all along which were placed fruit-trees with artificial leaves and
fruits. The Garden within the walls was railed about with rails of
three foot high, adorned with balusters of silver, between which
were placed pedestals beautified with transparent lights of variable
colors. Upon the pedestals stood silver columns, upon the tops whereof
were personages of gold, lions of gold and unicorns of silver. Every
personage and beast did hold a torchet burning, that gave light and
luster to the whole fabric.
"Every Quarter of the Garden was finely hedged about with a low hedge
of cypress and juniper; the Knots within set with artificial flowers.
In the two first Quarters were two Pyramids, garnished with gold and
silver and glittering with transparent lights resembling carbuncles,
sapphires and rubies.
"In every corner of each Quarter were great pots of gilliflowers which
shadowed certain lights placed behind them and made resplendent and
admirable luster. The two farther Quarters were beautified with tulips
of divers colors, and in the middle and in the corners of the said
Quarters were set great tufts of several kinds of flowers receiving
luster from secret lights placed behind them.
"At the farther end of the Garden was a Mount, raised by degrees
resembling banks of earth covered with grass. On the top of the Mount
stood a goodly Arbor, substantially made and covered with artificial
trees and with arbor flowers such as eglantine, honeysuckles and the
like. The Arbor was in length three and thirty foot, in height one and
twenty, supported with termes of gold and silver. It was divided into
six arches and three doors answerable to the three walks of the Garden.
"In the middle of the Arbor rose a goodly large turret and at either
end a smaller. Upon the top of the Mount in the front thereof was a
bank of flowers, curiously painted behind, while within the arches the
maskers sat unseen.
"Behind the Garden, over the top of the Arbor, were set artificial
trees appearing like an Orchard joining to the Garden; and over all was
drawn in perspective a Firmament like the skies in a clear night. Upon
a grassy seat under the Arbor sat the Garden Gods in number twelve,
apparrelled in long robes of green rich taffeta, caps on their heads
and chaplets of flowers. In the midst of them sat Primaura, at whose
entreaty they descended to the stage, and, marching up to the King,
sung to lutes and theorbos."[97]
[97] The tenor lute.
COMPLETE LIST OF SHAKESPEARIAN FLOWERS
WITH BOTANICAL IDENTIFICATIONS
Anemone (_Anemone purpurea striata stellata_).
Box (_Buxus sempervirens_).
Broom-flower (_Cytisus scoparius_).
Camomile (_Anthemis nobilis_).
Carnation (_Dianthus caryophyllus_).
Columbine (_Aquilegia vulgaris_).
Cowslip (_Paralysis vulgaris pratensis_).
Crocus (_Crocus verus sativus autumnalis_).
Crow-flower (_Scilla nutans_).
Crown-imperial (_Fritillaria imperalis_).
Cuckoo-buds (_Ranunculus_).
Cuckoo-flowers (_Lychnis Flos cuculi_).
Daffodil (_Narcissus pseudo-narcissus_).
Daisy (_Bellis perennis_).
Diana's-bud (_Artemesia_).
Fennel (_Fœniculum vulgare_).
Fern (_Pteris aquilina_).
Flower-de-luce (_Iris pseudacorus_).
Gilliflower (_Caryophyllus major_).
Harebell (_Scilla nutans_).
Holly (_Ilex aquifolium_).
Honeysuckle (_Lonicera perfolium_).
Ivy (_Hedera helix_).
Lady-smocks (_Cardamine pratensis_).
Lark's-heels, Nasturtium.
Larkspur (_Delphinium_).
Lavender (_Lavendula spica_).
Lily (_Lilium candidum_).
Long purples (_Arum masculata_).
Marigold (_Calendula officinalis_).
Marjoram (_Origanum vulgare_).
Mint (_Mentha_).
Mistletoe (_Viscum album_).
Monks-hood (_Aconitum Napellus_).
Myrtle (_Myrtus latifolia_).
Oxlip (_Primula eliator_).
Pansy (_Viola tricolor_).
Pomegranate (_Punica_).
Poppy (_Papaver somniferum_).
Primrose (_Primula vulgaris_).
Rose (_Rosa_).
Rosemary (_Rosmarinus officinalis_).
Rue (_Ruta graveolus_).
Savory (_Satureia_).
Sweet Balm (_Melissa officinalis_).
Thyme (_Thymus serpyllum_).
Violet (_Viola odorata_).
APPENDIX
ELIZABETHAN GARDEN AT SHAKESPEARE'S
BIRTHPLACE
TWO reports made in the spring of 1920, one by Frederick C. Wellstood,
secretary and librarian of the Trustees and Guardians of Shakespeare's
Birthplace, and the other by Ernest Law, C.B., one of the trustees,
will doubtless be of interest to the reader. They have been made
available through the courtesy of Mr. Law.
Mr. Wellstood, writing on Easter, 1920, in his report says:
"The appeal of the Trustees and Guardians of Shakespeare's Birthplace,
&c. issued three months ago, for gifts of Elizabethan plants and
flowers, wherewith to stock his 'Great Garden' at Stratford-upon-Avon,
has had a very gratifying response. The King and Queen, Queen Alexandra
and the Prince of Wales, have graciously interested themselves in the
project, and have given practical support by valuable contributions of
old-fashioned roses and other flowers.
"From the gardens of all the Royal Palaces, which were known to
Shakespeare, ample parcels of the same sorts of flowers as grew in
them when he visited them have been forwarded to Stratford-upon-Avon.
Thus, from Greenwich, where we know that he appeared as an actor
before Queen Elizabeth at Christmas, 1594; from Windsor, where his
Company performed before the same Queen--probably in "The Merry Wives
of Windsor"--as well as from Frogmore, which that play proves his
acquaintance with; from Hampton Court--out of the Old Tudor Garden,
'circum-mured with brick,' which he must have visited when he and his
fellows of the 'King's Company of Actors' spent ten days there during
the Christmastide of 1603-4, presenting six plays before King James and
his Court--from the gardens of all these places large consignments of
plants have reached Shakespeare's Garden.
"From Wilton, likewise, where Shakespeare and his Company first acted
before King James, a large number of specimens of every plant and
flower wanted by the Trustees, has been sent by the present owner--the
lineal descendant of the one, and the kinsman and representative of
the other, of the two 'most noble and incomparable Paire of Brethren,
William Earle of Pembroke and Philip Earle of Montgomery ... who
prosequuted the Author living with so much favor'--to quote the words
of the famous 'First Folio,' which was dedicated to them.
"Similarly, from the gardens of other places, which Shakespeare must
have known well, have come very welcome gifts, notably from Charlecote,
close to Stratford--the beautiful home of the Lucys for 750 years,
where Shakespeare is said when a youth to have poached the deer of Sir
Thomas Lucy, who had him whipped for his offense--whence now comes a
charming collection of the poet's favorite flowers from the direct
lineal descendant and heiress of the original 'Justice Shallow.'
"The trustees have also received choice batches of old-fashioned
flowers from the gardens of medieval Castles mentioned in the
plays--Glamis and Cawdor, for instance--and some which were probably
well known to Shakespeare, such as Berkeley Castle; and from the great
Tudor houses also, which he knew well, at any rate by repute, such
as Knole, Burghley House, and Cobham Hall. The owner of Cobham Hall
sends specimens of the famous 'Cobham' Rose, known to have been grown
in the garden there for four or five hundred years. From Esher Place
also--the 'Aster House' of 'King Henry VIII'--come many beautiful
flowers and herbs.
"The sentiment, which has prompted such generosity, has equally
appealed to many possessors of more modern gardens; while the
authorities of Kew Gardens, regarding the scheme as one of national
concern, have cordially aided the Trustees both with counsel and with
contributions.
"Last, but by no means least, are the many small gifts from quite small
gardens, even of cottagers; while, in some ways, the most pleasing of
all, are the subscriptions from school children of some of the poorest
districts in the East End of London--for instance, of the Mansford
Street Central, and Pritchard's Road Schools, Bethnal Green--for the
purchase of favorite flowers of the dramatist, whose plays they have so
often witnessed with delight at the 'Old Vic.' and elsewhere.
"Thus, effect has been given to a prime desire of the Trustees, that as
large as possible a number of people in every section of the community
should be associated with this tribute to Shakespeare's memory.
"Most of the plants needful to furnish forth Shakespeare's garden
in the style of his own time have been forthcoming in sufficient
quantities--yet there are some important gaps still to be supplied.
These are:--Box, dwarf Box, both the ordinary and the 'Gilded' variety;
Thrift; Thyme, the Golden and Glaucous, as well as the Wild; and that
pretty herb, known under its simple old English name as 'Lavender
Cotton.' Of all of these, thousands of plants are still needed.
Similarly of Pinks, 'Streaked Gillyflowers'; 'Spike Lavender'; and of
Pansies--'Love in Idleness,'--pale and dark 'purple with Love's wound.'
Of 'Eglantine'--Sweet Briar--a few scores would be very welcome.
"Such shortages are mainly due to the large quantities of these plants
required for the purpose of filling the intricate-patterned beds of
the 'Curious Knotted Garden.' That kind of garden was an invariable
adjunct to every house of importance in Shakespeare's time, and the
Trustees are laying one out on what is believed to be the exact site of
the poet's own 'knotted garden,' modeling it on the designs printed in
the contemporary books on gardening--the designs being followed with a
fidelity and completeness unattempted, it is believed, for two hundred
and eighty years. At the same time, suggestions have naturally been
sought in Bacon's famous Essay 'On Gardens.'..."
SHAKESPEARE'S GARDEN RESTORED
Mr. Law's report, which is dated "Shakespeare's Birthday, A. D. 1920,"
says:
"The project of laying out the ground attached to Shakespeare's home in
his later years as an Elizabethan garden, to be stocked with all the
old-fashioned flowers mentioned by him in his plays or well known in
his time, first took practical shape last winter.
THE LONG BORDERS
"The first step was to lay out the long, narrow strip of ground by
the side of the wall parallel with Chapel Lane as a border for summer
and autumn flowers--hollyhocks, canterbury-bells, lupins, larkspurs,
crown imperials, lilies, and so on. As a background for these--and also
to hide the ugly, cast-iron railings that disfigure the top of the
wall--there was planted a row of yew trees. This border of some 300
feet long has been treated in the formal fashion of the olden time ...
being divided into compartments, separated by 'buttresses' supporting
'pillars' or 'columns' surmounted by 'balls.'
"On the path side the beds are edged with box--'dwarfe boxe, of
excellent use to border up a knott or long beds in a garden.'
"The beds ranging with these, on the other side of the gravel walk,
are at present entirely occupied with spring flowers--largely gifts,
like the others, from contributors all over the kingdom. In the summer
they will be furnished with the low-growing flowers known to the
gardeners of the early years of James the First's reign--carnations,
'our streaked gillyvors,' pansies, stocks, fox-gloves, sweet-williams,
snapdragons, and so on....
THE WILD BANK OF HEATH
"At the eastern or lower end of the garden the aim has been to carry
out, so far as the space available admits, Bacon's idea, expressed
in his famous essay 'Of Gardens,' of a 'heath or desert, in the
going forth, framed, as much as may be, to a natural wildness.' With
this object, there has been thrown up an irregular bank, whereon
have already been planted most of the flowers and herbs mentioned by
Shakespeare in his writings; and where, it is hoped, every species
known in his time will eventually find a place.
"In doing this the great natural philosopher's precepts have been
faithfully followed, modified by hints derived from the greater poet.
'Some thickets,' says Bacon, 'I would have made only in sweetbriar
(eglantine) and honeysuckle (woodbine); and the ground set with
violets and primroses (oxlips); for these be sweet and prosper in the
shade.' This has been done: and with wild thyme--many square yards of
it--added, and also musk-roses--a few procured with great difficulty,
so unaccountably neglected are they in our too-pretentious modern
gardens--they will form here, in effect, Titania's Bower--
"I know a bank whereon the wild thyme blows,
Where oxlips and the nodding violet grows,
Quite over-canopied with luscious woodbine,
With sweet musk-roses and with eglantine.
There sleeps Titania some time of the night,
Lull'd in these flowers, with dances and delight.
"Bacon, of course, often witnessed the performances of Shakespeare's
plays at Court, as well as in the public theaters; and reminiscent
echoes of that beautiful passage were probably ringing in his ears when
he penned the sentences quoted above.
"With passages in plays other than 'The Dream,' Bacon has also
parallels. His essay happens to have been published exactly twelve
months after the production of 'A Winter's Tale' at Court, and in
his somewhat arid enumeration therein of the seasonal succession of
flowering plants, we seem to hear echoes of those exquisite verses in
Perdita's speeches--the most beautiful expression of the intimate love
of flowers in all literature--
"... Daffodils,
That come before the swallow dares, and take
The winds of March with beauty; violets dim,
But sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes,
Or Cytherea's breath; pale primroses,
That die unmarried ere they can behold
Bright Phœbus in his strength.
"'For March,' writes Bacon, 'there come violets, especially the single
blue, which are the earliest ... and which, above all other flowers,
yields the sweetest smell in the air; also the yellow daffodil.'
'Lilies of all sorts, the flowre-de-luce being one,' says Perdita.
'Flower-de-Luces, and lilies of all natures,' echoes Bacon.
"Near the Wild Bank later on there may, perhaps, be planted some of
those specimens of the topiary art, which were so general in Jacobean
gardens. Even Bacon would admit them into his 'Princely Garden.'
'Little low hedges (of box or yew),' he writes, 'round like welts, with
some pretty pyramids, I like well, and in some places fair columns.'
But he would confine them to geometric patterns: 'I, for my part, do
not like images cut out in juniper or other garden stuff, they be for
children.' But then Shakespeare had children and grandchildren; and,
besides, many children of the present day will visit his garden, much
taken, we may be sure, with such curious devices, and delighting in our
simple sweet old English flowers--very few of them, it is to be hoped,
serious little prigs, bursting with botany....
THE "KNOTT GARDEN"
"It is now necessary to say a few words about the 'Knott Garden'--an
enclosure which, being an invariable adjunct to every house of
importance in Shakespeare's time, is the most essential part of the
reconstruction, on Elizabethan lines, of the ground about New Place. It
need not, however, engage us long: for M. Forestier's beautiful drawing
of it represents it as it is to be, better than any amount of wordy
description.
"The whole is closely modeled on the designs and views shown in the
contemporary books on gardening; and for every feature there is
unimpeachable warrant. The enclosing palisade--a very favorite device
of the Jacobean gardeners--of Warwickshire oak, cleft, is exactly
copied from the one in the famous tapestry of the 'Seven Deadly Sins'
at Hampton Court. And here again Bacon's advice has been useful:
'The garden is best to be square, encompassed on all four sides with
a stately arched hedge, the arches on pillars of carpenter's work,
of some 10 foot high, and 6 foot broad.' The 'tunnel,' or 'pleachéd
bower, where honeysuckles, ripened by the sun, forbid the sun to
enter'--follows ancient models, especially the one shown in the old
contemporary picture in New Place Museum.
"The dwarf wall, of old-fashioned bricks--hand-made, sun-dried,
sand-finished, with occasional 'flarers,' laid in the Tudor bond, with
wide mortar joints--is based on similar ones, still extant, of the
period. The balustrade is identical, in its smallest details, with one
figured in Didymus Mountain's 'Gardener's Labyrinth,' published in
1577--a book Shakespeare must certainly have consulted when laying out
his own Knott Garden. The paths are to be of old stone from Wilmcote,
the home of Shakespeare's mother. The intricate, interlacing patterns
of the Knott beds--'the Knottes so enknotted it cannot be expressed,'
as Cavendish says of Wolsey's garden--are taken, one from Mountain's
book; two from Gervase Markham's 'Country Housewife's Garden' (1613);
and one from William Lawson's 'New Orchard and Garden' (1618); and
they are composed, as enjoined by those authorities, of box, thrift,
lavender-cotton, and thyme, with their inter-spaces filled in with
flowers.
ROYAL ROSES FOR THE KNOTTED BEDS
"In one point the Trustees have been able to 'go one better' than
Shakespeare in his own 'curious knotted garden'--to use his own
expression in 'Love's Labour's Lost.' For neither King James, nor his
Queen, Anne of Denmark, nor Henry Prince of Wales sent him--so far as
we know--any flowers for his garden. On his 356th birthday, however,
there will be planted four old-fashioned English rose-trees--one in
the center of each of the four 'knotted' beds--from King George, Queen
Mary, Queen Alexandra, and the Prince of Wales. Surely Shakespeare,
could he have known it, would have been touched by this tribute!
"They will be planted by Lady Fairfax-Lucy, the heiress of Charlecote,
and the direct lineal descendant of the Sir Thomas Lucy whose deer he
is said to have poached, and who is supposed to have had him whipped
for his offense, and who is believed to be satirized in the character
of 'Justice Shallow.' This also might well have moved him!
"Here, in the restored 'Knott Garden,' as everywhere in the grounds
about New Place, flowers--Shakespeare's Flowers--will clothe and
wreathe and perfume everything, all else being merely devised to set
them off--musk-roses, climbing-roses, crab-apples, wild cherries,
clematis, honeysuckle, sweetbriar, and many more.
"By next year, the Trustees expect to have some 200,000 individual
plants--including, of course, the crocuses, 'bold oxlips,' 'nodding
violets,' 'winking marybuds,' 'pale primroses,' and 'azured harebells,'
on the wild bank and lawn--decking, in succession through the months,
the ground whereon the poet trod, their millions of blossoms, with
every breath of air doing reverence, waving banners of gorgeous hue,
and flinging the incense of their delicious fragrance in homage to the
memory of William Shakespeare."
INDEX
A
Absinthe, 246
Acacia, 35
Acanthus, 22
Aconite, 199, 248, 249
Aconitum napellus, 248
Adonis, 133
Adonis Flower, 136
Æneas, 261
Affectionate Shepherd, The, 49
Albion, 148
Aldine Press, 15
Aldrich, Thomas B., quoted, 163-164
Allen, Grant, quoted, 139-140
All's Well That Ends Well, 230, 237
Alleys, 59-61
Amadis, de Gaul, 4
Amarakos, 238
Amaranth, 22
Amaryllis, 166
Amiens, 257
Anemone, 22, 36, 80, 133-136, 303
Anemone purpurea striata stellata, 133
Anglo-Saxons, 6
Anglo-Saxons, gardens of, 6-7
Annunciation Lily, 165, 166, 267
Anne Page, 243
Anthemis nobilis, 244
Apothecary, 31
Appius and Virginia, quoted, 234
Aquilegia vulgaris, 137
Arbor, 20, 48-49, 281
Arbors, flowers for, 82
Arcadia, quoted, 28
Arches, 283
Architects, Elizabethan, 23
Ariel, 101
Arnold, Matthew, quoted, 189
Artemis, 247
Artemisia, 246
Assur-wood, 265
As You Like It, song from, 257
Attar of Rose, 159
Auricula, 22
Artichoke, 149
Arum, 209
Arum masculata, 209
Arviragus, 97
Asphodels, 113, 166
Autolycus, 109, 152
B
Babar, garden of, 19-20
Babar, quoted, 20
Bacchus, 259
Bachelor's Buttons, 22, 83
Bacon, Francis, 35, 56, 125, 148, 249
Bacon, Francis, quoted, 44-45, 55-56, 64-66, 285
Bagh-i-Vafa, 19-20
Banquetting-house, 63, 82
Barnfield, quoted, 49-50
Basil, 14
Bastard Daffodils, 110
Battle of Marathon, 236
Bay, Dwarf, 83
Bay, Red, 82
Bay-Tree, 17
Bear's ears, 80, 100
Bear's foot, 62
Beatrice, 49, 178
Beaufort House, 21
Beds, 20, 41, 42, 47-48
Bee-plants, 240-243
Bees, 240
Belides, 119
Bellis, 119
Bellis perennis, 118
Benedick, 49, 178
Ben Jonson, 29, 136
Ben Jonson, quoted, 249
Bion, quoted, 134
Birds, 10, 64, 69, 75, 287-288
Birds Eyen, 107
Blonde of Oxford, 4, 12
Bloom, quoted, 38-39, 208-209
Blue Flowers, 139, 140, 198, 250-252
Blue Helmet Flower, 199, 250-252
Blue Pipe Flower, 35
Boar's Head, 226
Boccaccio, 16
Borde, Andrew, 287
Border-plant, 245
Borders, 9, 78, 295-297
Botticelli, 93, 94, 219
Bottom the Weaver, 148, 257
Bowling Alleys, 67, 74, 281
Box, 264-266, 293, 297, 303
Box-tree, 15
Broom (genesta), 22, 143-144, 303
Browne, quoted, 47-48, 49, 122, 136
Browning, 236
Buckingham House, 21
Burleigh, Lord, gardens of, 27, 51, 33
Burns, 121
Buttercup, 132, 208, 232, 252
Buxus sempervirens, 264
C
Calendula, 192
Calendula officinalis, 189
Call-Me-to-You, 202
Caltha, 192
Camomile, 74, 295, 244-246, 303
Campions, 83
Cantabrigia Illustrata, 301
Canterbury Bells, 131
Cardamine pratensis, 130
Carew, Thomas, quoted, 98-99
Carnations, 30, 35, 53, 84-85, 181-189, 199, 298, 304-305
Carol, Boar's Head, 226
Carols, 255-256, 258
Carraway, 14
Carthaginian Apple, 218
Cary, Walter, 34
Caryophyllus, 182
Cecil, Sir Robert, 22
Celandine, Lesser, 132
Century Book of Gardening, 302
Cerberus, 249
Ceres, 116, 218
Chalcedonian Lily, 162
Chaucer, 12, 101, 119, 121, 181, 191, 256
Cheese Bowl, 203
Cher feu, 179
Chèvre feuille, 179
Chives, 14
Christmas, 225, 253-255
Christmas Carols, 255-256
Christmas Flower, 81
Circe, 228
Clematis, 49, 50, 82
Clemence Isaure, 127
Clove Gilliflower, 181
Clover, 18
Clovis, 174
Clown, 237, 264
Clyte, 194
Colin Clout, quoted, 191
Colonna, Francesco, 16
Colors, flower, 42-43, 139-140
Colors, blending of, 42-43, 46-48
Columbine, 14, 18, 84, 137-143, 232, 252, 305
Complete Gardener, The, 303
Conduits of Water, 10
Conserves, flower, 153, 187, 192, 226
Cook, E. T., quoted, 320-321
Cookery, flowers in, 14, 210, 235, 237, 241
Cordials, 187, 192
Cornflowers, 22
Corona Imperialis, 70
Corn Rose, 203
Countess of Bedford, Garden of, 56-59
Country Farm, quoted, 68, 69-72
Cowdry, 23
Cowslips, 22, 62, 73, 83, 99-100, 101-107, 306
Cowslip of Jerusalem, 14
Crispin de Passe, 301
Crocus, 79, 166, 306
Crow-bells, 209
Crow-flowers, 132, 207-209, 307
Crowfoot, 82, 209
Crowfoot, winter, 81
Crown Imperial, 36, 79, 167-172, 307
Crown of Thorns, 154
Cuckoo-buds, 132, 214
Cuckoo-flowers, 131, 132, 213-214, 308
Cuckoo-pint, 209, 214
Cuckoo-pintle, 209
Cuddle-Me-to-You, 202
Cuirs, 41, 290
Cupid, 159
Cupid's Flower, 202
Cyclamen, 81
Cymbeline, 98, 104, 136, 190
Cytissus scoparius, 142
D
Daffodil, Daffodils, 78-79, 109-118, 308
Daffodil (Pastoral), 113-115
Daffy-down-dilly, 113, 296
Daisy. Daisies, 7, 14, 22, 62, 84, 118-122, 207, 308
Damask Rose, 146, 147, 152-153
Dame Quickly, 102
Dandelions, 10
Deceased Maiden's Lover, quoted, 208
Delphinium, 197
De Nature Rerum, 7
Dial, 73. See Sun-dials
Diana, 160, 167, 247
Diana's Bud, 246-248, 309
Dianthus, 181
Dianthus Caryophyllus, 181
Dickens, quoted, 259
Didymus Mountain, 34, 68, 300
Didymus Mountain, quoted, 193-194, 278-280
Dobell, Sydney, quoted, 103
Dog Rose, 321
Don Armado, 138
Don Juan, 153
Door in Wall, 9, 13, 40
Dove-cote, 287
Dove-plant, 138
Drayton, Michael, quoted, 113-115, 201
Drosidae, 165-167
Druids, 261
Dryden, quoted, 121
Duke, 123
Duke of Burgundy, 103
Duke of York, 230
Dumain, 138
E
Edging, 297, 299
Edward III., 174
Eglantine, 49, 50, 74, 150-151, 178, 321
Egyptians, 134, 164, 172, 213
Elements of Architecture, 47
Elizabeth. See Queen Elizabeth
Elizabeth of Bohemia, 47
Elizabethan estates, 276
Elizabethan housewife, 53-55
Eliza, Queen of the Shepherds, 22
Ellacombe, quoted, 182-183
Elves, 243
Ely Place, gardens of, 155
Elysian Fields, 113, 116, 166, 172
Endive, 14
English flowers, 83-85
Enna, Fields of, 129
Eros, 159
Essay on Gardening (Bacon), 55
Euphues and His England, quoted, 30, 245
Europa, 129
Exeter Book, quoted, 6
F
Fair Maid of France, 214
Fair Maid of Kent, 184