[1] See, _ante_, Vol. VI. p. 379.
[2] May 6, 1862, pp. 1957, 1958.
[3] Congressional Globe, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., May 20, 1862, p. 2223.
[4] _Post_, p. 128.
[5] Statutes at Large, Vol. XII. p. 591.
[6] 12 Juin, 1862.
[7] The Crime against Kansas, May 19 and 20, 1856: _ante_, Vol. IV. p.
125.
[8] Sonnet XVI. 9-11: To the Lord General Cromwell.
[9] Rose _v._ Himely, 4 Cranch, S. C. R., pp. 272, 273.
[10] Ibid., pp. 288, 289.
[11] Cheriot _v._ Foussat, 3 Binney, R., pp. 252, 253.
[12] Upton, The Law of Nations affecting Commerce during War, pp. 211,
212.
[13] Law Reporter, Vol. XXIV. p. 345, April, 1862.
[14] Lib. I. cap. 3, § 1.
[15] Oratio de Chersoneso, p. 97: Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis,
Prolegom. § 25.
[16] Story, Commentaries on the Constitution, Vol. II. § 1344.
[17] Commentaries, Vol. IV. p. 381.
[18] Introduction to the Literature of Europe, 3d edit., (London,
1847,) Vol. II. p. 568, note.
[19] 12 Wheaton, R., 14, 15.
[20] Bynkershoek, Questiones Juris Publici, Lib. I. cap. 7.
[21] Mr. Jefferson to Mr. Hammond, May 29, 1792: American State Papers,
Foreign Relations, Vol. I. p. 201.
[22] Speech on International Maritime Law, March 17, 1862: Hansard’s
Parliamentary Debates, 3d Ser., Vol. CLXV. col. 1608.
[23] Manning, Commentaries on the Law of Nations, p. 127.
[24] Vattel, Book III. ch. 5, sec. 76.
[25] 8 Cranch, S. C. R., 110.
[26] Wheaton, Elements of International Law, Part IV. ch. 1, § 11.
[27] Law of Nations, p. 136.
[28] Halleck, International Law, p. 460.
[29] “Washington, dans la guerre de l’Amérique, inventa l’expression
et la chose.”--KLÜBER, _Droit des Gens Moderne de l’Europe_, (Paris,
1831,) Tom. II. p. 33, sec. 251, note.
[30] Page 410.
[31] Q. Curtius, Lib. VII. cap. 8.
[32] Law of Nations, Book III. Ch. 13, § 203.
[33] 8 Cranch, S. C. R., 110.
[34] Le Caux _v._ Eden, Douglas, R., 594; Faith et al. _v._ Pearson,
Holt, N. P. Cases, 113.
[35] Elphinstone _v._ Bedreechund, 1 Knapp, Privy Council R., 337.
[36] Elphinstone _v._ Bedreechund, 1 Knapp, Privy Council R., 360, 361.
[37] Merlin, Répertoire de Jurisprudence, art. CONFISCATION, § I.
[38] History of the Reformation (Oxford, 1829), Vol. I. p. 538.
[39] Alison, History of Europe, (5th edit.,) Vol. IV. pp. 708, 709,
note.
[40] Ibid., p. 705, note.
[41] Alison, History of Europe, Vol. IV. p. 706, note.
[42] Austin’s Life of Elbridge Gerry, Vol. I. p. 207.
[43] American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. I. pp. 198, 199.
[44] Letter to United States Commissioners: American State Papers,
Foreign Relations, Vol. I. p. 219.
[45] American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. I. p. 219.
[46] Extract from Mr. Adams’s Journal respecting Peace, November 29,
1782: Ibid., p. 220.
[47] American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. I. p. 221.
[48] Definitive Treaty of Peace, Art. V.: United States Statutes at
Large, Vol. VIII. p. 82.
[49] American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. I. p. 201.
[50] Ibid., p. 205.
[51] Ware _v._ Hylton et al., 3 Dallas, R., 222.
[52] Ibid., p. 282.
[53] Ibid., p. 227.
[54] Ibid., p. 264.
[55] Ware _v._ Hylton et al., 3 Dallas, R., 210.
[56] How completely this early prophecy has been fulfilled appears in
our history.
[57] Law of Nations, Book III. ch. 9.
[58] Count Portalis, at the installation of the Council of Prizes in
1800: Cussy, Phases et Causes Célèbres du Droit Maritime des Nations,
Tom. I. pp. 179, 206, 264. Montesquieu had previously enunciated the
same principle, with a limitation: L’Esprit des Lois, Liv. I. ch. 3.
[59] “Impius et crudelis judicandus est, qui libertati non
favet.”--FORTESCUE, _De Laudibus Legum Angliæ_, Cap. XLII.
[60] Executive Documents, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., Senate, No. 67.
[61] This prophecy, like so many others with regard to Slavery, has
failed, as appears from a Comparative Statement of the Cotton Crops of
the United States for the three years last preceding the War (which
years had the largest crops ever produced), and for the three years
last past, prepared by Mr. B. F. Nourse, of Boston, December, 1871.
+-------------------------+-----------------------+--------------+
| | CROP PRODUCED. | Aggregate |
| YEAR, OR COTTON SEASON. +---------+-------------+Value at Ports|
| | Bales. |Pounds Gross.| in Gold. |
+-------------------------+---------+-------------+--------------+
|1858-59 |4,019,000|1,876,800,000| $164,225,000 |
|1859-60 |4,861,000|2,343,000,000| 207,190,000 |
|1860-61 |3,849,000|1,886,240,000| 170,000,000 |
| | | +--------------+
| Gold value, three years | | | $541,415,000 |
| | | +==============+
|1868-69 |2,367,000|1,103,957,000| $201,835,000 |
|1869-70 |3,123,000|1,441,057,000| 242,195,000 |
|1870-71 |4,352,000|2,021,651,000| 236,770,000 |
| | | +--------------+
| Gold value, three years | | | $680,800,000 |
+-------------------------+---------+-------------+--------------+
[62] Debates in the Federal Convention, August 22, 1787: Madison
Papers, Vol. III. p. 1396.
[63] Debates, August 25: Ibid., pp. 1429, 1430.
[64] Congressional Globe, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., p. 2403.
[65] Congressional Globe, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., p. 2402.
[66] Congressional Globe, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., p. 2403.
[67] Congressional Globe, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., p. 2404.
[68] Notes on Virginia, Query XVIII.: Writings, Vol. VIII. p. 403.
[69] Debates in the Federal Convention, August 22, 1787: Madison
Papers, Vol. III. p. 1391.
[70] These lines, with a slight alteration, are from a parody, “On
the Discoveries of Captain Lewis,” which appeared anonymously in the
_Monthly Anthology_ for March, 1807, but attributed to John Quincy
Adams.--DUYCKINCK, _Cyclopædia of American Literature_, Vol. I. p. 395.
[71] Notes on Virginia, Query XVIII.: Writings, Vol. VIII. p. 404.
[72] Elphinstone _v._ Bedreechund, 1 Knapp’s Privy Council Rep., 320.
See, _ante_, p. 51.
[73] Executive Documents, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., Senate, Vol. V. No. 54.
[74] Page 233.
[75] June 13, 1862.
[76] _Ante_, Vol. VI. pp. 301-305.
[77] Works, Vol. V. pp. 56, 57.
[78] Works, Vol. V. pp. 348, 349.
[79] Congressional Globe, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., July 1, 1862, p. 3035.
Mr. Hale quotes from memory. The passage in the original, entitled
“A Parable against Persecution,” is as follows: “And God said, Have
I borne with him these hundred ninety and eight years, and nourished
him, and clothed him, notwithstanding his rebellion against me,
and couldst not thou, that art thyself a sinner, bear with him one
night?”--Franklin’s Works, ed. Sparks, Vol. II. p. 122.
[80] Congressional Globe, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., July 1, 1862, p. 3038.
[81] Ibid., July 14, p. 3314.
[82] _Ante_, p. 5.
[83] Arlington, the property of General Lee.
[84] Hon. Henry Winter Davis, late Representative in Congress from
Maryland.
[85] Acts of 37th Cong. 1st Sess., Ch. LX. sec. 4: Statutes at Large,
Vol. XII. p. 319.
[86] “Sunt et belli, sicut pacis, jura.”--LIVY, Lib. V. c. 27: quoted
by Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis, Prolegom. § 26.
[87] Art. IX.
[88] Cicero, Orat. pro Milone, Cap. iv. § 10.
[89] Letter to the Secretary of State, August 22, 1815: American State
Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. IV. p. 117.
[90] Quoting it in reply to “the authority that has been rung in our
ears by the Senator of Massachusetts,” Mr. Powell, of Kentucky, said:
“This was the utterance of Mr. Adams, before he was fired with that
fanatical zeal, before he had that disease of negrophobia, that for a
time dethroned his mighty intellect on that subject.”--Congressional
Globe, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., July 15, 1862, p. 3349.
[91] Congressional Globe, 27th Cong. 2d Sess., April 14, 1842, p. 424.
[92] The important passages introduced here will be found in an earlier
speech, “Emancipation our Best Weapon,” _ante_, Vol. VI. pp. 21-23.
[93] Chap. 107, sec. 31.
[94] Chap. 34, sec. 16.
[95] Chap. 107, sec. 59.
[96] Chap. 34, sec. 11.
[97] Law and Practice of Legislative Assemblies, § 248, pp. 95, 96.
[98] Ibid., § 248 and note.
[99] Stansbury’s Report of the Trial of James H. Peck, Appendix, p. 499.
[100] System des heutigen Römischen Rechts, Band II. p. 329, § 97.
[101] Notes on Virginia, Query XIII.: Writings, Vol. VIII. p. 367.
[102] The Fugitive Slave Act.
[103] Milton, Of Reformation in England, Book II.: Prose Works, ed.
Symmons, Vol. I. p. 29.
[104] Senate Journal, July 17, 1862, pp. 872-874. Congressional Globe,
37th Cong. 2d Sess., p. 3406.
[105] Statutes at Large, Vol. XII. p. 627.
[106] Works (London, 1801), Vol. III. p. 69.
[107] At this Convention Mr. Sumner was nominated for reëlection as
Senator. See, _post_, pp. 240, 241.
[108] United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XII., Appendix, p. 1267.
[109] The pen with which the President signed the final proclamation
was given by him to George Livermore, author of the “Historical
Research respecting the Opinions of the Founders of the Republic on
Negroes as Slaves, as Citizens, and as Soldiers.”
[110] Joint Resolution on the Subject of Retaliation, May 1, 1863:
Public Laws of the Confederate States of America, 1st Cong. 3d Sess.,
(Richmond, 1863,) p. 167.
[111] John A. Andrew.
[112] In the delivery of the speech Mr. Sumner was interrupted here
by an inquiry from the audience: “What about that vacant chair?”
Cries answered: “Put him out!” The Voice: “He challenges inquiry. I
ask him, What about the vacant chair?” Repeated cries: “Put him out!”
Mr. Sumner: “Let him stay. The gentleman asks about the vacant chair.
I refer him to the history of my country for answer.” [_Tremendous
applause._]
[113] Here the same voice that had already interrupted said: “Without
reservation?” Mr. Sumner replied: “Yes, without reservation.”
[114] Speech at Bristol, previous to the Election, 1780: Works (London,
1801), Vol. IV. pp. 72, 73.
[115] Horace, Epist. I. vi. 67, 68.
[116] Congressional Globe, 37th Cong. 2d Sess., p. 2342; Senate
Journal, p. 527.
[117] See, _ante_, Vol. VI. pp. 20-23.
[118] Letter to Doctor Gordon, July 16, 1788: Writings, Vol. II. pp.
426, 427.
[119] November 7, 1775: American Archives, Fourth Series, Vol. III.
col. 1385.
[120] November 27, 1775: Ibid., Vol. IV. col. 202.
[121] Letter to the Secretary of State, March 30, 1776: Ibid., Fifth
Series, Vol. II. col. 160.
[122] Letter to Joseph Reed, December 15, 1775: Life and Correspondence
of Joseph Reed, Vol. I. p. 135.
[123] John Adams, Notes of Debates in the Continental Congress, October
6, 1775: Works, Vol. II. p. 458.
[124] An Historical Research, by George Livermore, p. 187.
[125] Proclamation, dated at Bermuda, April 2, 1814. An Exposition
of the Causes and Character of the Late War, by A. J. Dallas,
(Philadelphia, 1815,) p. 70. Life and Writings of A. J. Dallas, by his
Son, G. M. Dallas, Appendix, No. 5, p. 356.
[126] Report of Quartermaster-General, November 15, 1841: Senate
Documents, 27th Cong. 2d Sess., No. 1, p. 110.
[127] Works, Vol. II. p. 428.
[128] Secret Journals, Vol. I. p. 108. _Ante_, Vol. III. p. 403.
[129] Speech in the House of Representatives of the United States,
December 10, 1811: Hildreth’s History of the United States, Vol. VI. p.
269; Annals of Congress, 12th Cong. 1st Sess., col. 451.
[130] Speech in the House of Lords, on the Immediate Emancipation of
the Negro Apprentices, February 20, 1838: Works, Vol. X. p. 274.
[131] Inferno, Canto XXIII. 118-120, tr. Brooksbank.
[132] What was called “The People’s Convention” was to meet the next
day in Faneuil Hall. See, _post_, Appendix p. 241.
[133] See, _ante_, Vol. VI. pp. 1-64.
[134] See, _ante_, p. 187.
[135]
“O fortunatos nimium, sua si bona nôrint,
Agricolas!”
_Georgic._, Lib. II. 458, 459.
[136] De l’Esprit des Lois, Liv. XVIII. ch. 3.
[137] Statutes at Large, Vol. XII. p. 599, sec. 12.
[138] _Ante_, pp. 212 seqq.
[139] Statutes at Large, Vol. XIII. p. 11, sec. 24.
[140] Chitty’s Prerogatives of the Crown, p. 42.
[141] Halleck’s International Law, pp. 391, 392.
[142] Kent’s Commentaries on American Law, Vol. I. p. 97.
[143] Letter to M. de Ternant, October 16, 1792: Writings, Vol. III. p.
477.
[144] Wheaton’s Elements of International Law, ed. Lawrence, (Boston,
1863,) p. 631, note.
[145] See Letter to Richard Oswald, enclosing propositions to abolish
privateering, January 14, 1783: Works, ed. Sparks, Vol. IX. pp. 466,
467.
[146] See Letter of Franklin to Benjamin Vaughan, March 14, 1785:
Ibid., Vol. II. p. 485.
[147] Statutes at Large, Vol. II. p. 763, sec. 15.
[148] Lawrence, Commentaire sur les Éléments du Droit International,
etc., de Henry Wheaton, Tom. II. p. 467, Part. II. ch. 1.
[149] Ibid., pp. 477-479.
[150] Ibid., pp. 482, 483.
[151] Post, p. 327.
[152] See, _ante_, Vol. V. p. 1.