fold (3) is well developed. The non-vascular fold is short, arising from
the ventral surface of the ileum, instead of from the free border of the
intestine opposite to the mesenteric attachment. It fuses with the
ventral vascular fold a short distance below the ileo-colic junction,
thus limiting a small ventral ileo-caecal fossa. The dorsal caecal artery
in this specimen was large, but the fold carrying it extremely narrow.
The preparation illustrates the type resulting from the reduction in
size and extent of the non-vascular and mesenteric folds. The
intermediate fold is reduced to a short and narrow band. Compared with
the usual infantile type the caecum lacks the characteristic turn upwards
and to the left, possibly in consequence of the slight traction caused
by the rudimentary intermediate fold. The pouch occupies a nearly
vertical pendent position, which the appendix, arising from the lowest
point of the caecal funnel, shares. The appendix is not drawn into the
retro-ileal position by the dorsal vascular fold, which is much reduced.
In Fig. 511, representing the caecum and appendix of a foetus at term, the
effect of the tense non-vascular intermediate fold (2) is seen in the
sharp turn to the left which it imparts to the nearly transversely
directed funnel-shaped caecum. The appendix (1) is coiled spirally for
13/4 turns behind the ileo-colic junction, with the tip directed upward
behind the mesentery of the terminal ileum. The non-vascular
intermediate fold (2) extends to the rest of the appendix. It appears
short in its caecal attachment, on account of the turn of the caecum
backwards and to the left and the close connection between the adjacent
margins of the ileum and caecum.
[Illustration: FIG. 581.--Human foetus at term. Ileo-colic junction and
caecum. (Columbia University, Study Collection.)
1. Appendix, terminal portion turned ventrad of ileo-colic junction.
2. Intermediate non-vascular fold.]
[Illustration: FIG. 582.--Human infant. Ileo-colic junction and caecum;
ventral position of appendix. (Columbia University Museum, No. 693.)]
In Fig. 581--a foetal preparation at term--the caecum is turned to the
left, below and behind the terminal ileum. The non-vascular fold (2) is
well developed as regards _length_ of _ileal_ attachment, but is very
narrow and tense, passing between ileum and the proximal curve of the
caecum behind the ileo-colic junction, where it merges with the dorsal
vascular fold. The appendix takes a sudden turn caudad at this point and
then continues up _ventrad_ to the ileo-colic junction, the proximal
portion being kept firmly in contact with the dorsal and caudal
circumference of the ileum by the tension of the non-vascular band. It
is quite evident that this peculiar turn of the appendix is directly due
to the confining influence of the non-vascular band--which passes from
its ileal attachment almost directly dorsad to the point of fusion with
the dorsal vascular fold, causing the sharp downward and forward turn of
the proximal segment of the appendix. Similar cases with ventral
position of the appendix are shown in Figs. 545 and 582.
INDEX.
Abdominal vein in Anure Amphibian, 158
in Reptilia, 167
in _Iguana_, 160
in Urodele Amphibian, 157
viscera of _Macacus rhesus_, 77
Abnormal positions of appendix, 277
Abomasum, 49
_Accipenser sturio_, biliary ducts in, 145
pyloric appendices in, 120
ileo-colic junction of, 212
Ailuroidea, ileo-colic junction of, 212
Alimentary canal of _Ammocoetes_, 42
of _Amphioxus_, 42
of _Belone_, 40
of _Chelydra_, 58
of Cyclostomata, 40, 42
derivation of epithelium, 30
of muscular and connective tissue, 30
differentiation from body-cavity, 21, 29
divisions of, 38
early developmental stages, 21, 29
mammalian embryonal stages, 40
of _Esox_, 40
of _Echelus conger_, 54
of _Necturus_, 40
of _Petromyzon_, 200
of _Proteus_, 40
primitive type, 40, 42
of _Pseudemys elegans_, 55
of _Rana_, 55
separation from yolk-sac, 22
tract of _Necturus maculatus_, 52
of _Tamandua_, 56
Allantois in Amniota, 36
arteries of, 63, 146
derivation from alimentary canal, 35
function of, 36
relation to placenta, 36
to primitive intestine, 24
to urinary bladder, 24
_Alligator mississippiensis_, ileo-colic junction of, 201
stomach of, 51
_Ammocoetes_, alimentary canal of, 42
pancreas in, 117
_Ammodytes_, pyloric appendix in, 120
Amnion, definition of, 36
Amniota, development of liver in, 143
Amphibia, development of pancreas, 115
folds of intestine in, 196
ileo-colic junction of, 201
Amphibians, biliary ducts in, 145
intestinal canal of, 191
_Amphioxus_, alimentary canal of, 42
hepatic diverticulum of, 43
intestinal canal of, 191
Anthropoid apes, ileo-caecal folds of, 274
Anthropoidea, ileo-colic junction of, 213
Anthropomorpha, ileo-colic junction of, 216
_Anguilla anguilla_, stomach of, 47
Anure Amphibian, abdominal vein of, 158
cardiac vein in, 158
musculo-cutaneous vein in, 158
pelvic vein in, 158
post-cava in, 158
pre-cava in, 158
venous system in, 158
Aorta, early condition of intestinal branches, 32
Aortal arterial system, development of, 63
Aplacentalia, definition of, 36
Appendix, abnormal positions of, 277
absence of, 249
influence of dorsal vascular fold on shape of, 271
origin of, and shape of caecum, 245
position and peritoneal relations of, 250
variations of peritoneal relations, 258
Arctoidea, ileo-colic junction of, 212
_Arctopithecus marmoratus_, ileo-colic junction of, 208
Arctopithecini, ileo-colic junction of, 214
Arrest of development before intestinal rotation, 60
Arteries, of allantois, 64, 146
Artery, caudal, 64
ileo-colica, 66
colica dextra, 66
media, 66
coronary, 181
external iliac, 64
gastro-epiploica sinistra, 108
hepatic, 65, 179
ileo-colic, 262
inferior mesenteric, 67
internal iliac, 64
pancreatico-duodenalis inferior, 66
omphalo-mesenteric, 64, 146
sacralis media, 64
splenic, 65, 108
superior mesenteric, 64, 65
umbilical, 64
vitelline, 64, 146
Artiodactyla, ileo-colic junction of, 209
_Arvicola pennsylvanicus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 211
Asymmetrical type of ileo-colic junction, 223
_Ateles_, ileo-caecal folds of, 261
_ater_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
Atresia ani, 24, 28
Axial mesoderm, connection with splanchnic and somatic mesoderm, 22
_Bassaris astuta_, ileo-colic junction of, 212
Batrachians, stomach of, 44, 46
_Belone_, alimentary canal of, 40
Biliary ducts in _Accipenser_, 145
in Amphibians, 145
arrangement of, 145
in birds, 145
in _Buceros_, 145
in calf, 145
in dog, 145
in _Galeopithecus_, 145
in _Lophius_, 145
in _Lutra_, 145
in Monotremes, 145
in _Phoca_, 145
in Reptilia, 145
in sheep, 145
in _Tarsius_, 145
in _Trigla_, 145
in _Xiphias_, 145
Birds, folds of intestine in, 196
glandular stomach of, 50
biliary ducts in, 145
ileo-colic junction of, 203
muscular stomach of, 50
venous system of, 161
Blastoderm, 20
layers of, 21
primitive, 20
Blastodermic vesicle, 20
Blastomeres, 20
Blastula, 20
Blastosphere, 20
Body-cavity, development of, 21
primitive condition of, 29
Body-wall, 22
_Boselaphus tragocamelus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 210
_Bos indicus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 210
spiral colon of, 233
_Bradypus marmoratus_, ileo-colic junction of, 208
stomach of, 51
Brunner's glands, 194
_Buceros_, biliary ducts in, 145
Bursa epiploica in lower forms, 187
Caeca of the anthropoidea, compared with the human, 247
Caecal gastric appendices of _Dicotyles_, 48
Caecum and appendix, changes in position during development, 239
development of, 237
morphology of, 237
variations of, 244
descent of, 76, 243
of embryo, shape of, 245
first appearance in human embryo of, 53
function of, 219
non-descent in adult, 75
persistent subhepatic position in adult, 75
in the Rodentia, 229
shape of, and origin of appendix, 245
types of, 245
in the Ungulata, 229
Calf, biliary ducts in, 145
Camel, gastric water-cells, 49
Canal, medullary, 21, 28
neuro-enteric, 23
_Canis familiaris_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 212
_Capra aegagrus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 209
Cardiac vein in Anure Amphibian, 158
Cardinal veins, anterior, 147
posterior, 147
Carnivora, gastric diverticula of, 48
ileo-colic junction of, 212
stomach of, 46, 47
Carnivorous birds, stomach of, 50
_Casuarius_, duodenum, biliary and pancreatic ducts of, 115
intestinal villi of, 195
_Castor fiber_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 211
stomach of, 46
Cat, development of pancreas, 115
dorsal mesogastrium, spleen and pancreas, 126
lesser peritoneal sac, 128
spleen, pancreas and great omentum, 127
Caudal artery, 64
vein in Selachian, 154
in Urodele Amphibian, 156
Caudate lobe, 170
Cebidae, ileo-colic junction of, 214
_Cebus leucophaeus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 216
_monachus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 216
Cell-body, 19
Cellulae coli, 199
_Ceratodus_, spiral intestinal valve in, 119
_Cercoleptes caudivolvulus_, ileo-colic junction of, 212
_Cercopithecus campbellii_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
_pogonias_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
_sabaeus_, ileo-caecal folds of, 264
ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
_Cervicapra_, intestinal folds of, 196
_Cervus sika_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 210
spiral colon of, 233
Cetacea, ileo-colic junction of, 209
Cetaceans, stomach of, 49
Changes in position during development of caecum and appendix, 239
Cheek pouches, 48
of _Macacus nemestrinus_, 48
Cheiroptera, ileo-colic junction of, 212
Chelonians, liver of, 144
stomach of, 45, 46
_Chelydra_, alimentary canal of, 58
pancreas of, 117
_serpentaria_, ileo-colic junction of, 201
Chick, development of liver in, 143
development of pancreas in, 115
_Chlamydophorus_, ileo-colic junction of, 207
_Choloepus didactylus_, ileo-colic junction of, 207
_Chrysothrix sciureus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
Cleft, uro-genital, 27
Cloaca, development of, 24
division of, in higher vertebrates, 27
in human embryos, 26
in _Platypus anatinus_, 26
structure of, in lower vertebrates, 25
in _Iguana tuberculata_, 25
Cloacal membrane, 24
anal segment, 28
uro-genital segment, 28
Coeliac axis, 65
Coelom, composition and derivation of walls, 29
development of, 21
primitive condition of, 29
Colic bend of the Manidae, 234
loop in _Phascolarctos_, 234
Colico-phrenic ligament, 109
Colon, ascending, adhesions of, 81
position of, in foetus, 84
and caecum of _Lagomys pusillus_, 232
descending, adhesion of, 81
relation of, to left kidney, 83
position as influenced by foetal liver, 77
spiral coil of, 233
structural modifications of, 230
_Coluber natrix_, stomach of, 44
Common bile duct, 145
Comparative anatomy of hepatic venous circulation, 154
of liver, 144
Comparison of human and anthropoid caeca, 247
Connective tissue and muscular fibers, derivation of, 30
Coprodaeum, 25
Coronary artery, 181
ligaments of liver, 173
_Corvus_, caeca of, 203
Costo-colic ligament, 109
Crocodiles, stomach of, 46, 51
Crop, 48
_Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis_, ileo-colic junction of, 201
Cyclostomata, divisions of alimentary canal of, 40, 42
intestinal canal of, 191
spiral intestinal valve of, 119
_Cyclothurus didactylus_, ileo-colic junction and caeca of, 207
_Cyclura teres_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 202
_Cynocephalus anubis_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
_babuin_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
_porcarius_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
_sphinx_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
Cynoidea, ileo-colic junction of, 212
Cynomorpha, ileo-colic junction of, 213
_Cyprini_, stomach of, 44
Cystic duct, 146
development of, 142
Cysto-enteric duct, 145
_Dasyprocta agouti_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 211
spiral colon of, 234
_Dasypus sexcinctus_, ileo-colic junction and caeca of, 207
_Dasyurus viverinus_, ileo-colic junction of, 206
Descent of caecum, 243
Derivatives of entodermal intestinal tube, 34
Deuteroplasm, 19
Development of caecum and appendix, 237
of cystic duct, 142
of gall-bladder, 142
of liver, 141
in amniota, 143
in chick, 143
in Elasmobranchs, 143
in Teleosts, 143
of portal circulation, 147
of spiral colon, 233
of transverse colon, 244
of vascular system of liver, 145
_Dicotyles_, caecal gastric appendices of, 48
_torquatus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 209
_Didelphis_, ileo-caecal folds of, 263
_virginiana_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 205
Digitiform gland of Selachians, 201
Dipnoeans, intestinal canal of, 191
spiral intestinal valve in, 119
Diverticulum caecum vitelli in birds, 35
in _Urinator imber_, 35
_lumme_, 35
vateri, 114
Dog, biliary ducts in, 145
Dorsal mesentery, early condition and derivation, 32
in lower vertebrates, 32
smooth muscular fiber of, 33
mesogastrium, area of adhesion to parietal peritoneum, 106
developmental changes in direction and extent, 103
definition of, 100, 101
gastro-splenic segment, 108
redundant omental growth, 105
spleen and pancreas in cat, 126
vertebro-splenic segment, 108
vascular ileo-caecal fold, 262
fold, influence on shape of appendix, 271
Double caecal pouches of birds, 203
Ducts of Cuvier, 147
in Selachian, 155
in Urodele amphibian, 156
omphalo-mesenteric, 22
of Santorini, 111
vitello-intestinal, 22
of Wirsung, 111
development of, 112
Ductus venosus, 149
changes after birth in, 152
Duodenal antrum, 194
fold of cat, 92
of _Hapale vulgaris_, 93
inferior, 95
of _Nasua rufa_, 92
superior, 95
fossae, 92
superior, 94
vascular relations, 95, 96
loop, 54
Duodeno-colic neck, 57
Duodeno-jejunal fossa in the cat, 93
Duodenum, adhesion of, 67
development of, 53
peritoneal relations of infra-colic segment, 81
of supra-colic segment, 81
suspensory muscle of, 33
with biliary and pancreatic ducts, of _Casuarius_, 115
_Echidna hystrix_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 204
_Echelus conger_, alimentary canal of, 54
ileo-colic junction of, 200
intestinal mucosa of, 197
endgut of, 199
pyloric appendix of, 120
Ectoderm, 21
Edentata, ileo-colic junction of, 206
types of ileo-colic junction and caecum in, 218
Egg, development of, 20
structure of, 19
Elasmobranchs, development of liver in, 143
_Elephas indicus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 210
Embryonal intestinal hernia, 52
Embryonic shield, 20
Embryo, separation of, 20
Endgut of _Echelus_, 199
extent and contained segments, 38
function of, 198
in lower vertebrates, 199
Enteric canal, primitive condition of, 29
Entoderm, 21
derivatives of, 28
Entodermal intestinal tube, derivatives of, 34
Epiblast, 21
Epiploic bursa, 107
early stages of, 104
Epithelium of alimentary canal, derivation of, 30
_Erethizon dorsatus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 211
_Esox_, alimentary canal of, 40
_Eunectes marinus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 203
External iliac artery, 63
perineal folds, 28
Foetus at term, venous system of, 162
Falciform ligament, as part of ventral mesogastrium, 165
_Felis_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 212
_leo_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 212
Fish, development of pancreas, 115
folds of intestine, 196
ileo-colic junction of, 200
Fissipedia, ileo-colic junction of, 212
Fissure, transverse anal, 27
Folds, ileo-caecal, 260
Follicles, solitary, 196
Foramen of Winslow, 174
boundaries in adult human subject, 184
caudal boundary, 178
in lower mammals, 183
relation to duodenal adhesion, 184
in _Tamandua bivittata_, 183
Foregut, comparative anatomy of, 42
divisions of, 191
extent and contained segments, 38
Formative yolk, 19
Fossa duodeno-jejunalis, 96
ileo-caecal, 260
intersigmoidea, 97
of Treitz, 92, 96
Function of caecum, 219
of pyloric appendices, 221
of pyloric caeca, 221
of spiral fold of intestinal mucous membrane, 220
Furrow, primitive intestinal, 22
_Gadus callarias_, ileo-colic junction of, 201
pyloric appendices in, 120
_Galeopithecus_, biliary ducts in, 145
ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 213
Gall-bladder, development of, 142
occurrence of, 144
Gastric diverticula of Carnivora, 48
of Herbivora, 48
of Omnivora, 48
Gastro-hepatic omentum, as part of ventral mesogastrium, 165
Gastro-splenic omentum, 109
Genito-urinary sinus, 27
tract, male, in _Platypus anatinus_, 26
Germinal area, 20
membrane, 20
spot, 19
vesicle, 19
Glands of Lieberkuehn, 194
Glandular stomach of birds, 50
_Gobius_, stomach of, 45
_Gorilla savagei_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 216
Graafian follicle, 19
Greater curvature, first appearance of, 41
Groove, medullary, 21
primitive intestinal, 22
_Halicore_, ileo-colic junction of, 208
_Halmaturus derbyanus_, ileo-caecal folds of, 263
ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 205
stomach of, 47
_Hapale jacchus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
_vulgaris_, duodenal fold, 93
_Heloderma suspectum_, ileo-colic junction of, 211
Hepatic antrum of lesser sac, 170
artery, 65
development of, 179
in relation to foramen of Winslow, 180
relation to duodenal adhesion, 182
relation to primitive dorsal mesentery, 182
cylinders, 143
ducts, 145
flexure, formation of, 76
recess of lesser sac, 177
ridge, 142
veins, 148
venous circulation, comparative anatomy of, 154
direction of current, 152
summary of development, 153
Hepatic-portal system in Selachian, 155
in Urodele Amphibian, 157
vein in _Iguana_, 160
Hepato-cystic duct, 145
Hepato-enteric duct, 145
Herbivora, gastric diverticula of, 48
stomach of, 46, 47
Herbivorous birds, stomach of, 50
Herons, caecum of, 204
stomach of, 50
_Hippopotamus_, ileo-colic junction of, 209
Human caeca compared with those of the Anthropoidea, 247
_Herpestes griseus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 212
_ichneumon_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 212
_Hyaena striata_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 212
_Hylobates hoolock_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 216
Hypoblast, 21
Hyracoidea, ileo-colic junction of, 210
_Hyrax capensis_, ileo-colon, ileo-caecum and colic caeca of, 210
large intestine and caeca of, 234
Iguana, abdominal vein of, 160
caecal pouch and valves of, 202
hepatic-portal vein of, 160
post-cava of, 159
renal-portal system of, 159
sciatic vein of, 160
segmental veins of, 161
_tuberculata_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 201
cloaca in, 25
ventral mesogastrium of, 166
Ileo-caecal folds, aberrant types of, 276
of the anthropoid apes, 274
of _Ateles_, 261
of _Cercopithecus sabaeus_, 264
of _Didelphis_, 263
and fossae, 260
of _Halmaturus derbyanus_, 263
of _Mycetes fuscus_, 264
smooth muscular fibers of, 33
fossa, anterior, 267
posterior, 271
fossae, aberrant types of, 276
Ileo-colic artery, 262
junction of _Accipenser sturio_, 201
of _Alligator mississippiensis_, 201
of Amphibia, 201
of the Arctoidea, 212
of the Ailuroidea, 212
of _Arvicola pennsylvanicus_, 211
of the Anthropoidea, 213
of the Anthropomorpha, 216
of the Artiodactyla, 209
of the Arctopithecini, 214
of _Arctopithecus marmoratus_, 208
of _Ateles ater_, 214
of _Bassaris astuta_, 212
in birds, 203
of _Boselaphus tragocamelus_, 210
of _Bos indicus_, 210
in the Carnivora, 212
of _Canis familiaris_, 212
of _Capra aegagrus_, 209
in cases of arrested intestinal rotation, 241
of _Castor fiber_, 211
of the Cebidae, 214
of _Cebus_, 215
_leucophaeus_, 216
_monachus_, 216
of _Cercoleptes caudivolvulus_, 212
of _Cercopithecus campbellii_, 214
_pogonias_, 214
_sabaeus_, 214
of _Cervus sika_, 210
of the Cetacea, 209
of _Chlamydophorus_, 207
of Cheiroptera, 212
of _Chelydra serpentaria_, 201
of _Choloepus didactylus_, 207
of _Chrysothrix sciureus_, 214
of _Corvus_, 203
of _Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis_, 201
of _Cyclothurus didactylus_, 207
of _Cyclura teres_, 202
of _Cynocephalus_, 213
_anubis_, 214
_babuin_, 214
_porcarius_, 214
_sphinx_, 214
of the Cynoidea, 212
of the Cynomorpha, 213
of _Dasyprocta agouti_, 211
of _Dasypus sexcinctus_, 207
of _Dasyurus viverinus_, 206
of _Dicotyles torquatus_, 209
of _Didelphis virginiana_, 205
of _Echelus conger_, 200
of _Echidna hystrix_, 204
of the Edentata, 206
effect of rotation on position of, 59
of _Elephas indicus_, 210
of _Erethizon dorsatus_, 211
of _Eunectes marinus_, 203
of _Felis_, 212
leo, 212
in fish, 200
of the Fissipedia, 212
of _Gadus callarias_, 201
of _Galeopithecus_, 213
of _Gorilla savagei_, 216
of _Halicore_, 208
of _Halmaturus derbyanus_, 205
of _Hapale jacchus_, 214
of _Heloderma suspectum_, 204
of the herons, 204
of _Herpestes ichneumon_, 212
of _Hippopotamus_, 209
of _Hyaena striata_, 212
of _Hylobates hoolock_, 216
of _Hyracoidea_, 210
of _Hyrax capensis_, 210
of _Iguana tuberculata_, 202
of the Insectivora, 213
of _Lagothrix humboldtii_, 215
of Lamellirostra, 203
of _Lemur macaco_, 213
_mongoz_, 213
of the Lemuroidea, 213
of _Lepus cuniculus_, 211
of _Macacus_, 214
_cynomolgus_, 214
_ochreatus_, 214
_pileatus_, 214
_rhesus_, 214
of mammalia, 204
of _Manatus americanus_, 208
of _Manis longicauda_, 208
of Marsupialia, 204
of Monotremata, 204
of _Midas geoffrei_, 214
_ursulus_, 214
of _Monodon_, 209
of _Mustela_, 212
of _Mycetes cabaya_, 214
_fuscus_, 215
of _Myoxus_, 211, 212
of _Myrmecophaga jubata_, 207
of _Nasua rufa_, 212
of _Necturus maculatus_, 201
non-vascular serous folds, 262
of _Nycticebus tardigradus_, 213
of _Nyctipithecus commersonii_, 214
of _Ornithorhynchus anatinus_, 204
of _Orycteropus_, 208
of _Oryx leucoryx_, 210
of _Otolicnus crassicaudatus_, 273
of _Paradoxurus typus_, 212
of _Perameles nasuta_, 206
of the Perissodactyla, 210
of _Phascolarctos cinereus_, 205
of _Phascolomys wombat_, 206
of _Phocaena_, 209
of _Phoca vitulina_, 212
of _Physeter_, 209
of the Pinnipedia, 212
of the piscivorous divers, 203
of _Pithecia satanas_, 215
of _Pleuronectes maculatus_, 201
of the Primates, 213
of the Proboscidea, 210
of _Proteles lalandii_, 212
of _Pseudemys elegans_, 201
of _Pteropus medius_, 212
of _Rana catesbiana_, 201
of the Ratitae, 203
of Reptilia, 201
of the Rodentia, 211
serial review in Vertebrata, 200
of the Sirenia, 208
of _Simia satyrus_, 216
of _Strix_, 203
of _Struthio africanus_, 204
of _Sus scrofa_, 209
asymmetrical type, 223
symmetrical type, 221
of _Tamandua bivittata_, 208
of _Tapirus americanus_, 210
of _Tarsius spectrum_, 213
of _Tatusia novemcincta_, 207
of _Taxidea americana_, 212
of _Tolypeutes_, 207
of _Trichosurus vulpinus_, 205
of _Troglodytes niger_, 217
types of, and caecum, 217
in Edentata, 218
in Marsupialia, 218
of _Ursus_, 212
of the Ungulata, 209
of _Vulpes fulvus_, 212
vascular mesenteric folds of, 262
of _Xenurus_, 207
of _Zalophus gillespiei_, 212
Iliac vein in Urodele Amphibian, 157
Inferior mesenteric artery, 67
Infra-colic compartment, secondary parietal peritoneum of, 85, 86
Insectivora, ileo-colic junction of, 213
Intermediate duodenal fold, 96
non-vascular ileo-caecal fold, 262
Internal iliac artery, 63
perineal folds, 27
Intestinal blood vessels, effect of intestinal rotation on, 59
canal of _Amphioxus_, 191
of Amphibians, 191
of Cyclostomata, 191
diverticula, 193
of Dipnoeans, 191
of Teleosts, 191
folds of mucosa, 193
non-differentiated, of lower vertebrates, 191
folds in Amphibia, 196
in birds, 195
in fish, 196
furrow, primitive, 22
glandular apparatus in lower vertebrates, 195
groove, primitive, 22
juice, function of, 194
mucous membrane of _Cervicapra_, 196
of _Echelus conger_, 197
_Lophius_, 197
lymphoid tissue, 196
of _Phocaena_, 196
of _Thalassochelys_, 197
rotation, 58
arrest of development, 60
demonstration in cat, 67
spiral fold, function of, 193
vascular supply, 63
in cases of non-rotation, 67
villi of Carnivora, 195
of _Casuarius_, 195
of Ophidia, 195
of _Ursus maritimus_, 195
Intestine in early human embryo, 52
general consideration of, 51
large, and caeca of _Hyrax_, 234
functions of, 198
length of, 199
of monkeys, 199
of rodents, 199
width of, 199
small, 192
absorbing apparatus, 195
divisions of, 194
length of, 192
secretory apparatus, 194
structure of, 194
villi, 195
Isthmus, duodeno-colic, 57
Jejuno-ileum, development of, 54
_Labrus_, stomach of, 44
_Lagomys pusillus_, colon and caecum of, 232
_Lagothrix humboldtii_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 215
Lamellirostra, ileo-colic junction and caeca of, 203
Lateral vein in Selachian, 155
_Lemur macaco_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 213
_mongoz_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 213
Lemuroidea, ileo-colic junction of, 213
_Lepus cuniculus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 211
saccus lymphaticus of, 211
Lesser curvature, first appearance of, 41
Ligament, colico-lienale, 109
of ductus venosus, 152
gastro-lienale, 110
lieno-renale, 109
phrenico-lienale, 109
Ligamenta coli, 199
Liver in Chelonians, 144
comparative anatomy of, 144
derivation of, 34
development of, 141
function of, 195
lobation of, 144
in Ophidia, 144
peritoneal lines of reflection in embryo, 167
in foetus at term, 171
peritoneal relations of, 167
of _Petromyzon_, 141
unilobar type, 144
_Lophius_, biliary ducts in, 145
_piscatorius_, mucosa of midgut, 197
pyloric appendices in, 120
stomach of, 46
Lungs, derivation of, 34
_Lutra_, biliary ducts in, 145
stomach of, 48
Lymphoid tissue of intestinal mucosa, 196
_Macacus cynomolgus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
descending mesocolon of, 140
lesser omentum of, 176
mesosigmoidea in, 140
_nemestrinus_, cheek-pouches of, 48
_ochreatus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
peritoneum of infra-colic compartment, 136
_pileatus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
relations of spleen and great omentum, 139
_rhesus_, abdominal viscera, 77
ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
Mammalia, ileo-colic junction of, 204
pancreatic ducts in, 117
_Manatus americanus_, ileo-colic junction and bifid caecum of, 208
stomach of, 48
_Manis longicauda_, ileo-colic junction of, 208
Manidae, colic bend of, 234
Marsupalia, ileo-colic junction of, 204
types of ileo-colic junction and caecum in, 218
Meckel's diverticulum, 35
serous folds connected with, 262, 263
Medullary canal, 21
groove, 21
plates, 21
Membrane, cloacal, 24
Mesenchyma, 30
Mesenteric peritoneum, definition of, 32
Mesentery, absorption of, 33
definition of, 101
jejuno-ileal, line of attachment, 86
of umbilical loop, development of, 56
relation to adult mesocolon and mesentery, 72
Mesoblast, 21
Mesocola in cat, 86
Mesocolic fossa, 97
Mesocolon, ascending, adhesion of, 82
in monkeys, 83
relation of, to right kidney, 83
definition of, 101
descending, adhesion of, 82
in foetus, 83
line of attachment of, 83
in lower mammals, 83
in _Macacus_, 140
in monkeys, 83
transverse, root of, 85
Mesoderm, 21
derivatives of, 28
Mesoduodenum, adhesion of, 67
definition of, 101
Mesorectum, definition of, 101
Mesosigmoidea, definition of, 101
in _Macacus_, 140
Mesothelium, 21
Metanephros, 24
_Midas geoffrei_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
_ursulus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
Midgut, 192
extent of, 38
_Monodon_, ileo-colic junction of, 209
Monotremata, ileo-colic junction of, 204
Monotreme, structure of penis, 26
Monotremes, biliary ducts in, 145
Morphology, general, of vertebrate intestine, 190
of human caecum and appendix, 237
Morula, 20
_Moschus_, stomach of, 49
Muscular stomach of birds, 50
Musculo-cutaneous vein in Anure Amphibian, 158
_Mustela_, ileo-colic junction of, 212
_Mycetes cobaya_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
_fuscus_, ileo-caecal folds of, 264
ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 215
_Myoxus_, alimentary canal of, 211, 212
stomach of, 46
_Myrmecophaga jubata_, ileo-colic junction of, 207
_Myxinoids_, pancreas in, 117
_Nasua rufa_, duodenal fold of, 92
ileo-colic junction of, 212
pancreatico-gastric folds of, 181
_Necturus_, alimentary canal of, 40
_maculatus_, alimentary tract of, 52
ileo-colic junction of, 201
stomach of, 43
venous system of, 158
Neuro-enteric canal, 23
Non-vascular ileo-caecal folds, 262
Nucleolus, 19
Nucleus, 19
Nutritive yolk, 19
_Nycticebus tardigradus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 213
spiral colon of, 234
_Nyctipithecus commersonii_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 214
OEsophageal gutter of ruminants, 49
OEsophageo-gastric junction, 45
Omega loop, development of, 77
Omental bursa, 107
early stages of, 104
Omentum, great, 107
layers of, 107
peritoneal adhesions in adult, 131
relation of, to transverse colon, transverse colon and duodenum,
129
lesser, as part of ventral mesogastrium, 165
divisions of, 172
in _Macacus_, 176
Omnivora, gastric diverticula of, 48
Omphalo-mesenteric arteries, 64, 146
artery, persistence of rudiments of, 65
duct, 22
veins, 146
Ophidia, intestinal villi of, 195
liver in, 144
stomach of, 44, 46
Oral pouches, 48
_Ornithorhynchus anatinus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 204
_Orycteropus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 208
_Oryx leucoryx_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 210
spiral colon of, 233
_Otolicnus crassicaudatus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 213
_Ovis aries_, spiral colon of, 233
Ovum, structure of, 19
Owl, stomach of, 50
Pancreas, adhesion of, 67
adhesion of mesoduodenal segment, 123
in _Ammocoetes_, 117
in Chelydra, 117
comparative anatomy of, 116
concealed, of Teleosts, 117
derivation of, 34
development of, in Amphibia, 115
of, in cat, 115
of, in chick, 115
of, in fish, 115
of, in lower vertebrates, 115
of, in man, 111, 115
of, in sheep, 115
in foetal pig, 123
function of, 195
in _Myxinoids_, 117
peritoneal relations, 122
vascular and visceral relations of adult, 125
in _Protopterus_, 117
relation to dorsal mesogastrium, 123
to mesoduodenum, 122
to omental bursa, 123
in Selachians, 116
Pancreatic ducts in Mammalia, 117
normal arrangement, 113
secondary, 111
variations, 114
Pancreatico-gastric folds in man, 187
in _Nasua rufa_, 181
Papilla Vateri, 114
_Paradoxurus typus_, ileo-colic junction of, 212
_Paralichthys_, pyloric appendices in, 120
Parietal mesoderm, 21
peritoneum, definition of, 32
_Pelamys_, pyloric appendices in, 120
Pelvic vein in Anure Amphibian, 158
_Perameles nasuta_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 206
_Perca_, pyloric appendices in, 120
Perennibranchiates, stomach of, 44, 46
Perissodactyla, ileo-colic junction of, 210
Peritoneal cavity, lesser, summary and development of structure, 180
relations and position of appendix, 250
of appendix, variations of, 258
sac, lesser, of cat, 128
Peritoneum, arrangement in infra-colic compartment, 78
of cat, compared with human arrangement, 73
of infra-colic compartment in adult human subject, 88
lesser cavity of, in relation to liver, 174
of liver, in relation to lesser sac, 174
secondary lines of reflection, 73
of supra-colic compartment, general considerations, 99
_Petromyzon_, alimentary canal of, 200
liver of, 141
spiral intestinal valve of, 119
Peyer's patches, 196
_Phascolarctos cinereus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 205
colic loop in, 234
_Phascolomys wombat_, ileo-colic junction, caecum and appendix of, 206
_Pteropus medius_, ileo-colic junction of, 212
_Phoca_, biliary ducts in, 145
_vitulina_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 212
stomach of, 45
_Phocaena communis_, ileo-colic junction of, 209
intestinal folds, 196
Phylogeny of types of ileo-colic junction and caecum, 217
_Physeter_, ileo-colic junction of, 209
Physiology of vertebrate intestine, 190
Pickerel, pyloric valve of, 45
stomach of, 44
Pinnipedia, ileo-colic junction of, 212
_Pipa_, stomach of, 46
Piscivorous divers, caeca of, 203
_Pithecia satanas_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 215
Placental circulation, 146
Placentalia, definition of, 36
Plates, medullary, 21, 28
_Platypus anatinus_, male genito-urinary tract and cloaca, 26
_Pleuronectes maculatus_, ileo-colic junction of, 201
pyloric appendices in, 120
Pleuro-peritoneal cavity, 28
Plicae coli, 199
_Polypterus_, pyloric appendix in, 120
Portal circulation, development of, 147
vein, development of, 148
Position and peritoneal relations of appendix, 250
Post-anal gut, 23
Post-cardinal veins in Urodele Amphibian, 157
Post-cava in Anure Amphibian, 158
in _Iguana_, 159
in Urodele Amphibian, 157
Post-caval vein, 151
Pre-cava in Anure Amphibian, 158
Primates, ileo-colic junction of, 213
types of ileo-caecal folds in, 265
Primitive aortae, 63
common dorsal mesentery, 33
dorsal mesentery after rotation, 79
mesentery, effect of intestinal rotation on, 59
mesenteric segment, 72
mesocolic segment, 72
jugular veins, 147
Proboscidea, ileo-colic junction of, 210
Proctodaeum, 24, 26
in human embryos, 27
Protoplasm, 19
_Protopterus_, pancreas in, 117
_Proteus_, alimentary canal of, 40
_anguineus_, stomach of, 43
_Proteles lalandii_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 212
Proventriculus, 50
Psalterium, 49
_Pseudemys elegans_, alimentary canal of, 55
ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 201
Pyloric appendices, 119
function of, 221
in _Accipenser_, 120
in _Gadus_, 120
in _Lophius_, 120
in _Paralichthys_, 120
in _Pelamys_, 120
in _Perca_, 120
in _Pleuronectes_, 120
in _Rhombus_, 120
in _Scomber_, 120
in _Thynnus_, 120
relation to pancreas, 121
significance of, 120
appendix in _Ammodytes_, 120
in _Echelus_, 120
in _Polypterus_, 120
caeca, 119
function of, 221
stomach, 50
valve, 44
in fishes, 45
of loon, 45
_Rana_, alimentary canal of, 55
_catesbiana_, ileo-colic junction of, 201
_esculenta_, venous system of, 158
Ratitae, ileo-colic junction and caeca of, 203
Rectal gland of Selachians, 201
Rectangular ileo-colic junction, 225
Recto-coccygeal muscles, 33
Recto-uterine muscles, 33
Rectum, development of, 54
separation from genito-urinary sinus, 27
Renal-portal circulation in Urodele Amphibian, 156
system in Selachian, 154
in _Iguana_, 159
Reptilia, abdominal vein, 167
biliary ducts in, 145
ileo-colic junction of, 201
Retro-gastric peritoneal space, boundaries of, 175
space, rudimentary form of, 105
Retro-peritoneal hernia, 92
Reticulum, 49
_Rhombus_, pyloric appendices in, 120
Rodentia, caecal pouch of, 229
compound stomach of, 49
ileo-colic junction of, 211
spiral colic valve of, 231
Rodents, saccus lymphaticus of, 196
Round ligament of liver, 152
Rumen, 49
Ruminantia, structure of stomach in, 49
Saccus lymphaticus of _Lepus cuniculus_, 211
of Rodents, 196
_Salamandra maculosa_, venous system of, 158
Salivary glands, derivation of, 34
Saurians, stomach of, 44, 46
Sciatic vein in _Iguana_, 160
_Scincus ocellatus_, stomach of, 45
_Scomber_, pyloric appendices in, 120
Segmental veins in _Iguana_, 160
Segmentation, 20
Segmentation-cavity, 20
Selachian, caudal vein in, 154
digitiform gland of, 201
duct of Cuvier, 155
hepatic portal system of, 155
lateral vein of, 155
pancreas in, 116
rectal gland of, 201
renal portal system of, 154
spiral intestinal valve in, 119
venous system, 154
_Semnopithecus_, stomach of, 47
Septum urogenitale, 27
transversum, 142
Serous folds in cases of Meckel's diverticulum, 262, 263
membrane, derivation of, 31
Shape of caecum and origin of appendix, 245
of embryonic caecum, 245
Sheep, biliary ducts in, 145
development of pancreas, 115
Sigmoid flexure, development of, 54, 77
_Simia satyrus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 216
Sinus venosus, 146
Sirenia, ileo-colic junction of, 208
Soft palate, 42
Somatic mesoderm, 21
Somatopleure, 22, 29
Spigelian lobe, boundaries of, 170
development of, 169
recess of lesser sac, 177
Spiral coil of colon, 233
colic valve of Rodentia, 231
colon of _Bos indicus_, 233
of _Cervus sika_, 233
of _Dasyprocta agouti_, 234
development of, 233
of _Nycticebus tardigradus_, 234
of _Oryx leucoryx_, 233
of _Ovis aries_, 233
fold of intestinal mucous membrane, function of, 220
intestinal valve in _Ceratodus_, 119
in Cyclostomata, 119
in Dipnoeans, 119
in _Petromyzon_, 119
valve of gastric diverticulum in _Sus_, 48
Splanchnic mesoderm, 21
Splanchnopleure, 22, 29
Spleen, development and relation to dorsal mesogastrium, 108
and great omentum in _Macacus_, 139
pancreas and great omentum in cat, 127
peritoneal relations, 110
vascular connections, 108
Splenic artery, 65, 108
flexure, development of, 54, 76
vessels, peritoneal relations, 109
Stomach of _Alligator_, 51
assumption of special functions modifying form of, 48
of _Anguilla anguilla_, 47
of Batrachians, 44, 46
of _Bradypus_, 51
caecal diverticula of, 47
of Carnivora, 46, 47
of carnivore birds, 50
of _Castor_, 46
cellular structures connected with, 47
of Cetaceans, 49
changes in position during development, 102
of Chelonians, 45, 46
of _Coluber natrix_, 44
comparative anatomy of, 42
of Crocodiles, 46, 51
of the _Cyprini_, 44
definition of, as segment of foregut, 43
embryonic borders and surfaces, 41
factors modifying form of, 43
first differentiation in human embryos, 40
further development in human embryos, 40
glandular, of birds, 46
of _Gobius_, 45
of _Halmaturus_, 47
of heron, 50
of Herbivora, 46, 47
of herbivorous birds, 50
influence of habitual amount of food on form of, 44
of size and shape of abdominal cavity on form of, 46
of volume and character of food on form of, 46
of Teleosts, 46, 47
of _Labrus_, 44
of _Lophius_, 46
of _Lutra_, 48
of _Manatus americanus_, 48
of _Moschus_, 49
masticating surfaces of, 48
of _Myoxus_, 46
of _Necturus maculatus_, 43
of Ophidia, 44, 46
of owl, 50
of Perennibranchiates, 44, 46
of _Phoca vitulina_, 45
of the pickerels, 44
of _Pipa_, 46
of _Proteus anguineus_, 43
relation to vagus nerve, 43
ruminant type of, 43
of Saurians, 44, 46
of _Scincus ocellatus_, 45
of _Semnopithecus_, 47
storage compartments of, 48
structural modifications of, increasing action of gastric juice, 46
of _Tamandua_, 51
transverse position of, 45
type-form of, 43
Stomadaeum, 24
in human embryos, 27
_Strix_, caeca of, 203
Structural modifications of colon, 230
_Struthio africanus_, ileo-colic junction and caeca of, 204
Sturgeon, pyloric valve of, 45
Subintestinal veins, 147
Submucosa, derivation of, 30
Superior mesenteric artery, 64, 65
relation to umbilical loop, 66
Suspensory ligament of liver, derived from ventral mesogastrium, 165
_Sus scrofa_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 209
spiral valve of gastric diverticulum in, 48
Symmetrical type of ileo-colic junction, 221
Taenia coli-, 199
_Tamandua_, alimentary tract of, 56
_bivittata_, foramen of Winslow in, 183
ileo-colic junction and caeca of, 208
stomach of, 51
_Tapirus americanus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 210
_Tarsius_, biliary ducts in, 145
_spectrum_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 213
_Taxidea americana_, ileo-colic junction of, 212
_Tatusia novemcincta_, ileo-colic junction of, 207
Teleosts, anal and genito-urinary orifices in, 25
concealed pancreas of, 117
development of liver in, 143
gastric diverticula of, 47
intestinal canal of, 191
stomach of, 46, 47
without pyloric appendices, 120
_Thalassochelys_, intestinal folds of, 197
Thymus, derivation of, 34
_Thynnus_, pyloric appendices in, 120
Thyroid, derivation of, 34
_Tolypeutes_, ileo-colic junction of, 207
Transverse anal fissure, 27
colon, development of, 54, 244
differentiation of, 76
mesocolon, development of, 80
_Trichosurus vulpinus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 205
_Trigla_, biliary ducts in, 145
_Troglodytes niger_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 217
Types of ileo-caecal folds in Primates, 265
ileo-colic junction and caecum, phylogeny of, 217
Umbilical arteries, 63
hernia of embryo, 52
loop, derivation of adult intestinal segments from, 53
divisions of, 52
of embryonic intestine, 52
relation of vitello-intestinal duct to, 52
veins, 147
changes after birth in, 152
final arrangement, 151
further changes in, 149
intra-hepatic distribution, 152
vesicle, 22
Umbilicus, 21
Ungulata, caecal pouch of, 229
ileo-colic junction of, 209
Urinary bladder, in human embryos, 27
relation to allantois, 24
_Urinator imber_, diverticulum caecum vitelli, 35
_lumme_, diverticulum caecum vitelli, 35
pyloric valve of, 45
Urodaeum, 25
Urodele Amphibian, abdominal vein in, 157
caudal vein in, 156
ducts of Cuvier in, 156
hepatic-portal system of, 157
iliac vein in, 157
post-cardinal veins in, 157
post-cava in, 157
renal-portal system in, 156
venous system of, 156
Uro-genital cleft, 27
_Ursus_, ileo-colic junction of, 212
_maritimus_, intestinal villi, 195
Uvula, 42
Vagus, gastric distribution of, 43
Valves of Kerkring, 196, 197
Valvulae conniventes, 196, 197
Variations of caecum and appendix, 244
in the peritoneal relations of the appendix, 258
Vasa intestini tenuis, 66
Vascular mesenteric folds of ileo-colic junction, 262
system of liver, development of, 145
Vein, portal, development of, 148
Veins, anterior cardinal, 147
hepatic, 148
omphalo-mesenteric, 146
posterior cardinal, 147
primitive jugular, 147
subintestinal, 147
umbilical, 147
vitelline, 146
hepaticae advehentes, 147
revehentes, 147
Venous system in Anure Amphibian, 158
of bird, 161
of human foetus at term, 162
of _Necturus maculatus_, 158
of _Rana esculenta_, 158
in Selachian, 154
of _Salamandra maculosa_, 158
of Urodele Amphibian, 156
Ventral mesentery, early condition and derivation, 31
mesogastrium, 163
in _Iguana_, 166
and liver, 140
relation to duodenum, 164
relation to liver, 105
to umbilical vein, 165
vascular ileo-caecal fold, 262
Vertebrate intestine, general morphology and physiology, 190
Visceral mesoderm, 21
peritoneum, definition of, 32
Vitelline arteries, 64, 146
membrane, 19
sac, 20
veins, 146
anastomosis of, 147
Vitello-intestinal duct, 22
Vitellus, 19
_Vulpes fulvus_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 212
Water-cells of camel's stomach, 49
Wolffian duct, relation to primitive intestine, 24
_Xenurus_, ileo-colic junction of, 207
_Xiphias_, biliary ducts in, 145
Yolk, 19
Yolk-sac, 20
_Zalophus gillespiei_, ileo-colic junction and caecum of, 212
Zona pellucida, 19