SHOEING MULES, ASSES, AND OXEN.
1. The shoeing of mules and asses is, as in the case of horses, a
necessity if these animals are to be used for draft or saddle purposes
on hard streets. The structure and characteristics of the hoofs of
these animals are quite similar to those of the horse, differing
chiefly in the form and thickness of the wall. The mule hoof is long
and narrow and round at the toe, the sole is well arched, and the side
walls are rather steep (Fig. 225). In the ass the narrowness of hoof
is still more pronounced, the wall is relatively =thick=, the frog is
particularly well developed in its branches, and therefore the hoof is
relatively wide in the region of the quarters. The horn of both mule
and ass is tough.
The shoes differ from those of the horse in no other respect than that
they should be lighter and narrower. Four nail-holes are sufficient for
an ass’ shoe, and five to six for a mule’s.
On account of the hardness and toughness of the walls, we use nails
that are short but strong in the shank; nails with weak shanks are apt
to bend in driving.
[Illustration: FIG. 225. A mule’s hoof. (Plantar surface).]
[Illustration: FIG. 226. A shod ox-claw.]
2. _The shoeing of oxen_ is essentially different from that of horses,
because the foot of the ox is cloven (split), the long pastern, short
pastern, and hoof-bone are double, so that, instead of one hoof or
claw, there are two upon each foot, distinguished as outer and inner.
Each claw consists of wall, sole, and bulbs; the frog is absent. The
wall is considerably thinner than that of the horse’s hoof, the sole is
thin, and the bulbs are low. For these reasons the shoe designed for a
claw must be thin, but wide.
The holes must be punched fine and the nails be quite short and strong.
On each shoe a long tongue should be made on the inner edge near the
toe, and so directed that it can be turned upward and outward to
embrace the toe of the claw. A small clip raised on the outer toe of
each shoe will increase its stability. In some parts of Saxony the
shoes are so made that the tongue of each shoe begins in the rear
third of its inner edge and runs forward, upward, and outward, closely
embracing the wall of the toe. The smaller clip is drawn up on the
outer edge of the shoe close to the toe. These shoes are more difficult
to make, but when applied sit more firmly and remain fast longer than
all others. Machine-made ox shoes (Fig. 227) have no clip at the inner
toe, and are frequently pulled and lost. For this reason they are
inferior to hand-made shoes. An undivided shoe (the so-called “closed
claw-shoe”) is unsuitable for oxen, because it deprives both claws of
their natural, free movements. However, such a shoe is of advantage
for heavy draft over hard and very rough roads, because it lessens the
liability of the fetlock and coronary joints and the cleft of the claws
to strains.
[Illustration: FIG. 227.
Pair of machine-made ox shoes, viewed from the ground-surface and in
profile; _a_, toe-calk; _b_, heel-calks.]
Great difficulty is often encountered in holding the feet during the
operation of shoeing. It is necessary to fasten the head securely
against a tree, post, or wall. A front foot may be raised and held
by passing a slip-noose in the end of a rope or side-line around the
fetlock and carrying the line over the withers to the opposite side,
where it is held by an assistant. A hind limb may be controlled by
passing a round pole in front of the hock of the leg to be raised,
and, with a man at each end of the pole, carrying the limb backward
and upward, in which position it is held; or the limb may be bent and
controlled by tightening a twitch or tourniquet upon the leg just above
the hock (Fig. 228). Oxen that continue to resist may sometimes be
quieted by light blows of a short stick upon the base of the horns. In
parts of the country where many oxen are shod stocks are in common use.
[Illustration: FIG. 228. Hind foot raised by means of a round pole.]
Very satisfactory stocks have been designed by Gutenaecker, of Munich
(Fig. 229). The four corner-posts (_a_, _a_, _b_, _b_) are eight
inches square and eight feet long, of which three feet four inches
are solidly implanted in the ground. They are united by side- and
cross-bars (_c_, _c_, _d_). In front of the corner-posts (_a_, _a_)
and in the middle line stands a head-post (_e_) of the same dimensions
as the corner-posts, provided with a slot four inches wide and twenty
inches long beginning three feet from the ground. In this slot is
a pulley-wheel (_i_), and below it a windlass (_k_) for winding up
the rope which is tied around the base of the animal’s horns. The
corner-posts are provided with a slot (_n_) three inches wide and
three inches deep, within which are placed two movable side-bars (_o_,
_p_), which can be set at desired heights and fastened by iron pins.
Between the front and rear corner-posts of the right-hand side is an
eight-sided roller with a ratchet and click at one end, and having on
one of the sides six iron hooks, to which a girth is attached. On the
opposite side of the stocks, at the same height, is a stationary bar
(_f_) with six hooks (_g_, _g_) on the outer side. The belly girth is
six feet long, six inches wide, and terminates at both ends in several
strong cords two feet four inches long with iron rings at their ends.
Between the front corner-posts are a neck-yoke (_h_) and a breast-bar
which slide in the slots (_m_) and may be fixed at desired heights
by iron pins. On the rear face of each rear corner-post is an iron
bracket (_s_) one foot and a half long, with a ring (_t_) six inches in
diameter, through which passes a round pole padded in the middle and
kept in place by two iron pins. Above each bracket is a hook (_u_) to
which the end of the breeching attaches.
[Illustration: FIG. 229.
Gutenäcker’s stocks for oxen: _a_, front corner-posts; _b_, rear
corner-posts; _c_, _d_, connecting bars; _e_, head-post; _f_, bar
for holding belly girth; _g_, hooks for girth; _h_, neck-yoke; _i_,
pulley-wheel; _k_, windlass with ratchet and click; _m_, slot for
neck-yoke and breast-bar; _n_, slot for movable side-bars; _o_, _p_,
side-bars; _r_, hook for fetlock strap; _s_, iron bracket; _t_, iron
ring for rear cross pole; _u_, hooks for breeching.]
Before an animal is brought into the stocks the neck-yoke is raised,
the breast-bar lowered, and the girth left hanging from the hooks on
the stationary bar. The ox is then led into the stocks and the rope
which is tied around the base of the horns is carried over the pulley
(_i_), fastened to the hook on the roller (_k_), and wound up till the
head is tight against the head-post. The yoke and breast-bar are then
placed in position and fastened, the breeching hung on the hooks (_u_),
and the belly girth attached to the hooks on the roller, so that, if
need be, it can be shortened till it bears the animal’s entire weight.
To control a front foot a slip-noose is placed about the fetlock and
the limb is raised and lashed to the side-bar, the rope passing finally
to the hook (_r_). To control a hind foot a slip-noose is placed
about the fetlock, the foot carried upward and backward over the rear
cross-bar, and, with the front surface of the fetlock-joint resting
against the padding of the bar, the limb is firmly secured by wrapping
the line several times about the limb and bar.
When no stocks are at hand, we may use an ordinary farm wagon or a
truck wagon. Tie the ox with his head forward between the front and
hind wheels. Fasten the large end of a binding pole to the spokes of
the front wheel and let it rest on the hub. Swing the pole close to the
ox and induce him to step over it with one hind leg, then raise the
rear end of the pole, and with it the leg and so much of the animal’s
hind quarters that the inner hind leg standing close to the wagon rests
but lightly upon the ground. The binding pole may then be slung with
a rope from the rack of the wagon or other stationary object and the
outer limb held in the usual manner. By following this method a shoer
with one assistant can easily and safely control the most refractory
oxen.
INDEX
Apprentice, 14
Arteries, 41
Articulations, 21
Balanced hoof, 101
Balling with snow, 149
Bar-shoe, uses of, 164
Bare foot, preparing the hoof, 102
Bars, 51
dressing, 99
Base-narrow position, 63, 68
Base-wide position, 63, 68
Beaked shoe, 184
Bear-foot, 72
Bearing-surface of shoes, 117, 127
Blood-vessels, 41
Bow-legged position, 64
Buttress, 100
Calf-kneed, 66
Calk-wound, 173
Camped behind, 68
in front, 66
Cannon bone, 20, 21
Carpus, 20
Cartilages, lateral, 39
Cast iron, 103
shoes, 132
Chadwick spring, 187
Clefts, 203
Clinch cutter, 97
Clinching, 131
Clips, 111
Close-nailing, burning, 166
Contracted hoof, 185
sole, 190
Corn, chronic, 175
dry, 174
suppurating, 174
Corns, 174
treatment, 176
Coronary band, 47
joint, 31
ligaments, 31
Cover-plate shoe, 173
Cow-hocked, 68
Cracks, 195
coronary and bar, 196, 202
plantar, 202
Crest, semilunar, 27
Crooked hoof, 192
Cross-firing, 140
Defay’s shoe, 187
Diseases of hoof, 165
Dressing the hoof, 98
Driving the shoe, 130
Drop-forged shoes, 132
Dropped sole, 178, 182, 183
Elastic parts of foot, 38
Examination before shoeing, 90
Feet, forms of, 69
Femur, 20
Fetlock, ligaments of, 29
joint, 28
Fiber shoes, 134
Fibula, 20
Flat hoof, 182
Fleshy frog, 49
sole, 49
wall, 48
Flight of hoofs, 72, 75
Foot, articulations of, 28
bones of, 24
Foot-axis, 70
relation to sole, 100
straight and broken, 101
Forging, 138
Founder, 177
dressing hoof, 179
shoeing, 180
Frog, 57
dressing, 99
Front shoe, making, 105
Frost-nails, 146
Full hoof, 183
Fullering, 109
hammer, 104
Gathered nail, 170
Hair-skin, 44
Head, bones of, 17
Heavy draught horses, shoeing, 125
Heel-calks, 112
always sharp, 154
Heels, inflammation of, 176
Hind shoe, making, 107
Hock, 21
Hollow wall, 205
Hoof, 50
benefits of movements within, 89
crooked, 84
growth of, 82
healthy, 81
irregular growth, 83
knife, 98
ointments, 159, 160
physiological movements of, 86
wear against shoe, 86
wear of, 82
Hoof-skin, 45
Hoofs, care of unshod, 157
Hoofs, forms of, 77, 80
of colts, care of, 157
Horn, minute structure of, 58
qualities of, 59
tumor, 181
Horseshoeing, object of, 13
schools, 15
Horseshoer, requisites of, 14
Humerus, 19
Hunters, shoeing, 123
Interfering, 142
Iron for horseshoes, 103
Joints, free, hinge, and pivot, 22
Keraphyllocele, 181
Knee-sprung, 67
Laminitis, 177
Leather sole, 164
Ligaments, 21
Limbs, standing positions, 62
Loose wall, 204
Low-jointed, 66
Mucous bursæ, 35
Mule shoes, 207
Muscles, 22
Nail-holes, 110
Nailing, 166
causes of, 167
examination and treatment, 167, 168
Nails, 128
Navicular bone, 28
Nerves, 44
Nippers, 99
Normal position, 62, 64, 67, 69
Os pedis, 26
Ox shoes, 208
Oxen, securing feet, 209
Pacers, shoeing, 124
Pads, rubber, 135
Pastern, long, 25
short, 26
Patella, 20
Pedal joint, 31
ligaments, 31
Peg-calks, 150
Peg toe-calks, 152
Pelvis, 19
Periople, 53
Perioplic band, 47
Periosteum, 21
Pigeon-toed position, 64
Pincers, 97
Plantar cushion, 40
Pododerm, 45
Pododermatitis, symptoms of, 161
treatment of, 163
Podophyllous tissue, 48
Podometer, 105
Pricking, direct nailing, 166
Pritchel, 105
Protective organs of foot, 44
Punch, 105
Quarter-crack, 200
Quarters, contraction of, 186
Radius, 20
Raising feet in shoeing, 92
Removing shoes, 97
Rolled toe, 118
Rope shoes, 133
Rubber shoes, 134
Runners, 123
Saddle-horses, shoeing, 122
Scapula, 19
Screw heel-calks, 148
Seedy-toe, 178
Sesamoid bones, 25
ligaments, 29-31
Sharp toe- and heel-calks, 146
Shod hoofs, care of, 159
Shoe, choosing the, 116
for acute-angled hoof, 114, 120
for base-narrow hoof, 114, 121
for base-wide hoof, 114, 121
for narrow hoof, 115, 121
for regular hoof, 114, 120
for stumpy hoof, 114, 120
for wide hoof, 115, 121
parts of, 103
wear of, 84
weight of, 116
Shoeing defective hoofs, 161
Shoes, fitting, 118
general properties, 107
machine, 132
making, 103, 105
nailing, 128
removing old, 97
shaping and fitting, 117, 120
special properties, 114
Sickle-hock, 68
Side-bone, 194
Sole, 55
contraction of, 189
Spinal column, 17
Splint-bones, 20
shoe, 172
Standing under, 66
Station of rest, 65
Steel, 103
Stocks, for horses, 95
for oxen, 209
Stifle-joint, 20
Stilt-foot, 184
Street-nail, 170
Stride, height of, 75
length of, 75
Stumpy hoof, 184
Suspensory ligament, 29
altering tension of, 36-38
Synovia, 21
Tendon, anterior extensor, 32
deep flexor, 33
lateral extensor, 32
sheaths, 35
superficial flexor, 33
Tendons, 24
Tension of tendon, altering, 36
Thorax, 18
Thrush, 206
Tibia, 20
Toe- and heel-calks, 112
Toe-calk, blunt, 113
half-sharp, 113
sharp, 112
Toe-crack, 197
Tools for making shoes, 104
Tread, 173
Trotters, shoeing, 124
Trunk, 17
Tubbing and stopping, 159
Ulna, 20
Vachette hook, 199
Veins, 43
Velvety frog, 49
sole, 49
Wall, 51
dressing, 99
height of, 52
leafy layer, 53
protective layer, 53
slant of, 52
thickness of, 53
Weight, influence of, 75
Weights, side and toe, 77
White line, 56
Wide hoofs, contraction of, 189
Wry hoof, 193