembly halls was highly appreciated, and although at times there
were minor matters which did not run so smoothly, the almost unanimous
expression of the guests of the Exposition was one of delight and
appreciation of the arrangements. Special mention ought in justice to be
made to those residents of St. Louis who sustained the time-honored name
of the city for hospitality and courtesy by entertaining those foreign
members of the Congress who were accompanied by the immediate members of
their family. They were as follows:--
Dr. C. Barek
Dr. William Bartlett
Judge W. F. Boyle
Mr. Robert Brookings
Mrs. J. T. Davis
Dr. Samuel Dodd
Mr. L. D. Dozier
Dr. W. E. Fischel
Mr. Louis Fusz
Mr. August Gehner
Dr. M. A. Goldstein
Mr. Charles H. Huttig
Dr. Ernest Jonas
Mr. R. McKittrick Jones
Mr. F. W. Lehmann
Dr. Robert Luedeking
Mr. Edward Mallinckrodt
Mr. George D. Markham
Mr. Thomas McKittrick
Mr. Theodore Meier
Dr. S. J. Niccolls
Dr. W. F. Nolker
Dr. S. J. Schwab
Dr. Henry Schwartz
Mr. Corwin H. Spencer
Dr. William Taussig
Mr. G. H. Tenbroek
Dr. Herman Tuholske
Hon. Rolla Wells
Mr. Edwards Whitaker
Mr. Charles Wuelfing
Mr. Max Wuelfing.
DETAIL OF THE CONGRESS
The immense amount of detail work which devolved upon the Department in
the matter of preparing halls for the meetings, receiving guests,
providing for their comfort, issuing the programmes, managing the detail
of the receptions, banquets, invitations, etc., providing for
registration, payment of honorariums, and furnishing information on
every conceivable topic, rendered necessary the formation of a special
bureau which was placed in charge of Dr. L. O. Howard of Washington, D.
C., as Executive Secretary. Dr. Howard's long experience as Secretary of
the American Association for the Advancement of Science rendered him
particularly well qualified to assume this laborious and thankless task.
By mutual arrangement the Director of Congresses and the Executive
Secretary divided the field of labor. The Director had, in addition to
the general oversight of the Congress, special supervision of the local
reception committee, the entertainment of the guests, official banquets
and entertainments, and all financial details. The Executive Secretary
took entire charge of the programme, assignment of rooms in the
dormitory, care and supervision of the dormitory, assignment of halls
for speakers, registration books and bureau of information. Dr. Howard
arrived on September 1 to begin his duties, and remained until September
30.
WEEK OF THE CONGRESS
The opening session of the Congress was set for Monday afternoon.
September 19, at 2.30 o'clock in Festival Hall. The main programme of
the Congress began Tuesday morning. The sessions were held in the
mornings and afternoons, the evenings being left free for social
affairs. The list of functions authorized in honor of the Congress of
Arts and Science were as follows:--
Monday evening, September 19, grand fête night in honor of the guests of
the Congress, with special musical programme about the Grand Basin and
lagoons, boat rides and lagoon fête; this function was unfortunately
somewhat marred by inclement weather. It was the only evening free in
the entire week, however, for members of the Congress to witness the
illuminations and decorative evening effects.
Banquet given by the St. Louis Chemical Society at the Southern Hotel to
members of the chemical sections of the Congress.
Tuesday evening, September 20, general reception by the Board of Lady
Managers to the officers and speakers of the Congress and Officials of
the Exposition.
Wednesday afternoon, September 21, garden fête given to the members of
the Congress at the French National Pavilion by the Commissioner-General
from France. The gardens of the miniature Grand Trianon were never more
beautiful than on this brilliant afternoon, and the presence of the
Garde Républicaine band and the entire official representation of the
Exposition, lent a color and spirit to the affair unsurpassed during the
Exposition period.
Wednesday evening, reception by the Imperial German Commissioner-General
to the officers and speakers of the Congress and the officials of the
Exposition, at the German State House. The magnificent hospitality which
characterized this building during the entire Exposition period was
fairly outdone on this occasion, and the function stands prominent as
one of the brilliant successes of the Exposition period.
Thursday evening, September 22, Shaw banquet at the Buckingham Club to
the foreign delegates and officers of the Congress. Through the courtesy
of the trustees of Shaw's Garden and of the officers of Washington
University, the annual banquet provided for men of science, letters, and
affairs, by the will of Henry B. Shaw, founder of the Missouri Botanical
Gardens, was given during this week as a compliment to the noted foreign
scientists who were the guests of the city of St. Louis.
Friday evening, September 23, official banquet given by the Exposition
to the speakers and officials of the Congress and the officials of the
Exposition, in the banquet hall of the Tyrolean Alps.
Saturday evening, September 24, banquet at the St. Louis Club given by
the Round Table of St. Louis, to the foreign members of the Congress.
The Round Table is a literary club which meets at banquet six times
annually for discussion of topics of interest to the literary and
scientific world.
Banquet given by the Imperial Commissioner-General from Japan to the
Japanese delegation to the Congress and to the Exposition officials and
Chiefs of Departments.
Dinner given by Commissioner-General from Great Britain to the English
members of the Congress.
OPENING OF THE CONGRESS
The assembling of the Congress on the afternoon of September 19, in the
magnificent auditorium of Festival Hall which crowned Cascade Hill and
the Terrace of States, was marked with simple ceremonies and impressive
dignity. The great organ pealed the national hymns of the countries
participating and closed with the national anthem of the United States.
In the audience were the members of the Congress representing the
selected talent of the world in their field of scientific endeavor, and
about them were grouped an audience drawn from every part of the United
States to promote by their presence the success of the Congress and to
do honor to the noted personages who were the guests of the Exposition
and of the Nation. On the stage were seated the officials of the
Congress, the honorary vice-presidents from foreign nations, and the
officials of the Exposition.
At the appointed hour the Director of Congresses, Dr. Howard J. Rogers,
called the meeting to order, and outlined in a few words the object of
the Congress, welcomed the foreign delegates, and presented the members,
both foreign and American, to the President of the Exposition, Hon.
David R. Francis.
The President spoke as follows:--
What an ambitious undertaking is a universal exposition! But
how worthy it is of the highest effort! And, if successful,
how far-reaching are its results, how lasting its benefits!
Who shall pass judgment on that success? On what evidence,
by what standards shall their verdicts be formed? The
development of society, the advancement of civilization,
involve many problems, encounter many and serious
difficulties, and have met with deplorable reactions which
decades and centuries were required to repair. The proper
study of mankind is man, and any progress in science that
ignores or loses sight of his welfare and happiness, however
admirable and wonderful such progress may be, disturbs the
equilibrium of society.
The tendency of the times toward centralization or
unification is, from an economic standpoint, a drifting in
the right direction, but the piloting must be done by
skillful hands, under the supervision and control of
far-seeing minds, who will remember that the masses are
human beings whose education and expanding intelligence are
constantly broadening and emphasizing their individuality. A
universal exposition affords to its visitors, and these who
systematically study its exhibits and its phases, an
unequaled opportunity to view the general progress and
development of all countries and all races. Every line of
human endeavor is here represented.
The conventions heretofore held on these grounds and many
planned to be held--aggregating over three hundred--have
been confined in their deliberations to special lines of
thought or activity. This international congress of arts and
sciences is the most comprehensive in its plan and scope of
any ever held, and is the first of its kind. The lines of
its organization, I shall leave the Director of Exhibits,
who is also a member of the administrative board of this
congress, to explain. You who are members are already
advised as to its scope, and your almost universal and
prompt acceptance of the invitations extended to you to
participate, implies an approval which we appreciate, and
indicates a willingness and a desire to coöperate in an
effort to bring into intelligent and beneficial correlation
all branches of science, all lines of thought. You need no
argument to convince you of the eminent fitness of making
such a congress a prominent feature of a universal
exposition in which education is the dominant feature.
The administrative board and the organizing committee have
discharged their onerous and responsible tasks with signal
fidelity and ability, and the success that has rewarded
their efforts is a lasting monument to their wisdom. The
management of the Exposition tenders to them, collectively
and individually, its grateful acknowledgments. The
membership in this congress represents the world's elect in
research and in thought. The participants were selected
after a careful survey of the entire field; no limitations
of national boundaries or racial affiliations have been
observed. The Universal Exposition of 1904, the city of St.
Louis, the Louisiana territory whose acquisition we are
celebrating, the entire country, and all participating in or
visiting this Exposition are grateful for your coming, and
feel honored by your presence.
We are proud to welcome you to a scene where are presented
the best and highest material products of all countries and
of every civilization, participated in by all peoples, from
the most primitive to the most highly cultured--a marker in
the progress of the world, and of which the International
Congress of Arts and Science is the crowning feature.
May the atmosphere of this universal exposition, charged as
it is with the restless energies of every phase of human
activity and permeated by that ineffable sentiment of
universal brotherhood engendered by the intelligent sons of
God, congregating for the friendly rivalries of peace,
inspire you with even higher thoughts--imbue you with still
broader sympathies, to the end that by your future labors
you may be still more helpful to the human race and place
your fellow men under yet deeper obligations.
Director Frederick J. V. Skiff was then introduced by the President as
representing the Division of Exhibits, whose untiring labors had filled
the magnificent Exposition palaces surrounding the Festival Hall with
the visible products of those sciences and arts, the theory, progress,
and problems of which the Congress was assembled to consider.
Mr. Skiff spoke as follows:--
The division of exhibits of the Universal Exposition of 1904
has looked forward to this time, when the work it has
performed is to be reviewed and discussed by this
distinguished body. I do not, of course, intend to convey
the idea that the international congress is to inspect or
criticise the exhibitions, but I do mean to say that the
deliberations of this organization are contemporaneous with
and share the responsibility for the accomplishments of
which the exhibitions made are the visible evidences.
The great educational yield of a universal exposition comes
from the intellectual more than from the mechanical
processes. It is the material condition of the times. It is
as well the duty of the responsible authorities to go yet
further and record the thoughts and theories, the
investigations, experiments, and observations of which these
material things are the tangible results.
A congress of arts and science, whose membership is drawn
from all educational as well as geographical zones, not only
accounts for and analyzes the philosophy of conditions, but
points the way for further advance along the lines
consistent with demonstration. Its contribution to the hour
is at once a history and a prophecy.
The extent to which the deliberations and utterances of this
congress may regulate the development of society or give
impulse to succeeding generations, it is impossible to
estimate, but not unreasonable to anticipate. The plans of
the congress matured in the minds of the best scholars; the
classification of its purpose, the scope, the selection of
its distinguished participants, gave to the hopes and
ambitions of the management of the Exposition inspiration of
a most exalted degree. At first these ambitions were--not
without reason--regarded as too high. The plane upon which
the congress had been inaugurated, the aim, the broad
intent, seemed beyond the merits, if not beyond the
capacity, of this hitherto not widely recognized
intellectual centre. But the courage of the inception, the
loftiness of the purpose, appealed so profoundly to the
toilers for truth and the apostles of fact, that we find
gathered here to-day in the heart of the new Western
continent the great minds whose impress on society has
rendered possible the intellectual heights to which this age
has ascended and now beckon forward the students of the
world to limitless possibilities.
While international congresses of literature, science, art,
and industry have been accomplished by previous expositions,
yet to classify and select the topics in sympathy with the
classification and installation of the exhibits material is
a step considerably in advance of the custom. The men who
build an exposition must by temperament, if not by
characteristic, be educators. They must be in sympathy with
the welfare of humanity and its higher destiny. The
exhibitions at this Exposition are not the haphazard
gatherings of convenient material, but the outline of a plan
to illustrate the productiveness of mankind at this
particular time, carefully digested, thoroughly thought out,
and conscientiously executed. The exhibit, therefore, in
each of the departments of the classification, as well as in
the groups of the different departments, are of such
character, and so arranged as to reflect the best that the
world can do along departmental lines, and the best that
different peoples can do along group lines. The congresses
accord with the exhibits, and the exhibits give expression
to the congresses.
Education has been the keynote of this Exposition. Were it
not for the educational idea, the acts of government
providing vast sums of money for the up-building of this
Exposition would have been impossible. This congress
reflects one idea vastly outstripping others, and that is,
in the unity of thought in the universal concert of purpose.
It is the first time, I believe, that there has been an
international gathering of the authorities of all the
sciences, and in that respect the congress initiates and
establishes the universal brotherhood of scholars.
A thought uncommunicated is of little value. An unrecorded
achievement is not an asset of society. The real lasting
value of this congress will consist of the printed record of
its proceedings. The delivery of the addresses, reaching and
appealing to, as must necessarily be the case, a very
limited number of people, can be considered as only a method
of reaching the lasting and perpetual good of civilization.
In just the degree that this Exposition in its various
divisions shall make a record of accomplishments, and lead
the way to further advance, this enterprise has reached the
expectations of its contributors and the hopes of its
promoters. This congress is the peak of the mountain that
this Exposition has builded on the highway of progress. From
its heights we contemplate the past, record the present, and
gaze into the future.
This universal exposition is a world's university. The
International Congress of Arts and Science constitutes the
faculty; the material on exhibition are the laboratories and
the museums; the students are mankind.
That in response to invitation of the splendid committee of
patriotic men, to whom all praise is due for their efforts
in this crowning glory of the Exposition, so eminent a
gathering of the scholars and savants of the world has
resulted, speaks unmistakably for the fraternity of the
world, for the sympathy of its citizenship, and for the
patriotism of its people.
In reply to these addresses of the officials of the Exposition, the
honorary Vice-Presidents for Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia,
Austria, Italy, and Japan made brief responses in behalf of their
respective countries.
Sir William Ramsay of London spoke in the place of Hon. James Bryce,
extending England's thanks for the courtesy which had been shown her
representatives and declaring that England, particularly in the
scientific field, looked upon America as a relative and not as a foreign
country.
France was represented by Professor Jean Gaston Darboux, Perpetual
Secretary of the Academy of Sciences of Paris, who spoke as follows:--
MR. PRESIDENT, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,--My first word will be
to thank you for the honor which you have been so courteous
as to pay my country in reserving for her one of the
vice-presidencies of the Congress. Since the time of
Franklin, who received at the hands of France the welcome
which justice and his own personal genius and worth
demanded, most affectionate relations have not ceased to
unite the scientists of France and the scientists of
America. The distinction which you have here accorded to us
will contribute still further to render these relations more
intimate and more fraternal. In choosing me among so many of
the better fitted delegates sent by my country, you have
without doubt wished to pay special honor to the Académie
des Sciences and to the Institut de France, which I have the
honor of representing in the position of Perpetual
Secretary. Permit me therefore to thank you in the name of
these great societies, which are happy to count in the
number of their foreign associates and of their
correspondents so many of the scholars of America. In like
manner as the Institut de France, so the Congress which
opens to-day seeks to unite at the same time letters,
science, and arts. We shall be happy and proud to take part
in this work and contribute to its success.
Germany was represented by Professor Wilhelm Waldeyer, of the University
of Berlin, who replied as follows:--
MR. PRESIDENT, HONORED ASSEMBLAGE,--The esteemed invitation
which has been offered to me in this significant hour of the
opening of the Congress of Arts and Science to greet the
members of this congress, and particularly my esteemed
compatriots, I have had no desire to decline. I have been
for a fortnight under the free sky of this mighty city--so I
must express myself, since enclosing walls are unknown in
the United States--and this fact, together with the
hospitality offered me in such delightful manner by the
Chairman of the Committee on Congresses, Mr. Frederick W.
Lehmann, has almost made me a St. Louis man. Therefore I may
perhaps take it upon myself to greet you here.
I confess that I arrived here with some misgiving--some
doubts as to whether the great task which was here
undertaken under most difficult circumstances could be
accomplished with even creditable success. These doubts
entirely disappeared the first time I entered the grounds of
the World's Fair and obtained a general view of the method,
beautiful as well as practical, by which the treasures
gathered from the whole world were arranged and displayed. I
trust you, too, will have a like experience; and will soon
recognize that a most earnest and good work is here
accomplished.
And I must remark at this time that we Germans may indeed be
well satisfied here; the unanimous and complete recognition
which our coöperation in this great work has received is
almost disconcerting.
What can be said of the whole Exposition with reference to
its extent and the order in which everything is arranged, I
may well say concerning the departments of science,
especially interesting to us. In this hour in which the
Congress of Arts and Science is being opened, we shall not
express any thanks to those who took this part of the work
upon their shoulders--a more difficult task indeed than all
the others, for here the problem is not to manage materials,
but heads and minds. And as I see here assembled a large
number of German professors--I, too, belong to the
profession--of whom it is said, I know not with how much
justice, that they are hard to lead, the labors of the
Directors and Presidents of the Congress could not have
been, and are not now, small. Neither shall we to-day
prophesy into what the Congress may develop. The greater
number of speakers cannot expect to have large audiences,
but even to-day we can safely say this: the imposing row of
volumes in which shall be given to posterity the reviews
here to be presented concerning the present condition, and
future problems of the sciences and arts as they appear to
the scientific world at the beginning of the twentieth
century, will provide a monumental work of lasting value.
This we may confidently expect. The thanks which we to-day
do not wish to anticipate in words, let us show by our
actions to our kind American hosts, and especially to the
directors of the World's Fair and of this Congress. With
exalted mind, forgetting all little annoyances which may and
will come, let us go forward courageously to the work, and
let us do our best. Let us grasp heartily the open hand
honestly extended to us.
May this Congress of Arts and Science worthily take part in
the great and undisputed success which even to-day we must
acknowledge the World's Fair at St. Louis.
For Austria Dr. Theodore Escherich, of the University of Vienna,
responded as follows:--
In the name of the many Austrians present at the Congress I
express the thanks of my compatriots to the Committee which
summoned us, for their invitation and the hospitality so
cordially extended....
I congratulate the authorities upon the idea of opening this
Congress. How many world-expositions have already been held
without an attempt having been made to exhibit the spirit
that has created this world of beautiful and useful things?
It was reserved for these to find the form in which the
highest results of human thought--Science--presented in the
persons of her representatives, could be incorporated in the
compass of the World's Fair. The conception of this
International Congress of all Sciences in its originality
and audacity, in its universality and comprehensive
organization, is truly a child of the "young-American
spirit."...
After this Congress has come to a close and the collection
of the lectures delivered, an unparalleled encyclopedia of
human knowledge, both in extent and content, will have
appeared. We may say that this Fair has become of epochal
importance, not alone for trade and manufactures, but also
for science. These proud palaces will long have disappeared
and been forgotten when this work, a _monumentum aere
perennius_, shall still testify to future generations the
standard of scientific attainment at the beginning of the
twentieth century.
Short acknowledgments were then made for Russia by Dr. Oscar Backlund,
of the Astronomical Observatory at Pulkowa, Russia, and for Japan by
Prof. Nobushige Hozumi, of the Imperial University at Tokio, Japan.
The last of the Vice-Presidents to respond to the addresses of welcome
was Signor Attilio Brunialti, Councilor of State for Italy, who after a
few formal words in English broke into impassioned eloquence in his
native tongue, and in brilliant diction and graceful periods expressed
the deep feeling and profound joy which Italy, the mother of arts, felt
in participating in an occasion so historic and so magnificent. Signor
Brunialti said in part:
I thank you, gentlemen, for the honor you have paid both to
my country and myself by electing me a Vice-President of
this great scientific assembly. Would that I could thank you
in words in which vibrate the heart of Rome, the scientific
spirit of my land, and all that it has given to the world
for the progress of science, literature, and art. You know
Italy, gentlemen, you admire her, and therefore it is for
this also that my thanks are due to you. What ancient Rome
has contributed to the common patrimony of civilization is
also reflected here in a thousand ways, and a classical
education, held in such honor, by a young and practical
people such as yours, excites our admiration and also our
astonishment. By giant strides you are reviving the activity
of Italy at the epoch of the Communes, when all were
animated by unwearying activity and our manufactures and
arts held the first place in Europe. I have already praised
here the courageous spirit which has suggested the meeting
of this Congress--a Congress that will remain famous in the
annals of science. Many things in your country have aroused
in me growing surprise, but nothing has struck me more, I
assure you, than this homage to science which is pushing all
the wealthy classes to a noble rivalry for the increase of
education and mental cultivation.
You have already large libraries and richly endowed
universities, and every kind of school, where the works of
Greece and Rome are perhaps even more appreciated and
adapted to modern improvements than with us old classical
nations. Full of energy, activity, and wealth, you have
before you perpetual progress, and what, up to this, your
youth has not allowed you to give to the world, you will
surely be able to give in the future. Use freely all the
treasures of civilization, art, and science that centuries
have accumulated in the old world, and especially in my
beloved Italy; fructify them with your youthful initiation
and with your powerful energy. By so doing you will
contribute to peace, and then we may say with truth that we
have prepared your route by the work of centuries; and like
unto those who from old age are prevented from following the
bold young man of Longfellow in his course, we will
accompany you with our greetings and our alterable
affection.
By my voice, the native country of Columbus, of Galileo, of
Michelangelo and Raphael, of Macchiavelli and Volta, salutes
and with open arms hails as her hopeful daughter young
America,--thanking and blessing her for the road she has
opened to the sons of Italy, workmen and artists, to
civilization, to science, and to modern research and
thought.
The Chairman of the Administrative Board, President Nicholas Murray
Butler, of Columbia University, was prevented by illness in his family
from being present at the Congress, and in place of the address to have
been delivered by him on the idea and development of the Congress and
the work of the Administrative Board, President William R. Harper, of
the University of Chicago, spoke on the same subject as follows:
I have been asked within a few hours by those in authority
to present to you on behalf of the Administrative Board of
this International Congress a statement concerning the
origin and purpose of the congress. It is surely a source of
great disappointment to all concerned that the chairman of
the board, President Butler, is prevented from being
present.
Many of us recall the fact that at the Paris Exposition of
1889 the first attempt was made to do something systematic
in the way of congresses. This attempt was the natural
outcome of the opinion which had come to exist that so
splendid an opportunity as was afforded by the coming
together of leaders in every department of activity should
not be suffered to pass by unimproved. What could be more
natural in the stimulating and thought-provoking atmosphere
of an exposition than the proposal to make provision for a
consideration and discussion of some of the problems so
closely related to the interests represented by the
exposition?
The results achieved at the Paris Exposition of 1889 were so
striking as to lead those in charge of the World's Columbian
Exposition in Chicago, 1893, to organize what was called the
World's Congress Auxiliary, including a series of
congresses, in which, to use the language of the original
decree, "the best workers in general science, philosophy,
literature, art, agriculture, trade, and labor were to meet
to present their experiences and results obtained in all
those various lines of thought up to the present time."
Seven years later, in connection with the Paris Exposition
of 1900, there was held another similar series of
international congresses. The general idea had in this way
slowly but surely gained recognition.
The authorities of the Universal Exposition at St. Louis,
from the first, recognized the desirability of providing for
a congress which should exceed in its scope those that had
before been attempted. In the earliest days of the
preparation for this Exposition Mr. Frederick J. V. Skiff,
the Director of the Field Columbian Museum, my nearest
neighbor in the city of Chicago, took occasion to present
this idea, and particularly to emphasize the specific point
that something should be undertaken which not only might add
dignity and glory to the great name of the Exposition, but
also constitute a permanent and valuable contribution to the
sum of human knowledge. After a consideration of the whole
question, which extended over many months, the committee on
international congresses resolved to establish an
administrative board of seven members, to which should be
committed the responsibility of suggesting a plan in detail
for the attainment of the ends desired. This Board was
appointed in November, 1902, and consisted of President
Nicholas Murray Butler, of Columbia University, New York;
President R. H. Jesse, of the University of Missouri;
President Henry S. Pritchett, of the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology; Dr. Herbert Putnam, Librarian of Congress;
Mr. Frederick J. V. Skiff, of the Field Columbian Museum,
Chicago; Frederick G. Holls, of New York City, and the
present speaker.
This Board held several meetings for the study of the
questions and problems involved in the great undertaking.
Much valuable counsel was received and considered. The Board
was especially indebted, however, to Prof. Hugo Münsterberg
of Harvard University for specific material which he placed
at their disposal--material which, with modification, served
as the basis of the plans adopted by the Board, and
recommended to the members of the Exposition.
At the same time the Administrative Board recommended the
appointment of Dr. Howard J. Rogers as the Director of
Congresses, and nominated Prof. Simon Newcomb of the United
States Navy to be President of the Congress, and Professors
Hugo Münsterberg of Harvard University and Albion W. Small
of the University of Chicago to be Vice-Presidents of the
Congress; the three to constitute the Organizing Committee
of the Congress. This Organizing Committee was later
empowered to visit foreign countries and to extend personal
invitations to men distinguished in the arts and sciences to
participate in the Congress. The reception accorded to
these, our representatives, was most cordial. Of the 150
invitations thus extended, 117 were accepted; and of the 117
learned savants who accepted the invitation, 96 are here in
person this afternoon to testify by their presence the
interest they have felt in this great concourse of the
world's leaders. I am compelled by necessity this afternoon
to omit many points of interest in relation to the origin
and history of the undertaking, all of which will be
published in due time.
After many months of expectancy we have at last come
together from all the nations of the world. But for what
purpose? I do not know that to the statement already
published in the programme of the Congress anything can be
added which will really improve that statement. The purpose,
as it has seemed to some of us, is threefold:
In the first place, to secure such a general survey of the
various fields of learning, with all their "subdivisions and
multiplication of specialties," as will at the same time set
forth their mutual relations and connections, and likewise
constitute an effort toward the unification of knowledge.
This idea of unity has perhaps been uppermost in the minds
of all concerned with the work of organizing the Congress.
In the second place, to provide a platform from which might
be presented the various problems, a solution of which will
be expected of the scholarship of the future. This includes
a recognition of the fundamental principles and conception
that underlie these mutual relations, and therefore serve
necessarily as the basis of all such future work. Here again
the controlling idea is that of unity and law, in other
words, universal law.
In the third place, to bring together in person and spirit
distinguished investigators and scholars from all the
countries of the world, in order that by contact of one with
another a mutual sympathy may be promoted, and a practical
coöperation may be effected among those whose lifework leads
them far apart. Here, still again, unity of result is sought
for.
As we now take up the work of this convention, which already
gives sure promise of being notable among the conventions
that have called together men of different nations, let us
confidently assure ourselves that the great purpose which
has throughout controlled in the different stages of its
organization will be realized; that because the Congress has
been held, the nations of the earth will find themselves
drawn more closely together; that human thought will possess
a more unified organization and human life a more unified
expression.
Following these addresses of welcome and of response came the first
paper of the specific programme, designed to be introductory to the
division, department, and section addresses of the week. This address,
which will be found in full in its proper place, on pages 135 to 147 of
this volume, was given by Dr. Simon Newcomb, President of the Congress
and Chairman of the Organizing Committee, whose labors for fifteen
months were thus brought to a brilliant conclusion.
At the close of Dr. Newcomb's address the assembly was dismissed by a
few words of President Francis, in which he placed at the disposition of
the members of the Congress the courtesies and privileges of the
Exposition, and expressed the hope and belief that their presence and
the purpose for which they were assembled, would be the crowning glory
of the Universal Exposition of 1904.
On Tuesday, September 20, the seven division addresses and the
twenty-four department addresses were given, all the speakers being
Americans: Royce, in Normative Science; Wilson, in Historical Science;
Woodward, in Physical Science; Hall, in Mental Science; Jordan, in
Utilitarian Science; Lowell, in Social Regulation; and Harris, in Social
Culture, treating the main divisions of science and their applications,
each dwelling particularly on the scope of the great field included in
his address and the unification of the work therein. The forty-eight
department speakers divided the field of knowledge, one address in each
department giving the fundamental conceptions and methods, the other the
history and development of the work of the department during the last
century.
With Wednesday the international participation began, and in the one
hundred twenty-eight sections into which the departments were divided
one half of the speakers were drawn, so far as circumstances permitted,
from foreign scientific circles. With the exception of the last two
sections, Religious Influence Personal, and Religious Influence Social,
the work of the Congress closed on Saturday afternoon. These two
sections having four speakers each were placed, one on Sunday morning
and one on Sunday afternoon, in Festival Hall, and passes to the grounds
given upon application to any one desiring to attend. Large numbers
availed themselves of the privilege, and the closing hours of the
Congress were eminently suitable and worthy of its high success. At the
end of the afternoon session in Festival Hall, Vice-President of the
Congress, Dr. Albion W. Small, reviewed in a few words the work of the
week, its meaning to science, its possible effect upon American thought,
and then formally announced the Congress closed.
OFFICIAL BANQUET
The official banquet given by the Exposition to all participants,
members, and officials of the Congress, on Friday evening, at the
Tyrolean Alps banquet hall, proved a charming conclusion to the labors
of the week. No better place could be imagined for holding it, within
the grounds of an exposition, than the magnificently proportioned music
and dining hall of the "Alps." A room 160 feet by 105 feet, capable of
seating fifteen hundred banqueters; the spacious, oval, orchestral stage
at the south end; the galleries and boxes along the sides of the hall
done in solid German oak; the beautiful and impressive mural
decorations, the work of the best painters of Germany; the excellence of
the cuisine, and the thoroughly drilled corps of waiters, rendered the
physical accessories of a banquet as nearly perfect as possible in a
function so extensive.
The banquet was the largest held during the Exposition period, eight
hundred invitations being issued and nearly seven hundred persons
present. The music was furnished by the famous Garde Républicaine Band
of France, as the Exposition orchestra was obliged to fill its regular
weekly assignment at Festival Hall. The decorations of the hall, the
lights and flowers, the musical programme, the galleries and boxes
filled with ladies representing the official and social life of the
Exposition, and the distinguished body of the Congress, formed a picture
which appealed to the admiration and enthusiasm of every one alike. No
attempt was made to assign seats to the banqueters outside the speakers'
table, and little coteries and clusters of scientists, many of whom were
making acquaintances and intellectual alliances during this week which
would endure for a lifetime, were scattered about the hall, giving an
interest and an animation to the scene quite beyond the powers of
description. In one corner were Harnack, Budde, Jean Réville, and
Cuthbert Hall, chatting as animatedly as though their religious theories
were not as far apart as the poles; in another, Waldeyer, Escherich,
Jacobi, Allbutt, and Kitasato formed a medical group, the counterpart of
which would be hard to find unless in another part of this same hall;
still again were Erdmann, Sorley, Ladd, Royce, and Creighton as the
centre of a group of philosophers of world renown. So in every part of
the picture which met the eye were focused the leaders of thought and
action in their respective fields. The _tout ensemble_ of the Congress
was here brought out in its strongest effect, as, with the exception of
the opening exercises at Festival Hall at which time many had not
arrived, it was the only time when the entire membership was together.
The banquet coming at the close of the week was also fortunate, as by
this time the acquaintances made, and the common incidents and anecdotes
experienced, heightened the enjoyment of all.
The toastmaster of the banquet and presiding officer, Hon. David R.
Francis, was never in a happier vein than when he assumed the gavel and
proposed the health of the President of the United States and the rulers
of all nations represented at the board.
President Francis said:--
MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ARTS AND SCIENCE:
On the façade at the base of the Louisiana Monument, which
is the central feature of this Exposition picture, is a
group of Livingston, Monroe, and Marbois. It represents the
signing of the treaty, which by peaceful negotiation
transferred an empire from France to the United States. Upon
the inscription are the words of Livingston, "We have lived
long and accomplished much, but this is the crowning act of
our lives."
It is that transfer of an empire which this Exposition is
held to commemorate. And paraphrasing the words of
Livingston, permit me to say that I have presided over many
dinners, but this is the crowning act of my career.
In opening the deliberations of the International Congress
of Arts and Science, I made the statement that a Universal
Exposition is an ambitious undertaking. I stated also that
the International Congress of Arts and Science is the
crowning feature of this Exposition. I did not venture the
assertion then which I have the presumption to make now,
that the most difficult task in connection with this
Universal Exposition was the assembling of an International
Congress of Arts and Science. I venture to make the
statement now, because I feel that I am justified in doing
so by the success which up to the present has attended your
deliberations. Any congregation of the leaders of thought in
the world is a memorable occasion. This is the first
systematic one that has ever been attempted. Whether it
proves successful or not, it will be long remembered in the
history of the civilized countries that have participated in
it. If it be but the precursor of other like assemblages it
will still be long remembered, and in that event it will be
entitled to unspeakable credit if it accomplishes anything
toward the realization of the very laudable objects which
prompted its assembling.
The effort to unify all human knowledge and to establish the
inter-relations thereof is a bold conception, and requires
the courage that characterizes the people who live in the
western section of the United States. If it be the last
effort of the kind it will still be remembered, and this
Universal Exposition, if it had done nothing else to endear
it to cultured people of this and other countries, will not
be forgotten. The savants assembled by the call of this
Exposition have pursued their respective lines of thought
and research, prompted by no desire other than one to find a
solution of the problem which confronts humanity. By
bringing you together and making an effort to determine and
establish the relations between all lines of human
knowledge, we have certainly made an advance in the right
direction. If your researches, if the results of your
studies, can be utilized by the human race, then we who have
been the instruments of that great blessing will be entitled
to credit secondary only to the men who are the discoverers
of the scientific knowledge whose relations we are
endeavoring to establish. The Management of the Universal
Exposition of 1904 salutes the International Congress of
Arts and Science. We drink to the perpetuation of that
organization, and I shall call upon its distinguished
President, Professor Newcomb, to respond to the Sentiment.
Dr. Newcomb in a few words thanked the members of the Congress for their
participation, which had made possible the brilliant success of the
enterprise, portrayed its effect and the influence of its perpetuation,
and then extended to all the invitation from the President of the United
States to attend the reception at the White House on the following
Tuesday.
In responding to these toasts the senior Honorary Vice-President, Hon.
James Bryce, of Great Britain, spoke in matchless form and held the
attention of the vast hall closely while he portrayed in a few words the
chief glories of England in the field of science, and the pride the
English nation felt in the glorious record made by her eldest daughter,
the United States. Mr. Bryce spoke extemporaneously, and his remarks
cannot be given in full.
For Germany, Commissioner-General Lewald responded in an eloquent
address, in which, after thanking the Exposition and the American
Government for the high honor done the German nation in selecting so
large a percentage of the speakers from German scientific circles, he
enlarged upon the close relations which had existed between German
university thought and methods and American thought and practice, due to
the vast number of American students who had pursued their post-graduate
courses in the universities of Germany. He dwelt upon the pride that
Germany felt in this sincerest form of tribute to German supremacy in
scientific thought, and of the satisfaction which the influence in this
country of German-trained students afforded. He described at length the
great exhibit made by German universities in the education department of
the Exposition, and pointed to it as demonstrating the supremacy of
German scientific thought and accurate methods. Dr. Lewald closed with a
brilliant peroration, in which he referred to the immense service done
for the cause of science in the last fifty years of German history and
to the patronage and support of the Emperor, not only to science in
general, but to this great international gathering of scientific
experts, and drank to the continued cordial relations of Germany and
America through its university circles and scientific endeavors.
For the response from France, Prof. Gaston Darboux was delegated by
Commissioner-General Gerald, who was unable to be present on account of
sickness. In one of the most beautiful and polished addresses of the
evening, Professor Darboux spoke in French, of which the following is a
translation:--
GENTLEMEN,--Graciously invited to respond in the name of the
delegates of France who have accept the invitation of the
American Government, I consider it my duty in the first
place to thank this great nation for the honor which it has
paid to us, and for the welcome, which it has extended to
us. Those of you who are doing me the honor to listen, know
of that disagreeable feeling of isolation which at times the
traveler in the midst of a strange people experiences;--that
feeling I know only from hearsay. We have not had a moment
of time to experience it. They are accustomed in Europe to
portray the Americans as exclusively occupied with business
affairs. They throw in our faces the famous proverb,
'Business is Business,' and give it to us as the rule of
conduct for Americans. We are able to testify entirely to
the contrary, since the inhabitants of this beautiful
country are always seeking to extend to strangers a thousand
courtesies. Above all, we have encountered no one who has
not been anxious to go out of his way to give to us, even
before we had asked it, such information as it was necessary
for us to have. And what shall I say of the welcome which we
have received here at the hands of our American
confrères,--Monsieur the President of the Exposition,
Monsieur the Director of Congresses and other worthy
co-laborers? The authorities of the Exposition and the
inhabitants of St. Louis have rivaled each other in making
our stay agreeable and our ways pleasant in the heart of
this magnificent Exposition, of which we shall ever preserve
the most enchanting memory.
We should have wished to see in a more leisurely manner, and
to make acquaintance with the attractions without number
with which the Exposition literally swarms (men of letters
and men of science love at times to disport themselves) and
to study the exhibits classified in a method so exact in the
palaces of an architecture so original and so impressive.
But Monsieur Newcomb has not permitted this. The Congress of
which he is the illustrious President offers so much in the
way of attractions,--of a kind a little rigorous it is
true,--and so much of work to be accomplished, that to our
very great regret we have had to refuse many invitations
which it would have been most agreeable to accept. The
Americans will pardon us for this, I am sure; they know
better than any one else the value of time, but they know
also that human strength has some limits, especially among
us poor Europeans, for I doubt whether an American ever
knows the meaning of fatigue.
Messieurs, the Congress which is about to terminate
to-morrow has been truly a very great event. It is the first
time, I believe, that there has been seen assembled in one
grand international reunion that which our great minister,
Colbert, had in mind, and that which we have realized for
the first time in our Institut de France,--the union of
letters, science, and arts. That this union shall maintain
itself in the future is the dearest wish of my heart.
Science is a unit, even as the Universe. The aspects which
it presents know neither boundaries of states nor the
political divisions established between peoples. In all
civilized countries they calculate with the same figures,
they measure with the same instruments, they employ the same
classifications, they study the same historic facts,
economics, and morals. If there exists among the different
nations some differences in methods, these difference are
slight. They are a benefit at the same time as well as a
necessity. For the doing of the immense amount of work of
research imposed on that part of humanity which thinks, it
is necessary that the subjects of study should not be
identically the same, or better, if they are identical, that
the difference between the points of view from which they
are considered in the different countries contribute to our
better knowledge of their nature, their results, and their
applications. It is necessary then that each people preserve
their distinctive genius, their particular methods which
they use to develop the qualities they have inherited. In
exactly the same way that it is important in an orchestra
that each instrument play in the most perfect manner, and
with the timbre which accords with its nature, the part
which is given to it, so in science as in music, the harmony
between the players is a necessary condition, which each one
ought to exert himself to realize. Let us endeavor then in
scientific research to execute in the most perfect manner
that part of the task which fate has devolved upon us, but
let us endeavor also to maintain that accord which is a
necessary condition to the harmony which will alone be able
in the future to assure the progress of humanity.
Gentlemen, in this international reunion it would not be
fitting that I dwell upon the services which my country has
been able to render to science; and on the other hand it
would be difficult for me to say to you exactly what part
America is called upon to take in this concert of civilized
nations; but I am certain that the part will be worthy of
the great nation which has given to itself a constitution so
liberal and which in so short a space of time has known how
to conquer, and measure in value, a territory so immense
that it extends from ocean to ocean. I lift my glass to the
honor of American science; I drink to the future of that
great nation, for which we, as well as all other Frenchmen,
hold so much of common remembrance, so much of close and
living sympathy, and so much of profound admiration. I am
the more happy to do this in this most beautiful territory
of Louisiana, which France in a former age ceded freely to
America.
Perhaps the treat of the evening was the response made in behalf of the
Empire of Japan by Professor Hozumi, of the Faculty of Law of the
University of Tokio.
Unfortunately this response was not preserved in full, but Professor
Hozumi dwelt with much feeling on the world-wide significance of the
Congress and the common plane upon which all nations might meet in the
pursuit of science and the manifold applications of scientific
principles. He paid a beautiful tribute to the educational system of the
United States and to the great debt which Japan owed to American
scholars and to American teachers for their aid in establishing modern
educational principles and methods in the Empire of Japan. The impetus
given to scientific study in Japan by the Japanese students trained in
American universities was also earnestly dwelt upon, and the close
relations which had always existed between Japanese and American
students and instructors feelingly described. In the field of science
Japan was yet young, but she had shown herself a close and apt pupil,
and her period of initiative and original research was at hand. In
bacteriology, in medicine, in seismology, oceanography, and other
fields, Japan has made valuable contributions to science and established
the right to recognition in an international gathering of this nature.
It was with peculiar and grateful pride and pleasure that the Japanese
Government had sent its delegation to this Congress of selected experts
in response to the invitation of the American Government. Near the close
of his address Professor Hozumi made a gracious and happy allusion,
based upon the conflict with Russia, in which he said that of all places
where men meet, and of all places sunned by the light of heaven, this
great Congress, built on the high plane of the brotherhood of science
and the fellowship of scholars, was the only place where a Japanese and
a Russian could meet in mutual accord, with a common purpose, and clasp
hands in unity of thought. This chivalrous and beautiful idea, given
here so imperfectly from memory, brought the great assembly to its feet
in rounds of cheers. In closing, Professor Hozumi expressed the earnest
belief that the benefits of science from a gathering of this nature
would quickly be felt, by a closer coöperation in the application of
theory and practical principles and a simultaneous advance in all parts
of the world.
The closing response of the evening for the foreign members was made for
Italy by Signor Attilio Brunialti, whose brilliant eloquence at many
times during the week had won the admiration of the members of the
Congress. Under the inspiration of this assemblage he fairly surpassed
himself, and the following translation of his remarks but poorly
indicates the grace and brilliant diction of the original:--
I have had the good fortune to be present in this wonderful
country at three international Congresses, that of science,
the peace parliament, and the geographic. I wish to record
the impression they have excited in my mind, already so
favorably inclined by your never-to-be-forgotten and
gracious reception. You must, please, allow me to address
you in my own language, because the Latin tongue inspires
me, because I wish to affirm more solemnly my nationality,
and also, because I cannot express my feelings well in a
language not familiar to me. My country, the land of
Columbus, of Galileo, the nation that more than all others
in Europe is an element of peace, is already in itself the
synthesis of the three Congresses. And I can call to mind
that this land is indebted to geography for the fact of its
being made known to the world, because the immortal Genoese
pointed it out to people fighting in the old world for a
small territory, and opened to mortals new and extensive
countries destined to receive the valiant and the audacious
of the entire world and to rise like yours to immortal
glory.
Thus the poet can sing,--
L'avanza, l'avanza
Divino straniero,
Conosci la stanza
Che i fati ti diero;
Se lutti, se lagrime
Ancora rinterra
L'giovin la terra.
Thus Columbus of old could point out to men--who run down
each other, disputing even love for fear that man may become
a wolf for man--the vast and endless wastes awaiting
laborers, and give to man the treasures of the fruitful
land. 'Tis in the name of peace that I greet modern science
in all its forms, and I say to you chemists: "Invent new
means of destruction;" and to you mechanics and
shipbuilders: "Give us invulnerable men-of-war and such
perfect cannons, that your own progress may contribute to
make war rarer in the world." Then will men, amazed at their
own destructive progress, be drawn together by brotherly
love, by the development of common knowledge and sympathy,
and by the study of geography be led to know that there is
plenty of room for every one in the world to contribute to
progress and civilization.
Americans! these sentiments are graven in your country; in
point of fact, it is a proof of the harmony that reigns in
this Congress between guests come from all parts of the
world, that I, an Italian, am allowed to address you in my
own language on American ground, near the Tyrolean Alps,
greeted by the music of the Républicaine French Garde,
united in eternal bonds of friendship by the two great
goddesses of the modern world,--Science and Peace.
The last speaker of the evening was Hon. Frederick W. Lehmann, Chairman
of the Exposition Committee on Congresses, who in eloquent periods set
forth the ambition of the city of St. Louis and the Exposition of 1904
in creating a Congress of intellect on the same high plane that had
characterized the educational ideals of the Exposition, and the intense
satisfaction which the officials of the Congress felt in its brilliant
outcome, and the possibilities which it promised for an unequaled
contribution to scientific literature.
At the close of these addresses the members of the Congress and the
spectators in the gallery sang, in full chorus and under the lead of the
Garde Républicaine Band, the various national anthems, closing with "The
Star Spangled Banner."
PUBLICATION OF THE REPORT
In accordance with the recommendation of the Administrative Board to the
Committee on Congresses, the Executive Committee appointed Dr. Howard J.
Rogers, Director of Congresses, editor of the proceedings of the
Congress of Arts and Science. The Congress records were removed from St.
Louis to Albany, New York, the home of the Director, from which place
the publication has been prepared. Upon collecting the papers it was
found that they could be divided logically, and with a fair degree of
similarity in size, into eight volumes, each of which should cover a
definite and distinct portion of the programme. These are as follows:--
Volume 1. History of the Congress, Scientific Plan of the Congress,
Philosophy, Mathematics.
Volume 2. Political and Economic History, History of Law, History
of Religion.
Volume 3. History of Language, History of Literature, History of
Art.
Volume 4. Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Sciences of the Earth.
Volume 5. Biology, Anthropology, Psychology, Sociology.
Volume 6. Medicine, Technology.
Volume 7. Economics, Politics, Jurisprudence, Social Science.
Volume 8. Education, Religion.
The details and specifications of the volumes were prepared for
competitive bids and submitted to twelve of the prominent publishers of
the country. The most advantageous bid was received from Houghton,
Mifflin & Company of Boston, Mass., and was accepted by the Exposition
Company. The Administrative Board and the authorities Of the Exposition
feel deeply pleased at the result, inasmuch as the imprint of this firm
guarantees a work in full accord with the high plane upon which the
Congress has been conducted.
It was determined to print the entire proceedings in the English
language, inasmuch as the Congress was held in an English-speaking
country and the vast majority of the papers were read in that language.
The consent of every foreign speaker was obtained for this procedure. It
was found, after collecting, that the number of addresses to be
translated was forty-four. The translators were selected by the editor
upon the advice of the members of the Administrative Board and
Organizing Committee, and great care was taken to find persons not only
thoroughly trained in the two languages and possessing a good English
style, but also persons who were thoroughly conversant with the subject
on which the paper treated. Many of the translators were suggested by
the foreign speakers themselves. As a result of this careful selection,
the editor feels confident that the original value of the papers has
been in no wise detracted from, and that both in form and content the
translations are thoroughly satisfactory.
It will be found that some addresses are not closely related to the
scheme of the Congress. Either through some misunderstanding of the
exact purpose of the Congress, or through too close devotion to their
own particular phase of investigation, some half-dozen speakers
submitted papers dealing with special lines of work. These, while
valuable and scholarly from their standpoint, do not accord with a
series of papers prepared with a view to general relations and
historical perspective. The exceptions are so few, however, as not
seriously to interfere with the unity of the plan.
In the arrangement of the papers the order of the official programme is
followed exactly, with the exception that, under Historical Science,
Departments 3, 4, and 8, covering History of Politics, Law, and
Religion, are combined in one volume; and Departments 5, 6, and 7,
covering History of Language, Literature, and Art, are combined in the
succeeding volume. In volume one, the first chapter is devoted to the
history of the Congress, written by the editor, in which is set forth
the plain narrative of the growth and development of the Congress, as
much for the benefit of similar undertakings in the future as for the
interest of those participating in this Congress. The second chapter
contains the scientific introduction, written by Prof. Hugo Münsterberg
of Harvard University, First Vice-President of the Congress and Member
of the Organizing Committee. This is written for the purpose of giving
in detail the principles upon which the classification was based, and
the relations which the different sections and departments held to each
other.
Each paper is prefaced by a very short biographical note in categorical
form, for the purpose of insuring the identity of the speaker as long in
the future as the volumes may exist. Appended to the addresses of each
department is a short bibliography, which is essential for a general
study of the subject in question. These are in no wise exhaustive or
complete, but are rather designed to be a small, valuable, working
reference library for students. The bibliographies have been prepared by
eminent experts in the departments of the Congress, but are necessarily
somewhat uneven, as some of the writers have gone into the subject more
thoroughly than others. The general arrangement of the bibliographies
is: 1. Historical books and standard works dealing with the subject. 2.
General books for the whole department. 3. Books for sections of
departments.
Appended also to the addresses of each department and sections are
résumés of the ten-minute addresses delivered by invitation at the
meeting of the department or section. Many of these papers are of high
value; but inasmuch as very few of them were written in accord with the
plan of the Congress, and with the main thought to be developed by the
Congress, but deal rather with some interesting and detached phase of
the subject, it has been deemed best not to print them in full, but to
indicate in brief the subject and the treatment given it by the writer.
Those which do accord with the plan of the Congress are given more
extensive treatment.
CONCLUSION
What the results of the Congress will be; what influence it may have;
was it worth the work and cost, are questions often fairly asked.
The lasting results and influences are of course problematical. They
depend upon the character and soundness of the addresses, and whether
the uniform strength of the publication will make the work as a whole,
what it undoubtedly is in parts, a source-book for the future on the
bases of scientific theory at the beginning of the twentieth century,
and a reliable sketch of the growth of science during the nineteenth
century. Critical study of the addresses will alone determine this, but
from the favorable reception of those already published in reviews, and
from editorial acquaintance with the others, it seems assured. That
portion of the section addresses which deals with the inter-relations of
science and demonstrates both its unity and variety of processes is new
and authoritative thought, and will be the basis of much discussion and
remodeling of theories in the future. The immediate results of the
Congress are highly satisfactory, and fully repay the work and the cost
both from a scientific and an exposition standpoint. As an
acknowledgment of the prominence of scientific methods, as a public
recognition of the work of scientists, as the means of bringing to one
place the most noted assemblage of thinkers the world has ever seen, as
an opportunity for scholars to meet and know each other better, the
Congress was an unqualified success and of enduring reputation. From the
Exposition point of view, it was equally a success; not financially, nor
was there ever a thought that it would be. Probably not more than seven
thousand persons outside of St. Louis came primarily to attend the
Congress, and their admission fees were a bagatelle; the revenue derived
from the sale of the _Proceedings_ will not meet the cost of printing.
There has been no money value sought for in the Congress,--none
received. Its value to the Exposition lies solely in the fact that it is
the final argument to the world of the initial claims of the officials
of the Exposition that its purpose was purely educational. Coördinate
with the material exhibits, sought, classified, and installed on a
rigidly scientific classification, the Congress, which relates,
illumines, and defends the principles upon which the material portion
was founded, has triumphantly vindicated the good faith, the wisdom, and
the foresight of the Universal Exposition of 1904. This printed record
of its proceedings will be a monument not only to the spirit of Science,
but to the spirit of the Exposition, which will endure as long as the
records of man are preserved.
* * * * *
In conclusion, the editor wishes to express his obligations to the many
speakers and officers of the Congress, who have evinced great interest
in the publication and assisted by valuable suggestions and advice. In
particular, he acknowledges the help of President Butler of Columbia
University, Professor Münsterberg of Harvard University, and Professor
Small of the University of Chicago. Acknowledgments are with justice and
pleasure made to the Committee on Congresses of the Exposition, and the
able chairman, Hon. Frederick W. Lehmann, for their unwavering and
prompt support on all matters of policy and detail, without which the
full measure of success could not have been achieved. To the efficient
secretary of the Department of Congresses, Mr. James Green Cotchett, an
expression of obligation is due for his indefatigable labors during the
Congress period, and for his able and painstaking work in compiling the
detailed records of this publication.
At a meeting of the Executive Committee of the Exposition on January 3,
1905, there was unanimously voted the following resolution, recommended
by the Administrative Board and approved by the Committee on
Congresses:--
MOVED: that a vote of thanks and an expression of deepest obligation be
tendered to Dr. Simon Newcomb, President of the Congress, Prof. Hugo
Münsterberg, vice-president of the Congress, and Prof. Albion W. Small,
vice-president of the Congress, for their efficient, thorough, and
comprehensive work in connection with the programme of the Congress, the
selection and invitation of speakers, and the attention to detail in its
execution. That, in view of the enormous amount of labor devolving upon
these three gentlemen for the past eighteen months, to the exclusion of
all opportunities for literary and other work outside their college
departments, an honorarium of twenty-five hundred dollars be tendered to
each of them.
At a subsequent meeting the following resolution was also passed:--
MOVED: that the Directors of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company
place upon the record an expression of their appreciation of the
invaluable aid so freely given by the Administrative Board of the
Congress of Arts and Science. In organization, guidance, and results the
Congress was the most notable of its kind in history. For the important
part performed wisely and zealously by the Administrative Board the
Exposition Management extends this acknowledgment.
SUMMARY OF EXPENSES OF THE CONGRESS
Office expenses $7,025 82
Travel 3,847 24
Exploitation, Organizing Committee abroad 8,663 16
Traveling expenses, American Speakers 31,350
Traveling expenses, Foreign Speakers 49,000
Honorariums 7,500
Banquet 3,500
Expenses for editing proceedings 5,875
Estimated cost of printing proceedings 22,000 $138,761 22
INTERNATIONAL
CONGRESS OF ARTS AND SCIENCE
UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION ST. LOUIS
SEPTEMBER 19-25 1904
* * * * *
PROGRAMME AND LIST OF SPEAKERS
PROGRAMME
Purpose and Plan of the Congress
Organization of the Congress
Speakers and Chairmen
Chronological Order of Proceedings
Programme of Social Events
List of Ten-minute Speakers
List of Chairmen and Principal Speakers
INDEX SUBJECTS
Division A. Normative Science
Department 1. Philosophy
Sec. A. Metaphysics
B. Philosophy of Religion
C. Logic
D. Methodology of Science
E. Ethics
F. Æsthetics
Department 2. Mathematics
Sec. A. Algebra and Analysis
B. Geometry
C. Applied Mathematics
Division B. Historical Science
Department 3. Political and Economic History
Sec. A. History of Asia
B. History of Greece and Rome
C. Mediæval History
D. Modern History of Europe
E. History of America
F. History of Economic Institutions
Department 4. History of Law
Sec. A. History of Roman Law
B. History of Common Law
C. Comparative Law
Department 5. History of Language
Sec. A. Comparative Language
B. Semitic Language
C. Indo-Iranian Languages
D. Greek Language
E. Latin Language
F. English Language
G. Romance Languages
H. Germanic Languages
Department 6. History of Literature
Sec. A. Indo-Iranian Literature
B. Classical Literature
C. English Literature
D. Romance Literature
E. Germanic Literature
F. Slavic Literature
G. Belles-Lettres
Department 7. History of Art
Sec. A. Classical Art
B. Modern Architecture
C. Modern Painting
Department 8. History of Religion
Sec. A. Brahminism and Buddhism
B. Mohammedism
C. Old Testament
D. New Testament
E. History of the Christian Church
Division C. Physical Science
Department 9. Physics
Sec. A. Physics of Matter
B. Physics of Ether
C. Physics of the Electron
Department 10. Chemistry
Sec. A. Inorganic Chemistry
B. Organic Chemistry
C. Physical Chemistry
D. Physiological Chemistry
Department 11. Astronomy
Sec. A. Astrometry
B. Astrophysics
Department 12. Sciences of the Earth
Sec. A. Geophysics
B. Geology
C. Palæontology
D. Petrology and Mineralogy
E. Physiography
F. Geography
G. Oceanography
H. Cosmical Physics
Department 13. Biology
Sec. A. Phylogeny
B. Plant Morphology
C. Plant Physiology
D. Plant Pathology
E. Ecology
F. Bacteriology
G. Animal Morphology
H. Embryology
I. Comparative Anatomy
J. Human Anatomy
K. Physiology
Department 14. Anthropology
Sec. A. Somatology
B. Archæology
C. Ethnology
Division D. Mental Science
Department 15. Psychology
Sec. A. General Psychology
B. Experimental Psychology
C. Comparative and Genetic Psychology
D. Abnormal Psychology
Department 16. Sociology
Sec. A. Social Structure
B. Social Psychology
Division E. Utilitarian Sciences
Department 17. Medicine
Sec. A. Public Health
B. Preventive Medicine
C. Pathology
D. Therapeutics and Pharmacology
E. Internal Medicine
F. Neurology
G. Psychiatry
H. Surgery
I. Gynecology
J. Ophthalmology
K. Otology and Laryngology
L. Pediatrics
Department 18. Technology
Sec. A. Civil Engineering
B. Mechanical Engineering
C. Electrical Engineering
D. Mining Engineering
E. Technical Chemistry
F. Agriculture
Department 19. Economic
Sec. A. Economic Theory
B. Transportation
C. Commerce and Exchange
D. Money and Credit
E. Public Finance
F. Insurance
Division F. Social Regulation
Department 20. Politics
Sec. A. Political Theory
B. Diplomacy
C. National Administration
D. Colonial Administration
E. Municipal Administration
Department 21. Jurisprudence
Sec. A. International Law
B. Constitutional Law
C. Private Law
Department 22. Social Science
Sec. A. The Family
B. The Rural Community
C. The Urban Community
D. The Industrial Group
E. The Dependent Group
F. The Criminal Group
Division G. Social Culture
Department 23. Education
Sec. A. Educational Theory
B. The School
C. The College
D. The University
E. The Library
Department 24. Religion
Sec. A. General Religious Education
B. Professional Religious Education
C. Religious Agencies
D. Religious Work
E. Religious Influence: Personal
F. Religious Influence: Social
PURPOSE AND PLAN OF THE CONGRESS
The idea of the Congress grows out of the thought that the subdivision
and multiplication of specialties in science has reached a stage at
which investigators and scholars may derive both inspiration and profit
from a general survey of the various fields of learning, planned with a
view of bringing the scattered sciences into closer mutual relations.
The central purpose is the unification of knowledge, an effort toward
which seems appropriate on an occasion when the nations bring together
an exhibit of their arts and industries. An assemblage is therefore to
be convened at which leading representatives of theoretical and applied
sciences shall set forth those general principles and fundamental
conceptions which connect groups of sciences, review the historical
development of special sciences, show their mutual relations and discuss
their present problems.
The speakers to treat the various themes are selected in advance from
the European and American continents. The discussions will be arranged
on the following general plan:--
After the opening of the Congress on Monday afternoon, September 19,
will follow, on Tuesday forenoon, addresses on main divisions of science
and its applications, the general theme being the unification of each of
the fields treated. These will be followed by two addresses on each of
the twenty-four great departments of knowledge. The theme of one address
in each case will be the Fundamental Conceptions and Methods, while the
other will set forth the progress during the last century. The preceding
addresses will be delivered by Americans, making the work of the first
two days the contribution of American scholars.
On the third day, with the opening of the sections, the international
work will begin. One hundred twenty-eight sectional meetings will be
held on the four remaining days of the Congress, at each of which two
papers will be read, the theme of one being suggested by the relations
of the special branch treated to other branches; the other by its
present problems. Three hours will be devoted to each sectional meeting,
thus enabling each hearer to attend eight such meetings, if he so
desires. The programme is so arranged that related subjects will be
treated, as far as possible, at different times. The length of the
principal addresses being limited to forty-five minutes each, there will
remain at least one hour for five or six brief communications in each
section. The addresses in each department will be collected and
published in a special volume.
It is hoped that the living influence of this meeting will be yet more
important than the formal addresses, and that the scholars whose names
are announced in the following programme of speakers and chairmen will
form only a nucleus for the gathering of thousands who feel in sympathy
with the efforts to bring unity into the world of knowledge.
ORGANIZATION OF THE CONGRESS
* * * * *
PRESIDENT OF THE EXPOSITION:
HON. DAVID R. FRANCIS, A.M., LL.D.
DIRECTOR OF CONGRESSES,
HOWARD J. ROGERS, A.M., LL.D.
_Universal Exposition, 1904._
* * * * *
ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD
NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PH.D., LL.D.
_President of Columbia University, Chairman._
WILLIAM R. HARPER, PH.D., LL.D.
_President of the University of Chicago._
R. H. JESSE, PH.D., LL.D.
_President of the University of Missouri._
HENRY S. PRITCHETT, PH.D., LL.D.
_President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology._
HERBERT PUTNAM, LITT.D., LL.D.
_Librarian of Congress._
FREDERICK J. V. SKIFF, A.M.
_Director of the Field Columbian Museum._
* * * * *
OFFICERS OF THE CONGRESS
PRESIDENT:
SIMON NEWCOMB, PH.D., LL.D.
_Retired Professor U. S. N._
VICE-PRESIDENTS:
HUGO MÜNSTERBERG, PH.D., LL.D.
_Professor of Psychology in Harvard University._
ALBION W. SMALL, PH.D., LL.D.
_Professor of Sociology in The University of Chicago._
HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS:
RIGHT HONORABLE JAMES BRYCE, M.P.
GREAT BRITAIN.
M. GASTON DARBOUX,
FRANCE.
PROFESSOR WILHELM WALDEYER,
GERMANY.
DR. OSKAR BACKLUND,
RUSSIA.
PROFESSOR THEODORE ESCHERICH,
AUSTRIA.
SIGNOR ATTILIO BRUNIALTI,
ITALY.
PROFESSOR N. HOZUMI,
JAPAN.
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY:
DR. L. O. HOWARD,
_Permanent Secretary American Association
for the Advancement of Science_.
SPEAKERS AND CHAIRMEN
* * * * *
DIVISION A--NORMATIVE SCIENCE
SPEAKER: PROFESSOR JOSIAH ROYCE, Harvard University.
(_Hall 6, September 20, 10 a. m._)
* * * * *
DEPARTMENT 1--PHILOSOPHY
(_Hall 6, September 20, 11.15 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR BORDEN P. BOWNE, Boston University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR GEORGE H. HOWISON, University of California.
PROFESSOR GEORGE T. LADD, Yale University.
SECTION A. METAPHYSICS. (_Hall 6, September 21, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR A. C. ARMSTRONG, Wesleyan University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR A. E. TAYLOR, McGill University, Montreal.
PROFESSOR ALEXANDER T. ORMOND, Princeton University.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR A. O. LOVEJOY, Washington University,
SECTION B. PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION. (_Hall 1, September 21, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR THOMAS C. HALL, Union Theological Seminary, N. Y.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR OTTO PFLEIDERER, University of Berlin.
PROFESSOR ERNST TROELTSCH, University of Heidelberg.
SECRETARY: DR. W. P. MONTAGUE, Columbia University.
SECTION C. LOGIC. (_Hall 6, September 22, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR GEORGE M. DUNCAN, Yale University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR WILLIAM A. HAMMOND, Cornell University.
PROFESSOR FREDERICK J. E. WOODBRIDGE, Columbia University.
SECRETARY: DR. W. H. SHELDON, Columbia University.
SECTION D. METHODOLOGY OF SCIENCE. (_Hall 6, September 22, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR JAMES E. CREIGHTON, Cornell University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR WILHELM OSTWALD, University of Leipzig.
PROFESSOR BENNO ERDMANN, University of Bonn.
SECRETARY: DR. R. B. PERRY, Harvard University.
SECTION E. ETHICS. (_Hall 6, September 23, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR GEORGE H. PALMER, Harvard University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR WILLIAM R. SORLEY, University of Cambridge.
PROFESSOR PAUL HENSEL, University of Erlangen.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR F. C. SHARP, University of Wisconsin.
SECTION F. AESTHETICS. (_Hall 4, September 23, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR JAMES H. TUFTS, University of Chicago.
SPEAKERS: DR. HENRY RUTGERS MARSHALL, New York City.
PROFESSOR MAX DESSOIR, University of Berlin.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR MAX MEYER, University of Missouri.
DEPARTMENT 2--MATHEMATICS
(_Hall 7, September 20, 11.15 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR HENRY S. WHITE, Northwestern University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR MAXIME BOCHER, Harvard University.
PROFESSOR JAMES P. PIERPONT, Yale University.
SECTION A. ALGEBRA AND ANALYSIS. (_Hall 9, September 22, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR E. H. MOORE, University of Chicago.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR EMILE PICARD, the Sorbonne; Member of the Institute
of France.
PROFESSOR HEINRICH MASCHKE, University of Chicago.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR G. A. BLISS, University of Chicago.
SECTION B. GEOMETRY. (_Hall 9, September 24, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR M. W. HASKELL, University of California.
SPEAKERS: M. GASTON DARBOUX, Perpetual Secretary of The Academy of
Sciences, Paris.
DR. EDWARD KASNER, Columbia University.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR THOMAS J. HOLGATE, Northwestern University.
SECTION C. APPLIED MATHEMATICS. (_Hall 7, September 24, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR ARTHUR G. WEBSTER, Clark University, Worcester,
Mass.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR LUDWIG BOLTZMANN, University of Vienna.
PROFESSOR HENRI POINCARÉ, the Sorbonne; Member of the
Institute of France.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR HENRY T. EDDY, University of Minnesota.
DIVISION B--HISTORICAL SCIENCE
(_Hall 3, September 20, 10 a. m._)
SPEAKER: PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON, Princeton University.
DEPARTMENT 3--POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY
(_Hall 4, September 20, 11.15 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN:
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR WILLIAM M. SLOANE, Columbia University.
PROFESSOR JAMES H. ROBINSON, Columbia University.
SECTIONS A AND B. HISTORY OF GREECE, ROME, AND ASIA. (_Hall 3,
September 21, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR THOMAS D. SEYMOUR, Yale University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR JOHN P. MAHAFFY, University of Dublin.
PROFESSOR ETTORE PAIS, University of Naples. Director
of the National Museum of Antiquities, Naples.
PROFESSOR HENRI CORDIER, Ecole Des Langues Vivantes
Orientales, Paris.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR EDWARD CAPPS, University of Chicago.
SECTION C. MEDIAEVAL HISTORY. (_Hall 6, September 21, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR CHARLES H. HASKINS, Harvard University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR KARL LAMPRECHT, University of Leipzig.
PROFESSOR GEORGE B. ADAMS, Yale University.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR EARLE W. DOW, University of Michigan.
SECTION D. MODERN HISTORY OF EUROPE. (_Hall 3, September 22,
10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: HONORABLE JAMES B. PERKINS, Rochester, N. Y.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR J. B. BURY, University of Cambridge.
PROFESSOR CHARLES W. COLBY, Mcgill University, Montreal.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR FERDINAND SCHWILL, University of Chicago.
SECTION E. HISTORY OF AMERICA. (_Hall 1, September 24, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: DR. JAMES SCHOULER, Boston.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR FREDERIC J. TURNER, University of Wisconsin.
PROFESSOR EDWARD G. BOURNE, Yale University.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR EVARTS B. GREENE, University of Illinois.
SECTION F. HISTORY OF ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS. (_Hall 2, September 23,
3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR FRANK A. FETTER, Cornell University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR J. E. CONRAD, University of Halle.
PROFESSOR SIMON N. PATTEN, University of Pennsylvania.
SECRETARY: DR. J. PEASE NORTON, Yale University.
DEPARTMENT 4--HISTORY OF LAW
(_Hall 5, September 20, 11.15 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: HONORABLE DAVID J. BREWER, Associate Justice of the Supreme
Court of the United States.
SPEAKERS: HONORABLE EMLIN MCCLAIN, Judge of the Supreme Court of Iowa,
Iowa City.
PROFESSOR NATHAN ABBOTT, Leland Stanford Jr. University.
SECTION A. HISTORY OF ROMAN LAW. (_Hall 11, September 21, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN:
SPEAKERS: MR. W. H. BUCKLER, Baltimore, Md.
PROFESSOR MUNROE SMITH, Columbia University.
SECTION B. HISTORY OF COMMON LAW. (_Hall 11, September 21, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR JOHN D. LAWSON, University of Missouri.
SPEAKERS: HONORABLE SIMEON E. BALDWIN, Judge of the Supreme Court of
Errors, New Haven, Conn.
PROFESSOR JOHN H. WIGMORE, Northwestern University.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR C. H. HUBERICH, University of Texas.
SECTION C. COMPARATIVE LAW. (_Hall 14, September 24, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: HONORABLE JACOB M. DICKINSON, Chicago.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR NOBUSHIGE HOZUMI, University of Tokio.
PROFESSOR ALFRED NERINCX, University of Louvain.
SECRETARY:
DEPARTMENT 5--HISTORY OF LANGUAGE
(_Hall 4, September 20, 2 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR GEORGE HEMPL, University of Michigan.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR T. R. LOUNSBURY, Yale University.
PRESIDENT BENJAMIN IDE WHEELER, University of California.
SECTION A. COMPARATIVE LANGUAGE. (_Hall 4, September 21, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR FRANCIS A. MARCH, Lafayette College.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR CARL D. BUCK, University of Chicago.
PROFESSOR HANS OERTEL, Yale University.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR E. W. FAY, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.
SECTION B. SEMITIC LANGUAGES. (_Hall 4, September 21, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR G. F. MOORE, Harvard University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR JAMES A. CRAIG, University of Michigan.
PROFESSOR CRAWFORD H. TOY, Harvard University.
SECRETARY:
SECTION C. INDO-IRANIAN LANGUAGES. (_Hall 8, September 22, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN:
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR SYLVAIN LÉVI, Collège de France, Paris.
PROFESSOR ARTHUR A. MACDONELL, University of Oxford.
SECRETARY:
SECTION D. GREEK LANGUAGE. (_Hall 3, September 22, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR MARTIN L. D'OOGE, University of Michigan.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR HERBERT W. SMYTH, Harvard University.
PROFESSOR MILTON W. HUMPHREYS, University of Virginia.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR J. E. HARRY, University of Cincinnati.
SECTION E. LATIN LANGUAGE. (_Hall 9, September 23, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR MAURICE HUTTON, University of Toronto.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR E. A. SONNENSCHEIN, University of Birmingham.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM G. HALE, University of Chicago.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR F. W. SHIPLEY, Washington University.
SECTION F. ENGLISH LANGUAGE. (_Hall 3, September 23, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR CHARLES M. GAYLEY, University of California.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR OTTO JESPERSEN, University of Copenhagen.
PROFESSOR GEORGE L. KITTREDGE, Harvard University.
SECRETARY:
SECTION G. ROMANCE LANGUAGES. (_Hall 5, September 24, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN:
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR PAUL MEYER, Collège de France, Paris.
PROFESSOR HENRY A. TODD, Columbia University.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR E. E. BRANDON, Miami University.
SECTION H. GERMANIC LANGUAGES. (_Hall 3, September 24, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR GUSTAF E. KARSTEN, Cornell University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR EDUARD SIEVERS, University of Leipzig.
PROFESSOR HERMAN COLLITZ, Bryn Mawr College.
SECRETARY:
DEPARTMENT 6--HISTORY OF LITERATURE
(_Hall 6, September 20, 4.15 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN:
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR JAMES A. HARRISON, University of Virginia.
PROFESSOR CHARLES M. GAYLEY, University of California.
SECTION A. INDO-IRANIAN LITERATURE. (_Hall 8, September 24, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR MAURICE BLOOMFIELD, Johns Hopkins University.
SPEAKER: PROFESSOR A. V. W. JACKSON, Columbia University.
SECRETARY:
SECTION B. CLASSICAL LITERATURE. (_Hall 3, September 21, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR ANDREW F. WEST, Princeton University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR PAUL SHOREY, University of Chicago.
PROFESSOR JOHN H. WRIGHT, Harvard University.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR F. G. MOORE, Dartmouth College.
SECTION C. ENGLISH LITERATURE. (_Hall 1, September 22, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN:
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR FRANCIS B. GUMMERE, Haverford College.
PROFESSOR JOHN HOOPS, University of Heidelberg.
SECRETARY:
SECTION D. ROMANCE LITERATURE. (_Hall 8, September 22, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR ADOLPHE COHN, Columbia University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR PIO RAJNA, Institute of Higher Studies, Florence,
Italy.
PROFESSOR ALCÉE FORTIER, Tulane University, New Orleans.
SECRETARY: DR. COMFORT, Haverford College.
SECTION E. GERMANIC LITERATURE. (_Hall 3, September 23, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR KUNO FRANCKE, Harvard University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR AUGUST SAUER, University of Prague.
PROFESSOR J. MINOR, University of Vienna.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR D. K. JESSEN, Bryn Mawr College.
SECTION F. SLAVIC LITERATURE. (_Hall 8, September 21, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: MR. CHARLES R. CRANE, Chicago.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR LEO WIENER, Harvard University.
PROFESSOR PAUL BOYER, Ecole Des Langues Vivantes
Orientales, Paris.
SECRETARY: MR. S. N. HARPER, University of Chicago.
SECTION G. BELLES-LETTRES. (_Hall 3, September 24, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR ROBERT HERRICK, University of Chicago.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR HENRY SCHOFIELD, Harvard University.
PROFESSOR BRANDER MATTHEWS, Columbia University.
SECRETARY:
DEPARTMENT 7--HISTORY OF ART
(_Hall 8, September 20, 11.15 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR HALSEY C. IVES, Washington University, St. Louis.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR RUFUS B. RICHARDSON, New York, N. Y.
PROFESSOR JOHN C. VAN DYKE, Rutgers College.
SECTION A. CLASSICAL ART. (_Hall 12, September 22, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR RUFUS B. RICHARDSON, New York City.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR ADOLPH FURTWANGLER, University Of Munich.
PROFESSOR FRANK B. TARBELL, University of Chicago.
SECRETARY: DR. P. BAUR, Yale University.
SECTION B. MODERN ARCHITECTURE. (_Hall 7, September 22, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: MR. CHARLES F. MCKIM, New York City.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR C. ENLART, University of Paris.
PROFESSOR ALFRED D. F. HAMLIN, Columbia University.
SECRETARY: MR. GUY LOWELL, Boston, Mass.
SECTION C. MODERN PAINTING. (_Hall 4, September 24, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN:
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR RICHARD MUTHER, University of Breslau.
MR. OKAKURA KAKUZO, Japan.
SECRETARY:
DEPARTMENT 8--HISTORY OF RELIGION
(_Hall 5, September 20, 2 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: REV. WM. ELIOT GRIFFIS, Ithaca, N. Y.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR GEORGE F. MOORE, Harvard University.
PROFESSOR NATHANIEL SCHMIDT, Cornell University.
SECTION A. BRAHMANISM AND BUDDHISM. (_Hall 8, September 23, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN:
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR HERMANN OLDENBERG, University of Kiel.
PROFESSOR MAURICE BLOOMFIELD, Johns Hopkins University.
SECRETARY: DR. REGINALD C. ROBBINS, Harvard University.
SECTION B. MOHAMMEDISM. (_Hall 8, September 23, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR JAMES R. JEWETT, University of Chicago.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR IGNAZ GOLDZIHER, University of Budapest.
PROFESSOR DUNCAN B. MACDONALD, Hartford Theological Seminary.
SECRETARY:
SECTION C. OLD TESTAMENT. (_Hall 4, September 22, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR A. S. CARRIER, McCormick Theological Seminary.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR JAMES F. MCCURDY, University College of Toronto.
PROFESSOR KARL BUDDE, University of Marburg.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR JAMES A. KELSO, Western Theological Seminary,
Allegheny, Pa.
SECTION D. NEW TESTAMENT. (_Hall 1, September 23, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR ANDREW C. ZENOS, McCormick Theological Seminary.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR BENJAMIN W. BACON, Yale University.
PROFESSOR ERNEST D. BURTON, University of Chicago.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR CLYDE W. VOTAW, University of Chicago.
SECTION E. HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. (_Hall 2, September 24,
10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: DR. ERI BAKER HULBERT, University of Chicago.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR ADOLF HARNACK, University of Berlin.
PROFESSOR JEAN RÉVILLE, Faculty of Protestant Theology,
Paris.
SECRETARY:
DIVISION C--PHYSICAL SCIENCE
(_Hall 4, September 20, 10 a. m._)
SPEAKER: PROFESSOR ROBERT S. WOODWARD, Columbia University.
DEPARTMENT 9--PHYSICS
(_Hall 6, September 20, 2 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR HENRY CREW, Northwestern University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR EDWARD L. NICHOLS, Cornell University.
PROFESSOR CARL BARUS, Brown University.
SECTION A. PHYSICS OF MATTER. (_Hall 11, September 23, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR SAMUEL W. STRATTON, Director of The National
Bureau of Standards, Washington.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR ARTHUR L. KIMBALL, Amherst College.
PROFESSOR FRANCIS E. NIPHER, Washington University.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR R. A. MILLIKEN, University of Chicago.
SECTION B. PHYSICS OF ETHER. (_Hall 11, September 23, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR HENRY CREW, Northwestern University.
SPEAKER: PROFESSOR DEWITT B. BRACE, University of Nebraska.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR AUGUSTUS TROWBRIDGE, University of Wisconsin.
SECTION C. PHYSICS OF THE ELECTRON. (_Hall 5, September 22, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR A. G. WEBSTERr, Clark University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR P. LANGEVIN, Collège de France.
PROFESSOR ERNEST RUTHERFURD, McGill University, Montreal.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR W. J. HUMPHREYS, University of Virginia.
DEPARTMENT 10--CHEMISTRY
(_Hall 5, September 20, 4.15 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR JAMES M. CRAFTS, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR JOHN U. NEF, University of Chicago.
PROFESSOR FRANK W. CLARKE, Chief Chemist, U. S. Geological
Survey.
SECTION A. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. (_Hall 16, September 21, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR JOHN W. MALLET, University of Virginia.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR HENRI MOISSAN, the Sorbonne; Member of the
Institute of France.
SIR WILLIAM RAMSAY, K.C.B., Royal Institution, London.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR WILLIAM L. DUDLEY, Vanderbilt University.
SECTION B. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. (_Hall 16, September 21, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR ALBERT B. PRESCOTT, University of Michigan.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR JULIUS STIEGLITZ, University of Chicago.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM A. NOYES, National Bureau of Standards.
SECRETARY:
SECTION C. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. (_Hall 16, September 22, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR WILDER D. BANCROFT, Cornell University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR J. H. VAN T'HOFF, University of Berlin.
PROFESSOR ARTHUR A. NOYES, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
SECRETARY: MR. W. R. WHITNEY, Schenectady, N. Y.
SECTION D. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY. (_Hall 16, September 22, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR WILDER O. ATWATER, Wesleyan University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR O. COHNHEIM, University of Heidelberg.
PROFESSOR RUSSELL H. CHITTENDEN, Yale University.
SECRETARY: DR. C. L. ALSBERG, Harvard University.
DEPARTMENT 11--ASTRONOMY
(_Hall 8, September 20, 4.15 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR GEORGE C. COMSTOCK, Director of the Observatory,
Madison, Wisconsin.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR LEWIS BOSS, Director of Dudley Observatory.
PROFESSOR EDWARD C. PICKERING, Director of Harvard
Observatory.
SECTION A. ASTROMETRY. (_Hall 9, September 21, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR ORMOND STONE, University of Virginia.
SPEAKERS: DR. OSKAR BACKLUND, Director of the Observatory, Pulkowa,
Russia.
PROFESSOR JOHN C. KAPTEYN, University of Groningen, Holland.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR W. S. EICHELBERGER, U. S. Naval Observatory.
SECTION B. ASTROPHYSICS. (_Hall 9, September 21, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR GEORGE E. HALE, Director of the Yerkes Observatory.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR HERBERT H. TURNER, F.R.S., University of Oxford.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM W. CAMPBELL, Director of The Lick
Observatory, Mt. Hamilton, California.
SECRETARY: MR. W. S. ADAMS, Yerkes Observatory.
DEPARTMENT 12--SCIENCES OF THE EARTH
(_Hall 3, September 20, 11.15 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: DR. G. K. GILBERT, U. S. Geological Survey.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR THOMAS C. CHAMBERLIN, University of Chicago.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM M. DAVIS, Harvard University.
SECTION A. GEOPHYSICS. (_Hall 14, September 21, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR CHRISTOPHER W. HALL, University of Minnesota.
SPEAKER: DR. GEORGE F. BECKER, Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR E. M. LEHNERTS, Minnesota State Normal School.
SECTION B. GEOLOGY. (_Hall 14, September 21, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR T. C. CHAMBERLIN, University of Chicago.
SPEAKERS: PRESIDENT CHARLES R. VAN HISE, University of Wisconsin.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR R. D. SALISBURY, University of Chicago.
SECTION C. PALAEONTOLOGY. (_Hall 11, September 22, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR WILLIAM B. SCOTT, Princeton University.
SPEAKERS: DR. A. S. WOODWARD, F.R.S., British Museum Of Natural
History, London.
PROFESSOR HENRY F. OSBORN, Columbia University.
SECRETARY: DR. JOHN M. CLARKE, Albany, N. Y.
SECTION D. PETROLOGY AND MINERALOGY. (_Hall 9, September 22, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: DR. OLIVER C. FARRINGTON, Field Columbian Museum, Chicago.
SPEAKER: PROFESSOR F. ZIRKEL, University of Leipzig.
SECRETARY:
SECTION E. PHYSIOGRAPHY. (_Hall 12, September 21, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: MR. HENRY GANNETT, United States Geological Survey.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR ALBRECHT PENCK, University of Vienna.
PROFESSOR ISRAEL C. RUSSELL, University of Michigan.
SECRETARY: DR. JOHN M. CLARKE, Albany, N. Y.
SECTION F. GEOGRAPHY. (_Hall 11, September 22, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR ISRAEL C. RUSSELL, University of Michigan.
SPEAKERS: DR. HUGH R. MILL, Director British Rainfall Organization,
London.
PROFESSOR H. YULE OLDHAM, Cambridge, England.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR R. D. SALISBURY, University of Chicago.
SECTION G. OCEANOGRAPHY. (_Hall 8, September 21, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: REAR-ADMIRAL JOHN R. BARTLETT, United States Navy.
SPEAKERS: SIR JOHN MURRAY, K.C.B., F.R.S., Edinburgh.
PROFESSOR K. MITSUKURI, University of Tokio.
SECRETARY:
SECTION H. COSMICAL PHYSICS. (_Hall 10, September 22, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR FRANCIS E. NIPHER, Washington University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR SVANTE ARRHENIUS, University of Stockholm,
Stockholm.
DR. ABBOTT L. ROTCH, Blue Hill Observatory.
DR. L. A. BAUER, Washington, D. C.
SECRETARY:
DEPARTMENT 13--BIOLOGY
(_Hall 2, September 20, 11.15 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR WILLIAM G. FARLOW, Harvard University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR JOHN M. COULTER, University of Chicago.
PROFESSOR JACQUES LOEB, University of California.
SECTION A. PHYLOGENY. (_Hall 2, September 21, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR T. H. MORGAN, Columbia University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR HUGO DE VRIES, University of Amsterdam.
PROFESSOR CHARLES O. WHITMAN, University of Chicago.
SECRETARY:
SECTION B. PLANT MORPHOLOGY. (_Hall 2, September 22, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR WILLIAM TRELEASE, Washington University, St. Louis.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR FREDERICK O. BOWER, University of Glasgow.
PROFESSOR KARL F. GOEBEL, University of Munich.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR F. E. LLOYD, Columbia University.
SECTION C. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY. (_Hall 4, September 22, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR CHARLES R. BARNES, University of Chicago.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR JULIUS WIESNER, University of Vienna.
PROFESSOR BENJAMIN M. DUGGAR, University of Missouri.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR F. C. NEWCOMB, University of Michigan.
SECTION D. PLANT PATHOLOGY. (_Hall 7, September 23, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR CHAS. E. BESSEY, University of Nebraska.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR JOSEPH C. ARTHUR, Purdue University.
MERTON B. WAITE, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
SECRETARY: DR. C. S. SHEAR, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
SECTION E. ECOLOGY. (_Hall 7, September 23, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN:
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR OSKAR DRUDE, Kön. Technische Hochschule, Dresden.
PROFESSOR BENJAMIN ROBINSON, Harvard University.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR F. E. CLEMENTS, University of Nebraska.
SECTION F. BACTERIOLOGY. (_Hall 15, September 24, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR HAROLD C. ERNST, Harvard University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR EDWIN O. JORDAN, University of Chicago.
PROFESSOR THEOBALD SMITH, Harvard University.
SECRETARY: DR. P. H. HISS, JR., Columbia University.
SECTION G. ANIMAL MORPHOLOGY. (_Hall 2, September 21, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: DR. LELAND O. HOWARD, Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR CHARLES B. DAVENPORT, University of Chicago.
PROFESSOR ALFRED GIARD, the Sorbonne; Member of the
Institute of France.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR C. H. HERRICK, Dennison University.
SECTION H. EMBRYOLOGY. (_Hall 9, September 23, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR SIMON H. GAGE, Cornell University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR OSKAR HERTWIG, University of Berlin.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM K. BROOKS, Johns Hopkins University.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR T. G. LEE, University of Minnesota.
SECTION I. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. (_Hall 2, September 24, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR JAMES P. MCMURRICH, University of Michigan.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR WILLIAM E. RITTER, University of California.
PROFESSOR YVES DELAGE, the Sorbonne; Member of the Institute
of France.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR HENRY B. WARD, University of Nebraska.
SECTION J. HUMAN ANATOMY. (_Hall 2, September 22, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR GEORGE A. PIERSOL, University of Pennsylvania.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR WILHELM WALDEYER, University of Berlin.
PROFESSOR H. H. DONALDSON, University of Chicago.
SECRETARY: DR. R. J. TERRY, Washington University.
SECTION K. PHYSIOLOGY. (_Hall 4, September 23, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: DR. S. J. MELTZER, New York.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR MAX VERWORN, University of Göttingen.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM H. HOWELL, Johns Hopkins University.
SECRETARY: DR. REID HUNT, Washington.
DEPARTMENT 14--ANTHROPOLOGY
(_Hall 8, September 20, 2 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR FREDERIC W. PUTNAM, Harvard University.
SPEAKERS: DR. W. J. MCGEE, President American Anthropological
Association, Washington, D. C.
PROFESSOR FRANZ BOAS, Columbia University.
SECTION A. SOMATOLOGY. (_Hall 16, September 23, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: DR. EDWARD C. SPITZKA, New York City.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR L. MANOUVRIER, School of Anthropology, Paris.
DR. GEORGE A. DORSEY, Field Columbian Museum, Chicago.
SECRETARY: DR. E. A. SPITZKA, New York City.
SECTION B. ARCHAEOLOGY. (_Hall 16, September 24, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: MR. M. H. SAVILLE, American Museum of Natural History,
New York.
SPEAKERS: SEÑOR ALFREDO CHAVERO, Inspector of the National Museum,
Mexico.
PROFESSOR EDOUARD SELER, University of Berlin.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR WILLIAM C. MILLS, Ohio State University.
SECTION C. ETHNOLOGY. (_Hall 16, September 24, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: MISS ALICE C. FLETCHER, President of the Washington
Anthropological Society.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR FREDERICK STARR, University of Chicago.
PROFESSOR A. C. HADDON, University of Cambridge.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR F. W. SHIPLEY, Washington University.
DIVISION D--MENTAL SCIENCE
(_Hall 7, September 20, 10 a. m._)
SPEAKER: PRESIDENT G. STANLEY HALL, Clark University, Worcester, Mass.
DEPARTMENT 15--PSYCHOLOGY
(_Hall 7, September 20, 2 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN:
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR JAMES MCK. CATTELL, Columbia University.
PROFESSOR J. MARK BALDWIN, Johns Hopkins University.
SECTION A. GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY. (_Hall 6, September 23, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR JOS. ROYCE, Harvard University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR HARALD HOEFFDING, University of Copenhagen.
PROFESSOR JAMES WARD, University of Cambridge, England.
SECRETARY: DR. W. H. DAVIS, Lehigh University.
SECTION B. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. (_Hall 2, September 23, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR EDWARD A. PACE, Catholic University of America.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR ROBERT MACDOUGAL, New York University.
PROFESSOR EDWARD B. TITCHENER, Cornell University.
SECRETARY: DR. R. S. WOODWORTH, Columbia University.
SECTION C. COMPARATIVE AND GENETIC PSYCHOLOGY. (_Hall 6, September 24,
10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR EDMUND C. SANFORD, Clark University, Worcester,
Mass.
SPEAKERS: PRINCIPAL C. LLOYD MORGAN, University College, Bristol.
PROFESSOR MARY W. CALKINS, Wellesley College.
SECRETARY: DR. R. M. YERKES, Harvard University.
SECTION D. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY. (_Hall 6, September 24, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: DR. EDWARD COWLES, Waverley, Mass.
SPEAKERS: DR. PIERRE JANET, Collège de France, Paris.
DR. MORTON PRINCE, Boston.
SECRETARY: DR. ADOLPH MEYER, New York City.
DEPARTMENT 16--SOCIOLOGY
(_Hall 7, September 20, 4.15 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR FRANK W. BLACKMAR, University of Kansas.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR FRANKLIN H. GIDDINGS, Columbia University.
PROFESSOR GEORGE E. VINCENT, University of Chicago.
SECTION A. SOCIAL STRUCTURE. (_Hall 15, September 21, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR FREDERICK W. MOORE, Vanderbilt University.
SPEAKERS: FIELD MARSHAL GUSTAV RATZENHOFER, Vienna.
PROFESSOR F. TOENNIES, University of Kiel.
PROFESSOR LESTER F. WARD, U. S. National Museum.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR JEROME DOWD, University of Wisconsin.
SECTION B. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. (_Hall 15, September 23, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR CHARLES A. ELLWOOD, University of Missouri.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR WM. I. THOMAS, University of Chicago.
PROFESSOR EDWARD A. ROSS, University of Nebraska.
SECRETARY: PROFESSOR E. C. HAYES, Miami University.
DIVISION E--UTILITARIAN SCIENCES
(_Hall 1, September 20, 10 a. m._)
SPEAKER: PRESIDENT DAVID STARR JORDAN, Leland Stanford Jr. University.
DEPARTMENT 17--MEDICINE
(_Hall 1, September 20, 4.15 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: DR. WILLIAM OSLER, Johns Hopkins University.
SPEAKERS: DR. WILLIAM T. COUNCILMAN, Harvard University.
DR. FRANK BILLINGS, University of Chicago.
SECTION A. PUBLIC HEALTH. (_Hall 13, September 21, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: DR. WALTER WYMAN, Surgeon-General of the U. S. Marine
Hospital Service.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR WILLIAM T. SEDGWICK, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
DR. ERNST J. LEDERLE, Former Commissioner of Health, New
York City.
SECRETARY: DR. H. M. BRACKEN, St. Paul, Minn.
SECTION B. PREVENTIVE MEDICINE. (_Hall 13, September 21, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: DR. JOSEPH M. MATHEWS, President of the State Board of
Health, Louisville, Ky.
SPEAKER: PROFESSOR RONALD ROSS, F.R.S., School of Tropical Medicine,
University College, Liverpool.
SECRETARY: DR. J. N. HURTY, Indianapolis, Ind.
SECTION C. PATHOLOGY. (_Hall 13, September 22, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR SIMON FLEXNER, Director of the Rockefeller
Institute.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR LUDWIG HEKTOEN, University of Chicago.
PROFESSOR JOHANNES ORTH, University of Berlin.
PROFESSOR SHIBASABURO KITASATO, University of Tokio.
SECRETARY: DR. W. MCN. MILLER, University of Missouri.
SECTION D. THERAPEUTICS AND PHARMACOLOGY. (_Hall 13, September 24,
3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: DR. HOBART A. HARE, Jefferson Medical College.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR OSCAR LIEBREICH, University of Berlin.
SIR LAUDER BRUNTON, F.R.S., London.
SECRETARY: DR. H. B. FAVILL, Chicago, Ill.
SECTION E. INTERNAL MEDICINE. (_Hall 13, September 23, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR FREDERICK C. SHATTUCK, Harvard University.
SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR T. CLIFFORD ALLBUTT, F.R.S., University of
Cambridge.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM S. THAYER, Johns Hopkins University.
SECRETARY: DR. R. C. CABOT, Boston, Mass.
SECTION F. NEUROLOGY. (_Hall 13, September 22, 3 p. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR LEWELLYN F. BARKER, University of Chicago.
SPEAKER: PROFESSOR JAMES J. PUTNAM, Harvard University.
SECRETARY:
SECTION G. PSYCHIATRY. (_Hall 7, September 22, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN:
SPEAKERS: DR. CHARLES L. DANA, Cornell University, New York.
DR. EDWARD COWLES, Boston.
SECRETARY: DR. C. G. CHADDDOCK, St. Louis, Mo.
SECTION H. SURGERY. (_Hall 13, September 23, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR CARL BECK, Post-Graduate Medical School, New York.
SPEAKERS: DR. FREDERIC S. DENNIS, F.R.C.S., Cornell Medical College,
New York City.
PROFESSOR JOHANNES ORTH, University of Berlin.
SECRETARY: DR. J. F. BINNIE, Kansas City, Mo.
SECTION I. GYNECOLOGY. (_Hall 13, September 24, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR HOWARD A. KELLY, Johns Hopkins University.
SPEAKER: PROFESSOR J. CLARENCE WEBSTER, Rush Medical College, Chicago.
SECRETARY: DR. G. H. NOBLE, Atlanta, Ga.
SECTION J. OPHTHALMOLOGY. (_Hall 7, September 24, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: DR. GEORGE C. HARLAN, Philadelphia, Pa.
SPEAKERS: DR. EDWARD JACKSON, Denver, Col.
DR. GEORGE M. GOULD, Philadelphia, Pa.
SECRETARY: DR. WM. M. SWEET, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia,
Pa.
SECTION K. OTOLOGY AND LARYNGOLOGY. (_Hall 7, September 21, 10 a. m._)
CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR WILLIAM C. GLASGOW, Washington University,
St. Louis.
SPEAKER: SIR FELIX SEMON, C.V.O., Physician Extraordinary to His
Majesty, the King, London.
SECRETARY: DR. S. SPENCER, Allenhurst, N. J.