[1] According to the usual nomenclature, the branch flowing S.W. is
called the Chattooga; this unites with the Tallulah to form the
Tugaloo, which in turn unites with the Kiowee to form the Savannah
proper.
[2] The manufacturing statistics for 1900 which follow are not those
given in the Twelfth Census, but are taken from the _Census of
Manufactures_, 1905, the 1900 figures here given being only for
"establishments on a factory basis," and thus being comparable with
those of 1905. In 1890 there were 53 mills with a capital of
$17,664,675 and a product valued at $12,035,629.
[3] In these valuations for 1900 and for 1905 the rough lumber
dressed or remanufactured in planing mills enters twice into the
value of the product.
[4] The population of the state was 82,548 in 1790, 162,686 in 1800,
252,433 in 1810, 340,989 in 1820, 516,823 in 1830, 691,392 in 1840,
906,185 in 1850, 1,057,286 in 1860, and 1,184,100 in 1870.
[5] This negro percentage includes 211 Chinese, Japanese and Indians.
[6] The state has had four other constitutions--those of 1777, 1789,
1798 and 1868.
[7] Owing to the custom which holds in Georgia of choosing state
senators in rotation from each of the counties making up a senatorial
district, it happened in 1907 that few cities were represented
directly by senators chosen from municipalities. It is believed that
this fact contributed to the passage of the prohibition law.
[8] _De facto._
[9] President of the Colony.
[10] President of the Council of Safety.
[11] President of Georgia.
[12] First Governor under a State Constitution.
[13] President Executive Council and _de facto_ Governor.
[14] President of Senate.
[15] Provisional.
GEORGIA, a former kingdom of Transcaucasia, which existed historically
for more than 2000 years. Its earliest name was Karthli or Karthveli;
the Persians knew it as Gurjistan, the Romans and Greeks as Iberia,
though the latter placed Colchis also in the west of Georgia. Vrastan is
the Armenian name and Gruzia the Russian. Georgia proper, which included
Karthli and Kakhetia, was bounded on the N. by Ossetia and Daghestan, on
the S. by the principalities of Erivan and Kars, and on the W. by Guria
and Imeretia; but the kingdom also included at different times Guria,
Mingrelia, Abkhasia, Imeretia and Daghestan, and extended from the
Caucasus range on the N. to the Aras or Araxes on the S. It is now
divided between the Russian governments of Tiflis and Kutais, under
which headings further geographical particulars are given. (See also
CAUCASIA.)
_History._--According to traditional accounts, the Georgian (Karthlian),
Kakhetian, Lesghian, Mingrelian and other races of Transcaucasia are the
descendants of Thargamos, great-grandson of Japheth, son of Noah, though
Gen. x. 3 makes Togarmah to be the son of Gomer, who was the son of
Japheth. These various races were subsequently known under the general
name of Thargamosides. Karthlos, the second son of Thargamos, is the
eponymous king of his race, their country being called Karthli after
him. Mtskhethos, son of Karthlos, founded the city of Mtskhetha (the
modern Mtskhet) and made it the capital of his kingdom. We come,
however, to firmer historic ground when we read that Georgia was
conquered by Alexander the Great, or rather by one of his generals. The
Macedonian yoke was shaken off by Pharnavaz or Pharnabazus, a prince of
the royal race, who ruled from 302 to 237 B.C. All through its history
Georgia, being on the outskirts of Armenia and Persia, both of them
more powerful neighbours than itself, was at times more or less closely
affected by their destinies. In this way it was sometimes opposed to
Rome, sometimes on terms of friendship with Byzantium, according as
these were successively friendly or hostile to the Armenians and the
Persians. In the end of the 2nd century B.C. the last Pharnavazian
prince was dethroned by his own subjects and the crown given to Arsaces,
king of Armenia, whose son Arshag, ascending the throne of Georgia in 93
B.C., established there the Arsacid dynasty. This close association with
Armenia brought upon the country an invasion (65 B.C.) by the Roman
general Pompey, who was then at war with Mithradates, king of Pontus and
Armenia; but Pompey did not establish his power permanently over Iberia.
A hundred and eighty years later the Emperor Trajan penetrated (A.D.
114) into the heart of the country, and chastised the Georgians; yet his
conquest was only a little more permanent than Pompey's. During one of
the internecine quarrels, which were not infrequent in Georgia, the
throne fell to Mirhan or Mirian (265-342), a son of the Persian king,
who had married a daughter of Asphagor, the last sovereign of the
Arsacid dynasty.
With Mirian begins the Sassanian dynasty. He and his subjects were
converted to Christianity by a nun Nuno (Nino), who had escaped from the
religious persecutions of Tiridates, king of Armenia. Mirian erected the
first Christian church in Georgia on the site now occupied by the
cathedral of Mtskhet. In or about the year 371 Georgia was overrun by
the Persian king Shapur or Sapor II., and in 379 a Persian general built
the stronghold of Tphilis (afterwards Tiflis) as a counterpoise to
Mtskhet. The Persian grasp upon Georgia was loosened by Tiridates, who
reigned from 393 to 405. One of Mirian's successors, Vakhtang (446-499),
surnamed Gurgaslan or Gurgasal, the Wolf-Lion, established a
patriarchate at Mtskhet and made Tphilis his capital. This sovereign,
having conquered Mingrelia and Abkhasia, and subdued the Ossetes, made
himself master of a large part of Armenia. Then, co-operating for once
with the king of Persia, he led an army into India; but towards the end
of his reign there was enmity between him and the Persians, against whom
he warred unsuccessfully. His son Dachi or Darchil (499-514) upon
ascending the throne transferred the seat of government permanently from
Mtskhet to Tphilis (Tiflis). Again Persia stretched out her hand over
Georgia, and proved a formidable menace to the existence of the kingdom,
until, owing to the severe pressure of the Turks on the one side and of
the Byzantine Greeks on the other, she found it expedient to relax her
grasp. The Georgians, seizing the opportunity, appealed (571) to the
Byzantine emperor, Justin II. who gave them a king in the person of
Guaram, a prince of the Bagratid family of Armenia, conferring upon him
the title, not of king, but of viceroy. Thus began the dynasty of the
Bagratids, who ruled until 1803.
This was not, however, the first time that Byzantine influence had been
effectively exercised in Georgia. As early as the reign of Mirian, in
the 3rd century, the organizers of the early Georgian church had looked
to Byzantium, the leading Christian power in the East, for both
instruction and guidance, and the connexion thus begun had been
strengthened as time went on. From this period until the Arab (i.e.
Mahommedan) invasions began, the authority of Byzantium was supreme in
Georgia. Some seventy years after the Bagratids began to rule in Georgia
the all-conquering Arabs appeared on the frontiers of the country, and
for the next one hundred and eighty years they frequently devastated the
land, compelling its inhabitants again and again to accept Islam at the
sword's point. But it was not until the death of the Georgian king Ashod
(787-826) that they completely subdued the Caucasian state and imposed
their will upon it. Nevertheless they were too much occupied elsewhere
or too indifferent to its welfare to defend it against alien aggressors,
for in 842 Bogha, a Turkish chief, invaded the country, and early in the
10th century the Persians again overran it. But a period of relief from
these hostile incursions was afforded by the reign of Bagrat III.
(980-1014). During his father's lifetime he had been made king of
Abkhasia, his mother belonging to the royal house of that land, and
after ascending the Georgian throne he made his power felt far beyond
the frontiers of his hereditary dominions, until his kingdom extended
from the Black Sea to the Caspian, while Armenia, Azerbaijan and Kirman
all paid him tribute. Not only did he encourage learning and patronize
the fine arts, but he built, in 1003, the cathedral at Kutais, one of
the finest examples extant of Georgian architecture. During the reign of
Bagrat IV. (1027-1072) the Seljuk Turks more than once burst, after
1048, into the country from Asia Minor, but they were on the whole
successfully repulsed, although they plundered Tiflis. During the reign
of the next king, George II., they again devastated Tiflis. But once
more fortune changed after the accession of David II. (1089-1125),
surnamed the Renovator, one of the greatest of Georgian kings. With the
help of the Kipchaks, a Mongol or Turkish race, from the steppe lands to
the north of the Caucasus, whom he admitted into his country, David
drove the Seljuks out of his domains and forced them back over the
Armenian mountains. Under George III. (1156-1184), a grandson of David
II., Armenia was in part conquered, and Ani, one of its capitals, taken.
George's daughter Thamar or Tamara, who succeeded him, reigned over the
kingdom as left by David II. and further extended her power over
Trebizond, Erzerum, Tovin (in Armenia) and Kars. These successes were
continued by her son George IV. (1212-1223), who conquered Ganja (now
Elisavetpol) and repulsed the attacks of the Persians; but in the last
years of his reign there appeared (1220 and 1222) the people who were to
prove the ruin of Georgia, namely the Mongol hosts of Jenghiz Khan, led
by his sons. George IV. was succeeded by his sister Rusudan, whose
capital was twice captured by the Persians and her kingdom overrun and
fearfully devastated by the Mongols in 1236. Then, after a period of
wonderful recovery under George V. (1318-1346), who conquered Imeretia
and reunited it to his crown, Georgia was again twice (1386 and
1393-1394) desolated by the Mongols under Timur (Tamerlane), prince of
Samarkand, who on the second occasion laid waste the entire country with
fire and sword, and crushed it under his relentless heel until the year
1403. Alexander I. (1413-1442) freed his country from the last of the
Mongols, but at the end of his reign divided his territory between his
three sons, whom he made sovereigns of Imeretia, Kakhetia and Karthli
(Georgia) respectively. The first mentioned remained a separate state
until its annexation to Russia in 1810; the other two were soon
reunited.
Political relations between Russia and Georgia began in the end of the
same century, namely in 1492, when the king of Kakhetia sought the
protection of Ivan III. during a war between the Turks and the Persians.
In the 17th century the two states were brought into still closer
relationship. In 1619, when Georgia was harried by Shah Abbas of Persia,
Theimuraz (1629-1634), king of Georgia, appealed for help to Michael,
the first of the Romanov tsars of Russia, and his example was followed
later in the century by the rulers of other petty Thargamosid or
Caucasian states, namely Imeretia and Guria. In 1638 the prince of
Mingrelia took the oath of allegiance to the Russian tsar, and in 1650
the same step was taken by the prince of Imeretia. Vakhtang VI. of
Georgia put himself under the protection of Peter the Great early in the
18th century. When Persia fell into the grip of the Afghans early in the
18th century the Turks seized the opportunity, and, ousting the Persians
from Georgia, captured Tiflis and compelled Vakhtang to abdicate. But in
1735 they renounced all claim to supremacy over the Caucasian states.
This left Persia with the predominating influence, for though Peter the
Great extorted from Persia (1722) her prosperous provinces beside the
Caspian, he left the mountaineers to their own dynastic quarrels.
Heraclius II. of Georgia declared himself the vassal of Russia in 1783,
and when, twelve years later, he was hard pressed by Agha Mahommed, shah
of Persia, who seized Tiflis and laid it in ruins, he appealed to Russia
for help. The appeal was again renewed by the next king of Georgia,
George XIII., in 1798, and in the following year he renounced his crown
in favour of the tsar, and in 1801 Georgia was converted into a Russian
province. The state of Guria submitted to Russia in 1829. (J. T. Be.)
_Ethnology._--Of the three main groups into which the Caucasian races
are now usually divided, the Georgian is in every respect the most
important and interesting. It has accordingly largely occupied the
attention of Orientalists almost incessantly from the days of Klaproth.
Yet such are the difficulties connected with the origin and mutual
relations of the Caucasian peoples that its affinities are still far
from being clearly established. Anton von Schiefner and P.V. Uslar,
however, arrived at some negative conclusions valuable as
starting-points for further research. In their papers, published in the
_Memoirs_ of the St Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences and
elsewhere (1859 et seq.), they finally disposed of the views of Bopp and
Brosset (1836), who attempted on linguistic grounds to connect the
Georgians with the Indo-European family. They also clearly show that Max
Muller's "Turanian" theory is untenable, and they go a long way towards
proving that the Georgian, with all the other Caucasian languages except
the Ossetian, forms a distinct linguistic family absolutely independent
of all others. This had already been suspected by Klaproth, and the same
conclusion was arrived at by Fr. Muller and Zagarelli.
Uslar's "Caucasian Family" comprises the following three great
divisions:
1. Western Group. Typical races: Circassians and Abkhasians.
2. Eastern Group. Typical races: Chechens and Lesghians.
3. Southern Group. Typical race: Georgians.
Here the term "family" must be taken in a far more elastic sense than
when applied, for instance, to the Indo-European, Semitic or Eastern
Polynesian divisions of mankind. Indeed the three groups present at
least as wide divergences as are found to exist between the Semitic and
Hamitic linguistic families. Thus, while the Abkhasian of group 1 is
still at the agglutinating, the Lesghian of group 2 has fairly reached
the inflecting stage, and the Georgian seems still to waver between the
two. In consequence of these different stages of development, Uslar
hesitated finally to fix the position of Georgian in the family,
regarding it as possibly a connecting link between groups 1 and 2, but
possibly also radically distinct from both.
Including all its numerous ramifications, the Georgian or southern group
occupies the greater part of Transcaucasia, reaching from about the
neighbourhood of Batum on the Black Sea eastwards to the Caspian, and
merging southwards with the Armenians of Aryan stock. It comprises
altogether nine subdivisions, as in the subjoined table:
1. The GEORGIANS PROPER, who are the Iberians of the ancients and the
Grusians of the Russians, but who call themselves Karthlians, and who
in medieval times were masters of the Rion and Upper Kura as far as
its confluence with the Alazan.
2. The IMERETIANS, west of the Suram mountains as far as the river
Tskheniz-Tskhali.