_In the Service of the King_
Very early the next morning the boys, who had caught the Doctor's
enthusiasm, began again their task of digging through the "out crop"
coal, which began now to grow softer and more workable, while the coal
itself grew steadily better in quality.
But about noon, when they had pushed their little shaft about a dozen
feet into the hill, the Doctor ordered a cessation of the digging.
"We must put in some supports for our roof," he said, "or we shall
presently be caught in a cave in."
"How are we to do it?" asked Jack.
"Well, I am not a mining engineer," answered the Doctor, "but I've seen
enough of the work to know how to protect a little shaft like this,
anyhow. The engineers, when they come, will of course tear out all that
we do, because they must drive a big shaft into the hill, while all we
want to do is to push a little gallery three or four feet wide far
enough in to find the best of the coal. But even in doing that we must
securely support the roof of our mine. So we'll cut some timber and put
it in place. Jack, I wish you would choose the trees to be cut."
"All right!" said Jack. "What dimensions are required?"
"First of all," answered the Doctor, "we want from six to ten pieces of
oak, say four feet six inches long and fully twelve inches in diameter.
They will serve for roof timbers, and will be enough to carry us thirty
or forty feet further. Then for perpendicular supports--one at each end
of each timber--we shall need just twice as many perfectly straight
oaken sticks eight or nine inches in diameter."
"But why do you want big sticks to go crossways and comparatively little
ones for the perpendicular supports?" asked Ed. "The perpendicular
timbers must after all bear the weight."
"Oh, that's simple enough," said Tom, whose perceptive faculties were
always alert. "You see a stick set up on end, if it is perfectly
straight and set true, will bear vastly more weight than a stick of
twice or three times its thickness, if laid crossways. In fact a
straight eight-inch stick nine feet long, if set on end will support
nearly as much as another stick nine feet thick--if there were any
sticks that thick--laid lengthwise."
"That's it," said the Doctor. "We want heavy timbers across the top,
supported by stout eight- or nine-inch sticks set endwise under them.
Now, Jack, select the best trees and we'll all get to work as soon as
dinner is over. We'll get the dinner ready while you choose the timber
to be cut."
The cutting of the timber was a small task to expert young wood
choppers; but it was a very difficult task for the six boys to bring the
timbers to the mine and set them in place. True, only two frames had to
be set up for the present, but the cross pieces, short as they were,
were enormously heavy, and it required all the ingenuity as well as all
the strength the boys could command, to get these two frames up, each
consisting of one cross piece under the roof and two uprights supporting
it.
When night came only one of the two frames was in place, and it was
obvious, as Jack said, that "another half day must be wasted on such
work" before they could begin mining again. But that evening the Doctor
dug two bushels of coal out of the farthest end of the shaft, built a
special fire, placed the coal on it, and carefully covered it with
earth.
"What are you doing, Doctor?" asked his crony, Tom.
"I'm making a coke oven, Tom," he replied. "I want to see how our coal
will coke."
"But I don't understand about coke," answered Tom. "Why is it that when
you burn most of the substance out of coal it will make a hotter fire
than with all its combustible materials in it?"
"That isn't quite the case, Tom," answered the Doctor. "What we do in
making coke is chiefly to expel the gas from the coal and to roast out
the sulphur, which seriously interferes with the making of sufficient
heat to smelt iron. Some coal gets burnt up in the process; some makes
an indifferent and nearly worthless coke; while some makes a coke that
would melt the heart of a miser. Now, as I told you the other night, I
am convinced as a geologist, that a little further in our mine we shall
come to coal so free from sulphur that we can smelt iron with it without
making coke of it at all. But it is always preferable to make coke of
it, and so I'm trying to see what sort of coke our coal will make. Of
course we haven't come to the real coal yet, but I can tell a good deal
by what we have now. We'll let my little coke oven roast all night and
in the morning I'll know a great deal more than I do now. But if you
have any question in your mind as to the gas making capacity of this
coal, I'll remove it at once."
With that he went to the camp fire, seized a blazing brand and applied
it to the little mound of earth under which he had buried his coal.
Instantly the whole outside of the mound was aflame.
"That's the gas," said the Doctor. "You see there's plenty of it, even
in the imperfect coal that we've reached. It will burn out presently and
meantime its heat will help roast my coal into coke."
After supper the boys again plied the Doctor with questions concerning
coal. Tom began it by saying:
"You told us the other evening, Doctor, that the value of a bed of coal
depends upon many things besides its location and its accessibility to
market. What are those things?"
"Thickness, for one thing," answered the Doctor, "and that is a point in
which our mine excels. You see coal seams are of every thickness, from
that of a knife blade to beds 100 feet through. Those last are very
rare, however. In this country the seams vary from knife blade thickness
to about nine or ten feet. Now, in working a coal mine the men, of
course, must have room to stand up in the shaft, so that wherever the
vein is less than six feet thick a good deal of rock or earth must be
removed so as to give sufficient height to the mine. It costs as much
to remove the rock or earth as to handle a like amount of coal, and the
stuff is worthless. So you see it is greatly more profitable to work a
thick than a thin vein. Indeed there are very few veins under three or
four feet thick that it pays to work at all. Our deposit here appears to
be about nine feet thick, and that means much to us.
"Another condition of value in a coal mine is a good roof. There are
many rich veins of coal that have only earth or soft shale above them,
and they are practically worthless because they are unworkable. We
fortunately have a superb rock roof over our mine."
"But, Doctor," said Tom, "you told us the other night that coal is at
the basis of modern industrial civilization. Then I suppose that those
nations which have coal must be the foremost ones in industry and
consequently in civilization."
"Certainly they are," said the Doctor, as the other boys gathered about
to hear the talk; "and they will be more and more so as time goes on.
England has more coal than any other country in Europe and so England is
by all odds the foremost industrial nation in Europe, though other
nations there have the advantage of buying English coal in an open
market. Ever since our modern age of industry and machinery set
in--that is to say ever since Old King Coal came to his throne--England
has grown greater and richer, till now she is by all odds the richest
country in Europe."
"Haven't the other countries there any coal?" asked Ed.
"Yes, but comparatively little. Let me see if I can remember the figures
approximately. Great Britain's coal fields cover nearly 12,000 square
miles; France has only 2,000 square miles, Prussia about the same,
Belgium has only 500 square miles, Austria less than 2,000; Italy none
at all to speak of, and as for Spain, the Spanish indolence, which puts
off everything till 'to-morrow' has prevented that country from even
finding out what coal she has. Russia has vast fields and bids fair to
take her place ultimately among the great coal producing and industrial
nations of the earth. But as yet her coal fields are imperfectly
developed and her coal production is only about one-thirty-fifth as
great as that of Great Britain."
"What about the United States, Doctor?" asked Tom, who was an aggressive
patriot.
"Well, we have many times more coal than all Europe combined," answered
the Doctor. "Great Britain's 12,000 square miles of coal lands sink into
insignificance in comparison with our 214,000 square miles of measured
coal fields, our 200,000 or 300,000 square miles in the Rocky Mountain
states, and our totally unguessed-at coal fields in Oregon and
Washington. As four or five hundred thousand and probably more, is to
twelve thousand, so is our known coal area to that which has made Great
Britain the greatest industrial nation on earth next to our own. And
some of the British mines are pretty nearly worked out, while we have
scarcely scratched the surface of ours."
"Then this is likely to become the greatest industrial nation on earth?"
said Jack.
"It is already that," answered the Doctor. "We are selling our
manufactured goods--even iron and steel products--in England to-day,
almost as freely as we are selling our grain and our meat. I tell you,
boys, there is nothing in this world that can happen to a man that is so
good as being born an American citizen."
"Amen!" said Tom. "To employ the dialect of my friends among the
mountaineers, 'them's my sentiments every time all over and clear
through.'"
"All right," said Jack, "now let's get to bed."
"I suppose there's a lot more you could tell us about coal, Doctor,"
said Jim, "if there was time."
"Of course there is," the Doctor responded; "but you'll learn it all
practically. For we've a great mine here, and you boys will have first
choice of places in its management."
With that they all went to bed.