after fifteen, at which period the danger from over-use of the eye is
diminished; and it is thus that watchmakers, type-setters, and other
artisans who continuously use their eyes upon minute objects have
better sight than the studious professional man or laborious scientific
worker. We may sum up the article in a few lines when we say that
nothing good, either physical or mental, can accrue from forcing young
minds beyond a certain extent, and that we have reached, possibly
passed, the ultimum in our present system of education. Encourage, as
far as possible, out-door sports, and let the heavy mental work be done
after fourteen. Give our children air and light, lest harm be done to
the race.
AN AMERICAN ALMANAC AND TREASURY OF FACTS, STATISTICAL, FINANCIAL, AND
POLITICAL, FOR THE YEAR 1878. Edited by Ainsworth R. Spofford,
Librarian of Congress. New York and Washington: The American News
Company.
Few persons in this country are more competent to compile a volume such
as this than the Librarian of Congress. Himself a practical bookseller,
he brought years of the necessary experience to his aid. The results of
this experience are manifest in the intelligently-arranged and
trustworthy volume before us. It contains a vast amount of really
useful information, on agriculture, politics, banks, finances,
libraries, the census, chronology, commerce, the post-office, gold and
silver coinage, education—in fact, on every practical subject about
which persons need ready and accurate information. Its statistics can
be relied on as trustworthy. It is preceded by a short “History of
Almanacs,” in which Mr. Spofford enumerates several that have appeared
of late years, though he has forgotten to mention the _Illustrated
Catholic Family Almanac_, now in its tenth year. This, we presume, was
an oversight; for, if we are not mistaken, it has been a guide to some
of the statisticians in Washington with regard to the statistics of
Catholic colleges and institutions of learning conducted by Catholics.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Footnotes
-----
Footnote 1:
Macaulay.
Footnote 2:
_Marble Faun_, vol. ii. p. 129, Tauch. Ed.
Footnote 3:
John Dwight’s translation.
Footnote 4:
See _Sum_ of St. Thomas, i. 2, cviii.
Footnote 5:
Words of Pius IX.
Footnote 6:
Lutheran I am not; nor Zwinglian; still less Anabaptist. In short. I
am one who believes in, honors, and respects the holy, true, and
Catholic Church.
Footnote 7:
Childlike simplicity.
Footnote 8:
_The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease, and Heredity_,
_etc._ By R. L. Dugdale. With an Introduction by Elisha Harris, M.D.
New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
Footnote 9:
THE CATHOLIC WORLD, June, 1876, “Hammond on the Nervous System.”
Footnote 10:
_Some Remarks on Crime-Cause._ Richard Vaux.
Footnote 11:
_St. Hedwige, Duchess of Silesia and Poland_. By F. Becker. Collection
of Historical Portraits. No. VIII. Herder & Co., Freiburg in Breisgau
and Strassburg. 1872.
Footnote 12:
Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury.
Footnote 13:
Belatucadus was also the name of a divinity worshipped by the ancient
Britons. A rock situated a little to the north of Belenus still
retains the name of Tombalaine or Tombalène, formerly _Tumba Beleni_.
Several strange legends linger about both these rocks. The ancient
poem of _Brut_, of which a MS. copy is preserved in the archivium of
Mount St. Michael, has the story of King Arthur, Sir Launcelot, and
Elaine, and makes out the etymology of the northern rock to be Le
Tombe (d’)Elaine.
Footnote 14:
These priestesses were in the habit of selling to the seafaring men
who came to consult them arrows of pretended virtue in calming
tempests, if thrown into the sea, during a storm, by one of the
youngest sailors on board. In the ancient Druidic poem called _Ar
Rannou_, or _The Series_, where the _Child_ says, “Sing me the number
Nine,” the _Druid_ answers, “... Nine Korrigan with flowers in their
hair, robed in white wool, dancing around the fountain in the light of
the full moon.” (See De Villemarqué, _Barzaz Breiz_, p. 6.) Pomponius
Mela designates as _Garrigena_ (evidently Korrigan Latinized) the
“nine priestesses or sorceresses of the Armorican Isle of Sein.”
Footnote 15:
Monsieur de la Fruglaye mentions the existence, near to Morlaix, of a
vast forest which has been submerged by the ocean. In a black and
compact stratum, which is covered for the most part by a fine white
sand, he found traces of very ancient and abundant vegetation: whole
trees thrown in every direction—yews, oaks, large trunks, and green
mosses. Beneath this layer the soil appeared to be that of meadows,
with reeds and rushes, etc. Here all the plants were undisturbed and
in a vertical position, and the roots of the ferns still had their
downy coating. (See _Observations sur les origines du Mont St.
Michel_. Maury.)
A similar, though gradual, sinking of the coast is going on on the
western coast of France and England, also at Alexandria, Venice, Pola,
and the coast of Dalmatia, besides other localities.
Footnote 16:
See _Itinéraire dans le Mont St. Michel_, par Edouard Le Héricher.
Footnote 17:
_Proceedings at the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Free-Religious
Association, held in Boston, May 31 and June 1, 1877_. Boston:
Published by the Free-Religious Association, 231 Washington Street.
1877.
Footnote 18:
Vide Moehler’s _Symbolism_.
Footnote 19:
_The Impeachment of Christianity_, p. 6.
Footnote 20:
Ibid. p. 1.
Footnote 21:
P. 26.
Footnote 22:
P. 23.
Footnote 23:
P. 29.
Footnote 24:
P. 28.
Footnote 25:
_Is Romanism Real Christianity?_ p. 14.
Footnote 26:
P. 22.
Footnote 27:
P. 28.
Footnote 28:
P. 28.
Footnote 29:
P. 29.
Footnote 30:
P. 30.
Footnote 31:
P. 33.
Footnote 32:
P. 34.
Footnote 33:
P. 40.
Footnote 34:
P. 42.
Footnote 35:
The fact of St. James having taken this journey has been generally
considered indubitable, although Baronius held it as uncertain.
Mariana, in his history, affirms that all written documents were
destroyed in Spain, first by the persecution of Diocletian, and
afterwards by the Moorish invasion and its attendant wars. The silence
of ancient testimony is thus fully explained, and the learned Suarez,
writing on the subject, says: “It matters little that the local
histories of the time make no mention of this journey of St. James;
for, besides that nothing happened in it so extraordinary or notorious
that the renown thereof would necessarily spread abroad, Spain had at
that period no writers careful to collect the facts of her history,
and strangers would not be likely to know anything about it,
especially as being of a religious nature, concerning which men would
not trouble themselves at all.... If St. Luke had not left in writing
the acts of St. Peter and St. Paul, many of their journeyings would be
forgotten, or rest only upon such traditions as might be preserved by
the churches they founded.”
Footnote 36:
Tome vi. _Aprilis_.
Footnote 37:
_In fest. Sancti Isidori, lect. 2a._
Footnote 38:
See the account as given by John de Beka in the _Chronicle of
Utrecht_.
Footnote 39:
Datum Viterbii, XII. Kalend. Junii.
Footnote 40:
We published last month an article on the Indian question, based
chiefly on the official reports to and of the Board of Indian
Commissioners. We publish this month a second article on the same
question by another writer, one who is personally familiar with the
matter of which he treats, and whose observations and suggestions on
so important a subject cannot fail to command attention.—ED. C. W.
Footnote 41:
Audax omnia perpeti,
Gens humana ruit per vetitum nefas.
Footnote 42:
“Gentiles have often said before me that Mormonism is as good as any
other religion, and that Mr. Joseph Smith ‘had as good a right to
establish a church as Luther, Calvin, Fox, Wesley, or even bluff King
Hal’” (_The City of the Saints_, by Richard F. Burton).
Footnote 43:
It was one of Mr. Finney’s doctrines that whenever we pray with
sufficient faith, God, so to speak, is bound not only to answer the
prayer, but to give us the precise thing we ask for; in other words,
that we know better than God what is good for us. “There are men and
women still alive and among us,” says Dr. Spring, “who remember the
circumstances of the death of Mrs. Pierson, around whose lifeless body
her husband assembled a company of _believers_, with the assurance
that if they prayed in faith she would be restored to life. Their
feelings were greatly excited, their impressions of their success
peculiar and strong. They prayed, and prayed again, and prayed _in
faith_. But they were disappointed. There was none to answer, neither
was there any that regarded.” The italics are Dr. Spring’s.
Footnote 44:
_Remarkable Visions._ By Orson Pratt, one of the Twelve Apostles of
the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Liverpool, 1848.
Footnote 45:
Mormon books contain representations of six plates of brass, inscribed
with unknown figures, which are said to have been dug out of a mound
in Pike County, Illinois, in 1843. Like those which Moroni is supposed
to have revealed to Joseph Smith they are described as bell-shaped and
fastened together by a ring. But the evidence that any such plates
were ever found is not satisfactory, and the characters on the
published pictures of them bear little or no resemblance to those
which Joseph Smith presented to the world as a fac-simile of a part of
the Book of Mormon.
Footnote 46:
Many suppose that Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum fabricated plates
of some basemetal and imposed them upon their credulous followers. But
if they had gone to the trouble of doing this it is probable that they
would have shown them to a number of people, and not confined the
exhibition to a handful of their immediate associates. The mere fact
that evidence as to the existence of any plates at all is so defective
seems to us conclusive that there were none—not even forged ones.
Footnote 47:
“Revelation given to Joseph Smith, Jr., May, 1829, informing him of
the alteration of the manuscript of the fore part of the Book of
Mormon.”—_Covenants and Commandments_, sec. xxxvi.
Footnote 48:
Five thousand copies were printed, yet the first edition is
excessively rare. The later editions differ a little from the
original. The “third European edition,” which is now before us, was
published at Liverpool in 1852.
Footnote 49:
Oliver Cowdery was expelled from the church some years later for
“lying, counterfeiting, and immorality,” and died a miserable
drunkard. Sidney Rigdon attempted to rule the church by revelation
after the death of Joseph Smith, and, being “cut off” at the demand of
Brigham Young, led away a small sect of seceders. Parley P. Pratt,
having induced a married woman to become his polygamous wife, was
killed by the outraged husband. Orson Pratt is still living, and one
of the ablest of the Mormon leaders.
Footnote 50:
Although these lectures bear Smith’s name, it is understood that they
were really written by Sidney Rigdon.
Footnote 51:
_Autobiography of Joseph Smith_, quoted by Stenhouse.
Footnote 52:
This is quoted by Capt. Burton, but he does not give his authority.
Footnote 53:
About the time of the invention of Mormonism Robert Owen’s communistic
propaganda was making an extraordinary sensation in America. In his
“Declaration of Mental Independence” at New Harmony, July 4, 1826,
Owen declared that man had up to that hour been the slave of “a
trinity of monstrous evils”—Irrational Religion, Property, and
Marriage.
Footnote 54:
In the “Revelation on Celestial Marriage” Joseph Smith is styled “him
who is anointed both as well for time and for all eternity; and that,
too, most holy,” and it is added: “I have appointed unto my servant
Joseph to hold this power in the last days, and there is never but one
on the earth at a time on whom this power and the keys of this
priesthood are conferred.” Hence a government by the quorum of
apostles, in the Mormon idea, can never be anything but an
interregnum. They believe that Heaven will not fail to send them a
“prophet, seer, and revelator,” and, as Brigham succeeded Joseph, so
they look for some one in the appointed time to succeed Brigham. _Uno
avulso, non deficit alter_.
Footnote 55:
To avoid unpleasantness, the “Legislature of Deseret” annually
re-enacts _en bloc_ the laws of the territorial legislature of Utah.
Footnote 56:
_The Mormon Prophet._ By Mrs. C. V. Waite. Cambridge. 1866.
Footnote 57:
Address by Brigham Young in the Salt Lake City Tabernacle. April 9,
1852, four months before the publication of Joseph’s “Revelation.”
Footnote 58:
“You believe that Adam was made of the dust of this earth. This I do
not believe. I never did and I never want to, because I have come to
understanding and banished from my mind all the baby stories my mother
taught me when I was a child” (Sermon by Brigham Young, Oct. 23,
1853).
Footnote 59:
Joseph Smith professed to get this version by inspiration.
Footnote 60:
They made it over to him as trustee, retaining, however, the use of
it. Thus an additional tie was made to keep them true to the faith.
Brigham could at any time take away all that they possessed, and if
they left the Territory they would have to go penniless.
Footnote 61:
See the whole passage in the _Popular Science Monthly_ for November,
1872.
Footnote 62:
The site of the fort in New York attacked by Champlain in 1615 has
only recently been determined, although a number of leading historians
have been discussing it for some years.
Footnote 63:
A foot or more of soft black soil (_humus_) on the bottom of the
cellar refuted the suspicion entertained by some that this excavation
was of more recent origin than the ancient buildings.
Footnote 64:
Indians, some of whom are no mean anatomists, have since pronounced
one of them to be part of a _vertebra_ in all probability human.
Footnote 65:
Even at this day our pagan Ojibwas make such a use of human bones.
They either carry them in their “medicine bags” as “manitous” or grind
them to powder, which they apply especially to their puncturing
instruments. In diseases of the head the powder of the skull is used;
in the case of a sore leg, that of the _tibia_ or _femur_, etc.
Footnote 66:
_Short Studies on Great Subjects._ By James Anthony Froude, M.A. New
York: Scribner, Armstrong & Co. 1877.
Footnote 67:
Alexandre de Saint-Cheron. Introduction to Harber’s translation of
Ranke’s _History of the Papacy_. Second edition. Paris. 1848.
Footnote 68:
Prince Bismarck.
Footnote 69:
_North American Review_, Sept.-Oct., 1877, art. on “Perpetual Forces.”
Footnote 70:
The word “royal” has so degenerated in these days that we feel no
scruple in applying it to Victor Emanuel.
Footnote 71:
Froude’s _History of England_, vol. ii. p. 447. Scribner & Co. 1870.
Footnote 72:
_St. Louis and Calvin_, p. 149. Macmillan & Co.
Footnote 73:
“Let them not come forth
Till the ninth ripening year mature their worth.”
—Horat. _Ars Poet_., 388, Francis’ trans.
Footnote 74:
“Than if far Cadiz, Libya’s plain,
And either Carthage owned your sway.”
—Horat. _Carm._ ii. 2.
_En passant_, it may be said that this stanza, which begins
“Latius regnes, avidum domando
Spiritum quam si,” etc.,
furnishes a curious parallel to the words of Holy Writ, Prov. xvi. 32:
“He that ruleth his spirit [is better] than he that taketh cities.” It
is far from being the only passage in Horace which in spirit, if not
in letter, suggests the inspired writers so strongly as to tempt one
to believe that he must have had some acquaintance with them. Cf.
Virgil’s _Pollio_.
Footnote 75:
Byron, however, if we are to take literally the well-known lines in
_Childe Harold_, can scarcely rank with true lovers of our Horace:
“Then farewell, Horace, whom I hated so,
Not for thy faults, but mine; it is a curse
To understand, not _feel_, thy lyric flow,
To comprehend but never love thy verse.”
Footnote 76:
“Why is all _journeyman-work_ of literature, as I may call it, so much
worse done here than it is in France?... Think of the difference
between the translations of the classics turned out for Mr. Bohn’s
library and those turned out for M. Nisard’s collection!”—M. Arnold,
_Essays in Criticism_, Am. ed., p. 51.
Footnote 77:
“I can understand that we must not make form everything in poetry. But
why, in dealing with an art, we should take no account of the
_technique_ of that art, should make light of those who excel in its
_technique_, I do not understand at all.”
Footnote 78:
“With a mind undisturbed take life’s good and life’s evil,
Temper grief from despair, temper joy from vain-glory;
For, through each mortal change, equal mind,
O my Dellius, befits mortal born.”
—Horat. _Carm._ ii. 3, Lord Lytton’s trans.
Footnote 79:
“Fell Care climbs brazen galley’s sides;
Nor troops of horse can fly
Her foot, which than the stag’s is swifter—ay,
Swifter than Eurus when he madly rides
The clouds along the sky.”
—_Carm._ ii. 16, Martin’s translation.
Footnote 80:
We do not here forget such songs as Shakspeare’s “Come away, come
away, Death,” or Ben Jonson’s “See the chariot at hand here of Love,”
or the anapests and dactyls in the madrigals. But we think it cannot
be gainsaid that the general tendency of the earlier poets was to
simple rhythms, and that the intricate arrangements of rhyme and
novelties of metre in which modern poets delight were little known to
them, or, if known, little relished.
Footnote 81:
“Fled are the snows; and the green, reappearing,
Shoots in the meadow and shines on the tree.”
Footnote 82:
_Note by the author of the article._—The import of this needs some
further explanation. Since the body is full of various and contrary
physical forces, these must come either from the soul as the active
principle giving the _materia_ of the body its first being, or from
the elements which are the chemical components of the blood, bones,
and other integral parts of the body. The soul cannot furnish them,
because it does not possess them. Therefore the elements remain, and
the material substance remains, and they are not divested of their
substantial formality.
Footnote 83:
Viz., that the modern theory destroys the unity of substances, and
particularly the unity of the human nature or substance.—_Author of
the article_.
Footnote 84:
Cant. iv. 7.
Footnote 85:
Ex. xvi. 33; Heb. ix. 4.
Footnote 86:
See THE CATHOLIC WORLD, July, 1877, “The European Exodus.”
Footnote 87:
Among the Catholic colleges whose teaching staff is wholly or mainly
German, and whose students are largely of German birth, we may
mention the Redemptorist Convent and House of Studies at Ilchester,
Maryland, which has a staff of 11 learned professors; St. Charles
Borromeo’s Seminary of the Congregation of the Precious Blood,
Carthagena, Ohio; St. Joseph’s College, Cincinnati, conducted by the
Brothers of the Holy Cross; Seminary of St. Francis of Sales,
Milwaukee; College of St. Laurence of Brundusium, Calvary, Ohio,
conducted by the Capuchin Fathers; St. Vincent’s Abbey of the Order
of St. Benedict, Beatty’s Station, Pennsylvania, with a staff of 25
professors; St. Francis’ Monastery, Loretto, Pennsylvania; St.
Francis Solanus’ Convent of the Franciscan Fathers, Quincy, Illinois;
St. Joseph’s College, conducted by the Franciscan Fathers, at
Teutopolis, Illinois; Franciscan College, Allegany, New York; St.
Ignatius’ College, Buffalo; Franciscan Collegiate Institute,
Cleveland; Gymnasium of the Franciscan Fathers at Cincinnati; St.
Joseph’s College, Rohnerville, California, under the direction of the
Priests of the Precious Blood; and St. John’s College, conducted by
the Benedictines, at St. Joseph, Minnesota. We may add in this place
that thirteen of our sixty-eight American prelates are of German
birth or descent.
Footnote 88:
See THE CATHOLIC WORLD, August, 1877, “Colonization and Future
Emigration.”
Footnote 89:
By Carlyle.—ED. C. W.
Footnote 90:
_The Beginnings of Christianity._ With a View of the State of the
Roman World at the Birth of Christ. By George P. Fisher, D.D.,
Professor of Ecclesiastical History in Yale College, etc. New York:
Scribner, Armstrong & Co. 1877.
Footnote 91:
Mr. Leeser, a late eminent Jewish scholar and minister of a synagogue
in Philadelphia, translated the original text of Gen. i. 11: “The
Spirit of God _was waving_ over the face of the waters.”
Footnote 92:
Wisdom i. 14, 15.
Footnote 93:
P. 5.
Footnote 94:
Pp. 393–395.
Footnote 95:
Pp. 464, 465.
Footnote 96:
We should prefer to say contrived by the human intelligence,
constructed and directed by the human will.
Footnote 97:
P. 465.
Footnote 98:
P. 66.
Footnote 99:
Pp. 137–139.
Footnote 100:
P. 140.
Footnote 101:
P. 42.
Footnote 102:
_Short Studies on Great Subjects._ By James Anthony Froude, M.A. New
York: Scribner, Armstrong & Co. 1877.
Footnote 103:
We cannot, in the space of an article of this kind, give chapter and
verse for every statement we may make. Limits forbid this. In saying
that incoherency and inconsistency mark the Protestant tradition
throughout, we are aware that we make a very large and very grave
assertion. To those who feel inclined to doubt its truth we would
recommend as the readiest and fullest confirmation of it the very
able series of articles on the Protestant tradition which appeared
last year in the London _Tablet_—a series that, enlarged and carried
further, we should like to see published in book-form.
Footnote 104:
Mr. Froude probably means the children of Catholic parents, who were
encouraged by the state to apostatize, and thereby enter into the
possession of their family estates; as otherwise there was no legal
possibility of a Protestant being injured by a Catholic.
Footnote 105:
_The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century_. By James Anthony
Froude, M.A. Vol. I. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1872.
Footnote 106:
Herein is plainly confirmed the view we took of Mr. Froude’s theory
of might and right in our last article, “Mr. Froude on the Revival of
Romanism,” Dec., 1877.
Footnote 107:
The Great Hall at Westminster, so called from William Rufus, who
built it (1097) for a banqueting-hall—and kept his word.
Footnote 108:
See, for the true character of this much-maligned and really
lamb-like sovereign, Froude’s _History of England_. Yet—so harsh is
the judgment of men—it is this very prince of whose robber—we should
say resumption of the church lands the Protestant antiquary, Sir
Henry Spelman, writes: “God’s blessing, it seemeth, was not on it;
for within four years after he had received all this, and had ruined
and sacked three hundred and seventy-six of the monasteries, and
brought their substance to his treasury, ... he was drawn so dry that
Parliament was constrained to supply his wants with the residue of
all the monasteries of the kingdom, great ones and illustrious, ...
by reason whereof the service of God was not only grievously wounded
and bleedeth at this day, but infinite works of charity were utterly
cut off and extinguished.”
Footnote 109:
_Riding the wild mare_—i.e., playing at see-saw. The kneeling of the
ox refers to an old English superstition that at midnight on
Christmas Eve the oxen would be found kneeling in their stalls.
Footnote 110:
A peculiar peal of bells rung at Christmas-tide on the church-bells
in Languedoc—doubtless, like _Noel_, from _natalis_.
Footnote 111:
_Du Darwinisme: ou l’homme singe_. Paris, 1877, page 170.
Footnote 112:
_On the Intrusion of certain Professors of Physical Science into the
Region of Faith and Morals_: An address delivered to the members of
the Manchester Academia of the Catholic Religion by J. Stores Smith,
Esq.
Footnote 113:
_Manuel d’une Corporation Chrétienne_, par Léon Harmel. Tours, Marne,
Paris: au Secrétariat de l’œuvre des Cercles Catholiques d’Ouvriers,
10 Rue du Bac. 1877.
Footnote 114:
1 Tim. iii. 7.
Footnote 115:
Cyprian, Epist. lxvii.
Footnote 116:
Celestine, Epist. ii. 5.
Footnote 117:
_De Clericis_, lib. i, cap. vi.
Footnote 118:
Lib. v. _Biblioth._ ad. not. 118.
Footnote 119:
_De Concord. Sacerd. et Imp._, lib. viii. cap. ii.
Footnote 120:
_Vet. et Nov. Ecclesia Discipl._, par. ii. lib. ii. cap. i.
Footnote 121:
Epist. v.
Footnote 122: