=Pistacia.= _Anacardiaceæ._
Seeds, cuttings and layers. The pistacio-nut or "green
almond" (_P. vera_) is usually grown from seeds, which are
planted where the trees are to stand. It is sometimes grafted
upon _P. terebinthus_, to give it greater vigor.
=Pitcairnia.= See Billbergia.
=Pitcher-plant.= See Nepenthes and Sarracenia.
=Pittosporum.= _Pittosporeæ._
Seeds, and by cuttings of the growing or ripe wood, under
glass.
=Planera= (Planer-tree). _Urticaceæ._
Propagated by seeds, which should be handled like elm
seeds.
=Plane-tree.= See Platanus.
=Plantago= (Plantain). _Plantagineæ._
Seeds. The perennial species also by division.
=Plantain= (fruit). See Banana.
=Platanus= (Plane-tree, Button-wood; Sycamore, improperly).
_Platanaceæ._
Usually propagated by seeds, but layers and ripe wood
cuttings may be employed.
=Platycerium= (Stag's-Horn Fern). _Filices._
Chiefly by division. See Ferns.
=Platycodon=, Wahlenbergia. _Campanulaceæ._
Propagated by seeds and, when old plants are obtainable,
by division.
=Plectocomia.= _Palmæ._
Seeds. May be increased by suckers.
=Pleroma=, Lasiandra, including Melastoma. _Melastomaceæ._
Seeds. Propagated mostly by cuttings of growing shoots
in a close frame at any season.
=Plum= (_Prunus_, many species). _Rosaceæ._
There are so many species of plums in cultivation, and
the varieties of the same species are often so different in
constitution and habit, that it is difficult to give advice concerning
their propagation. All the species grow readily from
fresh, well-ripened seeds. The pits should be removed from
the pulp and then stratified until spring. If they are allowed
to freeze, the germination will be more uniform, as the pits
will be more easily opened by the swelling embryo. Plum
pits are rarely cracked by hand. The strong-growing species
and varieties, especially southwards, will give stocks strong
enough to bud the first season; but the weaker ones must
stand until the next season after the seeds are planted. In
all the northern states, however, plum pits are usually sown
in seed-beds, in the same manner as apple and pear seeds.
The seedlings are taken up in the fall, and the following
spring set out in nursery rows, where they are budded in
August.
Plums are extensively grown from suckers, which spring
in great numbers from the roots of many species. In France
this method of propagation is largely used. So long as
graftage does not intervene, the sprouts will reproduce the
variety; and even in grafted or budded trees this sometimes
occurs, but it is probably because the tree has become own-rooted
from the rooting of the cion. It is a common notion
that trees grown from suckers sprout or sucker worse than
those grown from seeds. Layers are also extensively employed
for the propagation of the plum. Strong stools (page
35) are grown, and the long and strong shoots are covered in
spring throughout their length--the tips only being exposed--and
every bud will produce a plant. Strong shoots of vigorous
sorts will give plants strong enough the first fall to be
removed into nursery rows. Mound-layering is also employed
with good results. Root-cuttings, handled like those
of blackberry, grow readily, but some growers suppose that
they produce trees which sucker badly. Many plums grow
readily from cuttings of the mature recent wood, treated the
same as long grape cuttings. This is especially true of the
Marianna and its kin (_P. umbellata_), which are grown almost
entirely from cuttings. Some sorts of the common garden
plum (_P. domestica_) also grow from cuttings.
Plums are worked in various ways, but ordinary shield-budding
is usually employed in late summer or early fall, as
for peaches and cherries. Root-grafting by the common
whip method is sometimes employed, especially when own-rooted
trees are desired (page 78). In the north and east,
the common plum (_P. domestica_) is commonly worked upon
stocks of the same species. These stocks, if seedlings, are
apt to be very variable in size and habit, and sometimes half
or more of any batch, even from selected seeds, are practically
worthless. Stocks from inferior or constant varieties
are therefore essential. Such stocks are largely imported;
but there are some varieties which can be relied upon in this
country. One of the best of these domestic stocks is the
Horse plum, a small and purple-fruited variety of _Prunus
domestica_, which gives very uniform seedlings. This is largely
used in New York. The French stocks which are in most
common use are St. Julien and Black Damas. The Myrobolan
(_P. cerasifera_) is much used in California for standards,
but in the east it makes dwarf trees. The peach is often
used as a plum stock, and it is valuable in the south, especially
for light soils. In the north plum stocks are better.
Almond stocks, especially for the French prune and for light
soils, are considerably used in California. The apricot is
sometimes employed, but results appear to be poor or indifferent,
on the whole. Prunes thrive upon the above stocks
also.
Various stocks dwarf the plum. The chief dwarf stock at
present is the Myrobolan. This is usually imported. It is
easily grown, either from seeds or cuttings. The Mirabelle,
a foreign stock, is sometimes used. The many species of
native plums, of the _Prunus Americana_ and _P. angustifolia_
(Chickasaw) types, are good stocks for dwarf or intermediate
trees. In most cases, the bud or graft grows luxuriantly for
two or three years, and thereafter grows rather slowly. It
is best to bud or graft low upon these stocks. The Marianna
is at present the most popular native stock.
The native or American plums are budded upon native
seedlings, or rarely upon _Prunus domestica_ seedlings; or they
are grown from cuttings, as in the case of Marianna.
The Japanese plums are worked upon peach, common
plum or upon natives, preferably Marianna.
_Prunus Simoni_ works upon peach, common plum, Myrobolan
and Marianna.
The ornamental plums are worked upon the same stocks
as the fruit-bearing sorts. See Prunus.
=Plum, Coco.= See Chrysobalanus.
=Plumbago= (Leadwort). _Plumbagineæ._
Seeds, divisions and cuttings. Cuttings are made from
firm nearly mature wood, and should be given mild bottom
heat.
=Plumeria=, Himatanthus. _Apocynaceæ._
Seeds. Make cuttings of ripe shoots, and place under glass.
=Podalyria.= _Leguminosæ_
Readily increased by seeds. Divisions do not succeed well.
In spring, cuttings may be made of strong side shoots, and
planted in sand under glass.
=Podocarpus= _Coniferæ._
Usually grown from cuttings of firm wood under cover.
=Podophyllum= (May-Apple, Mandrake; erroneously Duck's Foot)
_Berberideæ._
Seeds and division.
=Poinciana.= _Leguminosæ._
Propagation by seeds.
=Poinsettia=, Euphorbia. _Euphorbiaceæ_
Cuttings of growing shoots, of two or three buds each,
handled upon a cutting bench or in a frame. Many propagators
prefer to let the cuttings lie exposed two or three days
before setting them. Cuttings of ripened wood can be used
to good advantage where the heat is rather low. See Euphorbia.
=Polanisia.= _Capparideæ._
Seeds, in-doors or in the open.
=Polemonium.= _Polemoniaceæ._
Propagated by seeds and by division.
=Polianthes= (Tuberose). _Amaryllideæ._
Increased by bulbels. Remove these from the parent bulb
in the fall, and keep in a warm, dry place until the following
spring. The soil should be light, rich and moist throughout
the summer. Before frost comes in the fall, take the bulbs
up, and when dry, cut off the leaves. The bulbs should be
kept as during the preceding winter, and the culture during
the following year is the same as during the first. The bulbs
usually flower the second or third summer.
=Polyanthus.= See Primula.
=Polycarpæa.= _Caryophylleæ._
The annuals are increased by seeds; perennials by cuttings.
=Polygala= (Milkwort). _Polygaleæ._
Seeds; sometimes by division, and by cuttings of young
shoots under cover, particularly for tropical species.
=Polygonatum= (Solomon's Seal). _Liliaceæ._
Propagated by seed and by divisions.
=Polygonum= (Knot-Grass or Weed). _Polygonaceæ._
Seeds. The perennials are also increased by divisions of
the root-stocks, and by cuttings.
=Polypodium= (Polypody). _Filices._
Divisions usually. See Ferns.
=Pomegranate= (_Punica granatum_). _Lythrœrieæ._
Largely by seeds, and all varieties are increased by cuttings,
suckers, layers, and scarce sorts by grafting on a common
sort.
=Pomelo=, Shaddock (_Citrus Aurantium_, var. _pomelana_). _Rutaceæ._
Usually grown from seeds, but it may be budded upon pomelo
or orange stocks, as in the Orange, which see.
=Pontederia= (Pickerel Weed). _Pontederiaceæ._
Seeds rarely. Mostly by divisions.
=Poppy.= See Papaver.
=Populus= (Poplar, Aspen, Cotton-wood). _Salicineæ._
Seeds, sown as soon as ripe and raked in light soil. Suckers
are also used. Most often increased by cuttings of ripe
wood, taken in fall and spring. The weeping forms are
stock-grafted upon upright sorts, as P. grandidentata.
=Portugal Laurel.= See Prunus.
=Portulaca= (Purslane, Rose Moss). _Portulaceæ._
The annuals are raised from seed. Varieties are sometimes
propagated by cuttings.
=Potato= (_Solanum tuberosum_). _Solanaceæ._
Tubers, either whole or variously divided. Also rarely
stem cuttings. (See page 52.)
=Potentilla=, including Horkelia, Sibbaldia (Cinquefoil, Five-Finger).
_Rosaceæ._
Seeds, layers, divisions, green cuttings.
=Poterium=, including Sanguisorba (Burnet). _Rosaceæ._
The herbaceous kinds are increased by seeds. The shrubs
are raised from soft cuttings, under glass.
=Premna=, Baldingera. _Verbenaceæ._
Seeds and soft cuttings.
=Prickly Ash.= See Zanthoxylum.
=Prickly Pear.= See Opuntia.
=Pride of India.= See Melia.
=Priestleya=, including Achyronia. _Leguminosæ._
Seeds. Cuttings of very young wood, under cover.
=Prim.= See Ligustrum.
=Primula=, Polyanthus (Primrose, Cowslip). _Primulaceæ._
Seeds, sown carefully in very fine soil, under glass. Some
rare sorts are increased by division.
=Prinos.= See Ilex.
=Pritchardia.= _Palmæ._
Increased by seeds.
=Privet.= See Ligustrum.
=Prostanthera= (Australian Mint). _Labiatæ._
Seeds, divisions, and cuttings of growing shoots, usually
by the last method.
=Protea=, Erodendron. _Proteaceæ._
Seeds. Cuttings of growing wood, under cover.
=Prune.= See Plum.
=Prunus=, Amygdalus. _Rosaceæ._
The dwarf almonds (_Amygdalus_) are increased by seeds,
divisions, cuttings, and by budding upon seedling plum or
peach stocks; also by root-cuttings. Peach stocks give larger
trees at first than plum stocks, but the trees are not so long-lived.
Perhaps ten years may be considered the average life
of most ornamental almonds upon the peach, while upon the
plum they may persist twenty-five years or more. The ornamental
cherries, peaches, etc., are propagated in essentially
the same manner as the fruit-bearing varieties. See Almond,
Apricot, Cherry, Peach, Plum. _P. Lauro-Cerasus_ and _P.
Lusitanica_, the cherry laurel and Portugal laurel, may be
propagated by short cuttings of ripened wood, in a cool
greenhouse in autumn. _P. Pissardii_ is said to be easily propagated
by cuttings of the soft wood. This method succeeds
well with many of the double-flowering plums and cherries,
if the wood is grown under glass.
=Pseudotsuga.= _Coniferæ._
Propagated the same as Abies, which see.
=Psidium.= See Guava.
=Psoralea.= _Leguminosæ._
Seeds, divisions and cuttings of growing shoots, placed
under glass. The tubiferous species, as the pomme blanche
or Indian potato (_P. esculenta_) are increased by tubers or
divisions of them.
=Ptelea= (Hop-tree). _Rutaceæ._
Increased by seeds, sown in autumn or stratified, or by layers.
The varieties may be grafted on the common forms.
=Pteris= (Brake, Bracken). _Filices._
Easily grown from spores. See Ferns.
=Pterocarya.= _Juglandeæ._
Increased by seeds, suckers and layers.
=Ptychosperma=, Seaforthia (Australian Feather-palm). _Palmæ._
Seeds.
=Pulmonaria.= See Mertensia.
=Pumpkin= (_Cucurbita_, three species). _Cucurbitaceæ._
Seeds, when the weather is settled.
=Punica.= See Pomegranate.
=Puschkinia=, Adamsia. _Liliaceæ._
Increased by dividing the bulbs, which should be done
every two or three years.
=Pyrethrum.= See Chrysanthemum.
=Pyrola= (Shin-leaf, Wintergreen). _Ericaceæ._
Propagated by division; very rarely from seeds.
=Pyrus.= _Rosaceæ._
The ornamental species and varieties of apples and crabs
are budded or grafted upon common apple stocks. The
mountain ashes are grown from stratified seeds, which usually
lie dormant until the second year, or the varieties are
budded or grafted upon stocks of the common species (_P.
Aucuparia_). Layers and green cuttings are occasionally employed
for various species and varieties of pyrus. See also
Apple, Pear, Quince. It is a good plan to obtain stocks as
nearly related to the plant which is to be propagated as possible;
_e. g._, Parkman's pyrus does better on _P. floribunda_
than on the common apple stock.
=Quamoclit.= See Ipomœa.
=Quassia.= _Simarubeæ._
Cuttings of ripe shoots under glass.
=Quercus= (Oak). _Cupuliferæ._
Stocks are grown readily from seeds, which may be sown in
the fall without stratification. The evergreen species are
sometimes grown from cuttings. Varieties are grafted on
stocks grown from wild acorns. The stocks are potted in
the fall and the grafting is performed in January and February,
or sometimes in August.
=Quince= (_Pyrus Cydonia_, _P. Japonica_, _P. Cathayensis_). _Rosaceæ._
All quinces can be grown from seeds, the same as apples
and pears; but seeds are not common in the market, and
are therefore little used in this country. The fruit-bearing
quinces are propagated most cheaply by means of cuttings
of mature wood. The cuttings are taken in the fall, and are
stored in sand, moss or sawdust until spring, when they are
planted out-doors. Long cuttings--10 to 12 inches--are usually
most successful, as they reach into uniformly moist earth.
Cuttings are usually made of the recent wood, and preferably
with a heel, but wood two or three years old will usually
grow. With some varieties and upon some soils, there is
considerable uncertainty, and layerage is therefore often employed.
Mound-layering (see page 35) is practiced where
extra strong plants are required. Long root-cuttings, treated
like those of the blackberry and raspberry, will also grow.
Many nurserymen bud or root-graft the better varieties
upon stocks of Angers or other strong sorts. These
stocks are imported or grown from seeds or cuttings. The
Chinese quince succeeds upon the common quince. In order
to secure extra strong plants and a uniform stand, some
growers graft quince cuttings upon pieces of apple or pear
roots. In such cases the plants should be taken up in the
fall, when the quince will be found to have sent out roots of
its own; the apple root should be removed, and the quince
replanted the following spring in the nursery row, otherwise
suckers frequently spring from the stock and interfere with
the growth of the quince. The union is sufficient to nurse
the cion for two or three years.
The flowering or Japanese quince is best propagated by
short root-cuttings, which are usually made in the fall, and
scattered in drills in frames or in a well-prepared border in
spring. Cuttings of firm, nearly mature wood, handled in
frames, will grow, but they are not often used. The double
varieties are root-grafted upon common stocks of _P. Japonica_
in winter. The plants are then grown on in pots. Common
quince (_P. Cydonia_) stocks are occasionally used, but they
are not in favor.
=Quisqualis.= _Combretaceæ._
Increased by heeled cuttings of young shoots in heat.
=Radish= (_Raphanus sativus_). _Cruciferæ._
Seeds, usually sown where the plants are to grow.
=Ragged Robin.= See Lychnis.
=Ramondia=, Myconia. _Gesneraceæ._
Propagated by seeds or division.
=Rampion= (_Campanula Rapunculus_). _Campanulaceæ._
Seeds, where the plants are to stand.
=Ranunculus= (Buttercup, Crowfoot). _Ranunculaceæ._
Propagated by seeds and by divisions.
=Raphia.= _Palmæ._
Seeds.
=Raphiolepis.= _Rosaceæ._
Increased by seeds, and by cuttings of the growing shoots
inserted under cover.
=Raspberry= (_Rubus neglectus_, _strigosus_ and _occidentalis_).
_Rosaceæ._
New varieties are obtained from seeds, which are washed
from the pulp and sown immediately, or stratified. The
black-cap varieties are grown mostly from root-tips (Fig. 18)
as described on page 32. If the ground is loose and mellow,
the tips will commonly take root themselves, but upon
hard ground the tip may have to be held in place by a stone
or clod. Some strong-growing varieties, like the Gregg,
especially in windy localities, may have to be held down.
The red varieties increase rapidly by means of suckers which
spring up from the roots. Better plants are obtained by
means of root-cuttings, however, as described under Blackberry
(see also Fig. 46). Black-caps may be increased by
root-cuttings. These cuttings are best handled in warm cold-frames
or mild hot-beds, being planted very early in spring.
By the time the weather is settled, they will be large enough
to plant in nursery rows.
=Red-bud.= See Cercis.
=Red Cedar.= See Juniperus.
=Reinwardtia=, Linum in part, of gardeners. _Lineæ._
Seeds. Cuttings of strong shoots in heat.
=Renanthera.= See Ærides.
=Reseda= (Mignonette). _Resedaceæ._
Seeds. For winter flowering, seeds are sown in July.
Also grown from cuttings.
=Retinospora=, Chamæcyparis (Japanese Arbor-Vitæ). _Coniferæ._
Grown sometimes from seeds, which should be denuded of
pulp. Layers of tender branches are sometimes employed.
They are most commonly grown from cuttings. These are
made from tips of growing or ripened shoots, and are two or
three inches long, with all the leaves left on. They are
usually, from necessity, variously branched. The soft cuttings
are usually taken from forced plants and are handled
in a close frame or under a bell-glass, with bottom heat. In
commercial establishments the cuttings of ripe wood are
preferred. The following is the practice of one of the largest
nurseries in the country: Cuttings of the entire season's
growth, cut to a heel, are taken in October and November,
and are placed in sand in boxes in gentle heat, as in a propagating
house. By February the roots will be formed, and
the boxes are then placed in a cool house where the temperature
is about 50°. Early in spring (about April 1st) the
boxes are placed out-doors in cold-frames, where they remain
until May, until frost is over. The boxes are then removed
from the frames and are set on boards in a shady place,
where they are left until fall. In the fall--having been
nearly a year in the boxes--the plants are shaken out and are
heeled-in in a cellar. The next spring they are planted out
in beds, and during the following summer and winter they
are given some protection from sun and cold. Yews and
arbor-vitæs are handled in the same way.
Retinosporas are often grafted upon retinospora or common
arbor-vitæ stocks. This operation is usually performed
upon potted plants in winter by the veneer method.
=Rhamnus=, including Frangula (Buckthorn). _Rhamneæ._
The hardy kinds may be increased by means of seeds or
by layers. The stove and greenhouse species may be multiplied
by cuttings of growing parts. Seeds should be
stratified.
=Rhaphidophora.= _Aroideæ._
Increased by seeds; or by cuttings inserted in peaty soil
with bottom heat.
=Rhaphiolepis= (Indian Hawthorn). _Rosaceæ._
Seeds. Cuttings of firm shoots in a frame.
=Rheum= (Rhubarb, Pie-plant, Wine-Plant). _Polygonaceæ._
Increased by seeds and by divisions. Each division should
contain at least one bud on the crown. Seeds may be sown
where the plants are to stand, but will not reproduce the
varieties.
=Rhipsalis=, including Lepismium, Pfeiffera. _Cacteæ._
Cuttings, after having been dried for a few days, should be
inserted in coarse gravel or sand. See Cactus.
=Rhodanthe.= _Compositæ._
Propagated by seeds.
=Rhodochiton.= _Scrophularineæ._
Propagated by seeds; and cuttings of the growing wood
=Rhododendron=, Azalea (Rose-Bay). _Ericaceæ._
Seeds are largely employed, but they are small and light
and must be carefully handled. They are sown in spring in
pans or boxes in a soil of sandy peat, care being taken to cover
them very lightly and not to dislodge them when applying
water. They are handled in cold-frames or in a cool house,
and the young plants must be shaded. The plants are commonly
allowed to remain a year in the boxes. Low growing
plants are often layered. Cuttings of growing wood, cut to a
heel, are sometimes employed, being made in summer and handled
in a frame, but the percentage of rooted plants will often
be small. Rhododendrons are extensively grafted, the veneer
method being most used. The operation is performed upon
potted plants in late summer or early fall, or sometimes in a
cool house in early spring. Most of the leaves are allowed
to remain upon the cion. The plants are then placed in
densely shaded cool frames, and are nearly covered with
sphagnum. Various stocks are employed, but for severe
climates the hardy species like _R. Catawbiense_ and _R. maximum_
are probably best. _R. Ponticum_ is extensively used in
Europe, but it is not hardy enough for the north.
=Rhodotypos.= See Kerria.
=Rhubarb.= See Rheum.
=Rhus= (Sumach). _Anacardiaceæ._
Seeds, layers, suckers, root-cuttings, and cuttings of green
or ripe wood. Suckers are oftenest used.
=Rhynchosia.= _Leguminosæ._
Propagated by seeds and division.
=Rhynchospermum.= See Trachelospermum.
=Ribes= (Currant, Gooseberry). _Saxifrageæ._
Seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe, or else stratified
for new varieties. Commonly from ripe cuttings. See
Currant and Gooseberry.
=Richardia= (Calla) _Aroideæ._
Offsets, which should be removed and potted off when the
plants are at rest.
=Ricinus= (Castor Bean). _Euphorbiaceæ._
Seeds, which in the north are started in-doors.
=Rivina=, Piercea (Hoop Withy). _Phytolaccaceæ._
Readily propagated by seeds; also by cuttings, inserted
during spring in heat.
=Robinia= (Locust, Rose Acacia). _Leguminosæ._
Seeds, sown in fall or spring, and which usually germinate
better if soaked in hot water previous to sowing. Also
grown from layers and root-cuttings. Named varieties are
grafted or budded, the common locust stock (_R. Pseudacacia_)
being preferred, even for the rose acacia (_R. hispida_).
=Rocambole= (_Allium Scorodoprasum_). _Liliaceæ._
"Cloves," or divisions of the bulb.
=Rocket=, ornamental sorts. See Hesperis.
=Rocket Salad= (_Eruca sativa_). _Cruciferæ._
Seeds, sown where the plants are to grow.
=Rock-Rose.= See Cistus.
=Romneya.= _Papaveraceæ._
Propagated by seeds in spring.
=Romulea.= _Irideæ._
Offsets.
=Rondeletia=, Willdenovia, Rogiera. _Rubiaceæ._
Seeds. Cuttings of half-ripened wood, inserted in sand
under glass, in heat.
=Rosa= (Rose). _Rosaceæ._
New varieties and sometimes stocks are grown from seeds,
which are sown as soon as ripe, or kept in the hips until
spring. The hardy kinds are usually sown in well-prepared
beds out-doors. Roses are sometimes grown from layers,
and often from root-cuttings, after the manner of blackberries.
The common way of propagating roses, however, is
by means of short cuttings of firm or nearly mature wood,
handled under glass, with a mild bottom heat (of 65° or 70°).
They are commonly made in February or March from forced
plants. The cuttings are made in various fashions, some
allowing most of the leaves to remain, and some preferring
to cut most of them off, as in Fig. 56. They are commonly
cut to one-bud lengths. Long cuttings of ripened wood,
handled in a cool greenhouse or in frames, may also be employed
for the various perpetual and climbing roses. Most
growers feel that the best plants are obtained from cuttings,
but most varieties do well when budded upon congenial and
strong stocks. Budding by the common shield method is
considerably employed, and veneer-grafting is sometimes
used. The stocks are grown either from seeds or cuttings.
The commonest stock is the manetti (_Rosa canina_), which is
a strong and hardy species. The multiflora rose (_R. polyantha_)
is also a good stock, especially for early results. A stock
somewhat used about Boston for some of the hybrid perpetuals,
with excellent results, is _Rosa Watsonia_, a Japanese
species. "Worked" roses are in greater favor in Europe
than in this country.
=Rosemary= (_Rosmarinus officinalis_). _Labiatæ._
Seeds and divisions.
=Rubus= (Bramble). _Rosaceæ._
Seeds, which should be stratified or sown as soon as ripe.
Root-cuttings and suckers are mostly employed. The seeds
of _R. deliciosus_ require two years for germination. See Blackberry,
Dewberry, Raspberry.
=Rudbeckia=, including Lepachys, Obeliscaria (Cone Flower). _Compositæ._
Propagated by seeds or divisions.
=Rue.= See Ruta.
=Ruellia=, including Dipteracanthus. _Acanthaceæ._
Seeds. Cuttings, inserted in a light rich soil, under glass.
=Rulingia.= _Sterculiaceæ._
Seeds. Cuttings under glass.
=Ruscus= (Butcher's, Alexandrian Laurel). _Liliaceæ._
Root suckers. Also seeds, when obtainable.
=Rush.= See Juncus.
=Russelia.= _Scrophularineæ._
Seeds. Green cuttings under glass.
=Ruta.= Haplophyllum (Herb of Grace, Rue). _Rutaceæ._
Propagated by seeds, divisions and cuttings. Meadow
Rue, see Thalictrum.
=Sabal.= _Palmæ._
Propagated by seeds, and by suckers, which should be
taken when about one foot long. If they have no roots they
must be carefully handled.
=Sabbatia= (American Centaury). _Gentianeæ._
May be raised from seeds, which should be sown thinly
in pans, or on a shady border.
=Saffron= (_Carthamus tinctorius_). _Compositæ._
Propagated by seeds, in open air in spring. Saffron is also
_Crocus sativus_.
=Sage= (_Salvia officinalis_). _Labiatæ._
Seeds, sown in spring where the plants are to stand. Also
by division, but seeds give better plants. Sage plantations
should be renewed every two or three years. Good plants
are grown from cuttings.
=Sage Palm.= See Cycas.
=Saintfoin.= See Onobrychis.
=Saint John's Bread.= See Carob.
=Salisburia.= See Ginkgo.
=Salix= (Willow, Osier, Sallow). _Salicineæ._
All the willows grow readily from cuttings of ripe wood
of almost any age. The low and weeping varieties are top-worked
upon any common upright stocks.
=Sallow.= See Salix.
=Salpiglossis.= _Scrophularineæ._
Propagated by seeds in open air, or they may be started
under glass.
=Salsify= (_Tragopogon porrifolius_). _Compositæ._
Seeds, sown in spring where the plants are to remain.
=Salvia=, including Sclarea (Sage). _Labiatæ._
May be increased by seeds, sown thinly and placed in a
little warmth. Also by cuttings; these will root readily in
heat, if they are quite soft and in a growing state.
=Sambucus= (Elder). _Caprifoliaceæ._
Seeds, handled like those of raspberries and blackberries.
Named kinds are grown from cuttings of mature wood, and
by layers.
=Sandoricum= (Sandal-tree). _Meliaceæ._
Seeds. Cuttings, in sand under glass, in heat.
=Sanguinaria= (Blood-root, Red Puccoon). _Papaveraceæ._
Propagation is effected by means of seeds, or by divisions.
=Sanguisorba.= See Poterium.
=Sanseviera=, Salmia (Bowstring Hemp). _Hæmodoraceæ._
Young plants are obtained from suckers.
=Sapodilla= or =Sapodilla Plum=. See Sapota.
=Saponaria=, including Vaccaria (Bouncing Bet, Fuller's Herb,
Soapwort). _Caryophylleæ._
Increased by seeds and by divisions. The hardy annual
and biennial kinds may be simply sown in the open border.
=Sapota=, Achras. _Sapotaceæ._
Seeds and cuttings. In tropical countries the sapodilla
(_S. Achras_) is raised entirely from seeds.
=Sarracenia= (Indian Cup, Pitcher Plant, Side-saddle Flower. Trumpet
Leaf). _Sarraceniaceæ._
Increased by dividing the crowns. Sometimes by seeds,
sown in moss in a cool frame.
=Sassafras=. _Laurineæ._
Increased by seeds, and by suckers and root-cuttings.
=Satyrium.= _Orchideæ._
Division of the plants, as new growth is commencing.
(See also under Orchids.)
=Saurauja=, Palava, Reinwardtia. _Ternstrœmiaceæ._
Seeds. Ripened cuttings should be inserted in sand, under
glass.
=Sauromatum.= _Aroideæ._
Increased by offsets.
=Saussurea.= _Compositæ._
Seeds; division.
=Savin.= See Juniperus.
=Savoy.= See Cabbage.
=Savory= (_Satureia hortensis_, _S montana_). _Labiatæ._
Seeds, sown where the plants are to remain; or the winter
savory (_S. montana_), which is a perennial, by division.
=Saxifraga= (Saxifrage, Rockfoil). _Saxifrageæ._
Seeds, divisions, and in some species (as _S. sarmentosa_, the
"strawberry geranium") by runners.
=Scabiosa= (Pin-cushion Flower). _Dipsaceæ._
Seeds, usually sown in the open, and sometimes by division
=Scævola.= _Goodenovieæ._
Seeds. Cuttings should be inserted in a compost of peat
and sand, under glass.
=Scheeria.= See Achimenes.
=Schelhammera=, Parduyna. _Liliaceæ._
Increased usually by divisions.
=Schinus.= _Anacardiaceæ._
Propagated by seeds.
=Schismatoglottis.= _Aroideæ._
Increased by divisions.
=Schizandra=, including Maximowiczia. _Magnoliaceæ._
Seeds, when procurable. Propagation is effected by layers;
by ripened cuttings, which should be inserted in sand
under glass.
=Schizanthus= (Butterfly or Fringe Flower). _Solanaceæ._
The half-hardy kinds are increased by seeds sown in a little
heat in spring. The seed of the hardy sorts may be
sown in the open ground in early spring.
=Schizophragma.= _Saxifrageæ._
Propagated easily by cuttings of the ripened wood in a
cool house in autumn.
=Schizostylis.= _Irideæ._
Propagated by seeds and by division.
=Sciadophyllum=, Actinophyllum. _Araliaceæ._
Seeds. Cuttings, in sand under glass, in moderate heat.
=Sciadopitys= (Umbrella Pine). _Coniferæ._
Slowly propagated by imported seeds. But cuttings of
the half-ripened shoots, taken off in summer and inserted in
sand, in heat, root readily.
=Scilla= (Squill, Wild Hyacinth). _Liliaceæ._
Slowly increased by seeds, usually by bulbels
=Scolopendrium.= See Ferns.
=Scorzonera= (Black Salsify). _Compositæ._
Seeds, sown where the plants are to stand.
=Scotch Broom.= See Cytisus.
=Screw Pine.= See Pandanus.
=Scutellaria= (Skull-cap, Helmet Flower). _Labiatæ._
Seeds, divisions and cuttings of growing shoots under
cover.
=Seaforthia.= See Ptychosperma.
=Sea-kale= (_Crambe maritima_). _Cruciferæ._
Seeds, sown without being shelled, usually in a seed-bed.
When the young plants have made three or four leaves, they
should be removed to permanent quarters. Seedlings should
furnish crops in three years. By root-cuttings, four or five
inches long, taken from well established plants. These
should give plants strong enough for cutting in two years.
=Seaside Grape.= See Coccoloba.
=Sechium= (Choko). _Cucurbitaceæ._
Seeds. Tubers.
=Sedge.= See Carex.
=Sedum=, including Rhodiola (Orpine, Stonecrop). _Crassulaceæ._
Propagation may be effected by seeds, by divisions of the
tufts, by cuttings of stems or leaves in spring.
=Selaginella.= _Lycopodiaceæ._
Spores. Short cuttings, inserted in very early spring, in
pots or pans.
=Sempervivum= (House-Leek). _Crassulaceæ._
Readily increased by seeds, or by the young plants which
appear around the old ones at the base.
=Senecio=, including Cacalia, Cineraria, Farfugium, Jacobea Kleina,
Ligularia (Groundsel, Ragweed). _Compositæ._
The annuals are propagated by seeds. Others may be
increased by seeds, by divisions, or by cuttings both of the
roots and shoots.
=Sensitive Plant.= See Mimosa.
=Sequoia=, Wellingtonia (Redwood). _Coniferæ._
Seeds, which must be handled in a frame or half-shady
place. Layers, and cuttings handled like those of retinospora
and yew.
=Sericographis.= See Justicia.
=Sesamum= (Bene). _Pedaliaceæ._
Seeds, sown under glass, or in the south in the open
border.
=Sesbania=, including Agati (Pea-tree). _Leguminosæ._
Seeds for annual species; the shrubby kinds by cuttings
of the half-ripened shoots under glass, in heat.
=Shad-bush.= See Amelanchier.
=Shaddock.= See Pomelo.
=Shallot= (_Allium Ascalonicum_). _Liliaceæ._
Grown from "cloves," which are formed by the breaking
up of the main bulb.
=Shell-bark Hickory= (Shag-bark). See Hicoria.
=Shepherdia= (Buffalo Berry). _Elæagnaceæ._
Increased by seeds sown in the fall or stratified until
spring.
=Sibbaldia.= See Potentilla.
=Siberian Pea-tree.= See Caragana.
=Sideritis.= _Labiatæ._
Seeds, divisions, cuttings.
=Side-saddle Flower.= See Sarracenia.
=Silene= (Campion, Catchfly). _Caryophylleæ._
Propagation is effected by seeds, by divisions, and by
cuttings.
=Silk-Cotton Tree.= See Bombax.
=Silphium= (Rosin-plant, Compass-plant). _Compositæ._
Propagated by seed and by divisions.
=Silver Bell.= See Halesia.
=Sisyrinchium= (Blue-eyed Grass, Pig Root, Rush Lily, Satin Flower).
_Irideæ._
It may be increased in spring by seeds or by divisions.
=Skimmia.= _Rutaceæ._
Seeds, in a frame. Also by layers and by firm cuttings in
gentle heat.
=Skirret= (_Sium Sisarum_). _Umbelliferæ._
Seeds, offsets, or divisions.
=Slipperwort.= See Campanula and Calceolaria.
=Smilacina= (False Solomon's Seal). _Liliaceæ._
Seeds. Division of roots.
=Smilax= (Green-Briar, American China Root). _Liliaceæ._
Young plants are obtained by seeds and by layers and
divisions of the root. For the "Smilax" or Boston-vine of
conservatories, see Myrsiphyllum.
=Snapdragon.= See Antirrhinum.
=Snowball-tree.= See Viburnum.
=Snowberry-tree.= See Symphoricarpus.
=Snowdrop.= See Galanthus.
=Snowflake.= See Leucoium.
=Soapwort.= See Saponaria.
=Solandra.= _Solanaceæ._
Increased by seeds sown in spring; by cuttings, inserted in
mould or tan. If small flowering plants are desired, the cuttings
should be taken from flowering shoots.
=Solanum=, including Aquartia, Nycterium (Nightshade). _Solanaceæ._
The annuals, and most of the other species, are raised
from seeds. The tuberous kinds may be increased by tubers
or divisions of them. The stove and greenhouse shrubby
plants may be propagated by cuttings, inserted when young
in a warm frame.
=Soldanella.= _Primulaceæ._
Increased by seeds and by division.
=Solea.= See Ionidium.
=Solidago= (Golden Rod). _Compositæ._
Seeds, sown in fall or spring, and by divisions.
=Solomon's Seal.= See Polygonatum.
=Sonerila.= _Melastomaceæ._
Propagated by seeds; or by cuttings which should be
inserted singly in small pots during spring and placed in a
frame in a propagating house.
=Sophora=, including Edwardsia. _Leguminosæ._
Seeds, layers and cuttings of either ripened or growing
wood. The named varieties are grafted upon common stocks.
=Sorghum.= _Gramineæ._
Usually by seeds. Sometimes by cuttings as in Sugar
Cane.
=Sorrel= (Rumex, several species). _Polygonaceæ._
Seeds and divisions.
=Sorrel-tree.= See Oxydendron.
=Sour Gum.= See Nyssa.
=Sowbread.= See Cyclamen.
=Spanish Bayonet.= See Yucca.
=Sparaxis.= _Irideæ._
Seeds. Usually by offsets.
=Sparmannia.= _Tiliaceæ._
Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood in spring.
=Spathiphyllum,= including Amomophyllum. _Aroideæ._
Propagated sometimes by seeds sown in heat, or by divisions
of the root-stocks.
=Spearmint= (Mentha viridis). _Labiatæ._
Commonly grown from cuttings of the creeping root-stocks.
=Speedwell.= See Veronica.
=Sphæralcea=, Sphæroma (Globe Mallow). _Malvaceæ._
Seeds; by cuttings of the young growth under glass, and
kept shaded until rooted.
=Spiderwort.= See Tradescantia.
=Spinage= (_Spinacia oleracea_). _Chenopodiaceæ._
Seeds, sown usually where the crop is to stand, either in
fall or spring.
=Spiræa= (Spirea, Meadow-Sweet). _Rosaceæ._
Seeds, sown as soon as ripe or stratified until spring.
Commonly increased by cuttings, either of mature or green
wood. Green cuttings usually make the best plants. These
are made in summer and handled in frames. Some sorts, as
_S. ariæfolia_, _S. opulifolia_ and varieties (Nine-bark, now
known as _Neillia_ or _Physocarpus opulifolia_) and _S. prunifolia_,
are usually grown from layers put down in spring. The herbaceous
kinds are often increased by division.
=Spondias= (Hog Plum, Otaheite Apple or Plum). _Anacardiaceæ._
Seeds; by large cuttings of growing wood, which should
be inserted in sand or mould, in heat.
=Spruce.= See Picea and Abies.
=Squash= (_Cucurbita_, three species). _Cucurbitaceæ._
Seeds, when the weather becomes warm.
=Squill.= See Scilla.
=Stachys=, Betonica, Galeopsis (Hedge Nettle, Woundwort). _Labiatæ._
Seeds, divisions, or cuttings. Some species (as the Crosnes
or _S. tuberifera_ of recent introduction) are increased by
subterranean tubers.
=Staff-tree.= See Celastrus.
=Stanhopea.= _Orchideæ._
Division of the old roots. (See also under Orchids.)
=Stapelia= (Carrion Flower). _Asclepiadeæ._
Seeds; commonly by cuttings in heat.
=Staphylea= (Bladder-nut). _Sapindaceæ._
Seeds sown as soon as ripe or stratified until spring. By
suckers, layers, and cuttings of roots or of mature wood.
=Star Apple.= See Chrysophyllum.
=Star of Bethlehem.= See Ornithogalum.
=Statice= (Sea Lavender, Sea Pink). _Plumbagineæ._
The annuals and biennials may be increased by seeds
sown in early spring, in a frame. The perennials by seeds,
or by carefully made divisions. Greenhouse species should
be propagated by cuttings inserted in small single pots during
early spring, and placed under glass.
=Staurostigma.= _Aroideæ._
Seeds sown in bottom heat; or by division of the tubers.
=Stephanotis=, Jasminanthes. _Asclepiadeæ._
Propagated by seeds; also by cuttings of the previous
year's growth inserted singly in pots, in spring, and placed in
a close frame with a temperature of 60°.
=Sterculia.= _Sterculiaceæ._
Seeds. Increased by ripened cuttings, which should be
taken with the leaves on, and placed under glass. Those of
the stove species should be placed in moist heat.
=Stevia.= _Compositæ._
May be increased by seeds, by divisions and by cuttings.
=Stigmaphyllon.= _Malpighiaceæ._
Seeds. Cuttings of ripened wood, inserted in sandy soil
under glass, in heat.
=Stillingia.= _Euphorbiaceæ._
Easily propagated by imported seeds.
=Stock.= See Mathiola.
=Stokesia.= _Compositæ._
Propagation by seeds and by division.
=Stonecrop.= See Sedum.
=Strawberry= (_Fragaria_). _Rosaceæ._
New sorts are grown from seeds, which are usually sown as
soon as ripe; or they may be kept until the following spring
either dry or in stratification. Varieties are commonly increased
by offsets, or plants formed at the joints of runners.
These runners appear after the fruit is off. If strong plants
are desired, the runner should be headed-in, and only one
plant allowed to form on each runner. The ground should
be soft and somewhat moist, to enable the young plants to
obtain a foothold. Plants strong enough for setting are obtained
in August and September of the same year in which
they start. Ordinarily, the runners will take root without
artificial aid; but in hard soils, or with new or scarce varieties,
the joints are sometimes held down with a pebble or bit
of earth. New varieties are often propagated throughout the
season from plants which are highly fertilized, and which are
not allowed to fruit. Very strong plants are obtained by
growing them in pots. A 3-inch pot is sunk below the runner,
and the joint is held upon it by a stone or clod. The
runner is then pinched off, to prevent further growth, and to
throw all its energy into the one plant. The pot should be
filled with soft, rich earth. Shouldered pots are best, because
they can be raised more easily than others, by catching
the spade or trowel under the shoulder. The plants will
fill the pots in three or four weeks, if the weather is favorable.
Old tin fruit cans, which have been heated to remove
the bottoms, can also be used.
Cuttings of the tips of runners are sometimes made and
handled in a frame, as an additional means of rapidly increasing
new kinds. These cuttings are really the cast-away
tips left from the heading-in or checking of the runners.
=Strawberry Geranium.= See Saxifraga.
=Strawberry Tree.= See Arbutus.
=Strelitzia= (Bird of Paradise Flower, Bird's-tongue Flower).
_Scitamineæ._
Increased by seeds, which should be sown in light soil, and
the pots plunged in moist bottom heat. Also increased by
suckers and by division of the old plants.
=Streptocarpus= (Cape Primrose). _Gesneraceæ._
Readily propagated by seeds or by divisions.
=Strobilanthes=, including Goldfussia (Cone Head). _Acanthaceæ._
Seeds. Cuttings, in any light soil under glass, in heat.
=Struthiola.= _Thymelæaceæ._
Seeds, when obtainable. Cuttings in sand under a frame.
=Stuartia.= _Ternstrœmiaceæ._
May be increased by seeds and layers, or by means of ripened
cuttings, inserted in sand under a hand-glass. Seeds
are oftenest used, where obtainable.
=Stylidium=, Candollea. _Stylidieæ._
Grown from seeds, or in a few cases, from divisions of the
roots. The shrubby kinds may be increased by cuttings.
=Stypandra.= _Liliaceæ._
Propagated by divisions.
=Styrax= (Storax). _Styraceæ._
Seeds, which must be stratified, or else sown as soon as
ripe. They usually lie dormant the first year. Also by layers
and cuttings of green-wood. Can be grafted upon other
storaxes, or upon _Halesia tetraptera_.
=Sugar Cane= (_Saccharum officinarum_). _Gramineæ._
Cuttings of the stems. The cuttings should possess a nope
or joint which bears one or more good buds. These cuttings
are planted directly in the field, and the plants will reach
maturity in two or three months. Propagation by seeds has
been supposed to be impossible, but recent experiments at
Kew indicate that it can be done.
=Sumach.= See Rhus.
=Sundew.= See Drosera.
=Sunflower.= See Helianthus.
=Sun Rose.= See Helianthemum.
=Swainsona.= _Leguminosæ._
Seeds. Green cuttings under cover.
=Swan River Daisy.= See Brachycome.
=Sweet Brier.= See Rosa.
=Sweet Cicely.= See Myrrhis.
=Sweet Pea.= See Lathyrus.
=Sweet Potato= (_Convolvulus Batatas_). _Convolvulaceæ._
Sweet potato plants are grown in hot-beds, cold-frames or
forcing-houses, from sound tubers of medium size. The tuber
is laid upon a sandy or other loose bed, and is then covered
with sand or sandy loam to a depth of one or two inches.
Sometimes, to guard against rot, the tubers are not covered
until the sprouts begin to appear. The tubers may be laid
thickly upon the bed, but they are less apt to rot if they do
not touch each other. Sometimes the tubers are cut in two
lengthwise, the cut surface being placed down, in order to
place all the plant-giving surface uppermost. In four or
five weeks the young plants--three to five inches high--are
pulled off and planted, and others soon arise to take their
places. One hand should be held firmly upon the soil over
the tuber, while the sprout is pulled off to keep it in place.
Three or four crops of sprouts may be obtained from each
tuber.
=Sweet William= (_Dianthus barbatus_). _Caryophylleæ._
Seeds, sown in-doors or in the border. Division of the
plants. Best results are obtained by starting new seedlings
every other year.
=Swertia.= _Gertianeæ._
Seeds, usually started in heat.
=Sycamore.= See Platanus.
=Symphoricarpus= (Waxberry, St. Peter's Wort, Snowberry-tree, Indian
Currant). _Caprifoliaceæ._
Seeds, handled like those of blackberries. Also by suckers
and cuttings.
=Symphytum= (Comfrey). _Boragineæ._
May be increased by seeds and by division. Also by root-cuttings.
=Symplocos=, including Hopea. _Styraceæ._
Seeds. Cuttings, in sand under glass.
=Syngonium.= _Aroideæ._
Increased by dividing the stems into lengths of about three
joints, and inserting them in pots in a brisk heat. The tops
of plants may be cut off and inserted as large cuttings.
=Syringa= (Lilac). _Oleaceæ._
New varieties and stocks are grown from seeds, which are
usually stratified until spring. Green cuttings, handled in
frames in summer, are largely used. Cuttings of mature
wood will grow; also cuttings of the roots. Layers and
suckers are often employed. Varieties are extensively grafted
upon privet (_Ligustrum_), and common lilacs. Flute-budding
is occasionally employed. Lilacs will grow for a time when
worked upon the ash. Grafting succeeds well when performed
in the open air.
=Tabernæmontana.= _Apocynaceæ._
Increased by green cuttings, under glass, in moist heat.
=Tacca=, Ataccia. _Taccaceæ._
Seeds and division of the roots.
=Tacsonia.= See Passiflora.
=Tagetes= (Marigold). _Compositæ._
Seeds, sown either in-doors or out.
=Tamarack.= See Larch.
=Tamarindus= (Tamarind). _Leguminosæ._
Young plants may be obtained from seeds sown on a hot-bed
or out-doors in tropical countries. Cuttings, in sand
under glass in heat.
=Tamarix=, Tamarisk. _Tamariscineæ._
Increased by ripe cuttings under glass, the greenhouse
kinds in heat.
=Tansy= (Tanacetum vulgare). _Compositæ._
Seeds and divisions.
=Taxodium=, Glyptostrobus (Bald Cypress). _Coniferæ._
Seeds are usually employed. Layers. Cuttings of young
wood in wet sand, or even water, under cover. The varieties
of glyptostrobus may be veneer-grafted in August or September
on _T. distichum_.
=Taxus= (Yew). _Coniferæ._
Seeds, sown when gathered or else stratified. Layers.
Cuttings of green-wood under glass in summer, or of mature
wood as recommended for retinospora. The named varieties
are veneer-grafted in August or early fall upon the upright
kinds.
=Tecoma= (Trumpet-Creeper). _Bignoniaceæ._
Seeds, layers, cuttings of firm shoots, but most commonly
by root-cuttings.
=Terminalia= (Tropical Almond). _Combretaceæ._
Seeds; also by cuttings of green-wood under glass.
=Ternstrœmia.= _Ternstrœmiaceæ._
Seeds. Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots under glass, in
bottom heat.
=Testudinaria= (Elephant's Foot). _Dioscoreaceæ._
Grown from imported roots or seeds.
=Teucrium= (Germander). _Labiatæ._
Seeds, divisions, and the shrubby kinds by cuttings under
cover.
=Thalictrum= (Meadow-Rue). _Ranunculaceæ._
Propagated by seeds, and divisions. The varieties by
cuttings.
=Thea.= See Camellia.
=Theobroma= (Cacao, Chocolate-tree). _Sterculiaceæ._
Propagated by ripened cuttings, which should be placed in
sand, under glass, in heat.
=Thermopsis.= _Leguminosæ._
By seeds and divisions.
=Thrift.= See Armeria.
=Thrinax.= _Palmæ._
Seeds.
=Thunbergia.= _Acanthaceæ._
Seeds. Cuttings of firm wood in a frame.
=Thunia.= _Orchideæ._
As the form of the pseudo-bulbs suggests, this genus is
easily propagated by cuttings. These are made about six
inches long and inserted in pots of sand. After standing in
an ordinary propagating-frame or moist stove for a short
time young growths will appear at the nodes. When large
enough they are taken up and potted in ordinary compost.
Two years at least are needed for them to attain to flowering
size, but this is the best method where a large number of
plants are wanted. (See also under Orchids.)
=Thuya=, including Biota (Arbor-Vitæ, White Cedar erroneously).
_Coniferæ._
Seeds. Layers. Cuttings of green shoots in summer in a
cool frame. Cuttings of ripe wood, as recommended for
retinospora. The named varieties are often grafted on potted
common stocks in winter or early fall.
=Thyme= (_Thymus vulgaris_). _Labiatæ._
Seeds and divisions.
=Thyrsacanthus=, Odontonema (Thyrse Flower). _Acanthaceæ._
Seeds; cuttings made in spring, and placed in a close,
warm frame.
=Tiarella.= _Saxifrageæ._
Seeds and divisions.
=Tigridia= (Tiger Flower). _Irideæ._
May be increased by seeds, or generally by offsets.
=Tilia= (Basswood, Linden, Lime-tree). _Tiliaceæ._
Stocks are grown from stratified seeds. Layers may be
made, and cuttings may be employed, but the named sorts
are usually grafted on strong common stocks. Mound-layering
is sometimes practiced.
=Tillandsia.= _Bromeliaceæ._
May be increased by seeds, and by suckers which should
be allowed to grow large before being detached from the
parent and should then be inserted singly in pots, in a compost
of loam, peat, and leaf-mould. Keep moderately moist
and well shaded. _T. usneoides_ is the "Spanish Moss" of the
south; rarely propagated, but may be grown from seeds or
divisions of the moss.
=Tobacco.= See Nicotiana.
=Tolu Balsam-tree.= See Myroxylon.
=Tomato= (_Lycopersicum esculentum_). _Solanaceæ._
Seeds, usually started under glass. Cuttings of growing
shoots.
=Torenia.= _Scrophularineæ._
Seeds. Cuttings, in a warm frame.
=Torreya.= _Coniferæ._
Increased the same as Thuya and Retinospora.
=Trachelium= (Throatwort). _Campanulaceæ._
Seeds and cuttings.
=Trachelospermum=, Rhynchospermum. _Apocynaceæ._
Seeds. Firm cuttings, in a frame.
=Trachycarpus.= _Palmæ._
Seeds and suckers.
=Tradescantia.= _Commelinaceæ._
Usually by cuttings; also by seeds and divisions.
=Trapa= (Water Caltrops). _Onagrarieæ._
Seeds.
=Tree of Heaven.= See Ailanthus.
=Trichilia.= _Meliaceæ._
Seeds. Cuttings of the ripened wood, with leaves, or
under glass in heat.
=Trichopilia.= _Orchideæ_.
Divisions of the plants. (See also under Orchids.)
=Trichosanthes= (Snake Gourd). _Cucurbitaceæ._
Seeds, either in-doors or out.
=Tricyrtis.= _Liliaceæ._
Seeds rarely. Offsets and divisions.
=Trillium= (American Wood-Lily, Indian Shamrock, Wake-Robin).
_Liliaceæ_.
Propagated by seeds and by divisions.
=Triteleia= (Triplet Lily). _Liliaceæ._
Propagated by seeds and by offsets.
=Tritoma.= See Kniphofia.
=Tritonia=, Aletris, including Montbretia. _Irideæ._
Young plants are raised from seeds; but generally increased
by divisions.
=Trollius= (Globe Flower, Globe Ranunculus). _Ranunculaceæ._
Seeds. Divisions in early autumn or spring. The seeds
should be sown fresh or a long time will be required for germination.
=Tropæolum= (Nasturtium, Canary-bird Flower, Indian Cress).
_Geraniaceæ_.
Seeds, started in-doors or in the garden. Tuberiferous
species by tubers or divisions of roots. Perennials sometimes
by cuttings in a frame.
=Trumpet Creeper.= See Tecoma.
=Tuberose.= See Polianthes.
=Tulipa= (Tulip). _Liliaceæ._
Seeds may be sown in boxes of light sandy soil, in late
winter, and placed in a cold-frame. The next season the
young bulbs should be planted in a prepared bed outside.
Bulbels may be detached from established bulbs when they
are lifted, and grown by themselves. This is the usual
method.
=Tulip-tree.= See Liriodendron.
=Tupelo-tree.= See Nyssa.
=Turnera.= _Turneraceæ._
Seeds, divisions and cuttings.
=Turnip= (_Brassica_). _Cruciferæ._
Seeds, where the plants are to remain.
=Tydæa.= See Gesnera.
=Typha= (Bullrush, Cat's Tail, Reed Mace). _Typhaceæ._
Propagation may be effected by seeds sown in a pot
plunged in water nearly to the level of the soil; or by
divisions.
=Ulex= (Furze, Gorse, Whin). _Leguminosæ._
Propagated by seeds or by cuttings.
=Ulmus= (Elm). _Urticaceæ._
Usually propagated by stratified seeds. Layers are sometimes
made, and suckers may be taken. The varieties are
grafted on common stocks.
=Unicorn Plant.= See Martynia.
=Uvularia=, including Oakesia (Bellwort). _Liliaceæ._
Seeds; usually by divisions.
=Vaccinium= (Swamp Huckleberry, Whortleberry, Blueberry, Bilberry,
Cranberry). _Vacciniaceæ._
Seeds, layers, root-cuttings, and divisions of the old plants.
Some species by hard-wood cuttings, for which see Cranberry.
Huckleberry seeds are small and somewhat difficult
to grow. The seeds should be washed from the fruits and
stored in sand in a cool place until late in winter. They are
then sown in pans or flats on the surface of a soil made of
equal parts sand and loam. Cover with fine sphagnum and
keep in a cool house or frame, always keeping the seeds moist.
Seeds treated in this way may be expected to germinate in a
month or two, although they may lie dormant a year. Transplant
frequently and keep shaded until large enough to shift
for themselves. Layers should be tongued. Cuttings, two
or three inches long, of the best roots, made in fall and
placed in mild bottom heat in early spring, often give fair
satisfaction. Native plants can be obtained from the woods
and fields which will give good satisfaction if small specimens
are taken.
=Valeriana= (Valerian). _Valerianeæ._
Seeds and divisions.
=Vallota.= _Amaryllideæ._
Bulbels, which usually appear above the surface of the
pot. Division of the bulbs.
=Vanda.= _Orchideæ._
The majority are propagated in the same way as described
for aërides, but two species--_V. teres_ and _V. Hookeri_--both
tall and quick growing, may be cut into lengths of a few
inches. The practice of the most successful cultivators is to
start them every year as cuttings about a foot long. (See
also under Orchids.)
=Vanilla.= _Orchideæ._
Division and cuttings. The vanilla of commerce (_V. planifolia_)
is propagated from cuttings which are planted at the
base of trees, upon which the plant climbs. (See also under
Orchids)
=Vegetable Oyster.= See Salsify.
=Veitchia.= _Palmæ._
Seeds.
=Veltheimia.= =Liliaceæ.=
By fresh seeds or separation of the bulbs.
=Veratrum= (False or White Hellebore). _Liliaceæ._
Young plants are obtained by seeds or by divisions.
=Verbascum= (Mullein). _Scrophularineæ._
All are raised from seeds sown in any ordinary soil, except
_V. nigrum_ and _V. pinnatifidum_, which should be increased by
divisions and cuttings respectively.
=Verbena= (Vervain). _Verbenaceæ._
Seeds; also by cuttings of vigorous shoots. Some species
by divisions.
=Vernonia=, including Ascaricida (Ironweed). _Compositæ._
May be raised from seeds, divisions, or cuttings, depending
on the character of the plant.
=Veronica= (Speedwell). _Scrophularineæ._
Seeds and divisions. Shrubby sorts often by cuttings.
=Vesicaria= (Bladder-pod). _Cruciferæ._
Annuals by seeds; perennials by division.
=Vetch= (Vicia sativa). _Leguminosæ._
By seeds in open air.
=Viburnum.= _Caprifoliaceæ._
Seeds, which should be stratified. They usually remain
dormant the first year. Layers usually make the best plants.
Green cuttings made in summer and handled in frames give
excellent results. _V. plicatum_ is propagated by cuttings.
Ripe cuttings are sometimes used for the soft-wooded species.
The snowball or guelder-rose (_V. Opulus_) is rapidly increased
by layers. It is also a good stock for closely related species.
_V. Lantana_ and _V. dentata_ are good stocks on which varieties
difficult to handle can be worked by the veneer-graft during
winter.
=Victoria= (Royal Water Lily, Water Platter). _Nymphæaceæ._
The seeds should be kept in vessels of water until ready
for sowing, when they may be placed in loamy soil, and the
pot submerged a couple of inches in water, the temperature
of which should not be allowed to fall below 85°. The
tank should be in a light position near the glass. Annual.
=Vinca= (Periwinkle). _Apocynaceæ._
Increased by seeds and by divisions.
=Viola= (Violet, Heartsease, Pansy). _Violarieæ._
The named violets are increased by cuttings made in a
cool house from vigorous shoots. Common species by seeds,
runners and divisions of the plants. Pansies are usually
grown from seeds, but named varieties may be multiplied
from cuttings taken late in the season, or from layers.
=Virgilia.= See Cladrastis.
=Virginia Creeper.= See Ampelopsis.
=Virgin's Bower.= See Clematis.
=Viscum= (Mistletoe). _Loranthaceæ._
Raised from seed, which should be inserted in a notch cut
in the bark or under side of a branch of the host. Avoid
crushing the seed, and have the embryo directed towards the
trunk. To prevent birds from disturbing the seeds after
being placed in position, cover with light-colored cloth.
The seed may also be fastened to a smooth part of the tree
by the sticky substance surrounding it, but more seed is lost.
Our native phoradendron can be handled in the same way.
=Vitex= (Chaste-tree). _Verbenaceæ._
Seeds. Suckers. Layers. Cuttings of green or ripened
wood.
=Vitis.= See Grape.
=Vochysia=, Curcullaria. _Vochysiaceæ._
Seeds; by ripened cuttings in sand under glass, in heat.
=Waahoo.= See Euonymus.
=Waldsteinia.= _Rosaceæ._
May be multiplied by seeds or divisions.
=Wall-flower= (_Cheiranthus Cheiri_). _Cruciferæ._
Propagated by seeds; the plants, however, will not flower
at the north until the second season; protection of a frame
is required.
=Wallichia=, Wrightia. _Palmæ._
May be increased by seeds; or by suckers, which should
be gradually separated so as to allow them to make sufficient
roots before they are quite detached.
=Walnut.= See Juglans.
=Water-Cress= (_Nasturtium officinale_). _Cruciferæ._
Cuttings of the young stems, which root in mud with great
readiness. Seeds scattered in the water or mud.
=Water Lily.= See Nymphæa, Nelumbo and Victoria.
=Water-Melon= (_Citrullus vulgaris_). _Cucurbitaceæ._
Seeds, usually sown where the plants are to remain, after
the weather is warm and settled.
=Watsonia= (Bugle Lily). _Irideæ._
The plants are multiplied by seeds or by offsets.
=Wax Flower.= See Hoya.
=Weigela.= See Diervilla.
=Wellingtonia.= See Sequoia.
=Whin.= See Ulex and Genista.
=White Cedars.= See Chamæcyparis and Thuya.
=White-wood.= See Liriodendron and Tilia.
=Whitlava.= See Phacelia.
=Whortleberry=, Huckleberry (_Gaylussacia resinosa_). _Ericaceæ._
Propagated by seeds, which should be stratified and otherwise
carefully handled. (See also Vaccinium.)
=Willow.= See Salix.
=Wind Flower.= See Anemone.
=Windsor, Broad or Horn Bean= (_Vicia Faba._) _Leguminosæ._
Propagation by seeds in open air after the soil is fairly
warm.
=Winter Aconite.= See Eranthis.
=Winter Cress.= See Barbarea.
=Wistaria.= _Leguminosæ._
Readily grown from seeds. Sometimes by division.
Layers. Cuttings of ripened wood, usually handled under
glass. The common purple and white kinds are largely
grown from root-cuttings, an inch or two long, placed in
bottom heat, when they will start in four or five weeks.
Many of the fancy kinds, especially when wood is scarce, are
root- or crown-grafted upon _W. Sinensis._
=Witch-hazel.= See Hamamelis.
=Woad-Waxen.= See Genista.
=Woodbine.= A name properly belonging to climbing Loniceras, but often
applied to Ampelopsis, both of which see.
=Wormwood=, Southernwood (_Artemisia Absinthium_). _Compositæ._
Seeds and division.
=Wrightia=, Balfouria (Palay or Ivory-tree). _Apocynaceæ._
Seeds; usually by cuttings, which root readily in sand in
heat.
=Xanthoceras=. _Sapindaceæ._
Usually multiplied by seeds; root-cuttings are sometimes
used.
=Xanthorhiza=, Zanthorhiza. _Ranunculaceæ._
Seeds and suckers.
=Xanthorrhœa= (Black Boy, Grass-tree). _Juncaceæ._
Seeds; but usually by offsets.
=Xanthosoma=, including Acontias. _Aroideæ._
May be increased by cutting up the stem or root-stock into
small pieces and planting these in light soil, or cocoa fibre, in
bottom heat. After a stem has been cut off, a number of
shoots are developed, which can be treated as cuttings.
=Xerophyllum.= _Liliaceæ._
May be propagated by seeds and by divisions.
=Xiphion.= See Iris.
=Xylophylla.= See Phyllanthus.
=Yam.= See Discorea.
=Yellow-wood.= See Cladrastis.
=Yew.= See Taxus.
=Yucca= (Adam's Needle, Bear's Grass, Spanish Bayonet). _Liliaceæ._
Increased by seeds; and by divisions, which may be
planted in the open ground, or by pieces of thick, fleshy
roots, cut into lengths, and inserted in sandy soil, in heat.
=Yulan.= See Magnolia.
=Zamia.= _Cycadaceæ._
Division of the crowns when possible; or by seeds and
suckers. The plants are oftenest imported directly from
the tropics.
=Zanthorhiza.= See Xanthorhiza.
=Zanthoxylum= (Prickly Ash). _Rutaceæ._
Seeds, suckers, but more often by root-cuttings.
=Zea.= See Maize.
=Zephyranthes=, including Habranthus (Flower of the West Wind, Zephyr
Flower). _Amaryllideæ._
May be multiplied by seeds; or by separating the bulbels.
=Zingiber=, including Zerumbet (Ginger). _Scitamineæ._
Propagated by division.
=Zinnia= (Youth-and-old-Age). _Compositæ._
Seeds, sown either in-doors or out.
=Zizania= (Wild or Indian Rice). _Graminæ._
Seeds, sown along water courses or in bogs in fall or
spring.
=Zizyphus.= See Jujube.
=Zygadenus=, including Amianthemum, Anticloa. _Liliaceæ._
Readily multiplied by seeds or by divisions.
=Zygopetalum.= _Orchideæ._
Division. (See also under Orchids.)
=Zygophyllum= (Bean Caper). _Zygophylleæ,._
Seeds, when they can be had; otherwise by cuttings in a
frame.
CHAPTER VII.
POLLINATION
=Pollination.=--The act of conveying the pollen from the anther to
the stigma.
=Close-pollination=--=Self-pollination=.--The transfer of pollen to a
stigma of the same flower.
=Cross-pollination.=--The conveyance of pollen to the stigma of
another flower.
=Crossing.=--The operation or practice of cross-pollinating.
=Fertilization=--=Fecundation=--=Impregnation=.--The action of the
pollen upon the ovules.
=Close-fertilization=--=Self-fertilization=.--The action of pollen
upon the ovules of the same flower.
=Cross-fertilization.=--The action of pollen upon the ovules of
another flower of the same species.
=Individual-fertilization.=--Fertilization between flowers upon the
same plant.
=Hybridizing.=--The operation or practice of crossing between species.
=Hybridism=--=Hybridity=.--The state, quality or condition of being a
hybrid.
=Hybridization.=--The state or condition of being hybridized, or the
process or act of hybridizing.
=Cross.=--An offspring of any two flowers which have been
cross-fertilized.
=Individual-Cross.=--An offspring of two flowers on the same plant.
=Cross-breed=--=Half-breed=--=Mongrel=--=Variety-hybrid=.--A cross
between varieties of the same species.
=Hybrid.=--An offspring of plants of different species.
=Half-hybrid.=--A product of a cross between a species and a variety
of another species.
=Derivative or Derivation-hybrid=--=Secondary-hybrid=.--A hybrid
between hybrids, or between a hybrid and one of its parents.
=Bigener=--=Bigeneric hybrid=.--A hybrid between species of different
genera.
=Bigeneric half-breed.=--A product of a cross between varieties of
species of different genera.
=Mule.=--A sterile (seedless) hybrid.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.--In order to understand the methods of
pollination, the reader must be able to recognize the parts of the
flower. The fuchsia, Fig. 90, shows the parts distinctly. The open
flower, on the right, contains four well-marked series of organs. The
first series is composed of four narrow and leaf-like parts or sepals,
collectively called the calyx. Borne upon these is the corolla, made up
of four blunt and variously colored petals. The next series comprises
eight slender stamens or male organs (_S_). The thread-like portions or
stalks of these are the filaments and upon them are borne the anthers.
The anthers contain the pollen. The last and innermost series is a
pistil or female organ (_P_). The pistil is made up of three parts: the
ovary, which develops into the seed-pod, the style or slender portion,
and the stigma, or enlargement at the end. The ovary in this case is
the oblong body borne at the base of the flower and upon which the
other parts stand. The style runs through the flower to the ovary.
[Illustration: Fig. 90. Parts of the Flower.]
The modifications of the flower are numberless, both in form and number
of parts, but these four series of organs--the calyx, corolla, stamens
and pistils--always comprise a complete flower and they are arranged in
the order named. A perfect flower is one which contains both stamens
and pistils without any reference to the surrounding or leaf-like
organs. Many flowers are imperfect or contain only one sex. When the
sexes are borne in different flowers upon the same plant, the species
is said to be monœcious; and when they are borne upon different plants
the species is diœcious. Sometimes the inflorescence is mixed, some
flowers being perfect, some staminate and some pistillate, all upon
the same plant; such species are polygamous. Most garden plants have
perfect flowers. Many nut-bearing trees are monœcious, as walnuts,
butternut, hickories, chestnuts, hazels and filbert and oaks. Some
of the composite plants are also monœcious, the large head bearing
staminate flowers in one part and pistillate in another. Pumpkins
and squashes are monœcious and so are most varieties of melons. Fig.
91 shows a pistillate pumpkin flower with the ovary or young pumpkin
below, and Fig. 92 a staminate flower which lacks the enlargement
below. Among diœcious species may be mentioned the willows and poplars.
[Illustration: Fig. 91. Pistillate Squash flower.]
The ovary contains the ovules. When these are acted upon or fertilized
by the pollen they develop into seeds. The pollen falls upon the stigma
or upper extremity of the pistil, and each grain germinates and sends
a tube down through the style to an ovule. The stigma is a slightly
roughened soft surface, and when it is "ripe," or ready to receive the
pollen, it becomes slightly moist or sticky. In most plants the stigma
is merely a circular expansion of tissue (Fig. 97), but sometimes it
is divided into lobes and the lobes remain closed until it is ready
for the pollen. The fuchsia stigma is composed of four lobes, which
are closed in Fig. 90. Fig. 93 shows the two-lobed stigma of the
trumpet-creeper or tecoma before the flower is ready for pollination.
Fig. 94 shows the stigma open, in condition to receive the pollen. In
these flowers the stamens are hidden in the tube of the corolla.
[Illustration: Fig. 92. Staminate Squash flower.]
The pollen is nearly always in the form of very small grains, which
become dry when ripe. In some plants, notably in orchids, the pollen is
borne in large masses known as pollinia. When the anther is "ripe" it
assumes a yellow, orange or brownish cast and the pollen is discharged
through a split in the side, a chink at the apex or other aperture.
The pollen may fall upon and fertilize the stigma of the same flower,
in which case the flower is said to be self-fertilized, or oftener
it is carried to another flower by insects, winds or other agencies.
Most plants possess some contrivance which renders self-fertilization
difficult and cross-fertilization easy.
[Illustration: Fig. 93. Closed stigma of tecoma.]
[Illustration: Fig. 94. Open stigma of tecoma.]
There are many degrees of cross-fertilization. The cross may take place
between two flowers in the same cluster or between two clusters upon
the same plant; or it may take place between distinct plants, either
of the same or of another species. Fertilization between flowers on
the same plant is known as individual-fertilization. The limits within
which crossing is possible are not known, but the closer the species
are related the more readily, as a rule, will they cross. One of the
barriers which nature erects to prevent self or close-fertilization
is a difference in time of maturing of the two sexes. In any flower
the two parts are rarely ready at the same time. Flowers in which the
stamens mature first are said to be proterandrous, and those in which
the pistils mature first are proterogynous. In crossing such species,
flowers of different ages can usually be found so that the parts can
be brought together without difficulty. But when one series of organs
in all the flowers of any species perish before the other series is
mature, the pollen must be kept until the pistils are ready, or one sex
must be forced or retarded artificially to accommodate the other. If
the pollen matures first, it is only necessary to keep it a few days
until the pistil is ready; but if the pistil matures first, and the
plants cannot be handled artificially, the pollen must be kept over
until the following season in order to effect any crosses.
The longevity of pollen is little understood. That of some species
will keep much longer than others. It is supposed that, as a rule, it
will not keep beyond a few days or weeks. If the pollen is to be kept,
the anthers should be picked just before ready to burst and laid upon
paper in a warm, dry and shady place until they dry up and the pollen
is all discharged. The anthers must then be removed, and the pollen
is securely wrapped in dry paper. If it is to be kept long it will
probably be better to place it in small, closely cork-stoppered vials.
It should be kept in a uniform temperature.
=Methods.=--All perfect flowers--those which contain both stamens
and pistils--must be deprived of their anthers before the pollen is
discharged, to prevent self-fertilization. This removal of the anthers
is called _emasculation_. It is performed before the flower opens, and
therefore before any foreign pollen could have reached the stigma. In
some flowers, as in the tomato, Fig. 95, the stigma protrudes even
before the petals are fully grown and emasculation must be performed
very early. Even if the stigma is not mature, there is a chance that
pollen will adhere to it and persist until conditions are fit for its
growth.
The flower is generally emasculated by pulling out the anthers with
pincers, but some large anthers can be hooked out easily by a very
small crochet-hook or by a pin bent to a minute hook upon the point.
[Illustration: Fig. 95. Tomato-flower.]
It is many times a tedious operation, however, to pull out the anthers
without crushing them, and thus distribute some of the pollen. A surer
and better plan with most flowers is to cut off the floral envelopes
and the stamens near the base with a pair of small and sharp-pointed
scissors which cut well at the point. _A_ in Fig. 90 shows the point at
which this cut should be made in the fuchsia. With a little practice,
one can cut off the parts quickly. Fig. 96 shows a tomato-flower after
it has been emasculated in this fashion. Fig. 97 represents two flowers
of _Nicotiana affinis_, one of which has been cut. One of the most
important features of this method is the marking of the fruits which
results in all species in which the calyx persists. The calyx, of
course, does not develop and the crossed fruit can be distinguished at
once, even though the label is lost. The tomato fruit in Fig. 98 lacks
entirely the long leaf-like calyx lobes at the base. Fig. 99 shows upon
the right a gooseberry fruit, of which the flower was cut, while that
on the left illustrates an untreated fruit with the long persistent
calyx. This marking of the calyx is useful in all the pomaceous fruits,
like apples and pears, and even in capsular fruits, like phloxes and
petunias, in which the calyx lobes remain green.
[Illustration: Fig. 96. Emasculated tomato-flower.]
[Illustration: Fig. 97. Nicotiana affinis.]
As soon as the flower is emasculated it must be securely tied up with
a bag, to exclude pollen, as seen in Fig. 100. Netting of any kind is
not safe in ordinary practice, for the pollen grains are small enough
to pass through it. It often happens that the flower-stem is not
strong enough to hold the bag, nor large enough to allow the bag to be
puckered tightly about it. In such cases, all the remaining flowers in
the cluster should be removed and the bag should be tied over a portion
of the branch. The branch will often need to be cut off to accommodate
the bag. If there are many large leaves about the flowers, part of them
will need to be cut off. It is always a good practice to emasculate
two or three flowers in the cluster--or all those of the same age--in
order to multiply the chances of success. If flowers of different ages
are emasculated, however, the bag will have to be removed several times
to apply the pollen as the stigmas mature, and the chances of success
will be lessened, for the flowers should be handled as little as
possible.
[Illustration: Fig. 98. Crossed tomato.]
Various bags have been devised and recommended for covering the
flowers, but none of them yet introduced are equal to the ordinary
grocers' manilla bags. The only difficulty is that the smallest
size--the fourth-pound--is too large for many small subjects, but for
these the bag can be cut off. A soft string, five or six inches long,
is passed through one of the folds of the bag about an inch from the
open end, as seen in Fig. 101, and is tied to hold it in place. To make
the bag pucker tightly about the stem, it should be moistened just
before it is used.
In some flowers which have long and thick tube-like corollas, and in
which the stigma matures quickly, the end of the corolla itself may be
tied up. The flowers of squashes and pumpkins are particularly adapted
to this treatment, and one is shown in Fig. 102. The flower is tied
before it opens. In squash-like plants the flowers usually open early
in the morning and the flowers are tied up the preceding evening. The
corollas soon wilt and bags must be used after the pollen is applied;
and even if the corolla does not wilt and shrivel, insects sometimes
eat through it and interfere with the experiment.
All imperfect flowers of course need no emasculation, but they must be
tied up while yet in the bud to protect them from pollen.
[Illustration: Fig. 99. Crossed and uncrossed gooseberries.]
As soon as the stigma matures--which will vary from one to six or seven
days, according to the species--the pollen must be applied. The novice
will be obliged to remove the bags occasionally, to see if the stigmas
are ready. As soon as the shiny or glutinous appearance of the stigma
is seen, pollination should be performed. The pollen is most easily
secured by removing an anther when it is about to burst and breaking it
open. If the anther is allowed to break open naturally, the pollen will
be lost, or at least difficult to secure. There are various instruments
recommended to aid in the transfer of the pollen. A camel's hair brush
is often advised, but it is probably the poorest instrument which can
be used. It wastes the pollen and also mixes it by holding it among the
hairs, and it is often a difficult matter to apply pollen to the stigma
evenly and in sufficient amount. The point of a small knife-blade
is a better instrument. A still handier and better tool is made by
flattening the point of a pin and then inserting the little scalpel in
a handle, as shown in Fig. 103. With the point of this implement the
pollen can be removed from the groove or opening in the side of the
anther. It is commonly better, however, to place the unopened anther
upon the thumb nail and crush it with the scalpel, when the pollen can
be gathered up on the point and transferred to the stigma. In some
species the pollen can be removed only by opening the anther-valves
dexterously. Such is the case with the tomato; the point of the scalpel
is inserted in a longitudinal groove or fold in the side of the anther,
and as it is carried upwards the pollen is secured.
[Illustration: Fig. 100. Flower tied up.]
The stigma should receive an abundant supply of pollen. No harm can
come from supplying too much while if too little is applied, some
of the seeds will not mature or even the fruit may not set. It is
well known that in many plants, at least, the pollen stimulates the
development of the fruit-walls, as well as fertilizes the ovules, and
a greater amount of pollen than is sufficient to produce the seeds
themselves may therefore exert an important influence. Sometimes it
is not necessary to use an instrument to transfer the pollen. If the
pollen is copious and adheres to the anther after it is discharged, the
anther may be simply rubbed over the stigma. An anther will ordinarily
contain sufficient pollen to fertilize several stigmas. The whole
surface of the stigma should be covered until it is colored with the
pollen. Sometimes it will be found advisable to cut off the corolla
from large flowers, if it was not done when the flower was emasculated,
to facilitate the labor of applying pollen. The short stigmas of
squashes, for instance, can be reached more easily if the corolla is
removed, as in Fig. 104.
[Illustration: Fig. 101. Bag.]
In order to prevent the mixing of pollen, the flowers from which it
is to be derived should be covered while in the bud, the same as the
flowers designed as the pistillate parents. Otherwise foreign pollen
may be deposited upon the anthers by insects or winds.
[Illustration: Fig. 102. Squash flower tied up.]
As soon as the pollen is applied to the stigma, the flower should be
tied up again the same as before. The bag should remain three or four
days or a week, until the stigma has died and all danger of another
pollination is removed. If the fruit is likely to be destroyed by
birds or insects, it should be covered with netting bags as soon as
the paper-bags are removed. These bags also serve to mark the crossed
fruits, and to catch them if they should drop before the operator is
aware. Of course all crosses should be labelled with the names of both
parents and the date of the operation.
[Illustration: Fig. 103. Pin-scalpel.]
For ordinary operations, no especial outfit is necessary for the
crossing of plants, but those who experiment largely will find that the
work will be greatly facilitated by the use of a portable box in which
the various requisites can be carried. If this box has a compartment
for every article, the operator will see at a glance if anything is
lacking before he goes to the field. Figs. 105 and 106 illustrate a
convenient pollinating kit. This is made about 12 inches long, 9 inches
wide and 3 inches deep. In the central portion is a compartment for
bags and one for labels. At the right end, running crosswise, is a
narrow compartment for string, and at its upper end is a small bottle
of alcohol. Into this alcohol the scalpel and other tools are dipped
whenever another kind of pollen is to be used, in order to destroy
whatever pollen grains may adhere to them. In front is a compartment
for a magnifying glass, and a long one to hold scalpel, brushes,
crochet-hook and pencil. The note-book is held in the cover by a wire
clasp.
[Illustration: Fig. 104. Treated squash flower.]
It is rare that all the flowers which one pollinates will mature
fruit. If one-half are successful on the average, the operator may be
satisfied. External conditions have much to do with the success of the
operation. Some species do not set well during very dry weather and
some are impatient of confinement. But probably all plants which thrive
under glass are more sure to give good results if pollinated under
confinement, because conditions are under control.
=Crossing of Flowerless Plants.=--Ferns, lycopodiums, and their allies,
pass through two stages of development, and fertilization takes place
only in the first stage. When spores germinate, a small, thin, green
tissue spreads over the soil. This tissue is the prothallus (or
prothallium). Upon the prothallus, or somewhat sunken in it, the sexual
organs appear. They are minute aggregations of cells. Some of these
aggregations develop into sperm or male organs and some into germ or
female organs. The sperm organ is known as an antheridium and the germ
organ as an archegonium. Spermatozoids are formed in the antheridium,
and these enter the archegonium and fertilize the germ cell. This
fertilized germ cell then develops into the second stage of the
species, or into that part which we know as the fern or the lycopod.
During this second stage, the plant bears leaf-like organs and it also
produces numerous spores. These spores will produce the prothallus
again when sown. Ferns, therefore, are fertilized but once during their
lifetime, and the spores are not the direct result of fertilization as
are the seeds of flowering plants.
[Illustration: Fig. 105. Pollinating Kit, closed.]
If ferns and other flowerless plants are to be crossed, therefore,
the operation must be performed in the prothallic stage. It was long
a matter of doubt among botanists as to whether crossing is possible
among these plants, but it is now known that it does occur. It has
been brought about repeatedly in cultivation. The sperm bodies are
not transferred by hand, but the spores of the species between which
crosses are desired are sown together and the transfer is allowed
to take place naturally. The prothallia of ferns are nearly always
diœcious (sexes borne on different plants), so that crossing in such
cases is not improbable. Many spores should be sown to increase
the chances of success, and care should be taken that the different
kinds germinate simultaneously. Some species germinate quicker than
others, and the operator must determine by previous trial what these
differences are. (For methods of sowing spores, see page 24.) Only a
small part of the plants will be likely to be crosses. In one of Lowe's
experiments, only five plants out of 1,000 were undoubted crosses.
[Illustration: Fig. 106. Pollinating Kit, open.]
ORDINAL INDEX.
An Index to the natural orders or families mentioned in the Nursery
List. A number in parentheses indicates the number of references to the
family upon a page, if more than one occurs.
Acanthaceæ, 99, 115, 125 (2), 130, 133, 149, 158, 170, 183, 188, 198,
210, 216, 264, 273, 277 (2)
Alangieæ, 106
Alismaceæ, 101, 107, 144, 217
Amarantaceæ, 108, 109, 156, 207
Amaryllideæ, 105, 108, 109, 138, 140, 142, 147, 148, 164, 169, 171,
173, 179, 185 (2), 190, 192, 199, 203, 206 (2), 207, 208, 215,
229, 231, 240, 247, 254, 280, 285
Ampelideæ (Vitaceæ), 110, 162, 195
Anacardiaceæ, 111, 166, 180, 222, 251, 262, 266, 271
Anonaceæ, 113, 122, 123
Apocynaceæ, 102, 104, 107, 108, 110, 115, 132, 152, 153, 178, 222,
231, 254, 275, 278, 282, 284
Araliaceæ, 120, 172, 192, 201, 238, 240, 267
Aristolochiaceæ, 121, 123
Aroideæ, Araceæ, 100, 107, 109, 110, 111, 114, 121, 123, 146, 199,
226, 238, 240, 248, 261, 262, 266 (2), 270, 272, 275, 281
Asclepiadeæ, 111, 123, 124, 140, 149, 157, 194, 199, 205, 223, 246,
249, 271, 272
Begoniaceæ, 132
Berberideæ, 106, 130, 134, 155, 182, 203, 209, 213, 215, 254
Bignoniaceæ, 102, 110 (2), 135, 154, 160, 180, 208, 276
Bixineæ, 128, 136, 206
Boragineæ, 111, 122, 138, 167, 172, 181 (2), 201, 218, 225, 228, 234
(2), 275
Bromeliaceæ, 99, 135, 141, 180, 250, 278
Bruniaceæ, 126, 134, 142
Burseraceæ, 110, 129, 139, 144
Cacteæ, 145, 183, 234, 245, 246, 248, 261
Calycanthaceæ, 149, 160
Campanulaceæ, 102, 151 (3), 156, 172 (2), 179, 209, 216, 218, 225,
249, 251, 259, 278
Canellaceæ, 151
Capparideæ, 152, 161, 254
Caprifoliaceæ, 97, 177, 216, 217, 219, 265, 275, 281
Caryophylleæ, 105, 121, 153, 157, 199, 220, 250, 255, 265, 269, 275
Casuarineæ, 154
Celastrineæ, 154, 155, 185, 228
Chenopodiaceæ, 132, 139, 235, 271
Cinchonaceæ, 107
Cistineæ, 163, 201
Combretaceæ, 162 (2), 259, 276
Commelinaceæ, 112, 166, 172, 177, 278
Compositæ, 99, 101 (2), 105 (2), 106, 108, 109, 112, 114 (2), 115,
120 (2), 121, 122 (4), 124 (2), 126 (2), 128 (3), 130, 132, 133 (3),
134, (2), 135 (2), 138 (2), 140 (2), 143, 147, 148 (2), 149, 152
(2), 153, 154, 155, 156, 160, 161 (2), 162 (3), 167, 168, 171,
173, 174, 177, 179, 180 (2), 181, 182, 183, 185, 186, 190, 191,
198, 199, 201 (3), 202, 205, 207, 210, 214, 215 (3), 216 (3), 220,
222, 228, 233, 238, 239, 241, 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268,
269, 270, 272 (2), 275, 276, 281, 284, 285
Coniferæ, 97, 120, 126, 148, 155, 158, 170, 171 (2), 173, 188, 192,
210, 213, 249 (2), 250, 254, 257, 260, 267, 268, 276 (2), 277, 278
Convolvulaceæ, 121, 167, 207, 232, 274
Coriarieæ
Cornaceæ, 126, 134, 167, 191, 232
Crassulaceæ, 142, 169 (2), 195, 211, 267, 268
Cruciferæ, 104, 109, 111, 120, 126, 130, 136, 138, 145, 146, 152, 169
(2), 176, 179, 184, 202, 204, 206, 211, 212, 220, 221, 223, 226,
241, 245, 259, 262, 267, 279, 281, 283 (2)
Cucurbitaceæ, 97, 142, 171, 195, 220, 224 (2), 226, 257, 267, 271,
278, 283
Cunoniaceæ, 101
Cupuliferæ, 107, 135, 153, 160, 168, 186, 238, 258
Cycadaceæ, 157, 172, 178, 182, 285
Cyperaceæ, 152, 172, 240
Cyrilleæ, 173
Cytinaceæ
Datisceæ, 175
Diapensiaceæ, 190
Dilleniaceæ, 151, 177, 202
Dioscoreaceæ, 178, 276
Dipsaceæ, 266
Dipterocarpeæ
Droseraceæ, 178, 180 (2)
Ebenaceæ, 178, 246
Elæagnaceæ, 181, 203, 268
Empetraceæ, 157, 167, 182
Epacrideæ, 101, 111, 125, 182, 224
Ericaceæ, 112, 120, 127, 132, 148, 154, 164, 169, 181, 182 (2), 183,
191, 211, 214 (2), 215, 219, 220, 225, 239, 257, 261, 283
Euphorbiaceæ, 98, 106, 145, 154, 162, 165, 185, 202, 203, 209, 222,
248, 254, 262, 272
Ficoideæ, 225
Filices, 175, 177, 187, 220, 238, 251, 255, 257
Frankeniaceæ, 189
Fumarieæ. See Papaveraceæ.
Gentianeæ, 161, 184, 186, 191, 214, 218, 225, 264, 275
Geraniaceæ, 127, 128, 129, 135, 184, 191, 207, 217, 226, 238, 244, 279
Gesneraceæ, 99, 103, 104, 128, 134, 177, 192, 193, 211, 212, 216,
229, 230, 259, 273
Gnetaceæ, 182
Goodenovieæ, 142, 174, 194, 215, 266
Gramineæ, 105, 112, 123 (2), 129, 141 (2), 146, 185, 199, 221, 247,
270, 274, 285
Guttiferæ, 149, 164, 190, 221
Hæmodoraceæ, 113, 200, 245, 265
Halorageæ, 199
Hamamelideæ, 143, 189, 200, 218
Hydrophyllaceæ, 230, 246
Hypericineæ, 123, 206
Ilicineæ, 206, 230
Irideæ, 113, 114, 121, 128, 137, 162, 170 (2), 172, 188, 189, 192,
202, 208 (2), 223, 230, 241, 262, 267, 269, 270, 277, 279, 283
Juglandeæ, 203, 209, 244, 257
Juncaceæ, 147, 210, 284
Labiatæ, 103, 106, 113 (2), 129, 131, 137, 146, 155 (2), 165, 166,
180, 183, 204, 206, 214, 215, 219, 224, 226, 231, 245 (2), 246,
248, 256, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271, 276, 277
Laurineæ, 134, 151, 214, 246, 265
Leguminosæ, 98 (2), 102 (2), 103, 104, 105, 106, 109 (3), 110 (2),
111, 114, 115 (2), 120, 123, 125, 130 (4), 131, 132, 139 (2), 140,
141, 142 (2), 144, 146 (2), 147, 149, 150, 152 (2), 153, 154, 157
(3), 163, 164 (2), 166, 167, 170, 173, 174, 175, 176, 179 (2),
181, 184 (2), 186, 190 (2), 193 (2), 194 (2), 199, 200 (3), 201,
204, 207 (2), 211, 212, 213, 215 (2), 218, 219 (2), 220, 223, 225,
226, 229, 234, 238, 239 (2), 241 (2), 243, 246, 247, 251, 254 (2),
256, 257, 262 (2), 268, 270, 274, 276, 277, 280, 281, 283, 284
Lentibularieæ, 250
Liliaceæ, 104, 106, 107, 108, 112 (2), 114, 115, 122, 124 (4), 132,
133, 134, 137, 140, 141, 143 (2), 144, 148 (2), 150, 161 (2), 164,
165, 166, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179 (2), 183, 184, 185, 190 (3),
191, 192, 193, 202 (2), 205, 211, 212 (2), 213, 214 (2), 216, 218,
223, 225, 227, 229, 234, 238, 241, 248, 255, 257, 262, 264, 266,
267, 268, 269 (2), 274, 279 (4), 280, 281 (2), 284, 285 (2)
Lineæ, 184, 217, 260
Loaseæ, 131, 137, 218
Loganiaceæ, 176, 191, 219
Loranthaceæ, 282
Lycopodiaceæ, 268
Lythrarieæ, 171, 212, 214, 220, 231, 255
Magnoliaceæ, 180, 206, 210, 218, 221, 225, 266
Malpighiaceæ, 101, 129, 143, 145, 221, 272
Malvaceæ, 98, 108, 138, 148, 168, 183, 189, 203 (2), 211, 212, 213,
221 (3), 226, 233, 239, 241, 271
Melastomaceæ, 100, 122, 134, 137, 141, 150, 156, 157, 172, 202, 213,
224 (2), 252, 270
Meliaceæ, 105, 106, 152, 155, 224, 265, 278
Menispermaceæ, 98, 162, 165, 224
Monimiaceæ, 126
Moringeæ, 226
Myoporineæ, 228
Myricaceæ, 166, 228
Myristiceæ, 229
Myrsineæ, 120, 163, 209
Myrtaceæ, 100, 113, 124, 128 (3), 131, 132, 148, 149, 150 (2), 152,
153, 174, 185, 199 (2), 224, 225, 229 (2)
Naiadaceæ, 115, 238
Nepenthaceæ, 230
Nolanaceæ, 108
Nyctagineæ, 97, 139, 226
Nymphæaceæ, 145, 230, 232, 282
Ochnaceæ, 194, 232
Olacineæ, 233
Oleaceæ, 161, 189 (3), 209, 216, 232 (2), 233 (2), 238, 248, 275
Onagrarieæ, 162, 163, 182, 190, 191, 210, 219, 233, 278
Orchideæ, 98, 99, 102, 103, 104, 113 (2), 114, 115, 130, 131, 137,
140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 149, 150, 155, 166, 173, 175, 178, 182,
212, 220, 223 (2), 225, 232, 234, 236, 247 (2), 265, 271, 277,
278, 280, 281, 285
Palmæ, 99 (2), 101, 121, 125, 128, 138, 140, 146, 154, 158, 165, 174,
178, 181, 186, 191, 207, 209, 211, 216, 218, 222, 223, 233, 234,
240, 248, 249, 251, 256, 257, 259, 264, 277, 278, 281, 283
Pandaneæ, 190, 240
Papaveraceæ, 103, 121, 137, 168, 176, 182, 184, 190, 223, 240, 262,
265
Passifloreæ, 152, 195, 241
Pedalineæ, 223, 268
Phytolaccaceæ, 249, 262
Piperaceæ, 245, 251
Pittosporeæ, 135, 144, 251
Plantagineæ, 98, 251
Platanaceæ, 251
Plumbagineæ, 121, 254, 272
Polemoniaceæ, 151, 164, 192, 219, 248, 254
Polygaleæ, 166, 212, 255
Polygonaceæ, 143, 148, 165, 183, 227, 255, 261, 270
Pontederiaceæ, 181, 255
Portulacaceæ, 106, 110, 146, 216
Primulaceæ, 111, 112, 127, 168, 172, 179, 204, 220, 256, 270
Proteaceæ, 102, 104, 127, 129, 198, 200, 211, 213, 215, 219, 246, 256
Ranunculaceæ, 100, 101, 103, 112 (2), 120, 126, 149, 162, 163, 167,
175, 183, 202 (2), 208, 212, 231, 239, 259, 276, 279, 284
Resedaceæ, 260
Rhamneæ, 134, 155, 166, 205, 210, 240, 248, 260
Rosaceæ, 98, 102, 105, 106, 107, 109, 116, 119, 136, 144, 158 (2),
161, 168, 169, 176, 185, 186, 192 (2), 210, 211, 217, 224, 232,
242, 243, 248, 252, 255, 256 (2), 257, 258, 259 (2), 261, 263 (2),
271, 272, 283
Rubiaceæ, 103, 114, 124, 139 (2), 144, 149, 151, 155, 156 (2), 160,
162, 165 (2), 167, 170, 191, 200 (2), 203, 204, 208, 219, 222,
230, 231, 240, 245, 250, 263
Rutaceæ, 100 (2), 101, 102, 103, 105, 107, 125, 131, 134, 135, 139,
149, 154, 161, 163 (2), 168, 170, 177, 178, 184, 193, 214, 217,
235, 247 (2), 255, 257, 264, 269, 285
Salicineæ, 255, 264
Sapindaceæ, 99, 104, 212, 224 (2), 230, 231, 271, 284
Sapotaceæ, 121, 131, 162, 208, 265
Sarraceniaceæ, 174, 265
Saxifrageæ, 102, 114, 125, 131, 141, 147, 148, 157, 162, 171, 175,
176, 184, 189, 194, 202, 206, 208, 241, 247, 262, 266, 267, 277
Scitamineæ (Zingiberaceæ), 108, 129, 147, 151, 168, 171, 201 (2), 222
(2), 227, 273, 285
Scrophularineæ, 108, 111, 112, 115, 122, 138, 142 (2), 147, 156, 157,
158, 177, 183, 192, 198, 208, 217, 223, 225, 241, 245, 261, 264,
265, 278, 281 (2)
Selagineæ, 193
Simarubeæ, 142, 258
Solanaceæ 114, 126, 157, 173, 175, 181, 186, 208, 213, 220, 222, 231
(3), 245, 246, 249 (2), 255, 266, 269 (2), 278
Sterculiaceæ, 97, 124, 125, 140, 211, 213, 221, 229, 245, 264, 272,
277
Stylidieæ, 273
Styraceæ, 200, 274, 275
Taccaceæ, 275
Tamariscineæ, 276
Ternstrœmiaceæ, 101, 138, 150, 153, 185, 195, 273, 276
Thymelæaceæ, 174, 178, 181, 212 (2), 247, 249, 273
Tiliaceæ, 99, 114, 115, 121, 142, 181, 182, 198, 270, 277
Turneraceæ, 279
Typhaceæ, 280
Umbelliferæ, 100, 101, 112, 113, 122, 125, 126, 144, 156, 160, 167,
170, 177, 184, 186, 202, 219, 229, 241 (2), 269
Urticaceæ, 123, 138, 141 (2), 151, 155, 156, 179, 188 (2), 205, 213,
220, 226, 249, 251, 280
Vacciniaceæ, 104, 280
Valerianeæ, 156, 280
Verbenaceæ, 103, 108, 139, 147, 153, 161, 164, 213, 217, 256, 281, 282
Violarieæ, 108, 111, 168, 184, 207, 282
Vitaceæ. See Ampelideæ
Vochysiaceæ, 282
Zanthoxyleæ, 105
Zingiberaceæ. See Scitamineæ
Zygophylleæ, 198, 285
GENERAL INDEX.
Page.
Annular budding, 75
Bark-grafting, 88
Bass, 72
Bell glass, 39
Bigeneric half-breed, 286
Bigener, definition of, 286
Bigeneric hybrid, definition of, 286
Budding, 67
Budding, kinds of, 66
Bulbel, definition of, 26
Bulblet, definition of, 29
Bulb-scales, 28
Bulbs, definition of, 25
Callus, 49
Cions, cutting, 77
Cion, definition of, 63
Cleft-grafting, 81
Cloche, 39
Close-fertilization, definition of, 286
Close-pollination, definition of, 286
Corm, definition of, 29
Cormel, definition of, 30
Cross-breed, definition of, 286
Cross, definition of, 286
Cross-fertilization, definition of, 286
Crossing, definition of, 286
Cross-pollination, definition of, 286
Crown, definition of, 31
Crown-grafting, 76
Cuttage, definition of, 39
Cutting, definition of, 39
Cutting-grafting, 91
Damping-off, 22, 27
Derivative-hybrid, definition of, 286
Division, 51
Double-grafting, 91
Dressing of stocks, 69
Emasculation, 291
Fecundation, definition of, 286
Fertilization, definition of, 286
Flowerless plants, crossing of, 297
Flowers, diœcious, 288
-- monœcious, 288
-- perfect, 287
-- proterandrous, 290
-- proterogynous, 290
Flute-budding, 75
Free stock, 63
Fruit-grafting, 90
Graftage, definition of, 63
Grafting, 76
Grafting, definition of, 63
Grafting, kinds of, 66
Grafting-waxes, 92
Green-wood cuttings, 56
Half-breed, definition of, 286
Half-hybrid, definition of, 286
Hard-wood cuttings, 54
Heel cuttings, 48
Herbaceous-grafting, 89
Hybrid, definition of, 286
Hybridism, definition of, 286
Hybridity, definition of, 286
Hybridization, definition of, 286
Hybridizing, definition of, 286
Impregnation, definition of, 286
Inarching, 92
Individual-cross, definition of, 286
Individual-fertilization, definition of, 286
June budding, 73
Knaurs, 56
Knives, budding, 69
Knives, grafting, 84
Layer, definition of, 32
Layerage, definition of, 32
Layering, Chinese, 36
-- circumposition, 36
-- mound, 35
-- stool, 35
-- pot, 36
-- serpentine, 34
Leaf cuttings, 60
Mallet cuttings, 48
Mallet, for grafting, 87
Mongrel, definition of, 286
Mule, definition of, 286
Offset, definition of, 30
Plastic, for grafting, 92
Pollination, definition of, 286
Propagating frame, 39
Prothallus, 297
Raffia, 72
Regermination, 22
Ring-budding, 75
Root-cuttings, 53
Root-grafting, 76, 77
Root-tip, 33
Saddle-grafting, 79
Scales of bulbs, 28
Scions, cutting, 77
Scion, definition of, 63
Screens, for seeds and cuttings, 12
Seedage, definition of, 9
Seed-grafting, 90
Seeds, boring, 18
-- depth for sowing, 20
-- freezing, 17
-- Influence of light upon, 21
-- soaking, 17
-- sowing, 19
-- Transportation of, 23
Self-fertilization, definition of, 286
Self-pollination, definition of, 286
Separation, definition of, 25
Shield-budding, 68
Side-grafting, 80
Splice-grafting, 80
Spores, sowing, 24
Stem cuttings, 54
Stem-grafting, 76
Stick, of buds, 69
Stock, definition of, 63
Stolon, definition of, 32
Stratification, 15
String for tying, 71
Tongue-grafting, 76
Top-grafting, 76, 84
Tuber cuttings, 52
Tuber, definition of, 30
Tubular bedding, 76
Tying buds, 71
Variety-hybrid, definition of, 286
Veneer-budding, 75
Veneer-grafting, 80
Wax for grafting, 92
Whip-grafting, 76
Whistle-budding, 76
* * * * *
Transcriber Note
Where two different spellings of plant names appear, either the most
used or the contemporary spelling was employed. All paragraphs split by
images were rejoined and the images moved above or below the paragraph.
Definitions Missing
The Ordinal Index lists "Coriarieæ" without a page reference and it does
NOT occur in the book's text.
Below is a list of referenced entries in the Ordinal Index for which the
targets are missing from the text:
Castilleja
Odontospermum
Patrinia
Tsuga