FOOTNOTES:_Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" Volume 10, Slice 2

[1] Membership usually included males or females above 16 years of

age.

[2] Thus, the "Southern" Alliance in 1890 (the chief platforms were

the one at Ocala, Florida, and that of 1889 at St Louis, in

conjunction with the Knights of Labor) declared its principles to be:

"(1) To labour for the education of the agricultural classes in the

science of economical government in a strictly non-partisan way, and

to bring about a more perfect union of such classes. (2) To demand

equal rights to all, and special privileges to none. (3) To endorse

the motto: 'In things essential, unity; in all things, charity.' (4)

To develop a better state, mentally, morally, socially and

financially.... (6) To suppress personal, local, sectional and

national prejudices." For the Southern farmer a chief concrete evil

was the pre-crop mortgages by which cotton farmers remained in debt

to country merchants; in the North the farmer attacked a wide range

of "capitalistic" legislation that hurt him, he believed, for the

benefit of other classes--notably legislation sought by railways.

FARNABY (or FARNABIE), THOMAS (c. 1575-1647), English grammarian, was

the son of a London carpenter; his grandfather, it is said, had been

mayor of Truro, his great-grandfather an Italian musician. Between 1590

and 1595 he appears successively as a student of Merton College, Oxford,

a pupil in a Jesuit college in Spain, and a follower of Drake and

Hawkins. After some military service in the Low Countries "he made

shift," says Wood, "to be set on shore in the western part of England;

where, after some wandering to and fro under the name of Tho. Bainrafe,

the anagram of his sirname, he settled at Martock, in Somersetshire, and

taught the grammar school there for some time with success. After he had

gotten some feathers at Martock, he took his flight to London," and

opened a school in Goldsmiths' Rents, Cripplegate. From this school,

which had as many as 300 pupils, there issued, says Wood, "more

churchmen and statesmen than from any school taught by one man in

England." In the course of his London career "he was made master of arts

of Cambridge, and soon after incorporated at Oxon." Such was his success

that he was enabled to buy an estate at Otford near Sevenoaks, Kent, to

which he retired from London in 1636, still, however, carrying on his

profession of schoolmaster. In course of time he added to his Otford

estate and bought another near Horsham in Sussex. In politics he was a

royalist; and, suspected of participation in the rising near Tunbridge,

1643, he was imprisoned in Ely House, Holborn. He died at Sevenoaks on

the 12th of June 1647.

The details of his life were derived by Anthony a Wood from Francis,

Farnaby's son by a second marriage (see Wood's _Athenae Oxonienses_,

ed. Bliss, iii. 213). His works chiefly consisted of annotated

editions of Latin authors--Juvenal, Persius, Seneca, Martial, Lucan,

Virgil, Ovid and Terence, which enjoyed extraordinary popularity. His

_Systema grammaticum_ was published in London in 1641. On the 6th of

April 1632, Farnaby was presented with a royal patent granting him,

for the space of twenty-one years, the sole right of printing and

publishing certain of his works.

FARNBOROUGH, THOMAS ERSKINE MAY, BARON (1815-1886), English

Constitutional historian, was born in London on the 8th of February 1815

and educated at Bedford grammar school. In 1831 he was nominated by

Manners Sutton, speaker of the House of Commons, to the post of

assistant librarian, so that his long connexion with parliament began in

his youth. He studied for the bar, and was called at the Middle Temple

in 1838. In 1844 he published the first edition of his _Treatise on the

Law, Privilege, Proceedings and Usage of Parliament_. This work, which

has passed through many editions, is not only an invaluable mine of

information for the historical student, but it is known as the text-book

of the law by which parliament governs its proceedings. In 1846 Erskine

May was appointed examiner of petitions for private bills, and the

following year taxing-master of the House of Commons. He published his

_Remarks to Facilitate Public Business in Parliament_ in 1849; a work

_On the Consolidation of Election Laws_ in 1850; and his _Rules, Orders

and Forms of the House of Commons_ was printed by command of the House

in 1854. In 1856 he was appointed clerk assistant at the table of the

House of Commons. He received the companionship of the Bath in 1860 for

his parliamentary services, and became a knight commander in 1866. His

important work, _The Constitutional History of England since the

Accession of George III._ (1760-1860), was published in 1861-1863, and

it received frequent additions in subsequent editions. In 1871 Sir

Erskine May was appointed clerk of the House of Commons. His _Democracy

in Europe: a History_ appeared in 1877, but it failed to take the same

rank in critical esteem as his _Constitutional History_. He retired from

the post of clerk to the House of Commons in April 1886, having for

fifteen years discharged the onerous duties of the office with as much

knowledge and energy as unfailing tact and courtesy. Shortly after his

retirement from office he was raised to the peerage under the title of

Baron Farnborough of Farnborough, in the county of Southampton, but he

only survived to enjoy the dignity for a few days. He died in London on

the 17th of May 1886, and as he left no issue the title became extinct.

FARNBOROUGH, an urban district in the Basingstoke parliamentary division

of Hampshire, England, 33 m. S.W. by W. from London, on the London &

South Western and the South Eastern & Chatham railways. Pop. (1901)

11,500 (including 5070 military). The church of St Peter ranges from

Early English to Perpendicular in style. St Michael's Catholic memorial

church, erected in 1887 by the ex-empress Eugenie, contains the remains

of Napoleon III. and the prince imperial. An adjoining abbey is occupied

by Benedictine fathers of the French congregation; the convent is a

ladies' boarding-school. Aldershot North Camp is within the parish.

FARNE ISLANDS [also FEARNE, FERN, or THE STAPLES], a group of rocky

islands and reefs off the coast of Northumberland, England, included in

that county. In 1901 they had only eleven inhabitants. They extend in a

line of some 6 m. in a northeasterly direction from the coast, on which

the nearest villages are Bamborough and North Sunderland. The Fairway,

1-1/2 m. across, separates the largest island, Farne, or House, from the

mainland. Farne is 16 acres in area, and has precipitous cliffs up to 80

ft. in height on the east, but the shore is otherwise low. The other

principal islets are Staple, Brownsman, North and South Wamses,

Longstone and Big Harcar. On Farne is a small ancient chapel, with a

square tower near it built for purposes of defence in the 15th century.

The chapel is believed to occupy the site of St Cuthbert's hermitage,

whither he retired from the priory on the neighbouring Holy Island or

Lindisfarne. He was with difficulty persuaded to leave it on his

elevation to the bishopric of Lindisfarne, and returned to it to die

(687). Longstone rock, with its lighthouse, is famous as the scene of

the bravery of Grace Darling in rescuing some of the survivors of the

wreck of the "Forfarshire" (1838). The rocks abound in sea-birds,

including eider duck.

FARNESE, the name of one of the most illustrious and powerful Italian

families, which besides including eminent prelates, statesmen and

warriors among its members, ruled the duchy of Parma for two centuries.

The early history of the family is involved in obscurity, but they are

first heard of as lords of Farneto or Farnese, a castle near the lake of

Bolsena, and they played an important part as consuls and signori of

Orvieto. They seem to have always been Guelphs, and in the civil broils

of Orvieto they sided with the Monaldeschi faction against the

Ghibelline Filippeschi. One Pietro Farnese commanded the papal armies

under Paschal II. (1099-1118); another Pietro led the Florentines to

victory against the Pisans in 1363. Ranuccio Farnese served Eugene IV.

so well that the pope endowed him with large fiefs, and is reported to

have said, "The Church is ours because Farnese has given it back to us."

The family derived further advantages at the time of Pope Alexander VI.,

who was the lover of the beautiful Giulia Farnese, known as Giulia

Bella, and created her brother Alessandro a cardinal (1493). The latter

was elected pope as Paul III. in 1534, and it is from that moment that

the great importance of the family dates. An unblushing nepotist, he

alienated immense fiefs belonging to the Holy See in favour of his

natural children. Of these the most famous was Pierluigi Farnese

(1503-1547), who served in the papal army in various campaigns, but also

took part in the sack of Rome in 1527. On his father's elevation to the

papacy he was made captain-general of the Church, and received the duchy

of Castro in the Maremma, besides Frascati, Nepi, Montalto and other

fiefs. A shameless rake and a man of uncontrollable temper, his massacre

of the people of Perugia after a rebellion in 1540 and the unspeakable

outrage he committed on the bishop of Fano are typical of his character.

In 1545 his father conferred on him the duchy of Parma and Piacenza,

which likewise belonged to the Holy See, and his rule proved cruel and

tyrannical. He deprived the nobles of their privileges, and forced them

to dwell in the towns, but to some extent he improved the conditions of

the lower classes. Pierluigi being an uncompromising opponent of the

emperor Charles V., Don Ferrante Gonzaga, the imperial governor of

Milan, was ever on the watch for a pretext to deprive him of Piacenza,

which the emperor greatly coveted. When the duke proceeded to build a

castle in that town in order to overawe its inhabitants, the nobles were

furiously indignant, and a plot to murder him was organized by the

marquis Anguissola and others with the support both of Gonzaga and of

Andrea Doria (q.v.), Charles's admiral, who wished to be revenged on

Pierluigi for the part he had played in the Fiesco conspiracy (see

FIESCO). The deed was done while the duke was superintending the

building of the above-mentioned citadel, and his corpse was flung into

the street (December 10th, 1547). Piacenza was thereupon occupied by the

imperialists.

Pierluigi had several children, for all of whom Paul made generous

provision. One of them, Alessandro (1520-1589), was created cardinal at

the age of fourteen; he was a man of learning and artistic tastes, and

lived with great splendour surrounded by scholars and artists, among

whom were Annibal Caro, Paolo Giovio, Mons. Della Casa, Bembo, Vasari,

&c. It was he who completed the magnificent Farnese palace in Rome. He

displayed diplomatic ability on various missions to foreign courts, but

failed to get elected to the papacy.

Orazio, Pierluigi's third son, was made duke of Castro when his father

became duke of Parma, and married Diane, a natural daughter of Henry II.

of France. Ottavio, the second son (1521-1586), married Margaret, the

natural daughter of Charles V. and widow of Alessandro de' Medici, at

the age of fifteen, she being a year older; at first she disliked her

youthful bridegroom, but when he returned wounded from the expedition to

Algiers in 1541 her aversion was turned to affection (see MARGARET OF

AUSTRIA). Ottavio had been made lord of Camerino in 1540, but he gave up

that fief when his father became duke of Parma. When, on the murder of

the latter in 1547, Piacenza was occupied by the imperialists, Paul

determined to make an effort to regain the city; he set aside Ottavio's

claims to the succession of Parma, where he appointed a papal legate,

giving him back Camerino in exchange, and then claimed Piacenza of the

emperor, not for the Farnesi, but for the Church. But Ottavio would not

be put off; he attempted to seize Parma by force, and having failed,

entered into negotiations with Gonzaga. This unnatural rebellion on the

part of one grandson, combined with the fact that it was supported by

the other grandson, Cardinal Alessandro, hastened the pope's death,

which occurred on the 10th of November 1549. During the interregnum that

followed Ottavio again tried to induce the governor of Parma to give up

the city to him, but met with no better success; however, on the

election of Giovan Maria Ciocchi (Julius III.) the duchy was conferred

on him (1551). This did not end his quarrel with the emperor, for

Gonzaga refused to give up Piacenza and even threatened to occupy Parma,

so that Ottavio was driven into the arms of France. Julius, who was

anxious to be on good terms with Charles on account of the council of

Trent which was then sitting, ordered Farnese to hand Parma over to the

papal authorities once more, and on his refusal hurled censures and

admonitions at his head, and deprived him of his Roman fiefs, while

Charles did the same with regard to those in Lombardy. A French army

came to protect Parma, war broke out, and Gonzaga at once laid siege to

the city. But the duke came to an arrangement with his father-in-law, by

which he regained Piacenza and his other fiefs. The rest of his life was

spent quietly at home, where the moderation and wisdom of his rule won

for him the affection of his people. At his death in 1586 he was

succeeded by his son Alessandro Farnese (1545-1592), the famous general

of Philip II. of Spain, who spent the whole of his reign in the Flemish

wars.

The first years of the reign of his son and successor Ranuccio I.

(1569-1622), who had shown much spirit in a controversy with Pope Sixtus

V., were uneventful, but in 1611 a conspiracy was formed against him by

a group of discontented nobles supported by the dukes of Modena and

Mantua. The plot was discovered and the conspirators were barbarously

punished, many being tortured and put to death, and their estates

confiscated. Ranuccio was a reserved and gloomy bigot; he instituted

savage persecutions against supposed witches and heretics, and lived in

perpetual terror of plots. His eldest son Alessandro being deaf and

dumb, the succession devolved on his second son Odoardo (1612-1646), who

fought on the French side in the war against Spain. His failure to pay

the interest of the money borrowed in Rome, and the desire of Urban

VIII. to obtain Castro for his relatives the Barberini (q.v.), resulted

in a war between that pope and Odoardo. His son and successor Ranuccio

II. (1630-1694) also had a war with the Holy See about Castro, which was

eventually razed to the ground. His son Francesco Maria (1678-1727)

suffered from the wars between Spain and Austria, the latter's troops

devastating his territory; but although this obliged him to levy some

burdensome taxes, he was a good ruler and practised economy in his

administration. Having no children, the succession devolved at his death

on his brother Antonio (1679-1731), who was also childless. The powers

had agreed that at the death of the latter the duchy should pass to Don

Carlos of Bourbon, son of King Philip V. of Spain by Elisabetta Farnese

(1692-1766), granddaughter of Ranuccio II. Antonio died in 1731, and

with him the line of Farnese came to an end.

The Palazzo Farnese in Rome, one of the finest specimens of Roman

Renaissance architecture, was begun under Paul III., while he was

cardinal, by Antonio da San Gallo, and completed by his nephew Cardinal

Alessandro under the direction of Michelangelo (1526). It was inherited

by Don Carlos, afterwards king of Naples and Spain, and most of the

pictures were removed to Naples. It now contains the French embassy to

the Italian court, as well as the French school of Rome.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--F. Odorici gives a detailed history of the family in P.

Litta's _Famiglie celebri italiane_, vol. x. (Milan, 1868), to which

an elaborate bibliography is appended, including manuscript sources; a

more recent bibliography is S. Lottici and G. Sitti, _Bibliografia

generale per la storia parmense_ (Parma, 1904); much information will

be found in A. von Reumont's _Geschichte der Stadt Rom_, vol. iii.

(Berlin, 1868), and in F. Gregorovius's _Geschichte der Stadt Rom_

(Stuttgart, 1872). (L. V.*)

FARNESE, ALEXANDER (1545-1592), duke of Parma, general, statesman and

diplomatist, governor-general of the Netherlands under Philip II. of

Spain, was born at Rome on the 27th of August 1545, and died at the

abbey of St Waast, near Arras, on the 3rd of December 1592. He was the

son of Ottavio Farnese, duke of Parma, and Margaret of Austria, natural

daughter of Charles V. He accompanied his mother to Brussels when she

was appointed governor of the Netherlands, and in 1565 his marriage

with the princess Maria of Portugal was celebrated in Brussels with

great splendour. Alexander Farnese had been brought up in Spain with his

cousin, the ill-fated Don Carlos, and his uncle Don John of Austria,

both of whom were about the same age as himself, and after his marriage

he took up his residence at once at the court of Madrid. He fought with

much personal distinction under the command of Don John in 1571 at the

battle of Lepanto. It was seven years, however, before he had again an

opportunity for the display of his great military talents. In the

meantime the provinces of the Netherlands had revolted against the

arbitrary and oppressive Spanish rule, and Don John of Austria, who had

been sent as governor-general to restore order, had found himself

helpless in face of the superior talent and personal influence of the

prince of Orange, who had succeeded in uniting all the provinces in

common resistance to the civil and religious tyranny of Philip. In the

autumn of 1577 Farnese was sent to join Don John at the head of

reinforcements, and it was mainly his prompt decision at a critical

moment that won the battle of Gemblours (1578). Shortly afterwards Don

John, whose health had broken down through disappointment and

ill-health, died, and Farnese was appointed to take his place.

It is scarcely possible to exaggerate the difficulties with which he

found himself confronted, but he proved himself more than equal to the

task. In military ability the prince of Parma was inferior to none of

his contemporaries, as a skilful diplomatist he was the match even of

his great antagonist William the Silent, and, like most of the leading

statesmen of his day, was unscrupulous as to the means he employed so

long as he achieved his ends. Perceiving that there were divisions and

jealousies in the ranks of his opponents between Catholic and

Protestant, Fleming and Walloon, he set to work by persuasion, address

and bribery, to foment the growing discord, and bring back the Walloon

provinces to the allegiance of the king. He was successful, and by the

treaty of Arras, January 1579, he was able to secure the support of the

"Malcontents," as the Catholic nobles of the south were styled, to the

royal cause. The reply to the treaty of Arras was the Union of Utrecht,

concluded a few weeks later between the seven northern provinces, who

abjured the sovereignty of King Philip and bound themselves to use all

their resources to maintain their independence of Spanish rule.

Farnese, as soon as he had obtained a secure basis of operations in

Hainaut and Artois, set himself in earnest to the task of reconquering

Brabant and Flanders by force of arms. Town after town fell into his

power. Tournai, Maastricht, Breda, Bruges and Ghent opened their gates,

and finally he laid siege to the great seaport of Antwerp. The town was

open to the sea, was strongly fortified, and was defended with resolute

determination and courage by the citizens. They were led by the famous

Philip de Marnix, lord of St Aldegonde, and had the assistance of an

ingenious Italian engineer, by name Gianibelli. The siege began in 1584

and called forth all the resources of Farnese's military genius. He cut

off all access to Antwerp from the sea by constructing a bridge of boats

across the Scheldt from Calloo to Oordam, in spite of the desperate

efforts of the besieged to prevent its completion. At last, on the 15th

of August 1585, Antwerp was compelled by famine to capitulate.

Favourable conditions were granted, but all Protestants were required to

leave the town within two years. With the fall of Antwerp, for Malines

and Brussels were already in the hands of Farnese, the whole of the

southern Netherlands was brought once more to recognize the authority of

Philip. But Holland and Zeeland, whose geographical position made them

unassailable except by water, were by the courage and skill of their

hardy seafaring population, with the help of English auxiliaries sent by

Queen Elizabeth, able to defy his further advance.

In 1586 Alexander Farnese became duke of Parma by the death of his

father. He applied for leave to visit his paternal territory, but Philip

would not permit him. He could not replace him in the Netherlands; but

while retaining him in his command at the head of a formidable army, the

king would not give his sanction to his great general's desire to use it

for the reconquest of the Northern Provinces. Never was there a better

opportunity than the end of 1586 for an invading army to march through

the country almost without opposition. The misgovernment and lack of

high statesmanship of the earl of Leicester had caused faction to be

rampant in the United Provinces; and on his return to England he left

the country without organized forces or experienced generals to oppose

an advance of a veteran army under the greatest commander of his time.

But Philip's whole thoughts and energies were already directed to the

preparation of an Invincible Armada for the conquest of England, and

Parma was ordered to collect an enormous flotilla of transports and to

keep his army concentrated and trained for the projected invasion of the

island realm of Queen Elizabeth. Thus the critical period passed by

unused, and when the tempests had finally dispersed the defeated

remnants of the Great Armada the Dutch had found a general, in the

youthful Maurice of Nassau, worthy to be the rival in military genius

even of Alexander of Parma. Moreover, the accession to the throne of

France of Henry of Navarre had altogether altered the situation of

affairs, and relieved the pressure upon the Dutch by creating a

diversion, and placing Parma and his army between hostile forces. The

ruinous expenditure upon the Great Armada had also depleted the Spanish

treasury and Philip found himself virtually bankrupt. In 1590 the

condition of the Spanish troops had become intolerable. Farnese could

get no regular supplies of money from the king for the payment of the

soldiery, and he had to pledge his own jewels to meet the demand. A

mutiny broke out, but was suppressed. In the midst of these difficulties

Parma received orders to abandon the task on which he had spent himself

for so many years, and to raise the siege of Paris, which was blockaded

by Henry IV. He left the Netherlands on the 3rd of August 1590 at the

head of 15,000 troops. By brilliant generalship he outwitted Henry and

succeeded in relieving Paris; but owing to lack of money and supplies he

was compelled immediately to retreat to the Netherlands, abandoning on

the march many stragglers and wounded, who were killed by the peasantry,

and leaving all the positions he had taken to be recaptured by Henry.

Again in 1591, in the very midst of a campaign against Maurice of

Nassau, sorely against his will, the duke of Parma was obliged to give

up the engrossing struggle and march to relieve Rouen. He was again

successful in his object, but was wounded in the arm before Caudebec,

and was finally compelled to withdraw his army with considerable losses

through the privations the troops had to undergo. He himself was

shattered in health by so many years of continuous campaigning and

exposure, and by the cares and disappointments which had befallen him.

He died at Arras on the 3rd of December 1592, in the forty-seventh year

of his age. The feeling that his immense services had not won for him

either the gratitude or confidence of his sovereign hastened his end. He

was honoured by a splendid funeral at Brussels, but his body was

interred at his own capital city of Parma. He left two sons, Ranuce, who

succeeded him, and Edward, who was created a cardinal in 1591 by Pope

Gregory XIV. His daughter Margaret married Vincent, duke of Mantua.

See L.P. Gachard, _Correspondance d'Alexandre Farnese, Prince de

Parme, gouverneur general des Pays-Bas, avec Philippe II, 1578-1579_

(Brussels, 1850); Fra Pietro, _Alessandro Farnese, duca di Parma_

(Rome, 1836).

FARNESE, ELIZABETH (1692-1766), queen of Spain, born on the 25th of

October 1692, was the only daughter of Odoardo II., prince of Parma. Her

mother educated her in strict seclusion, but seclusion altogether failed

to tame her imperious and ambitious temper. At the age of twenty-one

(1714) she was married by proxy at Parma to Philip V. of Spain. The

marriage was arranged by Cardinal Alberoni (q.v.), with the concurrence

of the Princess des Ursins, the _Camerara Mayor_. On arriving at the

borders of Spain, Elizabeth was met by the Princess des Ursins, but

received her sternly, and, perhaps in accordance with a plan previously

concerted with the king, at once ordered her to be removed from her

presence and from Spain. Over the weak king Elizabeth quickly obtained

complete influence. This influence was exerted altogether in support of

the policy of Alberoni, one chief aim of which was to recover the

ancient Italian possessions of Spain, and which actually resulted in the

seizure of Sardinia and Sicily. So vigorously did she enter into this

policy that, when the French forces advanced to the Pyrenees, she placed

herself at the head of one division of the Spanish army. But Elizabeth's

ambition was grievously disappointed. The Triple Alliance thwarted her

plans, and at length in 1720 the allies made the banishment of Alberoni

a condition of peace. Sicily also had to be evacuated. And finally, all

her entreaties failed to prevent the abdication of Philip, who in 1724

gave up the throne to his heir, and retired to the palace of La Granja.

Seven months later, however, the death of the young king recalled him to

the throne. During his later years, when he was nearly imbecile, she

directed the whole policy of Spain so as to secure thrones in Italy for

her sons. In 1736 she had the satisfaction of seeing her favourite

scheme realized in the accession of her son Don Carlos (afterwards

Charles III. of Spain) to the throne of the Two Sicilies and his

recognition by the powers in the treaty of Vienna. Her second son,

Philip, became duke of Parma. Elizabeth survived her husband twenty

years, dying in 1766.

See _Memoires pour servir a l'histoire d'Espagne sous le regne de

Philippe V_, by the Marquis de St Philippe, translated by Maudave

(Paris, 1756); _Memoirs of Elizabeth Farnese_ (London, 1746); and E.

Armstrong, _Elizabeth Farnese, the Termagant of Spain_ (1892).

FARNHAM, a market town in the Guildford parliamentary division of

Surrey, England, 37-1/2 m. S.W. by W. from London by the London & South

Western railway. Pop. of urban district (1901) 6124. It lies on the left

bank of the river Wey, on the southern slope of a hill rising about 700

ft. above the sea-level. The church of St Andrew is a spacious

transitional Norman and Early English building, with later additions,

and was formerly a chapel of ease to Waverley Abbey, of which a crypt

and fragmentary remains, of Early English date, stand in the park

attached to a modern residence of the same name. This was the earliest

Cistercian house in England, founded in 1128 by William Gifford, bishop

of Winchester. The _Annales Waverlienses_, published by Gale in his

_Scriptores_ and afterwards in the Record series of _Chronicles_, are

believed to have suggested to Sir Walter Scott the name of his first

novel. Farnham Castle, on a hill north of the town, the seat of the

bishops of Winchester, was first built by Henry de Blois, bishop of

Winchester, and brother of King Stephen; but it was razed by Henry III.

It was rebuilt and garrisoned for Charles I. by Denham, from whom it was

taken in 1642 by Sir W. Waller; and having been dismantled, it was

restored by George Morley, bishop of Winchester (1662-1684). Farnham has

a town hall and exchange in Italian style (1866), a grammar school of

early foundation, and a school of science and art. It was formerly noted

for its cloth manufacture. Hops of fine quality are grown in the

vicinity. William Cobbett was born in the parish (1766), and is buried

in the churchyard of St Andrew's. The neighbouring mansion of Moor Park

was the residence of Sir William Temple (d. 1699), and Swift worked here

as his secretary. Hester Johnson, Swift's "Stella," was the daughter of

Temple's steward, whose cottage still stands. The town has grown in

favour as a residential centre from the proximity of Aldershot Camp (3

m. N.E.).

Though there is evidence of an early settlement in the neighbourhood,

the town of Farnham (Ferneham) seems to have grown up round the castle

of the bishops of Winchester, who possessed the manor at the Domesday

Survey. Its position at the junction of the Pilgrim's Way and the road

from Southampton to London was important. In 1205 Farnham had bailiffs,

and in 1207 it was definitely a mesne borough under the bishops of

Winchester. In 1247 the bishop granted the first charter, giving, among

other privileges, a fair on All Saints' Day. The burgesses surrendered

the proceeds of the borough court and other rights in 1365 in return for

respite of the fee farm rent; these were recovered in 1405 and rent

again paid. Bishop Waynflete is said to have confirmed the original

charter in 1452, and in 1566 Bishop Horne granted a new charter by

which the burgesses elected 2 bailiffs and 12 burgesses annually and did

service at their own courts every three weeks, the court leet being held

twice a year. In resisting an attack made by the bishop in 1660 on their

right of toll, the burgesses could only claim Farnham as a borough by

prescription as their charters had been mislaid, but the charters were

subsequently found, and after some litigation their rights were

established. In the 18th century the corporation, a close body,

declined, its duties being performed by the vestry, and in 1789 the one

survivor resigned and handed over the town papers to the bishop. Farnham

sent representatives to parliament in 1311 and 1460, on both occasions

being practically the bishop's pocket borough. In accordance with the

grant of 1247 a fair was held on All Saints' day and also on Holy

Thursday; the former was afterwards held on All Souls' Day. Farnham was

early a market of importance, and in 1216 a royal grant changed the

market day from Sunday to Thursday in each week. It was famous in the

early 17th century for wheat and oats; hop-growing began in 1597.

FARNWORTH, an urban district in the Radcliffe-cum-Farnworth

parliamentary division of Lancashire, England, on the Irwell, 3 m. S.E.

of Bolton by the Lancashire & Yorkshire railway. Pop. (1901) 25,925.

Cotton mills, iron foundries, brick and tile works, and collieries

employ the large industrial population.

FARO, the capital of a district bearing the same name, in southern

Portugal; at the terminus of the Lisbon-Faro railway, and on the

Atlantic Ocean. Pop. (1900) 11,789. Faro is an episcopal see, with a

Renaissance cathedral of great size, an ecclesiastical seminary, and a

ruined castle surrounded by Moorish fortifications. Its broad but

shallow harbour is protected on the south by the long island of Caes,

and a number of sandy islets, which, being constantly enlarged by silt

from the small river Fermoso, render the entrance of large vessels

impossible. Fishing is an important industry, and fish, with wine,

fruit, cork, baskets and sumach, are the principal articles of export.

Little has been done to develop the mineral resources of the district,

which include tin, lead, antimony and auriferous quartz. Faro was taken

from the Moors by Alphonso III. of Portugal (1248-1279). It was sacked

by the English in 1596, and nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1755.

The administrative district of Faro coincides with the ancient kingdom

and province of Algarve (q.v.); pop. (1900) 255,191; area, 1937 sq. m.

FARO (from _Pharaoh_, a picture of the Egyptian king appearing on a card

of the old French pack), a game of cards, played with a full pack.

Originally the pack was held in the dealer's left hand, but nowadays

very elaborate and expensive implements are used. The dealer places the

pack, after shuffling and cutting, in a dealing-box face upwards, and

the cards are taken from the top of the box in couples through a slit in

the side. The exposed card on top is called _soda_, and the last card

left in the box is _in hoc_. The implements include counters of various

colours and values, a dealing-box, a case or frame manipulated by a

"case-keeper," upon which the cards already played are arranged in

sight, a shuffling-board, and score-sheets for the players. Upon the

table is the "lay-out," a complete suit of spades, enamelled on green

cloth, upon or near which to place the stakes. The dealer takes two

cards from the box, placing the first one near it and the second close

beside it. Each deal of two cards is called a _turn_, and there are

twenty-five such, _soda_ and _hoc_ not counting. The players stake upon

any card they please, or in such manner as to take in several cards,

reducing the amount, but increasing the chances, of winning, as at

roulette. The dealer, having waved the hand, after which no more bets

may be made, deals the turn, and then proceeds to gather in the stakes

won by him, and to pay those he has lost. The chances as between dealer

and punters, or players, are equal, except that the banker wins half the

money staked on the cards of a turn should they chance to be alike. Faro

is played considerably in parts of the United States, whither it is said

to have been taken from France, where it had a great vogue during the

reign of Louis XIV. Owing to the dishonest methods of many gambling

"clubs" the game is in disrepute.

FARQUHAR, GEORGE (1677-1707), British dramatist, son of William

Farquhar, a clergyman, was born in Londonderry, Ireland, in 1677. When

he was seventeen he was entered as a sizar at Trinity College, Dublin,

under the patronage of Dr Wiseman, bishop of Dromore. He did not long

continue his studies, being, according to one account, expelled for a

profane joke. Thomas Wilkes, however, states that the abrupt termination

of his studies was due to the death of his patron. He became an actor on

the Dublin stage, but in a fencing scene in Dryden's _Indian Emperor_ he

forgot to exchange his sword for a foil, with results which narrowly

escaped being fatal to a fellow-actor. After this accident he never

appeared on the boards. He had met Robert Wilks, the famous comedian, in

Dublin. Though he did not, as generally stated, go to London with Wilks,

it was at his suggestion that he wrote his first play, _Love and a

Bottle_, which was performed at Drury Lane, perhaps through Wilks's

interest, in 1698. He received from the earl of Orrery a lieutenancy in

his regiment, then in Ireland, but in two letters of his dated from

Holland in 1700 he says nothing of military service. His second comedy,

_The Constant Couple: or a Trip to the Jubilee_ (1699), ridiculing the

preparations for the pilgrimage to Rome in the Jubilee year, met with an

enthusiastic reception. Wilks as Sir Harry Wildair contributed

substantially to its success. In 1701 Farquhar wrote a sequel, _Sir

Harry Wildair_. Leigh Hunt says that Mrs Oldfield, like Wilks, played

admirably well in it, but the original Lady Lurewell was Mrs Verbruggen.

Mrs Oldfield is said to have been the "Penelope" of Farquhar's letters.

In 1702 Farquhar published a slight volume of miscellanies--_Love and

Business; in a Collection of Occasionary Verse and Epistolary

Prose_--containing, among other things, "A Discourse on Comedy in

reference to the English Stage," in which he defends the English neglect

of the dramatic unities. "The rules of English comedy," he says, "don't

lie in the compass of Aristotle or his followers, but in the pit, box

and galleries." In 1702 he borrowed from Fletcher's _Wild Goose Chase_,

_The Inconstant, or the Way to win Him_, in which he followed his

original fairly closely except in the last act. In 1703 he married, in

the expectation of a fortune, but found too late that he was deceived.

It is said that he never reproached his wife, although the marriage

increased his liabilities and the rest of his life was a constant

struggle against poverty. His other plays are: _The Stage Coach_ (1704),

a one-act farce adapted from the French of Jean de la Chapelle in

conjunction with Peter Motteux; _The Twin Rivals_ (Drury Lane, 1702);

_The Recruiting Officer_ (Drury Lane, 1706); and _The Beaux' Stratagem_

(Haymarket, 1707). _The Recruiting Officer_ was suggested to him by a

recruiting expedition (1705) in Shropshire, and is dedicated to his

"friends round the Wrekin." _The Beaux' Stratagem_, is the best oL all

his plays, and long kept the stage. Genest notes nineteen revivals up to

1828. Two embarrassed gentlemen travel in the country disguised as

master and servant in the hope of mending their fortune. The play gives

vivid pictures of the Lichfield inn with its rascally landlord, and of

the domestic affairs of the Sullens. Archer, the supposed valet, whose

adventurous spirit secures full play, was one of Garrick's best parts.

Meanwhile one of his patrons, said to have been the duke of Ormond, had

advised Farquhar to sell out of his regiment, and had promised to give

him a captaincy in his own. Farquhar sold his commission, but the duke's

promise remained unfulfilled. Before he had finished the second act of

_The Beaux' Stratagem_ he knew that he was stricken with a mortal

illness, but it was necessary to persevere and to be "consumedly lively

to the end." He had received in advance L30 for the copyright from

Lintot the bookseller. The play was staged on the 8th of March, and

Farquhar lived to have his third night, and there was an extra benefit

on the 29th of April, the day of his death. He left his two children to

the care of his friend Wilks. Wilks obtained a benefit at the theatre

for the dramatist's widow, but he seems to have done little for the

daughters. They were apprenticed to a mantua-maker, and one of them was,

as late as 1764, in receipt of a pension of L20 solicited for her by

Edmund Chaloner, a patron of Farquhar. She was then described as a

maidservant and possessed of sentiments "fitted to her humble

situation."

The plots of Farquhar's comedies are ingenious in conception and

skilfully conducted. He has no pretensions to the brilliance of

Congreve, but his amusing dialogue arises naturally out of the

situation, and its wit is never strained. Sergeant Kite in the

_Recruiting Officer_, Scrub, Archer and Boniface in _The Beaux'

Stratagem_ are distinct, original characters which had a great success

on the boards, and the unexpected incidents and adventures in which they

are mixed up are represented in an irresistibly comic manner by a man

who thoroughly understood the resources of the stage. The spontaneity

and verve with which his adventurous heroes are drawn have suggested

that in his favourite type he was describing himself. His own

disposition seems to have been most lovable, and he was apparently a

much gayer person than the reader might be led to suppose from the

"Portrait of Himself" quoted by Leigh Hunt. The code of morals followed

by these characters is open to criticism, but they are human and genial

in their roguery, and compare far from unfavourably with the cynical

creations of contemporary drama. The advance which he made on his

immediate predecessors in dramatic construction and in general moral

tone is more striking when it is remembered that he died before he was

thirty.

Farquhar's dramatic works were published in 1728, 1742 and 1772, and

by Thomas Wilkes with a biography in 1775. They were included in the

_Dramatic Works of Wycherley, Congreve, Vanbrugh and Farquhar_ (1849),

with biographical and critical notices, by Leigh Hunt. See also _The

Dramatic Works of George Farquhar, with Life and Notes_, by A.C. Ewald

(2 vols., 1892); _The Best Plays of George Farquhar_ (Mermaid series,

1906), with biographical and critical introductions, by William

Archer; _The Beaux' Stratagem_, edited (1898) by H. Macaulay

Fitzgibbon for "The Temple Dramatists"; and D. Schmid, "George

Farquhar, sein Leben und seine Original-Dramen" (1904) in _Wiener

Beitrage zur engl. Philol._

FARR, WILLIAM (1807-1883), English statistician, was born at Kenley, in

Shropshire, on the 30th of November 1807. When nineteen he became the

pupil of a doctor in Shrewsbury, also acting as dresser in the infirmary

there. He then went to Paris to study medicine, but after two years

returned to London, where, in 1832, he qualified as L.S.A. Next year he

began to practise, but without very brilliant results, for five years

later he definitely abandoned the exercise of his profession on

accepting the post of compiler of abstracts in the registrar-general's

office. The commissioners for the 1841 census consulted him on several

points, but did not in every case follow his advice. For the next two

decennial censuses he acted as assistant-commissioner; for that of 1871

he was a commissioner, and he wrote the greater part of the reports of

all. He had an ambition to become registrar-general; and when that post

became vacant in 1879, he was so disappointed at the selection of Sir

Brydges Henniker instead of himself, that he refused to stay any longer

in the registrar's office. He died of paralysis of the brain a year or

two later, on the 14th of April 1883. A great part of Farr's literary

production is to be found in the papers which, from 1839 to 1880, he

wrote for each annual report of the registrar-general on the cause of

the year's deaths in England. He was also the author of many papers on

general statistics and on life-tables for insurance, some read before

the Royal Statistical Society, of which he was president in 1871 and

1872, some contributed to the _Lancet_ and other periodicals. A

selection from his statistical writings was published in 1885 under the

editorship of Mr Noel Humphreys.

FARRAGUT, DAVID GLASGOW (1801-1870), first admiral of the United States

navy, was the son of Major George Farragut, a Catalan by descent, a

Minorquin by birth, who had emigrated to America in 1776, and, after the

peace, had married a lady of Scottish family and settled near Knoxville,

in Tennessee; there Farragut was born on the 5th of July 1801. At the

early age of nine he entered the navy, under the protection of his

name-father, Captain David Porter, with whom he served in the "Essex"

during her cruise in the Atlantic in 1812, and afterwards in the

Pacific, until her capture by the "Phoebe," in Valparaiso Bay, on the

28th of March 1814. He afterwards served on board the "Washington" (74)

carrying the broad pennant of Commodore Chauncey in the Mediterranean,

and pursued his professional and other studies under the instruction of

the chaplain, Charles Folsom, with whom he contracted a lifelong

friendship. Folsom was appointed from the "Washington" as U.S. consul at

Tunis, and obtained leave for his pupil to pay him a lengthened visit,

during which he studied not only mathematics, but also French and

Italian, and acquired a familiar knowledge of Arabic and Turkish. He is

said to have had a great natural aptitude for languages and in after

years to have spoken several fluently.

After more than four years in the Mediterranean, Farragut returned to

the States in November 1820. He then passed his examination, and in 1822

was appointed for service in what was called the "mosquito" fleet,

against the pirates, who then infested the Caribbean Sea. The service

was one of great exposure and privation; for two years and a half,

Farragut wrote, he never owned a bed, but lay down to rest wherever he

found the most comfortable berth. By the end of that time the joint

action of the British and American navies had driven the pirates off the

sea, and when they took to marauding on shore the Spanish governors did

the rest. In 1825 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant, whilst

serving in the navy yard at Norfolk, where, with some breaks in

sea-going ships, he continued till 1832; he then served for a commission

on the coast of Brazil, and was again appointed to the yard at Norfolk.

It is needless to trace the ordinary routine of his service step by

step. The officers of the U.S. navy have one great advantage which

British officers are without; when on shore they are not necessarily

parted from the service, but are employed in their several ranks in the

different dockyards, escaping thus not only the private grievance and

pecuniary difficulties of a very narrow half-pay, but also, what from a

public point of view is much more important, the loss of professional

aptitude, and of that skill which comes from unceasing practice. On the

8th of September 1841 Farragut was promoted to the rank of commander,

and on the 14th of September 1855 to that of captain. At this time he

was in charge of the navy yard, Mare Island, California, from which post

he was recalled in 1858, and appointed to the "Brooklyn" frigate, the

command of which he held for the next two years. When the war of

secession broke out in 1861, he was "waiting orders" at Norfolk. By

birth and marriage he was a Southerner, and the citizens of Norfolk

counted on his throwing in his lot with them; but professional pride,

and affection for the flag under which he had served for more than fifty

years, held him true to his allegiance; he passionately rejected the

proposals of his fellow-townsmen, and as it was more than hinted to him

that his longer stay in Norfolk might be dangerous, he hastily quitted

that place, and offered his services to the government at Washington.

These were at once accepted; he was requested to sit on the Naval

Retiring Board--a board then specially constituted for clearing the navy

of unfit or disloyal officers--and a few months later was appointed to

the command of the "Western Gulf Blockading Squadron," with the rank of

flag-officer, and ordered to proceed forthwith, in the "Hartford," to

the Gulf of Mexico, to collect such vessels as could be spared from the

blockade, to proceed up the Mississippi, to reduce the defences which

guarded the approaches to New Orleans, and to take and hold the city.

All this Farragut executed to the letter, with a skill and caution that

won for him the love of his followers, and with a dash and boldness that

gained him the admiration of the public and the popular name of "Old

Salamander." The passage of the Mississippi was forced on the 24th of

April 1862, and New Orleans surrendered on the 26th; this was

immediately followed by the operations against Vicksburg, from which,

however, Farragut was compelled to withdraw, having relearnt the old

lesson that against heavy earthworks, crowning hills of sufficient

height, a purely naval attack is unavailing; it was not till the

following summer, and after a long siege, that Vicksburg surrendered to

a land force under General Grant. During this time the service on the

Mississippi continued both difficult and irksome; nor until the river

was cleared could Farragut seriously plan operations against Mobile, a

port to which the fall of New Orleans had given increased importance.

Even then he was long delayed by the want of monitors with which to

oppose the ironclad vessels of the enemy. It was the end of July 1864

before he was joined by these monitors; and on the 5th of August,

undismayed by the loss of his leading ship, the monitor "Tecumseh," sunk

by a torpedo, he forced the passage into the bay, destroyed or captured

the enemy's ships, including the ram "Tennessee" bearing Admiral

Buchanan's flag, and took possession of the forts. The town was not

occupied till the following April, but with the loss of its harbour it

ceased to have any political or strategical importance.

With this Farragut's active service came to an end; for though in

September 1864 he was offered the command of the force intended for the

reduction of Wilmington, the state of his health, after the labours and

anxieties of the past three years, in a trying climate, compelled him to

decline it and to ask to be recalled. He accordingly returned to New

York in December, and was received with the wildest display of popular

enthusiasm. It was then that the Government instituted the rank of

vice-admiral, previously unknown in the American service. Farragut was

promoted to it, and in July 1866 was further promoted to the rank of

admiral. In 1867, with his flag flying in the "Franklin," he visited

Europe. The appointment was an honourable distinction without political

or naval import: the "Franklin" was, to all intents, for the time being,

a yacht at Farragut's disposal; and her arrival in the different ports

was the signal for international courtesies, entertainments and social

gaiety. She returned to America in 1868, and Farragut retired into

private life. Two years later, on the 14th of August 1870, he died at

Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

Farragut was twice married, and left, by his second wife, a son,

Loyall Farragut, who, in 1878, published a _Life_ of his father

"embodying his Journal and Letters." Another _Life_ (1892), by Captain

A.T. Mahan, though shorter, has a greater value from the professional

point of view, by reason of the critical appreciation of Farragut's

services. (J. K. L.)

FARRANT, RICHARD, composer of English church music, flourished during

the 16th century. Very little is known about him. Fetis gives 1530 as

the date of his birth, but on what authority does not appear. He became

a gentleman of the Chapel Royal in the reign of Edward VI., but resigned

his post in 1564 on being appointed master of the children of St

George's chapel, Windsor. In this capacity he presented a play before

the queen at Shrovetide 1568, and again at Christmas of the same year,

receiving on each occasion the sum of L6: 13: 4d. In November 1569 he

was reinstated as gentleman of the Chapel Royal. It is stated by Hawkins

(_History of Music_, vol. iii. 279) that Farrant was also one of the

clerks and organists of St George's chapel, Windsor, and that he

retained these posts till his death. Many of his compositions are

printed in the collections of Barnard and Boyce. Among the most admired

of them are a service in G minor, and the anthems "Call to remembrance"

and "Hide not thou thy face." It is doubtful whether Farrant is entitled

to the credit of the authorship of the beautiful anthem "Lord, for thy

tender mercies' sake." No copy of the music under his name appeared in

print till 1800, although it had been earlier attributed to him. Some

writers have named John Hilton, and others Thomas Tallis, as the

composer. From entries in the _Old Check Book of the Chapel Royal_

(edited for the Camden Society by Dr Rimbault) it appears that Farrant

died, not in 1585, as Hawkins states, but on the 30th of November 1580

or 1581.

FARRAR, FREDERIC WILLIAM (1831-1903), English divine, was born on the

7th of August 1831, in the Fort of Bombay, where his father, afterwards

vicar of Sidcup, Kent, was then a missionary. His early education was

received in King William's College, Castletown, Isle of Man, a school

whose external surroundings are reproduced in his popular schoolboy

tale, _Eric; or, Little by Little_. In 1847 he entered King's College,

London. Through the influence of F.D. Maurice he was led to the study of

Coleridge, whose writings had a profound influence upon his faith and

opinions. He proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge, in October 1851,

and in the following year took the degree of B.A. at the university of

London. In 1854 he took his degree as fourth junior optime, and fourth

in the first class of the classical tripos. In addition to other college

prizes he gained the chancellor's medal for the English prize poem on

the search for Sir John Franklin in 1852, the Le Bas prize and the

Norrisian prize. He was elected fellow of Trinity College in 1856.

On leaving the university Farrar became an assistant-master under G.E.L.

Cotton at Marlborough College. In November 1855 he was appointed an

assistant-master at Harrow, where he remained for fifteen years. He was

elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1864, university preacher in

1868, honorary chaplain to the queen in 1869 and Hulsean lecturer in

1870. In 1871 he was appointed headmaster of Marlborough College, and in

the following year he became chaplain-in-ordinary to the queen. In 1876

he was appointed canon of Westminster and rector of St Margaret's,

Westminster. He took his D.D. degree in 1874, the first under the new

regulations at Cambridge. Farrar began his literary labours with the

publication of his schoolboy story Eric in 1858, succeeded in the

following year by _Julian Home_ and _Lyrics of Life_, and in 1862 by _St

Winifred's; or the World of School_. He had already published a work on

_The Origin of Language_, and followed it up by a series of works on

grammar and scholastic philology, including _Chapters on Language_

(1865); _Greek Grammar Rules_ (1865); _Greek Syntax_ (1866); and

_Families of Speech_ (1869). He edited _Essays on a Liberal Education in

1868_; and published _Seekers after God_ in the Sunday Library (1869).

It was by his theological works, however, that Farrar attained his

greatest popularity. His Hulsean lectures were published in 1870 under

the title of _The Witness of History to Christ_. _The Life of Christ_,

which was published in 1874, speedily passed through a great number of

editions, and is still in much demand. It reveals considerable powers of

imagination and eloquence, and was partly inspired by a personal

knowledge of the sacred localities depicted. In 1877 appeared _In the

Days of My Youth_, sermons preached in the chapel of Marlborough

College; and during the same year his volume of sermons on _Eternal

Hope_--in which he called in question the dogma of everlasting

punishment--caused much controversy in religious circles and did much to

mollify the harsh theology of an earlier age. There is little doubt that

his boldness and liberality of thought barred his elevation to the

episcopate. In 1879 appeared _The Life and Works of St Paul_, and this

was succeeded in 1882 by _The Early Days of Christianity_. Then came in

order of publication the following works: _Everyday Christian Life; or,

Sermons by the Way_ (1887); _Lives of the Fathers_ (1888); _Sketches of

Church History_ (1889); _Darkness and Dawn_, a story of the Neronic

persecution (1891); _The Voice from Sinai_ (1892); _The Life of Christ

as Represented in Art_ (1894); a work on Daniel (1895); _Gathering

Clouds_, a tale of the days of Chrysostom (1896); and _The Bible, its

Meaning and Supremacy_ (1896). Farrar was a copious contributor of

articles to various magazines, encyclopaedias and theological

commentaries. In 1883 he was made archdeacon of Westminster and rural

dean; in 1885 he was appointed Bampton lecturer at Oxford, and took for

his subject "The History of Interpretation." He was appointed dean of

Canterbury in 1895. From 1890 to 1895 he was chaplain to the speaker of

the House of Commons, and in 1894 he was appointed deputy-clerk of the

closet to Queen Victoria. He died at Canterbury on the 22nd of March

1903.

As a theologian Farrar occupied a position midway between the

Evangelical party and the Broad Church; while as a somewhat rhetorical

preacher and writer he exerted a commanding influence over wide circles

of readers. He was an ardent temperance and social reformer, and was one

of the founders of the institution known as the Anglican Brotherhood, a

religious band with modern aims and objects.

See his _Life_, by his son R. Farrar (1904).

FARREN, ELIZABETH (c. 1759-1829), English actress, was the daughter of

George Farren, an actor. Her first London appearance was in 1777 as Miss

Hardcastle in _She Stoops to Conquer_. Subsequent successes established

her reputation and she became the natural successor to Mrs Abington

when the latter left Drury Lane in 1782. The parts of Hermione, Olivia,

Portia and Juliet were in her repertory, but her Lady Betty Modish, Lady

Townly, Lady Fanciful, Lady Teazle and similar parts were her

favourites. In 1797 she married Edward, 12th earl of Derby (1752-1834).

FARREN, WILLIAM (1786-1861), English actor, was born on the 13th of May

1786, the son of an actor (b. 1725) of the same name, who played leading

roles from 1784 to 1795 at Covent Garden. His first appearance on the

stage was at Plymouth at the Theatre Royal, then under the management of

his brother, in _Love a la mode_. His first London appearance was in

1818 at Covent Garden as Sir Peter Teazle, a part with which his name is

always associated. He played at Covent Garden every winter until 1828,

and began in 1824 a series of summer engagements at the Haymarket which

also lasted some years. At these two theatres he played an immense

variety of comedy characters. From 1828 until 1837 he was at Drury Lane,

where he essayed a wider range, including Polonius and Caesar. He was

again at Covent Garden for a few years, and next joined Benjamin Webster

at the Haymarket, as stage-manager as well as actor. In 1843 at the

close of his performance of the title-part in Mark Lemon's _Old Parr_,

he was stricken with paralysis on the stage. He was, however, able to

reappear the following year, and he remained at the Haymarket ten years

more, though his acting never again reached its former level. For a time

he managed the Strand, and, 1850-1853, was lessee of the Olympic. During

his later years he confined himself to old men parts, in which he was

unrivalled. In 1855 he made his final appearance at the Haymarket, as

Lord Ogleby in a scene from the _Clandestine Marriage_. He died in

London on the 24th of September 1861. In 1825 he had married the actress

Mrs Faucit, mother of Miss Helena Saville Faucit (Lady Martin), and he

left two sons, Henry (1826-1860) and William (1825-1908), both actors.

The former was the father of Ellen [Nellie] Farren (1848-1904), long

famous for boy's parts in Gaiety musical burlesques, in the days of

Edward Terry and Fred Leslie. As Jack Sheppard, and in similar roles,

she had a unique position at the Gaiety, and was an unrivalled public

favourite. From 1892 her health failed, and her retirement, coupled with

Fred Leslie's death, brought to an end the type of Gaiety burlesque

associated with them.

FARRER, THOMAS HENRY FARRER, 1ST BARON (1819-1899), English civil

servant and statistician, was the son of Thomas Farrer, a solicitor in

Lincoln's Inn Fields. Born in London on the 24th of June 1819, he was

educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated in

1840. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1844, but retired

from practice in the course of a few years. He entered the public

service in 1850 as secretary to the naval (renamed in 1853 the marine)

department of the Board of Trade. In 1865 he was promoted to be one of

the joint secretaries of the Board of Trade, and in 1867 became

permanent secretary. His tenure of this office, which he held for

upwards of twenty years, was marked by many reforms and an energetic

administration. Not only was he an advanced Liberal in politics, but an

uncompromising Free-trader of the strictest school. He was created a

baronet for his services at the Board of Trade in 1883, and in 1886 he

retired from office. During the same year he published a work entitled

_Free Trade versus Fair Trade_, in which he dealt with an economic

controversy then greatly agitating the public mind. He had already, in

1883, written a volume on _The State in its Relation to Trade_. In 1889

he was co-opted by the Progressives an alderman of the London County

Council, of which he became vice-chairman in 1890. His efficiency and

ability in this capacity were warmly recognized; but in the course of

time divergencies arose between his personal views and those of many of

his colleagues. The tendency towards socialistic legislation which

became apparent was quite at variance with his principles of individual

enterprise and responsibility. He consequently resigned his position. In

1893 he was raised to the peerage. From this time forward he devoted

much of his energy and leisure to advocating his views at the Cobden

Club, the Political Economy Club, on the platform, and in the public

press. Especially were his efforts directed against the opinions of the

Fair Trade League, and upon this and other controversies on economic

questions he wrote able, clear, and uncompromising letters, which left

no doubt that he still adhered to the doctrines of free trade as

advocated by its earliest exponents. In 1898 he published his _Studies

in Currency_. He died at Abinger Hall, Dorking, on the 11th of October

1899. He was succeeded in the title by his eldest son Thomas Cecil (b.

1859).

FARRIER, and FARRIERY (from Lat. _ferrarius_, a blacksmith, _ferrum_,

iron). Farrier is the name given generally either to the professional

shoer of horses or in a more extended sense to a practitioner of the

veterinary art; and farriery is the term for his business. Primarily the

art of farriery is identical with that of the blacksmith, in so far as

he makes and fixes shoes on horses (see HORSE-SHOES); he is liable in

law for negligence, as one who holds himself out as skilled; and he has

a lien on the animal for his expenses. William the Conqueror is supposed

to have introduced horse-shoeing into England, and the art had an

important place through the middle ages, the days of chivalry, and the

later developments of equitation. In modern times it has been closely

allied with the general progress in veterinary science, and in the

knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the horse's foot and hoof.

See Fisher, _The Farrier_ (1893); Lungwitz, _Text-Book of

Horse-shoeing_ (Eng. trans., 1898).

FARS (the name _Farsistan_ is not used), one of the five _mamlikats_

(great provinces) of Persia, extending along the northern shore of the

Persian Gulf and bounded on the west by Arabistan, on the north by

Isfahan and on the east by Kerman. It lies between 49 deg. 30' and 56

deg. 10' E. and 26 deg. 20' and 31 deg. 45' N. and has an area of nearly

60,000 sq. m. Fars is the same word as the Greek _Persis_, and,

originally the name of only a part of the Persian empire (Iran), has

become the name which Europeans have applied to the whole (see PERSIS).

The province is popularly, but not for administrative purposes, divided

according to climate into _germsir_ and _sardsir_, or the warm and cold

regions. The former extends from the sea to the central chain of hills

and contains all the lowlands and many mountainous districts, some of

the latter rising to an elevation of between 3000 and 4000 ft. and the

_sardsir_ comprises the remaining and northern districts of the

province.

In Arrian's relation of the voyage of Nearchus (_Indica_, 40), these two

regions are well described. "The first part of Persis which lies along

the Persian Gulf is hot, sandy and barren and only the date palm thrives

there. The other part comprehends inner Persis lying northwards; it

enjoys a pleasant climate and has fertile and well-watered plains,

gardens with trees of all kinds, rich pasturages and forests abounding

with game; with the exception of the olive all fruits are produced in

profusion, particularly the vine. Horses and other draught animals are

reared in the province, and there are several lakes frequented by

water-fowl, and streams of clear water flow through it, as for instance

the Kyros (Kur) formed by the junction of the Medos and Araxes."

The mountains of Fars may be considered as a continuation of the Zagros

and run parallel to the shores of the Persian Gulf. They comprise

several ranges which the roads from the sea to the interior have to

cross at right angles, thereby rendering communication and transport

very difficult. The highest of the mountains of Fars (14,000 ft.) is the

Kuh Dina in the north-western part of the province. Of the rivers of

Fars only three important ones flow into the sea: (1) the Mand (Arrian's

Sitakos), Karaaghach in its upper course; (2) the Shapur or Khisht river

(Granis); (3) the Tab (Oroatis). Some rivers, notably the Kur (Kyros,

Araxes) which flows into the Bakhtegan lake east of Shiraz, drain into

inland depressions or lakes.

The capital of the province is Shiraz, and the subdivision in districts,

the chief places of the districts and their estimated population, and

the number of inhabited villages in each as they appear in lists dated

1884 and 1905 are shown on the following page.

+---+-----------------------+-------------------------+-----------+

| | Name of District. +---------------+---------+ Villages |

+---+-----------------------+---------------+---------+-----------+

| 1 | Abadeh Iklid | Abadeh | 4,000 | 33 |

| 2 | Abadeh-Tashk | Tashk | 600 | 8 |

| 3 | Abarj | Dashtek | 2,000 | 6 |

| 4 | Abbasi | | | |

| | and villages | Bander Abbasi | 10,000 | 14 |

| | (3) Shamil | Shamil | 1,000 | 18 |

| | (5) Minab | Minab | 4,000 | 23 |

| 5 | Afzar | Ni-mdeh | | 12 |

| 6 | 'Alemrud | Sabzpushan | 1,000 | 16 |

| 7 | Arb'ah (the four) | | | |

| | (2) Deh Ram | Deh Ram | 1,500 | 19 |

| 8 | Ardakan | Ardakan | 5,000 | 10 |

| 9 | Arsinjan | Arsinjan | 5,000 | 25 |

|10 | Asir | Asir | 500 | 10 |

|11 | Baiza | Baiza | 2,000 | 55 |

|12 | Bi-dshahr and Juvi-m | Bidshahr | 3,000 | 23 |

|13 | Bovanat | Surian | 500 | 23 |

|14 | Darab | Darab | 5,000 | 62 |

|15 | Dashti | | | |

| | (1) Bardistan | Bander Dair | 1,000 | 28 |

| | (3) Mandistan | Kaki | 1,500 | 40 |

| | (4) Tassuj | Tang Bagh | 500 | 11 |

|16 | Dashtistan | | | |

| | (2) Ahrom | Ahrom | 1,500 | 5 |

| | (3) Borazjan | Borazjan | 4,000 | 19 |

| | (4) Bushire[1] | Bushire | 25,000 | 20 |

| | (5) Daliki | Daliki | 1,500 | 7 |

| | (6) Gonavah | Gonavah | 1,000 | 12 |

| | (7) Hayat Daud | Bander Rig | 1,000 | 6 |

| | (8) Khurmuj | Khurmuj | 1,000 | 5 |

| | (11) Tangistan | Tangistan | 1,000 | 31 |

| | (12) Zengeneh | Samal | 750 | 4 |

|17 | Dizkurd | Cherkes | 500 | 6 |

|18 | Famur | Pagah | 300 | 3 |

|19 | Ferrashband | Ferrashband | 1,000 | 14 |

|20 | Fessa | Fessa | 5,000 | 40 |

|21 | Firuzabad | Firuzabad | 4,000 | 20 |

|22 | Gillehdar | Gillehdar | 1,000 | 43 |

|23 | Humeh of Shiraz | Zerkan | 1,000 | 89 |

|24 | Istahbanat | Istahbanat | 10,000 | 12 |

|25 | Jahrum | Jahrum | 10,000 | 33 |

|26 | Jireh | Ishfayikan | | 23 |

|27 | Kamfiruz | Palangeri | | 34 |

|28 | Kamin | Kalilek | | 11 |

|29 | Kazerun | Kazerun | 8,000 | 46 |

|30 | Kavar | Kavar | | 26 |

|31 | Kir and Karzin | Kir | 1,000 | 23 |

|32 | Khafr | Khafr | 1,000 | 41 |

|33 | Khajeh | Zanjiran | 500 | 15 |

|34 | Khisht | Khisht | 2,500 | 25 |

|35 | Khunj | Khunj | 1,500 | 27 |

|36 | Kongan | Bander Kongan | | 12 |

|37 | Kuh Gilu and Behbahan | Behbahan | 10,000 | 182 |

|38 | Kurbal | Gavkan | 600 | 67 |

|39 | Kuh i Marreh Shikeft | Shikeft | | 41 |

|40 | Kunkuri | Kazian | | 29 |

|41 | Laristan | | | |

| | (1) Lar | Lar | 8,000 | 34 |

| | (4) Jehangiriyeh | Bastak | 4,000 | 30 |

| | (8) Lingah[1] | Bander Lingah | 10,000 | 11 |

|42 | Mahur Milati | Jemalgird | | 5 |

|43 | Maimand | Maimand | 5,000 | 14 |

|44 | Maliki | Bander Assalu | 1,000 | 25 |

|45 | Mamasenni (Shulistan) | | | |

| | (1) Bekesh \ | | | 8 |

| | (2) Javidi or Javi | | | | 6 |

| | (3) Dushmanziaris | | | | 16 |

| | (5) Fahlian | | | | 7 |

| | (6) Kakan / | | | 5 |

|46 | Mayin | Mayin | | 8 |

|47 | Mervast and Herat | Mervast | | 14 |

|48 | Mervdasht | | | |

| | (1) Upper Khafrek \ | | | 14 |

| | (2) Lower Khafrek >| Fathabad | 1,250 | 16 |

| | (3) Mervdasht / | | | 22 |

|49 | Meshhed Mader Suliman | Murghab | 800 | 6 |

|50 | Niriz | Niriz | 9,000 | 24 |

|51 | Ramjird | Jashian | | 36 |

|52 | Rudan and Ahmedi | Dehbariz | | 21 |

|53 | Sab'ah (the seven) | | | |

| | (3) Tarom | Tarun | 2,000 | 15 |

| | (4) Faraghan | Faraghan | 1,500 | 13 |

| | (5) Forg | Forg | 3,000 | 18 |

| | (6) Fin and Guhrah | Fin | | 13 |

| | doned) Ziaret | Ziaret | 1,000 | 11 |

|54 | Sarchahan | | | |

|55 | Sarhad Chahar Dungeh | \ | | |

| | (4) Dasht Kushk Zard | / | | |

|56 | Sarhad Shesh Nahiyeh | | | |

|57 | Sarvistan | Sarvistan | 4,500 | 23 |

|58 | Shiraz (town) in 1884 | |53,607[2]| |

|59 | Siyakh | Darinjan | | 13 |

|60 | Simkan | Duzeh | | 28 |

+---+-----------------------+---------------+---------+-----------+

The above sixty districts are grouped into eighteen sub-provinces under

governors appointed by the governor-general of Fars, but the towns of

Bushire, Lingah and Bander Abbasi, together with the villages in their

immediate neighbourhood, form a separate government known as that of the

"Persian Gulf Ports" (Benadir i Khalij i Fars), under a governor

appointed from Teheran. The population of the province has been

estimated at 750,000 and the yearly revenue it pays to the state amounts

to about L150,000. Many districts are fertile, but some, particularly

those in the south-eastern part of the province, do not produce

sufficient grain for the requirements of the sparse population. In

consequence of droughts, ravages of locusts and misgovernment by local

governors the province has been much impoverished and hundreds of

villages are in ruins and deserted. About a third of the population is

composed of turbulent and lawless nomads who, when on the march between

their winter and summer camping grounds, frequently render the roads

insecure and occasionally plunder whole districts, leaving the

inhabitants without means of subsistence.

The province produces much wheat, barley, rice, millet, cotton, but the

authorities every now and then prohibiting the export of cereals, the

people generally sow just as much as they think will suffice for their

own wants. Much tobacco of excellent quality, principally for

consumption in Persia, is also grown (especially in Fessa, Darab and

Jahrom) and a considerable quantity of opium, much of it for export to

China, is produced. Salt, lime and gypsum are abundant. There are also

some oil wells at Daliki, near Bushire, but several attempts to tap the

oil have been unsuccessful. There are no valuable oyster-banks in

Persian waters, and all the Persian Gulf pearls are obtained from banks

on the coast of Arabia and near Bahrein. (A. H.-S.)

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" Volume 10, Slice 2 · 第 23 / 37 题