A.M., "White Owl" to W. Tees L.V., December 2d, W.S.W., "one Barn
Owl." Long-Eared Owl, _Asio otus_.--Longstone L.H., October 10th, 2
P.M., N.N.E., fresh gale, one ("with wind N. of E., very few migrants
are seen"). Farn L.H., October 10th, 6.30 P.M., "Owl" round lantern.
Spurn, October 23d, E. and N.E. gale, some, one also shot at Spurn on
August 25th. Short-Eared Owl, _A. accipitrinus_.--Spring: Farn L.H.,
April 22d, one on rocks. Autumn: In two rushes--October 20th to 23d,
November 12th to 14th.
FALCONIDÆ.--Very few notices. Sea-Eagle, _Haliaëtus
albicilla_.--Immature male and female shot in Kent early in November,
and another seen. The Spotted Eagle, _Aquila nævia_, was shot at
Cresswell on the Northumberland coast on October 31st. Kite, _Milvus
ictinus_.--Thanet, April 9th, 3.30 P.M., N.W., one flying to W. During
the last week in September and early in October (the usual period for
the passage of the Falconidæ); a few Peregrines, Kestrels, Merlins, and
Sparrow Hawks were observed on migration at various parts of the east
coast. Northrepps, March 20th, 1886, two Buzzards, with Rooks to E.S.E.
PELECANIDÆ.--Cormorant, _Phalacrocorax carbo_.--Spring: Tees L.V.,
March 1st to 10th, many to north. Whitby L.H., 11th, to north;
September 17th, old and young, to S. Leman and Ower L.V., October 4th,
forty to fifty, fishing for herring. Gannet, _Sula bassana_.--Farn
L.H., August 22d, 26th, 27th, hundreds fishing off island. Heron,
_Ardea cinerea_.--Coquet L.H., more Herons seen in September to October
12th than had been seen for many years. Outer Dowsing L.V., October 2d,
one from E. to W.N.W. Tees L.V., February 28th, two, E. to W. White
Stork, _Ciconia alba_.--Malmo, April 19th, flight, eighteen or twenty,
to N.E. Spoonbill, _Platalea leucorodia_.--Yarmouth, June 4th, one shot
at Breydon Water.
ANATIDÆ.--Wild Geese.--Whitby L.H.,May 23d, nine dark-coloured Geese to
S.; July 1st, twelve to N.; 12th, five to N. Autumn: Cley, September
7th, nineteen in flock. Llyn Wells L.V., 20th, twelve Geese, from E. by
E. Languard L.H., October 6th, flock, low to S.W. South Sand Head and
East Side L.V.'s (Goodwins), December 6th and 7th, great numbers, too
many to number. Unusually large numbers of Geese seen in North-East
Lincolnshire from the first week in October to the end of the year.
Swans.--Remarkably scarce. Five were seen on September 27th flying
from S. to N. above the Town's Moor at Newcastle, and at Corton L.V.
November 29th, 11 A.M., two to W. Ducks, Common Sheldrake, _Tadorna
cornuta_.--Tees L.V., January 1st, 1885, fifty-four and one Coot.
Farn L.H., June 20th, two broods off. Garganey Teal, _Querquedula
circia_.--April 3d, one, a male, shot at Breydon, Yarmouth. King
Eider, _Somateria spectabilis_.--Longstone L.H., April 23d, several
times seen, was shot on the 25th. Immense numbers of various Ducks
are reported at sea during the autumn and winter, flying in various
directions. The Pochard, _Fuligula ferina_, has been unusually
plentiful both in Lincolnshire and Norfolk.
COLUMBIDÆ.--Ringdove, _Columba palumbus_.--Tetney, Lincolnshire coast,
October 23d, first flight of Wood Pigeons. Outer Dowsing L.V., November
12th, "seven pigeons" W. to E. Roker, near Sunderland, December 12th,
flocks arriving all day from the E. to the woods two miles inland. Mr
H. F. Tomalin reports from Northampton, "a great rush of Wood Pigeons
crossed this part of the country on October 16th; they were passing
continuously, in companies of four to five hundred, in a south-westerly
direction." The Stockdove, _C. œnas_, is reported as exceedingly
abundant in Norfolk during the winter of 1885-1886. Turtle Dove,
_Turtur communis_.--Thanet, May 13th, first.
RALLIDÆ.--Water-Rail, _Rallus aquaticus_.--Farn L.H., October 15th,
one; 31st, E.S.E. (4), one. Leman and Ower L.V., 19th, 11 A.M., one
killed. Spotted Crake, _Porzana maruetta_.--Spurn, October 23d, one.
Stone Curlew, _Œdicnemus scolopax_.--Spurn, August 22d, one seen on mud
flats.
CHARADRIIDÆ.--Golden Plover, _Charadrius pluvialis_.--Besides the usual
autumn arrivals there was a distinct immigration in December. Tongue
L.V., December 14th, 5 A.M., one struck rigging and killed. Thanet,
16th, 3.20 P.M., S.W., flocks of thirty to forty from E. Grey Plover,
_Squatarola helvetica_.--Spurn, August 26th, small flock in summer
plumage. Longstone L.H., September 5th, N.W., three killed. Cley, 22d,
W.S.W., calm, flock. Kentish Plover, _Ægialitis cantiana_.--Yarmouth,
May 3d, three at Breydon. Languard L.H., June 30th, 6.30 A.M., two.
Dotterel, _Eudromias morinellus_.--Spring: Great Cotes, May 14th,
seven; 16th, live. Lapwing, _Vanellus vulgaris_.--First at Whitby,
September 12th, large flock, old and young, to S. Yarmouth, October 2d,
S.W., strong, flocks coming in. Orfordness, 8th, rush, and on 11th the
same during night. Whitby, 16th, very large flock. Llyn Wells L.V.,
21st and 22d, rush all day to N., and on November 1st, 2d, 3d. Dudgeon
L.V., November 10th and 11th, great rush. Hasbro' L.V., 11th to 12th,
night, and 22d to 23d, night, great rush to W. and W.N.W. Leman and
Ower L.V., 12th and 15th, flights to N.W. and W.
SCOLOPACIDÆ.--Woodcock, _Scolopax rusticula_.--Spring: Farn L.H., April
11th, 10.30 P.M., one struck, not killed. Autumn: "First flight,"
October 16th, 17th, E. and N.E., cold, rain and stormy, covering the
whole of the coast from Farn to Thanet, "Great flight" on night of 22d
and 23d, and 23d and 24th October, E. and N.E. gale, large numbers
striking the east coast at Longstone L.H.. Coquet L.H., Teesmouth,
Whitby, Flamborough (swarmed). Spurn (seventy-nine shot by one party
morning of 24th). Lincolnshire coast, great numbers. Yarmouth, less.
This flight was composed of the small, dark, reddish Scandinavian bird,
and the same applies also to the later flights on the east coast.
Other arrivals were Farn L.H., October 31st, seven. Longstone L.H.,
November 4th, eleven. Farn L.H., same date, W.N.W. (4), seven. Leman
and Ower L.V., November 13th, one killed. Thanet, November 11th and
12th. Yarmouth, November 20th, many, and a few at various stations to
end of month, and also in December. A flight is recorded during the
last week in January 1886, at Northrepps and Thanet. Double Snipe,
_Gallinago major_.--Longstone L.H., September 15th, one. Common Snipe,
_G. cœlestis_.--Spring: Longstone L.H., April 3d, S.W., two, to E.
Autumn: Yarmouth, September 12th, W., strong, many. Farn L.H., October
31st. Dudgeon L.V., November 11th, rush; and North-East Lincolnshire,
on 24th, very large numbers. Jack-Snipe, _G. gallinula_.--Lincolnshire
coast, September 23d. Farn L.H., October 12th, N.N.E., and again on
31st. Longstone L.H., 17th, and November 11th; and East Lincolnshire,
November 24th, great rush with Common Snipe. Dunlin, _Tringa
alpina_.--Spring: Yarmouth, May 10th, large flocks in summer plumage.
Autumn: Languard L.H., August 1st, very large flock, the first.
Redcar, September 27th, in flocks all day to W. Little Stint, _T.
minuta_.--Cley , September 7th to 10th, several. Yarmouth, 8th, a few.
Temminck's Stint, _T. temmincki_.--Yarmouth, September 8th, one. Pygmy
Curlew, _T. subarquata_.--Roker, August 6th, 3 P.M., W., two. Knot,
_T. canutus_.--Longstone L.H., August 14th, shot in summer plumage.
Spurn, 20th, a few in summer plumage. Yarmouth, September 6th, large
flight. Redcar, 10th, W. half gale, flock; 12th, two flocks, young
birds. Cley, 22d, large flock. Puff, _Machetes pugnax_.--Spring:
Yarmouth, June 4th, four shot in summer plumage. Autumn: Redcar, August
31st, one young Puff. Cley, September 12th, several Peeves seen, one
shot. Lincolnshire coast, October 3d, one Peeve shot. Sanderling,
_Calidris arenaria_.--Spring: Yarmouth, April 6th, many in company
with Ringed Plover. Return, Spurn August 12th. Common Sandpiper,
_Totanus hypoleucus_.--Spurn, August 27th. Cley, September 10th,
many. Green Sandpiper, _T. ochropus_.--Spurn, August 22d to 26th.
Yarmouth, same date, many. Wood Sandpiper, _T. glareola_.--Yarmouth,
August 22d. Common Redshank, _T. calidris_.--Tees L.V., August 2d,
many. Spotted Redshank, _T. fuccus_.--Yarmouth, August 22d, one shot.
Greenshank, _T. canescens_.--Spring: Yarmouth, April 26th, at Breydon.
Autumn: Spurn, August 24th, young female. Bar-tailed Godwit, _Limosa
lapponica_.--Spurn, August 20th, in summer plumage. Yarmouth, September
8th, several Godwits on coast. Cley, September 12th to 25th, a constant
succession. Black-tailed Godwit, _L. ægocephala_.--Cley, September
15th, old bird shot. Whimbrel, _Numenius phœopus_.--Spring: Great
Cotes, May 16th, many. Autumn: Tees L.V., August 2d and 15th. Redcar,
12th, last on September 11th. Yarmouth, August 19th, many. Roker,
near Sunderland, August 31st and September 1st, very high. Longstone
L.H., September 20th, two. Cley, September 23d, last. Curlew, _N.
arquata_.--Spring: Whitby, April 9th, 11.30 P.M., great flock round
light. Autumn: Tees L.V., August 15th. Whitby, September 12th, to
south. Orfordness L.H., October 8th, night, large numbers, one killed.
Dudgeon L.V., October 21st, 3 A.M., about lantern; and November 25th,
ten, S.E. to N.W. Leman and Ower L.V., October 29th, to S.; November
12th, to S.W., rush; 13th, one killed. East Goodwin L.V., November
12th, one killed.
LARIDÆ.--Arctic Tern, _Sterna macrura_.--Longstone L.H. May 15th, first
heard. August 9th, most left breeding haunts. September 2d, a few
about. Little Tern, _S. minuta_.--Spring: Spurn, April 15th, first. May
5th, many. Yarmouth, April 25th and 26th, on Breydon. Languard L.H.,
May 9th, two. Sandwich Tern, _S. cantiaca_.--Farn L.H., April 12th,
first heard. August 9th, "most have left breeding places." September
1st to 30th, great flocks all round islands. Terns.--Redcar, August
12th, all day passing; 13th, less. September 4th, great many common
Terns at sea; 11th, the same. Yarmouth, September 14th, flocks of young
Terns to S. 22d May, at sea, going S.
LARINÆ.--Gulls.--Whitby, February 10th, Herring Gulls first came to
cliffs early morning; July 9th, first young on wing; August 29th,
young and old left for sea. Farn L.H., April 12th, Lesser Black-Backed
Gulls first returned to nesting quarters. Little Gull, _Larus
minutus_.--Redcar, September 9th, one young shot. Flamborough, October
3d, three shot. Languard L.H., September 3d, two "Cream-Coloured
Gulls," the first seen here.
STERCORARIINÆ.--Skuas.--Farn L.H., August 11th, several chasing
Terns. September 10th, two Buffon's Skua. Redcar, August 13th, one
Richardson's Skua; 31st, two or three; September 7th and 10th, very
plentiful at sea. Longstone L.H., September 2d, many Skua along shore.
Cley, 25th, some Skua seen. Llyn Wells L.V., October 10th, 7 A.M. to
9.30 P.M., flock of 130 "Boatswain Skua;" 13th, flocks of Gulls and
Skua. February 8th, 1886, great numbers of Skua Gulls.
PROCELLARIIDÆ.--Storm Petrel, _Procellaria pelagica_.--Languard L.H.,
October 25th, 2.15 A.M., one caught. Farn L.H., October 31st, S.S.E.,
one struck, not killed; November 10th, S., one at daylight on gallery.
Kentish Knock L.V., November 11th, night, several. South Sand Head
L.V., 11th, two on board. Hasbro' L.V., 12th, twenty all night, four
killed. Coquet L.H., November 14th, N.W. (six), one caught on lantern.
Shearwater.--Longstone L.H., September 2d, one, all black, seen. Fulmar
Petrel, _Fulmarus glacialis_.--Yarmouth, October 31st, caught at sea.
Redcar, three shot early in November.
ALCIDÆ.--Common Guillemot, _Lomvia troile_.--Flambro', February 5th,
1885, great number off breeding quarters. Longstone L.H., March 7th,
many on the rocks, "are seven days earlier than in 1884." Farn L.H.,
February 25th, "thousands flying near nesting haunts." April 12th,
"have taken to rocks." November 28th several Black Guillemot off
island. Little Auk, _Mergulus alle_.--Longstone, October 14th, two.
Puffin, _Fratercula arctica_.--Farn L.H., April 12th, returned to
nesting quarters. Longstone, 14th, first seen, "four days earlier than
last year."
COLYMBIDÆ.--Farn L.H., September 18th, two Great Northern Divers to
N. December 13th, several Red-Throated Divers and two Great Northern
Divers off island. Podicipitidæ, Farn L.H., September 15th, Red-Necked
Grebe seen off island.
General Notes.
With reference to the rush of birds on October 16th and 17th, Mr Thomas
O. Hall of the Longstone L.H. writes:--"October 16th. Starlings and
Redwings commenced to come at 1.30 A.M., and continued to daylight;
after that they continued to come all day, but not in large numbers.
One Tree Sparrow. Wind easterly. October 17th. An enormous rush
of Redwing and Starling; not many of the other kinds, only a few
Blackbirds and Larks. One Woodcock was injured against the lantern, one
Jacksnipe killed, also one Brambling. One female Redstart seen. Several
Woodcock were shot on the adjacent islands by a boat from shore, so
that there was a large flight. The rush of birds was continuous from
1.45 A.M. to 5.30 A.M. The greater part of the Starlings caught were
young birds. There were also some Knot flying round the lantern, but
none struck. The wind was east, with drizzling rain." Again, with
regard to the November rush which was continuous on the 10th and
11th:--"November 8th. A few Redwings and Larks heard after dark, and
one Fieldfare on the gallery at midnight. Wind S. to S.W., moderate.
9th. A few Fieldfare heard through the morning, and two Skylarks seen
at 10.30 A.M. Several Fieldfare and Knot flying round from 6 P.M. till
midnight; one Skylark and one Fieldfare caught. Wind from S.W. to
S.S.E., and at midnight S.S.E. 10th. Fieldfares flying more plentifully
than in fore part of the night, but not striking. No other birds seen.
The flight of Fieldfares continued all day, one flock of fifty and
another of two hundred passed in afternoon, also five Blackbirds and
one Corby Crow in the afternoon. The Fieldfare continued up to 10.38
P.M., when the weather became clearer. One of the large Snipe struck
S.E. side of lantern at 9.45 P.M., and was almost smashed to pieces;
one Dunlin also killed; wind S. by E. to S.E. by S. 11th. Fieldfares,
Redwings, and Blackbirds coming all day and all through the night,
also Skylarks. One Jacksnipe killed. Wind from S. round by E. to
N.E., light, with passing showers of drizzle. 12th. The same birds as
yesterday still coming all day, and continuing up to 11 P.M.; wind from
S.W. to W. by N., moderate. At 1 P.M. one Snow Bunting and a Brambling."
Farn L.H.--Mr Thomas H. Cutting:--January 1st, 1886. "Very large flocks
of Golden Plover to and from land, a good many Mallard and several
Snipe on island; westerly gales, hail and snow, with severe frosts.
I was shown a bird picked up on the main shore about three weeks
previously, which I identified as a Fulmar Petrel. I remember one being
captured about nine years ago."
Coquet Island L.H.--Mr William Evans:--"October 17th. Hundreds of
Blackbirds, Thrushes, Starlings, Larks, three Woodcock, one Snipe
flying round lantern; one Woodcock killed, and one hundred Blackbirds,
Thrushes, Starlings, and Larks."
Dudgeon L.V.--Mr J. F. Warder:--"Seagulls and Puffins are very thin at
the Dudgeon Station. Skua Gulls are seldom seen here summer or winter."
Leman and Ower L.V.--Mr John Bowen (Mate):--"November 13th. Large
numbers of birds at midnight round the ship and lantern. West (3),
O. M. One Curlew, one Woodcock, one Blackbird, three Starlings, four
Thrushes, fourteen Redwings, twelve Larks, and one Finch killed; the
rest went away at daylight to N.W.
Hasbro' L.V.--Mr B. V. Darnell and J. Nicholas:--"June 7th, 4 P.M.,
S.S.E. (2), O. M., one Deaths-head Moth caught alive; several small
White Moths and Black Flies rested."
Languard Point L.H.--Mr Owen Boyle:--"July 4th, at 9.35 P.M., millions
of very small brown-coloured Flies pitched on lantern glass, and to
keep the glass clear they had to be washed off. They sting like a
mosquito. Wind S. (1), B. C. M."
Hanois L.H., Guernsey.--Mr Charles Williams:--"April 10th, 1885,
Cuckoo, two seen on the island, and several Swallows, Whitethroats,
and Blue Titmouse, Yellow Wagtails, Yellow Buntings, and Wheatears.
The west end of the island was all alive with birds of passage.
The morning fine; wind N., light." "September 13th. S.E., cloudy.
Silver-gamma Moth all the evening flying about lantern." "September
17th. N.E. (4), O. R. Golden-crested Wrens, Redstarts, Wheatears,
Wagtails, Whitethroats, Blackcaps, and Swallows after midnight; a great
many killed, and fell into the water." "22d. Winged Ants flying past
lighthouses, some settled. S.E., B. C. V., 2 P.M."
In the great rush, October 15th, 16th, E.N.E. (4 to 5), O. M., the
species actually shown by the schedules as on migration over the North
Sea, were Redwing, Starling, Tree-sparrow, Blackbird, Lark, Thrush,
Fieldfare, Water-rail, Hawk, Redbreast, Woodcock, Goldcrest, Snipe,
Gray Crow, Snow-Bunting, Ring-Ousel, Chaffinch, Carrion Crow, Wheatear,
Rook, Linnet, Hedge-Sparrow, Common Sparrow, Brambling, Short-eared
Owl, Knot, Wild Geese, and Jacksnipe; and on November 10th, 11th, S.
by E. to N.E., drizzly. Missel Thrush, Blackbird, Grey Crow, Thrush,
Redwing, Snipe, Dunlin, Fieldfare, Stormy Petrel, Lark, Lapwing,
Goldcrest, Starling, Curlew, Stonechat, Rook, Daw, Ducks, Sparrow,
Redbreast, Titmice, Short-eared Owl, Tree Pipit, Snow-bunting, and
Brambling, with doubtless many others not distinguished at the time.
From Malmo, Sweden.--Mr Frank E. Newton sends a cutting from a Gotland
newspaper, of which the following is a translation:--"A curious
circumstance happened at the F[)a]rö Lighthouse on the 20th October.
About 8.30 in the evening a sharp report was heard by the man on watch.
He immediately went up to the lantern to ascertain the cause, when he
found two of the panes of glass broken into small pieces, as well as
three "Alfoglar" (Long-Tailed Ducks, _Harelda glacialis_) lying dead
inside. There were also three lamp glasses broken, and a third pane of
glass cracked in many places. On the ground below lay nine more birds
of the same sort. The Ducks had come from a northerly direction. The
flight must have been at a remarkable speed, as the quarter-inch thick
glass was smashed into many small pieces."
Schedules have been sent in since the writing of the report from Inner
Farn L.H.--Mr Thomas H. Cutting--ranging from February 11th to March
30th, 1886, and recording a large migration of Skylarks during the
forenoon on February 19th to the W.; also the movements of Blackbirds,
Thrushes, Common Wrens, Lapwing, Snipe, Starlings, Golden Plover,
Daws, and "Black Crows." A pair of Wheatears on February 22d, at 5
P.M., and again a pair on March 25th. A small flock of Snow-Bunting on
March 13th, and three Fieldfare on the .30th.
Galloper L.V.--Mr P. Frost:--From January 21st to April 12th, 1886,
is specially interesting as recording the enormous migration of Larks
and Starlings, and in less numbers of Chaffinches, Sparrows, Linnets,
and Plover. On the nights of January 21st to 23d, two hundred and
twenty-six were killed. Unfortunately Mr Frost fails to state the
directions of flights, but, judging from the entries in the schedules
sent in by other light-vessels on the south-east coast, they refer to
birds on passage both to the Continent and our own shores.
Newarp L.V.--Messrs C. Campbell and W. Rees:--From October 21st to
March 21st, 1886, up to February 14th. Crows, Starlings, Larks,
Chaffinches, Blackbirds, Thrushes, Fieldfares, Bramblings, and Linnets
in greater or less numbers to the W., ceasing on December 11th, and
again recommencing on January 23d to February 14th, and then from March
5th to 21st, Starlings, Larks, and Crows passing to the E.
Swin Middle L.V.--Messrs Pender and J. Barrett:--From January 21st to
April 3d, 1886; between January 21st to February 15th. Immense flights
of Larks, generally during the night, and large numbers killed; also
Starlings, Sparrows, and some Chaffinches. On January 24th, five
flocks of small birds travelling from N.W. to S.E. On the night of
February 14th to 15th, Larks still in great numbers, ninety on deck,
and a great many falling into the water, "for two hours the Larks were
like a shower of snow." March 28th and 29th, and April 1st, 2d, 3d,
Chaffinches at intervals during the morning three or four together,
all were male birds, only one female seen. "Ducks" (probably Scoters)
"can be seen from this vessel eight or nine months in the year, but on
February 10th, 11th, 12th, we had calms and fogs, and the Ducks sat on
the water, covering about a mile, the water being black with them."
Lord Clifton writes:--"About twenty Swallows were picked up dead after
the northerly gales and rain of October 13th and 14th. Seven were
found huddled together alive in a duck's nesting-box in a stable, and
one was found dead in a slipper in a bedroom, so desperate were the
efforts of the poor birds to find warmth and shelter. House Martins
were similarly overtaken." "Golden Oriole."--"On June 9th a bricklayer
thought he saw one, and on the 23d a woodcutter said he both saw one
and heard it whistle; our people about here are familiar with the
general appearance of the bird from its having bred in this park in
1874 and 1875."
General Remarks.
A special point of interest in the report for the East Coast of England
was the large arrival of Pied Flycatchers at Spurn and Flamborough in
the first week in May 1885, with a north-east wind. This immigration
extended northward as far as the Pentland Skerries (see Report from
the East Coast of Scotland). At Flamborough the Flycatchers were
accompanied by male Redstarts.
There was an enormous arrival of Redwings, commencing at the Farn
Islands on September 15th, and continued throughout October and
November to the first week in December, and covering the whole east
coast of England. There was also an immense immigration of Fieldfares,
which was specially observed at the Longstone L.H. from November 8th to
11 P.M. on the 12th.
Scarcely second to these in importance was the immense flight of
Bramblings, the bulk of which arrived in two great rushes between
October 14th and 17th and on November 11th and 12th; this species being
reported as more plentiful in the eastern counties than ever previously
recorded.
The main body of Woodcocks arrived in two great rushes, the "first
flight" on the night of October 16th to 17th, covering the east coast
from the Farn Islands to Thanet, and the "great flight" on October 22d
to 23d and 23d to 24th between the same islands and Yarmouth. After
this. Woodcocks kept dropping in at intervals up to the end of January
1886.
It has been remarked in previous reports that the migration of a
species extends over many weeks, and in some cases is extended for
months. Yet it is observable that, at least on the east coast of
England, year by year, the bulk or main body of the birds which strike
the coast come in two enormous and almost continuous rushes during
the second and third weeks in October and the corresponding weeks in
November. Continued observation also proves that the earlier arrivals,
as a rule, refer to the young of the year, and the later to old birds,
but with many exceptions.
Birds also continue persistently, year by year, to follow the same
lines of flight both in the spring and autumn, and at least nine-tenths
of the arrivals at the latter season come directly from the east or
from points south of east, moving to the west and north-west. In
the spring, when leaving the east coast, they travel in the reverse
direction, but still following the old lines. The occurrences of
migrants coming from points north of east is quite exceptional.