JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY STUDIES
IN
HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
HERBERT B. ADAMS, Editor
History is past Politics and Politics present History--_Freeman_
NINTH SERIES
I-II
GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION
OF THE
UNITED STATES
BY
WESTEL W. WILLOUGHBY, A.B.
_Fellow in History_
AND
WILLIAM F. WILLOUGHBY, A.B.
_U.S. Department of Labor_
1801
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Chapters.
I. Preface
II. Government
Monarchy
Absolute
Limited
Aristocracy
Democracy
Republic
Popular Government
III. Functions of Government
Necessary
Optional
IV. Colonial Governments: Their Relation to Each
Other, and to England
Provincial
Proprietary
Charter
V. Steps Toward Union--Articles of Confederation
New England Confederation
Albany Convention
Stamp Act Congress
First Continental Congress
Second Continental Congress
Articles of Confederation
Elements Tending to Separation and to Union
Purposes of the Confederation
Scheme of Government under the Articles
Defects of the Articles
VI. Adoption of the Constitution
The Constitutional Convention
Arguments For and Against Adoption
VII. Presidential Succession
VIII. Election of Senators
IX. Congressional Government
X. Cabinet and Executive Departments
State Department
Treasury Department
War Department
Navy Department
Interior Department
Commissioner of Land Office
Commissioner of Pensions
Commissioner of Patents
Commissioner of Indian Affairs
Bureau of Education
Commissioner of Railroads
Geological Survey
Superintendent of the Census
Post Office Department
Department of Justice
Department of Agriculture
Department of Labor
Interstate Commerce Commission
Fish Commission
Civil Service Commission
Government Printing Office
National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, and Bureau
of Ethnology
Librarian of Congress
XI. The Federal Judiciary
Federal Judicial System
District Courts
Circuit Courts
Jurisdiction
XII. Ordinance for Government of the Northwest Territory
XIII. Government of Territories
Admission of a Territory as a State
XIV. State Governments
State Constitutions
State Legislatures
State Executives
State Judiciary
XV. Local Government
In New England
In the South
In the West
XVI. City Government
XVII. Government Revenue and Expenditure
Federal Government
State and Local Taxes
Expenditures
Maryland
Baltimore
XVIII. Money
Gold Coin, Gold Bullion, and Gold Certificates
Silver Dollars and Silver Certificates
Subsidiary and Minor Coins
Treasury Notes
Notes of National Banks
XIX. Public Lands of the United States
Educational Grants
Land Bounties for Military and Naval Service
Land Grants to States for Internal Improvement
Sale of Public Land
Under Pre-emption Acts
Under Homestead Acts
Under Timber Culture Act
Certain Lands to States
Grants to Pacific and other Railroads
XX. Reconstruction
XXI. Party Machinery
XXII. National Conventions and Presidential Campaigns
History and Development of the National Convention
Method of Procedure
XXIII. Introduction to the Study of the History of
Political Parties in the United States
Bibliographical Note
GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION
OF THE UNITED STATES.
CHAPTER I.
Preface.
These chapters were originally prepared for and used as a manual in the
public schools of the District of Columbia. In a revised and amplified
form they are now published as one of Johns Hopkins University Studies
in History and Politics.
The aim of this revision is to furnish assistance to students beginning
the study of the history and practical workings of our political
institutions. It is not the purpose to furnish a complete text-book upon
the government of the United States and its administration, but, by a
clear, concise statement of the salient points of our federal system,
and a description of the actual workings of the characteristic features
of our institutions, to give to the student a better understanding of
the manner in which the same are administered, than is to be obtained
from the ordinary text-books on Civil Government.
These Outlines are intended as an aid to both teacher and pupil, and for
use in a class whose members are already familiar with the leading
events and names in United States history. The work is intended to
furnish such supplementary information as can be obtained only with
great difficulty by most teachers, and which for the most part cannot be
obtained at all by the pupils.
The authors have endeavored to make prominent the fact that our present
form of government is far from being contained in the written
constitution of 1787, and consequently, that a study of that instrument
alone will give a very inadequate idea of our government as it is. The
constitution was but a foundation upon which to build a government.
Nothing like an analysis or commentary upon the constitution of the
United States is here attempted. The public is already well supplied
with books covering that ground. History proper, except as showing the
basis and reason for the establishment of our institutions, has likewise
found no place here.
The book is to be used chiefly as a manual, to supply information that
would otherwise need to be dictated by the instructor. The Outlines are
in many particulars merely suggestive. Many topics are simply mentioned,
which the teacher must elaborate and explain at greater length.
Lastly, though this book does not pretend to give a connected account of
our administration or politics, yet the subjects have been carefully
arranged in such an order as would most naturally be followed in a
course to which the work is intended to be an aid.