or in pots or boxes under glass. The young plants should
remain at least two years in the seed beds. Also increased
by offsets, which are produced very freely, and should be removed
either when in a dormant condition, or just previously
to starting into fresh growth, and arranged in clumps or lines,
placing a little sand about them.
=Cambessedesia.= _Melastomaceæ._
Propagated by half-ripened cuttings, which root freely in
a mixture of peat and sand, if placed under a glass, in heat.
=Camellia=, including Thea (Japanese Rose). _Ternstrœmiaceæ._
The single red camellia by either seeds, layers or cuttings.
Double and variegated camellias by layers, but cuttings will
succeed. Seeds give suitable stocks on which to inarch or graft
the rarer kinds. The ripened shoots of the preceding summer
should be taken off in August. Two or three of the lower
leaves should be removed, and the cuttings planted firmly in
the soil with a dibble. The pans containing the cuttings
should be kept in a plant or cold-frame, without being covered
with glass, but shaded during bright sunshine. In
the following spring, such as have struck will begin to push,
when they need to be placed in a gentle heat. Inarching
or grafting is done in early spring, as soon as growth commences.
=Camœnsia.= _Leguminosæ._
Increased by cuttings, which will root in sandy loam, if
placed under a bell-glass.
=Camomile.= See Anthemis.
=Campanula= (Bellflower, Slipperwort). _Campanulaceæ._
Increased by seeds. The perennials are also propagated
by dividing the roots, or by young cuttings in spring.
=Campanumæa.= _Campanulaceæ._
Propagated by seeds and divisions.
=Camphora= (Camphor-tree). _Laurineæ._
Increased by cuttings and seeds.
=Campion.= See Silene.
=Camptopus.= _Rubiaceæ._
Propagated by cuttings in sandy loam under a glass, in bottom
heat.
=Canarina=, Pernettya. _Campanulaceæ._
Propagated by divisions when repotted or by young cuttings
in a sandy soil, in gentle warmth.
=Candollea.= _Dilleniaceæ._
Increased sometimes by seeds, but usually by cuttings,
which will root if placed under a hand-glass in a compost of
equal parts loam and peat, with enough sand to render the
whole porous.
=Candytuft.= See Iberis.
=Canella.= _Canellaceæ._
Increased by well-ripened cuttings taken off at the joint.
They will root in sand under a hand-glass, with bottom heat,
in spring; but care should be taken not to deprive them of
any of their leaves.
=Canna=(Indian Shot). _Scitamineæ._
Propagated by seeds sown in heat in late winter. The
seeds are very hard, and germination will be materially stimulated
if they are soaked in tepid water for twenty-four
hours. They should be sown thinly in pans (a mixture of
sand and leaf-loam is best for them), and a covering of one
and one-half or two inches of earth is not excessive. It is a
good plan to sow the seed singly in small pots. Also increased
by divisions; they form a root-stock, each portion
of which, with bud and roots attached, may be converted
into an independent plant.
=Cannabis= (Hemp). _Urticaceæ._
Propagated by seeds sown in spring.
=Cantua=, Periphragmos. _Polemoniaceæ._
Increased by cuttings placed in sand under glass.
=Capparis= (Caper-tree). _Capparideæ._
Propagated by cuttings of ripe shoots, which will root in
sand under glass, in moist heat.
=Caprifolium.= See Lonicera.
=Caragana= (Siberian Pea-tree). _Leguminosæ._
Propagated by seeds and by root-cuttings; the low-growing
shrubs by seeds and layers. Caraganas are generally increased
by grafting on _C. arborescens_, which is easily raised
from seeds, sown when ripe or in spring.
=Carapa.= _Meliaceæ._
Increased by ripe cuttings, which will root in sand under
glass, in a moist heat.
=Cardamine,= including Pteroneurum (Lady's Smock). _Cruciferæ._
Seeds. Propagated easily by division after flowering.
=Cardinal-flower.= See Lobelia.
=Carduncellus.= _Compositæ._
Seeds. Increased by divisions of the roots.
=Carex=(Sedge). _Cyperaceæ._
Propagated by seeds, or by divisions. Seeds often lie dormant
the first year.
=Careya.= _Myrtaceæ._
Propagated by division, or by ripened cuttings, which root
freely if planted in sand under a hand-glass, and placed in
moist bottom heat.
=Carica= (Papaw-tree). _Passifloreæ._
Propagated by cuttings of ripe shoots with their leaves on.
They root readily in a sandy soil, and in a gentle bottom
heat.
=Carissa.= _Apocynaceæ._
Increased by cuttings of ripe wood placed in sand under
glass, in bottom heat.
=Carlina.= _Compositæ._
Increased by seeds sown in spring. With difficulty by
divisions.
=Carmichælia.= _Leguminosæ._
Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened side shoots in sand
under a glass, in a cool house in late spring.
=Carnation.= _Caryophylleæ._
By propagating by seed, new and excellent varieties are
raised. Sow the seeds in April or May, and in a slight hot-bed
or in a greenhouse. Also propagated by layering, which
should be done at the end of July or the beginning of August.
The shoots selected should be denuded of a few of their leaves
at the base of the young wood, and a slit must be made from
this point upwards, extending through a joint of the bare
stem, so that a tongue is formed.
Increased also by cuttings. It is necessary to have a slight
bottom heat, and on it put four or five inches of light soil,
covered with clean sand. The cuttings must be long enough
to have a tolerably firm base, and they must either be taken
with a heel or cut off at a joint, and firmly inserted in the
soil. This is the ordinary method. See Fig. 52, _b_.
=Carob=, Algaroba, or St. John's Bread (_Ceratonia siliqua_).
_Leguminosæ._
Stocks are obtained by seeds. The seeds are often treated
to scalding water before sowing, in the same manner as locust
seeds. Varieties are grafted or budded on the seedlings,
or they may be multiplied by means of hard-wood cuttings
in frames.
=Carpinus= (Hornbeam). _Cupuliferæ._
Increased by seeds, which vegetate irregularly. Varieties
propagated by budding or grafting.
=Carpodinus.= _Apocynaceæ._
Propagated easily from cuttings of half-ripened shoots.
=Carrion Flower.= See Stapelia.
=Carthamus= (Safflower). _Compositæ._
Increased by seeds sown in a gentle heat in spring.
=Carya.= See Hicoria.
=Caryocar=, Rhizobolus (Butternut). _Ternstrœmiaceæ._
Increased by ripened cuttings, which will root in sand
in heat.
=Caryophyllus= (Clove-tree). _Myrtaceæ._
Increased by cuttings of firm shoots with the leaves left
on. These will root if planted in sand in a moist heat.
=Caryopteris.= _Verbenaceæ._
Propagated by seeds, by divisions, or by cuttings.
=Caryota.= _Palmæ._
Increased easily by seeds or by suckers.
=Cashew.= See Anacardium.
=Casimiroa.= _Rutaceæ._
Increased readily by seeds.
=Cassandra= (Leather Leaf). _Ericaceæ._
Propagated by seeds very carefully sown, or by layers.
=Cassava= (_Manihot Aipe_). _Euphorbiaceæ._
Propagated by cuttings of the stem and by suckers. Cut
the large main stalks into pieces from four to six inches long
and set them perpendicularly into the ground in the field.
The cuttings can be struck at various times, but spring is usually
preferred. The stalks can be kept over winter by covering
with sand on a dry knoll, placing the stalks and sand
in layers. Cover the whole with boards to shed the water.
Suckers which appear during summer can be removed and
planted or made into cuttings.
=Cassia.= _Leguminosæ._
Annuals and biennials by seeds, which must be sown in
spring, in a gentle heat. The shrubby species by cuttings of
half-ripened shoots, which will root in heat at about the same
time of the year. _C. Marylandica_ also by division.
=Cassine.= _Celastrineæ._
Increased by ripened cuttings, which will readily strike root
if planted in a pot of sand with glass over them.
=Cassinia.= _Compositæ._
Annuals by seeds. The herbaceous and shrubby kinds
are increased in spring by dividing the roots, or by cuttings
of half-ripened shoots placed in sand.
=Castalia.= See Nymphæa.
=Castor Bean.= See Ricinus.
=Casuarina= (Beefwood). _Casuarineæ._
Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings made of half-ripened
shoots, placed in sand under glass.
=Catalpa.= _Bignoniaceæ._
Increased by seeds, and by cuttings made of the ripe wood.
The named varieties and _C. Bungei_ are propagated by soft
cuttings in June and July. Grafts are also used.
=Catananche.= _Compositæ._
Increased by seeds, which should be sown in spring. Also
by division.
=Catchfly.= See Silene.
=Catesbæa= (Lily Thorn). _Rubiaceæ._
Propagated by cuttings planted in sand in spring, and
plunged in heat.
=Catmint.= See Nepeta.
=Catnip= or =Catmint= (_Nepeta Cataria_). _Labiatæ._
Seeds. Division.
=Cat's Tail.= See Typha.
=Cattleya.= _Orchideæ._
Increased by the pseudo-bulbs. (See under Orchids.)
=Cauliflower.= See Cabbage.
=Caulophyllum.= _Berberideæ._
Propagated by divisions of the roots, made in early spring
or after flowering. Also by seeds.
=Ceanothus.= _Rhamneæ._
Increased by layers, which is the readiest way of obtaining
strong plants, or by cuttings, which should be inserted
in a cold-frame.
=Cecropia= (Snake Wood). _Urticaceæ._
Propagated by cuttings of ripened shoots. Place in sandy
peat in a moist bottom heat.
=Cedar.= See Cedrus.
=Cedrela= (Bastard Cedar). _Miliaceæ._
Increased by large ripened cuttings, placed in sand, in
heat.
=Cedronella.= _Labiatæ._
The herbaceous species by division of the roots or by cuttings
of young wood. _C. triphylla_ by cuttings.
=Cedrus= (Cedar). _Coniferæ._
Increased by seeds, which are difficult to extract from the
cones. Gather the cones in spring, and sow the seeds immediately
in pans. Varieties are propagated by veneer grafts.
=Celastrus= (Staff-tree, Bitter-sweet). _Celastrineæ._
Propagated by seeds and suckers, also by layering the
hardy species in autumn. Ripened cuttings will root freely
in a compost of loam, peat and sand.
=Celery= (_Apium graveolens_). _Umbelliferæ._
By seeds, as described on page 12; or, for the early crop,
sow under glass, as in a hot-bed.
=Celosia= (Cockscomb). _Amarantaceæ._
Propagated by seed sown in spring, in pans of well-drained,
rich, sandy soil or in the open.
=Celsia.= _Scrophularineæ._
Increased by seeds, which may be sown in the open border
and thinned out for flowering, or raised in nursery beds
and transplanted. _C. Arcturus_ should be increased by cuttings,
the young wood striking freely in a cool house or
frame.
=Celtis= (Nettle-tree). _Urticaceæ._
Increased by seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe.
By layers, and by cuttings of ripened shoots in autumn.
=Centaurea.= _Compositæ._
Annuals by seeds, which may be sown in the open border.
To propagate _C. Cineraria_, and some others sow seeds in
August in slight heat, or make cuttings about the beginning
of September.
=Centranthus.= _Valerianeæ._
Increased by seeds sown in spring.
=Centronia.= _Melastomaceæ._
Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened shoots, which
should be inserted in peat and sand, under glass.
=Centropogon.= _Campanulaceæ._
Increased by seeds, by divisions and by cuttings from any
young shoots three or four inches long. Take off with a
heel and place in sharp sandy soil, close around the edge of
the pot, and then keep close under a propagating-box, in a
temperature ranging between 60° and 70°.
=Cephælis.= _Rubiaceæ._
Increased by cuttings of firm young shoots, which will root
well in sandy soil under a hand-glass, in moist stove heat.
=Cephalanthus= (Button-wood). _Rubiaceæ._
Seeds. Propagated by layers or ripened cuttings in autumn.
=Cephalotus.= _Saxifrageæ._
Propagated by seeds, or by divisions before new growth
commences. Also by offsets.
=Cerastium.= _Caryophylleæ._
Propagated by seeds and divisions, or by cuttings inserted
in the open ground in a shady place, after flowering.
=Ceratiola.= _Empetraceæ._
Increased by seeds and by cuttings, which should be placed
in sandy soil under glass.
=Ceratonia= (Algaroba Bean, Carob Tree). _Leguminosæ._
Increased by ripened cuttings, which will root if planted
in sand under a frame.
=Ceratozamia.= _Cycadaceæ._
Increased by seeds, and sometimes by suckers and divisions;
but imported plants give most satisfaction.
=Cercidiphyllum.= _Leguminosæ._
Propagated by tender cuttings made during the summer,
and slightly wilted before placing in the frames.
=Cercis= (Judas-tree). _Leguminosæ._
Propagated by seeds, sown about the end of March on a
bed of light soil, in a gentle heat. They may also be increased
by layers, but plants raised from seeds thrive best.
It is not necessary to stratify the seeds, _C. Japonica_ is grown
from soft cuttings in early summer.
=Cereus.= See Cactus.
=Ceropegia.= _Asclepiadeæ._
Propagated by cuttings of small side shoots made in spring,
which will root in sand, in heat, with or without a glass covering.
=Cestrum=, including Habrothamnus. _Solanaceæ._
Propagated by cuttings in August, the same being potted
off as frequently as the roots reach the sides of the pots.
=Chænostoma.= _Scrophularineæ._
Increased by cuttings, which may be made in autumn and
placed in a greenhouse or cold pit during the winter.
=Chætogastra.= _Melastomaceæ._
Increased by seeds sown in March, or the perennials by
cuttings in sandy peat.
=Chamæbatia.= _Rosaceæ._
Propagated by cuttings, which should be struck in sand in
a cold-frame.
=Chamæcyparis.= _Coniferæ._
Propagated by seeds freely, also by layers, but mainly by
cuttings put in during October. Select young side shoots
with a heel; insert in well-drained pots of sandy soil, and
place in a close cold-frame, keeping fairly moist through the
winter. In February they should be calloused, and should
be placed in gentle heat, where they will root freely.
=Chamæranthemum.= _Acanthaceæ._
Propagated by cuttings of young shoots, which will root
in spring if planted in sand and placed in heat.
=Chamærops=, including Corypha, Taliera. _Palmæ._
Increased by seeds, or by suckers, which generally appear
in considerable quantities.
=Chard.= See Beet.
=Cheilanthes.= See Fern.
=Chelone= (Turtle Head). _Scrophularineæ._
They may be increased by means of seeds. Also by dividing
the plant during fall. Young cuttings inserted in sandy
soil in a cold-frame grow well.
=Cherry= (_Prunus Avium and P. Cerasus_). _Rosaceæ._
Cherry stocks are commonly grown from seeds. If the
ground is in readiness and is in proper condition, the seeds
may be planted in fall, or even as soon as they are ripe. If
stored until spring, they must be stratified and kept very
cool to prevent germination, and they should be sown at the
earliest possible moment. They do not need to be cracked
by hand. Care must be taken that cherry pits do not become
hard and dry. This precaution is more important with
cherries than with peaches and plums. At the close of the
first season the seedlings will be a foot or foot and a half
high, large enough to transplant into nursery rows after the
manner of apples, where they are budded the following season.
In warm climates the pits are sometimes cracked as
soon as they are gathered, and the "meats" planted immediately.
They will then make stocks fit for grafting the following
winter, or for transplanting and budding the following
summer. Cherry seeds must never be allowed to become
so dry that the meat is hard and brittle.
Cherries, in common with other stone fruits, grow readily
from root-cuttings, in the same manner as blackberries.
They do better if started over a gentle heat.
The Mazzard cherry is the stock upon which cherries are
nearly always worked. It is simply a hardy and vigorous
variety, with inferior fruit, of the common sweet cherry
(_Prunus Avium_). Seeds of this are readily procured in this
country. All varieties of cherries are worked readily upon
it. The Mahaleb cherry is used as a stock for nearly all varieties
when dwarf trees are desired. This is a distinct species,
_Prunus Mahaleb_. The seeds or stocks are usually imported.
This stock is adapted to heavy clay soils, while the
Mazzard is not. The Mahaleb is not generally used in this
country.
Morello (_Prunus Cerasus_) stocks will no doubt prove to be
valuable in the northwest, where great hardiness is demanded.
Seedlings do not sprout or sucker badly, but the natural
suckers, which are sometimes used for stocks, are likely to
be more troublesome in this respect. If strong-growing tops
are worked on Morello stocks, however, there is usually little
annoyance from suckering.
It is probable that some of the native American cherries
can be used as stocks. The common wild red, pin or bird
cherry (_Prunus Pennsylvanica_) has already been used to some
extent. The sweet and sour cherries unite readily with it,
and bear very early. It is yet to be determined how long
the trees will persist, but there are trees known which are
sixteen or eighteen years old, and which are still healthy and
vigorous. The dwarf or sand cherry (_Prunus pumila_), especially
the western form of it, gives promise as a dwarf stock.
Cherry stocks are worked both by budding and grafting.
Budding is the common method. The stocks should be fit
to work the season they are transplanted, or in the second
summer from seed. Such as are too small for working then
may be allowed to stand until the following year.
In the west, where great hardiness is required, the varieties
are crown-grafted upon Mazzard stocks in winter. Yearling
stocks are used, and the cions are from six to ten inches
long. When planted, only the top bud should be left above
ground. The cion strikes roots, and own-rooted trees are
obtained.
The ornamental cherries are worked upon the same stocks
as the fruit-bearing sorts. Mazzard is commonly used for
all species.
=Chervil= (_Chærophyllum bulbosum_ and _Scandix Cerefolium_).
_Umbelliferæ._
Seeds, sown much the same as celery seeds, but the plants
are usually allowed to stand where sown. Seed is often
sown in autumn.
=Chestnut= (_Castanea sativa_ and var. _Americana_, and _C. Japonica_).
_Cupuliferæ._
Chestnut stocks are grown from seeds. Difficulty is sometimes
experienced in keeping the seeds, as they lose their
vitality if dried too hard, and are likely to become mouldy
if allowed to remain moist. The surest way is to allow the
nuts to become well dried off or "seasoned" in the fall, and
then stratify them in a box with three or four times as much
sand as chestnuts, and bury the box a foot or two deep in
a warm soil until spring. They do not always keep well if
stored or stratified in a cellar. Fall planting exposes the
nuts to squirrels and mice. American stocks are probably
better than European.
The stocks are worked by whip-grafting above ground, the
wound being well tied and protected by waxed cloth. Care
should be taken to have the stock and cion about the same
size, in order to secure a good union. Crown-grafting, root-grafting
and budding have not been very successful in this
country upon the chestnut. The cions should be cut early,
before they begin to swell, and kept dormant until the stock
begins to push into leaf. Only vigorous stocks should be
grafted. The best results are obtained when the stocks have
recovered from transplanting, or when they are from three
to five years old. The working of chestnut stocks is far from
satisfactory in a commercial way. The union is imperfect
in many varieties, and usually no more than half the grafts
take well.
=Chicory= (_Cichorium Intybus_). Compositæ.
Seeds, sown in spring where the plants are to grow.
=Chilopsis= (Desert Willow). _Bignoniaceæ._
Increased by seeds, or by cuttings of half-ripened shoots
in sand under a bell-glass, in a gentle bottom heat.
=Chimonanthus.= _Calycanthaceæ._
Propagated by layering in the autumn.
=China Aster.= See Callistephus.
=Chiococca= (Snowberry). _Rubiaceæ._
Propagated by cuttings, which strike root freely in sand
under a hand-glass, in heat.
=Chionanthus= (Fringe-tree). _Oleaceæ._
Increased by seeds, which should be started in a cold-frame.
By layers and cuttings. By grafting or budding it
on the common ash, it succeeds very well.
=Chionodoxa.= _Liliaceæ._
Propagated by seeds, which are produced freely. They
should be sown as soon as ripe. By bulbels.
=Chironia.= _Gentianeæ._
Increased by seeds, and by cuttings inserted in sandy soil,
and placed in a gentle heat in spring.
=Chives= or =Cives= (_Allium Schœnoprasum_). _Liliaceæ._
Division of the clumps.
=Chloanthes.= _Verbenaceæ._
Propagated by cuttings of young shoots, which root freely
in sandy soil under glass.
=Choisya.= _Rutaceæ._
Increased by ripened cuttings.
=Chrysanthemum.= _Compositæ._
Increased by seeds to obtain new varieties; these should
be sown in spring. Division may be made, but this is not
often practiced. Usually propagated by cuttings of firm,
healthy, short-jointed shoots, about three inches long.
They should be made in spring, and placed near the glass
of a rather close frame having a temperature of about
45°. No bottom heat should be given. If inserted in pots,
only the lower leaf should be removed; if in beds the remaining
foliage should also be trimmed to admit air. The
soil should be made of equal parts of sand, leaf-mould and
loam, spreading a layer of sand over the top. Insert about
one-half of the cutting, press the soil firmly, and water.
Leaf cuttings have been employed. Inarching and grafting
may also be performed.
=Chrysobalanus= (Coco Plum). _Rosaceæ._
Increased by seeds when procurable. Large cuttings, however,
taken off at a joint without shortening any of their
leaves, will root readily if planted thinly in a pot of sand,
and placed in moist heat with a bell-glass over them.
=Chrysocoma= (Goldy-locks). _Compositæ._
Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings of half-ripened shoots,
placed in sand under glass.
=Chrysogonum.= _Compositæ._
Seeds. Increased by dividing the roots in spring.
=Chrysophyllum= (Star Apple). _Sapotaceæ._
Increased by seeds when procurable. By cuttings of small
well-ripened shoots, plunged in strong, moist heat.
=Chrysopsis.= _Compositæ._
Seeds. Propagated by division in spring.
=Chrysosplenium= (Golden Saxifrage). _Saxifrageæ._
Increased easily by division. Also occasionally by seeds.
=Cicca= (Otaheite Gooseberry). _Euphorbiaceæ._
Seeds. By cuttings of ripe shoots, which will root in
sand, if placed under a glass and in bottom heat.
=Cimicifuga= (Bugwort). _Ranunculaceæ._
Increased by seeds, sown in a cold-frame or border as soon
as ripe; or by division of the roots in spring.
=Cinchona= (Peruvian Bark). _Rubiaceæ._
Imported seeds, and cuttings taken off when ripe and planted
in a pot of sand, under glass, in a moist heat.
=Cineraria.= _Compositæ._
Seeds should be sown under glass; those intended for
autumn flowering in April and May, those for spring in July
and August. Light leaf-mould should be used, and about
an equal quantity of fresh sifted loam and sharp sand added,
the whole being well mixed. Old cow manure is a good medium
in which to sow (see page 19); then fill up with fine soil.
Also by divisions and by cuttings.
=Cinquefoil.= See Potentilla.
=Cipura.= _Irideæ._
Propagated by seeds, which should be sown in a slight heat
in spring; or by bulbels, which are abundantly produced.
=Circæa= (Enchanter's Nightshade). _Onagrarieæ._
Seeds; also by the running roots.
=Cissampelos.= _Menispermaceæ._
Propagated by cuttings, which root readily in heat.
=Cissus.= _Ampelideæ._
Propagated by cuttings in the spring. Choose the weakly
shoots that are pruned just before the plants break into new
growth, or allow the young shoots to grow to a length of
about two inches. Then cut them off, with a small piece of
the base branch adhering to the young wood; or the shoots
may be cut off with one or several of these young branchlets
on them. Cut the old branch through at the base of each
young one, and insert the cutting with this heel of the old
wood entire. In this country, usually grown from common
green cuttings in summer.
=Cistus= (Rock-Rose). _Cistineæ._
Propagated by seeds, by layers or cuttings under frames
outside, or inside with a gentle bottom heat; but seedlings
always make the best plants. The seeds should be sown
early in the spring in pans or boxes in a frame, and lightly
covered with sifted sandy mould. Cuttings should be made
from three to four inches long. They may be struck in
spring or autumn, in sandy peat under glass.
=Citron= (_Citrus medica_). _Rutaceæ._
Seeds, which usually reproduce the kind. Mature cuttings,
the same as lemon. Also budded on orange, lemon or lime
stocks.
=Citrus.= _Rutaceæ._
Increased by seeds, layers, cuttings, inarching, grafting and
budding. For particular methods, see Lemon, Lime, Orange
and Pomelo.
=Cladrastis= (Yellow-wood). _Leguminosæ._
Propagated by seed sown in the open air in spring, or by
cuttings of the roots.
=Clarkia.= _Onagrariæ._
Increased by seeds, which may be sown in spring or autumn
out-doors.
=Clavija=, Theophraste. _Myrsineæ._
Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened shoots. These will
root in sandy loam, with a surface consisting wholly of sand,
if placed in bottom heat.
=Clematis= (Virgin's Bower). _Ranunculaceæ._
Clematis may be increased by seeds. The seed vessels
should be gathered before autumn, and stored in some dry,
cool place till the following spring, when the seeds they contain
may be sown in light, sandy soil, and placed in gentle
heat till they germinate. By layers outside, put in at any
time. All the varieties of clematis may also be readily increased
by cuttings made of the young shoots, which may
be cut up to every eye and planted in gentle heat. Also by
grafting any of the varieties on portions of clematis roots in
winter. Good healthy pieces of root obtained from old
plants answer the purpose well. See also Atragene.
=Cleome.= _Capparideæ._
Increased by seeds sown in a frame in spring, with slight
warmth. Ripened cuttings root freely in moderate heat.
=Clerodendron=, Ovieda, Siphonantha, Volkameria. _Verbenaceæ._
Increased by seed, which, if sown when ripe or in the
spring, and grown on in heat, may be converted into flowering
plants the second season. Propagated also by cuttings
of both green and mature wood; also of roots. Suckers.
The climbing varieties do not root quite so readily from cuttings
as the others, but cuttings of the ripened wood do well.
=Clethra.= _Ericaceæ._
Propagated by seeds, divisions and layers. Cuttings taken
from the half-ripened wood will root in gentle heat.
=Clianthus= (Glory Pea, Parrot Beak). _Leguminosæ._
_C. Dampieri_ is best raised from seeds, which should be
sown singly in good-sized pots, when the necessity of first
shifting will be obviated. _C. puniceus_ and others from cuttings,
which strike easily in sand in bottom heat.
=Clintonia.= _Liliaceæ._
Propagated by seeds and by division of the root in spring.
=Clitoria.= _Leguminosæ._
The best method of increasing is by seeds. Increased also
by cuttings of stubby side shoots, which will root in sandy
soil, in heat.
=Cliva=, Imantophyllum. _Amaryllideæ._
Propagated by seeds or divisions.
=Clove-tree.= See Caryophyllus.
=Clusia= (Balsam-tree). _Guttiferæ._
Increased by cuttings of half-ripened shoots, which will
strike in sand, with bottom heat.
=Cobæa.= _Palemoniaceæ._
Readily raised from fresh seed in spring, if a gentle bottom
heat is supplied. It is often said that the seeds must
be placed on edge, but this is a mistake. From cuttings taken
when young, in spring, and inserted in pots of sandy soil,
placed in gentle bottom heat.
=Coccocypselum.= _Rubiaceæ._
Propagated by dividing the creeping stems.
=Coccoloba= (Seaside Grape). _Polygonaceæ._
Propagated by seeds and by cuttings of the ripened wood,
with leaves entire, and taken off at a joint. These will root
freely in sand under glass.
=Cocculus=, Wendlandia. _Menispermaceæ._
Propagated by seeds. By half-ripened cuttings of side
shoots; these will root easily in spring or summer, if planted
in sand and placed in bottom heat, under glass.
=Cockscomb.= See Celosia.
=Cocoanut= (_Cocos nucifera_). _Palmæ._
The nuts are buried in nursery rows, and the young trees
are transplanted. A more common practice is to remove the
buried nuts, when they begin to sprout, to the place in which
the tree is to stand. A nut is then placed in a hole some
two feet deep, which is gradually filled in as the plant grows.
In from six to eight years the tree begins to bear.
=Codiæum=, Croton. _Euphorbiaceæ._
New varieties are produced by seed. Increased by taking
off the tops of any strong leading shoots, and making them
into cuttings. They may be struck by placing singly in small
pots and covering with bell-glasses, in strong, moist heat,
where they will soon emit roots, without losing any of the
leaves attached at the time they were inserted. Or they may
placed in a bed of sand.
=Coffea= (Coffee-tree). _Rubiaceæ._
Propagated by seeds. Also by ripe cuttings, which strike
freely in sand under glass, in moist heat; and the young
plants so raised produce flowers and fruit more readily than
those grown from seed.
=Coffee-tree=, Kentucky. See Gymnocladus.
=Colchicum= (Autumn Crocus). _Liliaceæ._
Seeds, sown as soon as ripe in a protected place. Separation.
=Coleus.= _Labiatæ._
Increased by seeds for new varieties. By cuttings with
the greatest freedom at almost any time of the year, and,
with a good moist heat, they will quickly form fine specimens.
(Fig. 53.)
=Colletia.= _Rhamneæ._
Increased by cuttings of half-ripened wood, six to eight
inches in length, in a cool greenhouse.
=Collinsonia.= _Labiatæ._
Increased readily by dividing roots in spring; also seeds.
=Colocasia.= See Caladium.
=Columbine.= See Aquilegia.
=Colutea= (Bladder Senna). _Leguminosæ._
Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings, placed in sandy soil
in the autumn.
=Combretum.= _Combretaceæ._
Increased by cuttings of side shoots, taken off with a heel,
planted in sand under glass, and placed in heat.
=Comesperma.= _Polygaleæ._
Seeds. Propagated by young cuttings, which root freely if
planted in sand under glass.
=Comfrey.= See Symphytum.
=Commelina.= _Commelinaceæ._
Increased by seeds. By cuttings, which will root in sand,
in a gentle hot-bed.
=Comocladia= (Maiden Plum). _Anacardiaceæ._
Seeds. Propagated by ripened cuttings, which will root
in sand if placed under glass, in heat.
=Comparettia.= _Orchideæ._
Increased by division of the plants. (See under Orchids.)
=Comptonia= (Sweet Fern). _Myricaceæ._
Seeds; by dividing the clumps, and by layers, which
should be put down in autumn.
=Conocarpus= (Button-tree). _Combretaceæ._
Seeds. Increased by cuttings of firm shoots, taken in
April, in bottom heat.
=Convallaria= (Lily of the Valley). _Liliaceæ._
Increased by "crowns" or "pips" (see Fig. 17), which
are the separated growing points of the roots, possessing a
strong bud. These crowns can be obtained from any well
established bed in the fall, but they are usually imported.
=Convolvulus= (Bindweed). _Convolvulaceæ._
Seeds of the hardy annuals should be sown in spring in
the open border. The hardy perennials may be increased
by seeds sown in spring, by division of the roots, and by
young cuttings.
=Coprosma.= _Rubiaceæ._
Increased by layers and cuttings.
=Coptis.= _Ranunculaceæ._
Propagated by seeds and division of the roots.
=Cordia=, Varronia. _Boragineæ._
Seeds. Increased by cuttings, green or ripe, which strike
root readily in sand, in heat.
=Corema= (Portugal Crakeberry, Crowberry). _Empetraceæ._
Seeds. Propagated by cuttings planted during summer.
=Coreopsis=, Calliopsis. _Compositæ._
The hardy annuals, which are largely grown under the
name of calliopsis for summer ornamentation, by seed, which
should be sown in March in a gentle heat, or outside later.
The perennials are propagated also by divisions of the root
in autumn or spring, or during the summer by young cuttings,
which will strike freely in a cold-frame.
=Coriander= (_Coriandrum sativum_). _Umbelliferæ._
Seeds sown in fall or spring.
=Corn.= See Maize.
=Corn Salad= (Valerianella, several species). _Valerianeæ._
Seeds sown in spring, summer or autumn.
=Cornus= (Dogwood Osier). _Cornaceæ._
Increased by seed, suckers of soft wood, layers or cuttings.
The herbaceous species, _C. Canadensis_ and _C. Suecica_, may
be increased by division, as also by seeds. The willow-like
cornuses grow from cuttings of ripe wood. Named varieties
and some species are budded in many cases, especially all
the weak-growing sorts. _Cornus Mas_, raised from seed, is
the favorite stock. Shield-budding in late summer and veneer-grafting
are most successful. (See Fig. 44.)
=Coronilla.= _Leguminosæ._
By seeds sown as soon as ripe. The hardy species by division.
Cuttings strike freely if placed in cold-frames or a
cool house under a hand-glass in spring, and when calloused,
introduced to gentle bottom heat.
=Correa.= _Rutaceæ._
Seeds. May be propagated by cuttings very readily. Varieties
are usually grafted on _C. alba_.
=Cortusa= (Bear's-ear Sanicle). _Primulaceæ._
Increased by seed sown as soon as ripe in a cold-frame;
also by carefully dividing the roots.
=Coryanthes.= See Stanhopea.
=Corydalis.= _Fumarieæ._
Increased by seeds, or by dividing the plants directly after
flowering. The bulbous-rooted species by offsets.
=Corylus= (Hazel; Cob-nut). _Cupuliferæ._
Propagated by seeds, suckers, layers or cuttings. Grafting
and budding are each practicable, and are adopted when
growing tall standards or scarce varieties. The seed of all
should be sown as soon as gathered, or stored in sand till the
following spring. All superior varieties should be increased
by suckers or layers. Stools kept for layering must be allowed
to make more growth than those used for suckers. Free
growth must be encouraged for a year or more, and, any suitable
time in winter, the shoots should be bent to the ground,
pegged firmly, and covered to the depth of three inches with
earth. They will be well-rooted by the following autumn,
and may then be removed and planted out permanently.
=Corynostylis=, Calyptrion. _Violarieæ._
Increased by seeds, or by cuttings of the young wood,
placed in sand in bottom heat, under glass.
=Cosmos.= _Compositæ._
Seeds, usually started under glass. The tuberiferous species,
like Dahlia, which see.
=Costus.= _Scitamineæ._
Increased by dividing the roots.
=Cotoneaster.= _Rosaceæ._
Propagated readily by seed, which should be sown in
spring; by layers or cuttings in autumn, or by grafting on
_C. vulgaris_, the common quince, or the hawthorn.
=Cotton= (_Gossypium_). _Malvaceæ._
Seeds commonly. Grown as a curiosity under glass; it
may be increased by soft cuttings.
=Cotyledon= (Navelwort). _Crassulaceæ._
Increased by seed, offsets, cuttings of the stem, and by
leaves. The leaves should be pulled off in autumn, laid on
dry sand in pans on a shelf in a propagating or other warm
house, and not watered until small plants appear at the ends
of the leaves.
=Cowslip.= See Primula.
=Crambe.= _Cruciferæ._
Increased by seeds, by dividing the roots and by root-cuttings.
See Sea-kale.
=Cranberry= (_Vaccinium macrocarpon_). _Ericaceæ._
The cultivated cranberry is propagated entirely by cuttings.
These are made from vigorous young runners, from
six to ten inches in length, and they are thrust obliquely into
the soil until only an inch or two of the tip projects. Some
blunt instrument, as a stick, is commonly used to force them
into the sand of cranberry bogs. Planting is done in the
spring, and the cuttings are taken just previous to the operation.
If cranberry seedlings are desired, the seeds should be
sown in flats of peaty earth, which are stored until spring in
some protected place, in the manner of stratification boxes.
The seeds should be covered lightly, preferably with fine
moss. The plants are allowed to grow the first year in the
box.
=Crassula.= _Crassulaceæ._
Seeds; also by cuttings, which should be taken off and
laid for two or three days in the sun to dry before planting.
=Cratægus= (Haw, Hawthorn). _Rosaceæ._
Propagated by stratified seeds. Some growers spread the
haws in shallow piles in the fall, and allow them to decay, so
that most of the pulp is removed before they are stratified.
Haws often come irregularly, even from stratified seeds.
The varieties are grafted, rarely budded, on common stocks.
=Cress= (_Lepidium sativum_). _Cruciferæ._
Seeds, sown at any time of year. See Water-Cress.
=Cress=, American. See Barbarea.
=Cress=, Rock. See Arabis.
=Crinum.= _Amaryllideæ._
Increased by seed, sown singly as soon as ripe in three or
four-inch pots, in sandy loam and leaf-mould. Place in a
temperature of from 70° to 80°, and keep rather dry until
the plants appear, when more moisture should be applied.
Also increased by offsets, which should be removed when
rather small and potted separately, and grown as recommended
for seedlings.
=Crithmum.= _Umbelliferæ._
Propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe, and by divisions.
=Crocosmia.= _Irideæ._
Propagated by seeds sown in pans in a cold house as soon
as possible after maturity. Also by offsets.
=Crocus.= _Irideæ._
Propagated by seed, sown as soon as ripe or early in spring,
the choicer strains in pots or boxes, using a light, sandy soil,
and afterwards placing them in a cold pit or frame; the
more common varieties may be placed in a warm position
outside in a seed bed. Sow thinly, so that the plants may
grow two years in the seed pan or bed without lifting. By
the corms. These may be lifted and replanted, allowing each
in its turn to develop new corms below. The following year
new corms, or cormels, are also formed by the side of the
old corms. These old corms die away annually. Some species
increase much more rapidly than others.
=Crossandra=, Harrachia. _Acanthaceæ._
Seeds. Propagated by cuttings, which root freely at almost
any time of the year, in bottom heat.
=Crotalaria= (Rattle-Box). _Leguminosæ._
Increased by seeds. The shrubby kinds by young cuttings,
which root freely in sand, under glass, in a cool house.
=Croton.= See Codiæum.
=Crowea.= _Rutaceæ._
Seeds. Usually by green cuttings in a frame.
=Crowfoot.= See Ranunculus.
=Crucianella= (Crosswort). _Rubiaceæ._
Propagated by seeds, by divisions during spring or autumn,
and by cuttings.
=Cryptomeria= (Japan Cedar). _Coniferæ._
Increased by seeds, and by cuttings of growing wood planted
in sandy soil, under glass.
=Cryptostemma.= _Compositæ._
Propagated by seeds, which should be sown on a gentle
hot-bed in early spring.
=Cubeba.= See Piper.
=Cucumber= (_Cucumis sativus_). _Cucurbitaceæ._
Seeds. If sown out-doors, the operation should be delayed
until the weather is thoroughly settled.
=Cucumber-tree.= See Magnolia.
=Cunninghamia= (Broad-leaved China Fir). _Coniferæ._
Increased by seeds and cuttings of growing wood.
=Cuphea.= _Lythrarieæ._
Increased easily by seed; but cuttings of the perennial
sorts strike freely in March or April, in brisk bottom heat.
=Cupressus= (Cypress). _Coniferæ._
Seeds may be collected in early spring, and should be sown
in April in a warm, friable soil. Cuttings of growing or mature
wood, much as for Retinospora, which see.
=Curculigo.= _Amaryllideæ._
Seeds; also by suckers, which form at the base of the stem.
=Curcuma= (Tumeric). _Scitamineæ._
Increased by root division.
=Currant= (_Ribes rubrum_, _R. nigrum_ and _R. aureum_). _Saxifrageæ._
New varieties are grown from seeds, which may be sown in
the fall or stratified until spring. Varieties are nearly always
multiplied by hard-wood cuttings (Fig. 49). The cuttings
may be taken in spring and placed directly in the ground, but
better results are obtained by taking them in the fall or late
summer. Many nurserymen prefer to take them in August,
strip off the leaves, and bury them in bunches with the butts
up. They may remain in this condition or in a cellar all
winter, or they may be planted in the fall. Currant cuttings
strike readily, however, under any method. Some growers
cut out the buds which come below the surface of the ground
to prevent suckering, but this is not generally practiced; the
suckers are cut off when the cuttings are removed from the
cutting bed, either to be sold or to be transplanted into nursery
rows. Green-layering is sometimes practiced with rare
sorts, or single eyes may be used, as in grapes. Tip-layering,
as in the black raspberry, may also be employed. (See
page 33.) Weak or low sorts are sometimes grafted upon
stronger ones, in order to give them a tree form, but such
bushes are grown only as curiosities or as specimen plants.
=Cussonia.= _Araliaceæ._
Increased by cuttings, which should be planted in sand,
under glass. Give slight bottom heat.
=Custard Apple.= See Anona.
=Cyananthus.= _Campanulaceæ._
Seeds. Strong roots may be carefully divided in spring,
but this is not desirable. Usually by cuttings, which should
be taken during spring or early summer, and struck in sandy
peat, being kept moist.
=Cyanophyllum.= _Melastomaceæ._
Increased by seed. By cuttings or eyes, which should be
placed in sand where a good bottom heat must be maintained,
and they should be shaded from the sun.
=Cyanotis.= _Commelinaceæ._
Seeds; usually by young cuttings in sandy soil, in brisk
heat.
=Cycas.= _Cycadaceæ._
Increased by seed, and oftener by suckers.
=Cyathea.= See Ferns.
=Cyclamen= (Sowbread). _Primulaceæ._
Propagated by seed, sown when freshly gathered; the
hardy kinds in pots placed in a cool frame. By divisions
and leaf cuttings, taken off with a heel; but these methods
are not very satisfactory.
=Cynoglossum.= _Boragineæ._
Propagated by seeds, divisions and root-cuttings.
=Cypella.= _Irideæ._
Propagated by seed, sown as soon as ripe in a cool house,
and by offsets.
=Cyperus.= _Cyperaceæ._
Propagated either by seed, sown in gentle heat, or by
divisions.
=Cyphia.= _Campanulaceæ._
When the stems begin to push out from the root, cut off as
many of the shoots as are required, and place them in small
pots in an equal mixture of loam, peat, and sand in abundance.
The young plants should be kept dry until callused,
but not covered with glass. They may also be increased by
cuttings, under a hand-glass in a cool house.
=Cyphomandra= (Tree Tomato of Jamaica). _Solanaceæ._
Use seeds; or cuttings may be placed under glass, in bottom
heat.
=Cypress.= See Cupressus.
=Cypripedium= (Lady's Slipper). _Orchideæ._
By seeds sometimes. Usually by division. (See under
Orchids.)
=Cyrilla.= _Ericaceæ._
Propagated by seeds and cuttings.
=Cyrtanthus.= _Amaryllideæ._
Propagated by offsets.
=Cytisus= (Scotch Broom). _Leguminosæ._
By seeds and layers. In spring, cuttings of young wood
may be taken when about three inches long (with a heel preferred),
placed under a bell-glass in heat, or in a close frame,
where they will root readily. If gradually hardened, potted
and grown on, small flowering specimens may by obtained
the following spring. _C. purpurea_ is usually grafted on the
common laburnum.
=Dacrydium= (Tear Tree). _Coniferæ._
Increased by fresh seed and ripened cuttings.
=Daffodil.= See Narcissus.
=Dahlia.= _Compositæ._
Single varieties, and sometimes the doubles, are grown
from seeds. The roots may be broken apart after the crowns
have started in spring, and each part grown separately. The
roots may be started into growth in heat late in winter, and
the young sprouts may be removed and handled as ordinary
cuttings as fast as they form. Or rare sorts may be increased
during summer by cuttings from the growing tips. Cions
made of the growing tips may be grafted into the roots by a
cleft or side graft. This method is oftenest employed for
the purpose of preserving over winter rare sorts which it is
feared may be lost. The grafts are kept growing slowly during
winter, and cuttings may be taken from them. Cuttings
should always have a bud or buds at the base, and in propagation
by division there must be a piece of the crown attached
to the root.
=Daisy.= See Bellis.
=Dalbergia.= _Leguminosæ._
Place cuttings of firm young shoots in sand under a glass,
in spring. Give a little bottom heat.
=Dampiera.= _Goodenovieæ._
Divisions. Cuttings should be planted in a mixture of
turfy loam, peat and sand, in heat.
=Dandelion= (_Taraxacum officinale_). _Compositæ._
Seeds, in early spring.
=Daphne.= _Thymelæaceæ._
Seeds. For layers, remove the soil in spring to a depth
of two or three inches about the plant, and fill with fine
compost to within two inches of the tops of the shoots. The
next spring, carefully wash away the compost, and plant the
small white buds in pots of fine soil. Place in a cool frame.
Cuttings should be made of matured shoots or side growths
in autumn; insert thinly in well-drained pots of peaty soil,
and cover with a bell-glass. If kept in a cool house in winter
they will callus, and may, early in spring, be introduced
to gentle heat, to encourage growth and the emission of roots.
Pot the young plants singly, and grow on in a close but not
high temperature, and afterwards harden and keep quite
cool during the following autumn and winter, in order to
thoroughly ripen the wood. Grafted specimens may be
treated in a similar way. _D. odora_ is propagated by ripened
cuttings in a cool house, in sand. Sometimes the old wood
can be used. The time is determined by the fitness of the
wood.
=Darlingtonia.= _Sarraceniaceæ._
Increased by seeds and by dividing the plants. Seeds may
be sown on the surface of well-prepared fibrous soil, and
then covered with dead sphagnum moss, rubbed through a
sieve. Give shade.
=Darwinia.= _Myrtaceæ._
Increased by cuttings of the young roots. Place in a
cold-frame.
=Dasylirion.= _Liliaceæ._
Increased by seeds, suckers and cuttings.
=Date= (_Phœnix dactylifera_). _Palmæ._
The seeds from commercial dates grow readily, and without
the intervention of stratification. Special varieties are
propagated by a sort of cutting, made by removing and rooting
the sprouts which appear about the base of the tree.
These root readily if taken off green and liberally supplied
with water. They often begin to bear in five or six years.
=Date Palm.= See Phœnix.
=Datisca.= _Datisceæ._
May be increased by seeds, and by dividing well established
plants.
=Datura=, including Brugmansia, Ceratocaulis and Stramonium.
_Solanaceæ._
The annual species are propagated by seeds, which are
started under cover in the north. The perennials are readily
grown from cuttings in mild heat. Heeled shoots are usually
preferred.
=Daubenya.= _Liliaceæ._
Increased by offsets.
=Davallia.= _Filices._
Propagated largely by division. See Ferns.
=Daviesia.= _Leguminosæ._
Seed may be sown in slight heat in spring. Cuttings may
be made of firm young shoots, and placed in sand under a
frame.
=Day Lily.= See Hemerocallis.
=Deciduous Cypress.= See Taxodium.
=Decumaria.= _Saxifrageæ._
Seeds. Cuttings may be made in summer, and placed
under a frame in a shady situation.
=Delphinium= (Larkspur). _Ranunculaceæ._
Seeds may be sown out-doors in a warm border in spring,
or in pans, to be placed either in frames or outside. The
old plants of perennial sorts may be cut down after flowering,
when young growths will proceed from the base, and the
whole may be lifted and carefully divided. Cuttings of the
young shoots, taken in autumn or spring, will root freely if
potted singly and placed in a cold-frame. They will flower
the following season at the same time as the divisions.
=Dendrobium.= _Orchideæ._
The methods of propagating these plants have already
been mentioned. Where a rapid increase of a new or special
variety is required, the pseudo-bulbs that are more than
one year old should be cut into lengths, and fastened on orchid
rafts, with a layer of sphagnum beneath them. Suspend
them in a hot, moist house, if possible, over a water-tank.
The advantage of this method is that the young plants
do not need shifting after they commence rooting on their
own account. The section to which _D. aggregatum_, _D. Jenkinsii_,
_D. densiflorum_ and _D. thyrsiflorum_ belong, are best
propagated by division. (See under Orchids.)
=Dentaria= (Toothwort). _Cruciferæ._
Propagated by seeds or divisions.
=Deodar.= See Cedrus.
=Desfontainea.= _Loganiaceæ._
Cuttings, placed in a sandy loam, in a gentle heat.
=Desmodium.= _Leguminosæ._
Increased by seeds, or by cuttings placed under a frame,
in heat.
=Deutzia.= _Saxifrageæ._
Commercially, the species are mostly propagated by green
hardened cuttings in summer, under a frame. Hard-wooded
cuttings may be taken in autumn, and be treated in about
the same manner as currant cuttings (see page 58). The
deutzias are also propagated by divisions and layers. Some
of the dwarf sorts are sometimes forced, to make cuttings
for winter use.
=Dewberry= (_Rubus Canadensis_ and vars., and _Rubus trivialis_.)
_Rosaceæ._
Seeds are handled in the same manner as blackberry seeds.
Increased by layers and, like the blackberry, by root-cuttings.
Layers are made by simply covering the decumbent
canes at the joints. This is the usual method of multiplication.
The tips, too, root freely, as in the black-cap raspberries.
=Dianella.= _Liliaceæ._
Increased by seeds, sown in gentle heat during spring.
By divisions.
=Dianthera.= See Justicia.
=Dianthus.= See Carnation, Pink and Sweet William.
=Dicentra=, Capnorchis, Diclytra (Bleeding Heart). _Papaveraceæ._
The crowns may be divided in early spring, or cuttings
may be made of the fleshy roots in short lengths, and placed
in sand. The roots should be placed in a compost of sandy
loam, in well-drained pots, as soon as the foliage dies off,
and transferred to a cold-frame.
=Dichorisandra.= _Commelinaceæ._
Propagated by seeds, divisions and cuttings.
=Dichosma.= See Agathosma.
=Dicksonia.= _Filices._
Division mostly. See Ferns.
=Diclytra.= See Dicentra.
=Dictamnus= (Dittany, or Fraxinella). _Rutaceæ._
Seeds should be sown as soon as ripe. Division is used.
=Dictyosperma.= See Areca.
=Dicyrta.= See Achimenes.
=Didymocarpus.= _Gesneraceæ._
Cuttings, which are obtained from young shoots when
commencing growth, and placed in sandy soil, in heat.
Also by seeds.
=Didymosperma.= See Areca.
=Dieffenbachia.= See Caladium.
=Diervilla=, Weigela. _Caprifoliaceæ._
Suckers. Cuttings may be made in spring, summer or
autumn. Hardened green cuttings, handled under a frame
in summer, are extensively used by nurserymen. (See page
58.) They are sometimes grown from cuttings in winter from
forced plants. Hard-wood cuttings, made in winter and
planted in spring like the grape, succeed well.
=Digitalis= (Foxglove). _Scrophularineæ._
Seeds, sown in spring, either in-doors or in the open.
The common foxglove (_D. purpurea_) often self-sows itself.
=Dill= (_Arethum graveolens_). _Umbelliferæ._
Seeds, in early spring.
=Dillenia=, including Colbertia. _Dilleniaceæ._
Seeds, which, however, are grown with much difficulty.
Cuttings of half-ripened wood may be placed in sand, under
a frame, in bottom heat.
=Dimorphotheca.= _Compositæ._
The seeds of the annual sorts should be sown in heat in
spring. The perennials are grown from green cuttings.
=Dionæa.= _Droseraceæ._
Propagated sometimes by seed; usually by dividing the
plants.
=Dion=, Platyzamia. _Cycadaceæ._
Propagated by seed.
=Dioscorea= (Yam). _Dioscoreaceæ._
The tubers may be divided in autumn or spring, when not
growing. Seeds are sometimes used, so are the tubers
which form in the axils by the leaves. Stove species can be
propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened wood.
=Diosma.= _Rutaceæ._
Cuttings in sandy peat, and under a frame placed in very
gentle heat, will soon root.
=Diospyros= (Date Plum, Persimmon). _Ebenaceæ._
Seeds are used for the hardy species. Also by cuttings of
half-ripened shoots. Those requiring stove heat strike best
from ripened shoots, placed in sand in a brisk bottom heat
during spring. See also Persimmon.
=Dipcadi=, Uropetalum. _Liliaceæ._
Increased by offsets in spring.
=Diplacus.= See Mimulus.
=Dipladenia.= _Apocynaceæ._
In spring, when the plants commence new growth, cuttings
from the young shoots are made. These, or single eyes,
should be placed in a mixture of sand and peat, in good
bottom heat.
=Diplazium.= See Ferns.
=Diplothemium.= _Palmæ._
Propagation is affected by seeds.
=Dipteracanthus.= See Ruellia.
=Dirca.= _Thymelæaceæ._
Increased by seeds or layers.
=Disa.= _Orchideæ._
_D. grandiflora_ and others of similar habit are propagated
by offsets. These are best taken off about December, and
treated like the old plants. (See under Orchids.)
=Disocactus.= See Phyllocactus.
=Disporum=, including Prosartes. _Liliaceæ._
Seeds may be used; or the plant may be divided in spring
before active growth commences.
=Dodecatheon=, Meadia (American Cowslip). _Primulaceæ._
Seeds. The crowns may be divided either in spring or
autumn. Cuttings of the whole root can be effectively used,
the root being torn off the crown, planted upright, and of
course covered with the sandy soil commonly used in this
form of propagation.
=Dog's Bane.= See Apocynum
=Dog's-tooth Violet.= See Erythronium.
=Dogwood.= See Cornus.
=Dolichos.= _Leguminosæ._
By seeds. Sometimes cuttage or layerage is resorted to.
=Dorcoceras.= See Bæa.
=Doronicum=, including Aronicum (Leopard's Bane). _Compositæ._
Propagated by seeds and divisions.
=Dorstenia.= _Urticaceæ._
Seeds may be sown in a hot-bed in early spring. Before
active growth commences the plants may be divided.
=Doryanthes.= _Amaryllideæ._
Propagated by suckers placed in small pots.
=Dorycnium=, including Boujeania. _Leguminosæ._
Increased by seeds.
=Downingia=, Clintonia. _Campanulaceæ._
Seeds should be sown in mild heat in spring.
=Draba=, including Petrocallis (Whitlow Grass). _Cruciferæ._
The annuals or biennials propagated by seeds sown in
spring in the open border. The perennials may be propagated
by dividing the crowns.
=Dracæna= (Dragon-tree). _Liliaceæ._
Rarely grown from seed. Layers do not succeed very
well. The stems of old plants may be cut up in pieces one
or two inches long, and placed at any season in cocoanut
fiber or light soil, in the bottom heat of a propagating house.
The tops of the plants will also strike as cuttings, and the
fleshy base of the stem is sometimes removed and used for
propagation. Root-cuttings do well in a moderate heat.
(See Fig. 47.)
=Dracocephalum= (Dragon's Head). _Labiatæ._
The annuals are grown from seeds, sown in the open in
spring. Perennials are increased by dividing the roots, or
by cuttings of the young shoots in spring.
=Dracontium.= See Amorphophallus.
=Dragon's Head.= See Dracocephalum.
=Dragon-tree.= See Dracæna.
=Drimys=, Wintera. _Magnoliaceæ._
Cuttings made of half-ripened shoots should be inserted
in a frame.
=Drosera= (Sundew). _Droseraceæ._
Seeds, sown as soon as possible after gathering. _D. binata_
is increased by cutting roots from strong plants into
pieces of one-half or one inch in length, and placing them on
the surface of shallow earthenware pans, in sandy peat soil,
and covering about one-half inch deep with the same material.
They are then placed under a bell-glass, and transferred
to a damp, warm propagating house.
=Drosophyllum.= _Droseraceæ._
Propagated by seed.
=Dutchman's Pipe.= See Aristolochia.
=Duvaua.= _Anacardiaceæ._
Insert cuttings made of the ripe wood under glass, in gentle
heat.
=Dyckia.= _Bromeliaceæ._
Propagated by seeds, suckers and divisions.
=Eccremocarpus= (Calampelis). _Bignoniaceæ._
Seeds, sown in spring, in a gentle heat. Cuttings may be
used, of green or ripe wood.
=Echeveria.= See Cotyledon.
=Echinacea.= _Compositæ._
Readily propagated by seeds and division.
=Echinocactus.= See Cactus.
=Echinops=, Echinanthus (Globe Thistle). _Compositæ._
Sow the seeds in spring for the propagation of the biennials,
and divide the perennials early. Also by root-cuttings.
=Echium= (Viper's Bugloss). _Boragineæ._
The herbaceous species are raised from seeds. Also increased
by divisions. The shrubby sorts are increased more
readily by layers, but also by cuttings, placed in sandy soil
under glass.
=Edelweiss.= See Leontopodium.
=Edgeworthia.= _Thymelæaceæ._
Cuttings should be inserted in sandy soil, under glass in
spring.
=Edwandria.= _Leguminosæ._
By seeds or cuttings of the young wood.
=Egg-Plant= (_Solanum Melongena_). _Solanaceæ._
Seeds in heat, in late winter or spring. Cuttings rarely.
=Eglantine.= See Rosa.
=Ehretia.= _Boragineæ._
Place cuttings in sandy soil under glass in bottom heat,
in spring.
=Eichhornia.= _Pontederiaceæ._
Propagation is effected by division in spring; seeds.
=Elæagnus= (Oleaster, Wild Olive, Goumi). _Elæagnaceæ._
Increased by seeds, layers or cuttings. The named varieties
are often grafted on the most vigorous varieties obtainable.
Imported seeds of some species are apt to be empty.
_E. longipes_ can readily be propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened
wood in June and July, under glass.
=Elæis= (Oil Palm). _Palmæ._
Seeds are used for propagation.
=Elæocarpus=, including Monocera. _Tiliaceæ._
Seeds may be sown in a hot-bed. Make cuttings of ripened
shoots, with leaves on, and place them in sandy soil,
in bottom heat.
=Elder.= See Sambucus.
=Elecampane= (_Inula Helenium_). _Compositæ._
Propagated by seeds in open air in early spring.
=Elliottia.= _Ericaceæ._
Insert soft wood cuttings in sand under glass.
=Elm.= See Ulmus.
=Elodea.= See Hypericum.
=Empetrum= (Crowberry or Crakeberry). _Empetraceæ._
Seeds. In summer, cuttings may be made, and should be
placed in sandy soil under glass.
=Encephalartos.= _Cycadaceæ._
Increased by seeds.
=Endive= (_Cichorium Endivia_). _Compositæ._
Seeds, either in the open where the plants are to stand,
or under glass.
=Enkianthus.= _Ericaceæ._
Cuttings made of the ripe wood should be placed under
glass during the spring months, without heat.
=Entelea.= _Tiliaceæ._
Propagated by cuttings, in sandy soil.
=Eomecon.= _Papaveraceæ._
Seeds; also by division.
=Epacris.= _Epacrideæ._
Grown from tip cuttings in a frame in winter, with bottom
heat. The cuttings root very slowly.
=Ephedra.= _Gnetaceæ._
Layers may be made from young shoots or branches.
=Epidendrum.= _Orchideæ._
The tall-stemmed section of this genus is increased by cuttings,
the section with short, thick pseudo-bulbs by division.
The former also occasionally produce viviparous flower-scapes,
thus affording a ready means of increase. (See under
Orchids.)
=Epigæa.= _Ericaceæ._
Increased with great difficulty by careful divisions of established
plants, and by layers. Seeds, when obtainable, can
be used, but are slow to develop.
=Epilobium= (Willow-herb). _Onagrarieæ._
Propagated by seeds, divisions or root-cuttings.
=Epimedium= (Barrenwort). _Berberideæ._
Sometimes increased by seeds. During July or August,
divisions of the roots can be made.
=Epiphyllum.= _Cacteæ._
Readily grown from cuttings. Pieces of the branches four
to six inches long are placed in sandy soil in gentle heat, and
kept moderately dry. Epiphyllums are often grafted on
strong stocks of pereskia (_Pereskia aculeata_ is commonly
used, but _P. Bleo_ is equally as good), for the purpose of getting
high or rafter plants. A young shoot is cleft-grafted
into any portion of the pereskia which has become hard, and
the cion is held in place by a cactus spine passed through it.
Several cions may be inserted along the sides of the stock.
=Eranthemum.= _Acanthaceæ._
Seeds. Cuttings root readily in spring in peaty soil, in a
close frame where there is a bottom heat of about 70°.
=Eranthis= (Winter Aconite). _Ranunculaceæ._
Increased by seeds and division.
=Eremostachys.= _Labiatæ._
May be increased by seeds or division.
=Eremurus.= _Liliaceæ._
Increased by seeds and divisions.
=Erica= (Heath). _Ericaceæ._
Will grow from seeds, but these are used generally to
secure new varieties. Commonly propagated by very short
cuttings, taken from the tips, or made of the lower young
growth. Carefully remove the leaves from the lower parts of
the cutting, which should be about one inch long, and then
insert rather closely in pots, which should be filled two-thirds
with crocks, the remainder being fine sandy peat with a layer
of clean, compact sand on the surface. Cover with glass.
Water well, and place in a temperature of about 60°.
=Erigeron=, including Phalacroloma, Polyactidium. _Compositæ._
Readily increased by seeds or divisions.
=Erinus.= _Scrophularineæ._
Seeds and divisions. After becoming established, they
propagate themselves by seed.
=Eriobotrya.= See Photinia.
=Eriodendron.= _Malvaceæ._
Raised from seeds sown in sandy soil, in heat.
=Eriogonum.= _Polygonaceæ._
May be increased by seed or division.
=Eriosema.= _Leguminosæ._
Propagated by seeds or cuttings.
=Eriostemon.= _Rutaceæ._
Cuttings, in sandy peat in spring, under glass, and with
gentle heat. Nurserymen propagate by grafting on small
stocks of correa.
=Erodium= (Heron's Bill). _Geraniaceæ._
Propagation is effected by seeds or divisions.
=Erpetion= (Australian Violet). _Violarieæ._
Propagated by seeds; also by division and cuttings.
=Eryngium= (Eryngo). _Umbelliferæ._
Seeds or carefully made divisions may be used for increasing
the species.
=Erysimum= (Hedge Mustard). _Cruciferæ._
Increased by seeds; the perennials by seeds and divisions.
=Erythræa=, Gyrandra, Hippocentaurea (Centaury). _Gentianeæ._
Propagated by seeds or divisions.
=Erythrina= (Coral-tree). _Leguminosæ._
Seeds. Young shoots can be taken in spring or early summer
with a heel, and placed in sandy soil, on a slight bottom
heat.
=Erythronium= (Dog's-tooth Violet). _Liliaceæ._
Seeds. Offsets or bulbels are usually employed, taken as
soon as the leaves dry away after flowering, inserting the
bulbels about three inches deep.
=Erythroxylon=, including Sethia. _Lineæ._
Place cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand under a
glass, in heat.
=Escallonia.= _Saxifrageæ._
Suckers, layers. Cuttings of half-ripened wood strike in
sand, when covered with glass. Also by seeds.
=Escheria.= See Gloxinia.
=Eschscholtzia=, Chryseis (California Poppy). _Papaveraceæ._
Seeds may be sown in spring or autumn where the plants
are to flower.
=Eucalyptus= (Gum-tree). _Myrtaceæ._
Increased by seeds, which should be sown thinly in pans
or pots of light, sandy soil, and placed in frames. Also by
cuttings.
=Eucharis.= _Amaryllideæ._
Seeds may be sown as soon as ripe in a warm house. Offsets
or bulbels should be removed and potted off singly.
=Eucomis.= _Liliaceæ._
Increased by seeds, sown as soon as ripe, or by bulbels.
=Eucryphia.= _Rosaceæ._
The cuttings of young shoots are planted in sand under
glass.
=Eugenia.= See Myrtus.
=Eulalia.= _Gramineæ._
Freely increased by seed or division.
=Euonymus= (Burning-bush, Strawberry-tree, Wahoo). _Celastrineæ._
Grown from seeds, cuttings and layers. Cuttings usually
make better plants than layers. The deciduous species are
usually grown from hard-wood cuttings, but the evergreen
kinds are started under glass, from cuttings of the growing
or ripened wood. The small and weak kinds are grafted on
the stronger ones. The evergreen species will grow upon
the deciduous kinds.
=Eupatorium.= _Compositæ._
Cuttings of the growing wood, under glass in early spring,
is the common method of propagation. Seeds can also be
used for some species.
=Euphorbia=, including Poinsettia (Spurge). _Euphorbiaceæ._
By seeds, especially the annual species. The perennial
shrubby sorts are increased by cuttings in a strong heat.
Some species are propagated by divisions.
=Eurya.= _Ternstrœmiaceæ._
Propagated by soft cuttings, inserted in sand under a glass
in heat.
=Eurycles.= _Amaryllideæ._
Offsets or bulbels, in spring.
=Eurybia.= See Olearia.
=Eustylis.= See Nemastylis.
=Euterpe.= _Palmæ._
Seeds in heat.
=Eutoca.= See Phacelia.
=Evening Primrose.= See Œnothera.
=Exacum.= _Gentianeæ._
Seeds should be sown in spring, in bottom heat.
=Exochorda.= _Rosaceæ._
Grown from seeds, layers, cuttings and suckers. Seeds
are difficult to procure. Layering in June is a common practice.
Various kinds of cuttings are employed, but the best
results follow short, soft cuttings, taken from forced plants
and set deep in shallow flats of sand. They require a very
strong bottom heat, a close frame, and the water should be
applied in a spray upon the foliage. Cuttings are sometimes
grafted upon pieces of roots. It is regarded as a difficult
plant to propagate.
=Fabiana.= _Solanaceæ._
Readily increased by seeds and cuttings.
=Fagus= (Beech). _Cupuliferæ._
Commonly grown from the nuts, which should be stratified
and sown very early in spring. They may be sown immediately
after they are gathered, if they can be protected from
vermin. The named varieties are grafted upon the European
or American species.
=Fair Maids of France.= See Ranunculus.
=Fan-palm.= See Livistona.
=Farfugium.= See Senecio.
=Fedia.= See Patrinia.
=Felicia.= _Compositæ._
Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings inserted in sandy soil,
under a glass.
=Fennel= (_Fœniculum_, various species). _Umbelliferæ._
Seeds, usually in spring.
=Fennel Flower.= See Nigella.
=Fenugreek= (_Trigonella Fœnum-Græcum_). _Leguminosæ._
Propagated by seeds.
=Fenzlia.= See Gilia.
=Ferns.= _Filices._
Where division is possible, it is the easiest and most economical
method of propagation, and should be practiced just
before the plant starts into growth. The spores can be sown
in February and March, or earlier, under glass in a warm
propagating pit. Partly fill a suitable sized pot or pan with
coarse peat, giving plenty of drainage; make the surface
level, and on this place three-quarter inch cubes of well-seasoned
peat which is rather dry, watering the whole and
scattering on the spores evenly. Cover with a pane of glass,
and place in a partial shade. While the process which corresponds
to germination is going on, great care must be given
to the water supply. This is sometimes done by placing the
pots or pans in a saucer, from which they can suck the water
up. Overhead watering may be used, and often is, but will
sometimes introduce worms and the like.
The young plants should be pricked out when the true leaf
appears, and they are large enough to handle. The same
careful treatment should be continued until they are established
in pots.
There is not much difficulty in getting the young plants,
if fresh spores are obtainable, but there is a good deal of
trouble in handling the seedlings, and establishing them in
their growing quarters.
Most ferns are readily propagated by means of spores, as
directed above and on page 24. Some species rarely produce
spores in cultivation, however, and in other cases, as in some
tree ferns, it is almost impossible to rear the young plants after
the spores have germinated. In all such cases, recourse must
be had to separation, division or layerage. There are some
species, as _Asplenium bulbiferum_, _Cystopteris bulbifera_ and
others, which bear small bulblets or detachable buds on their
fronds. These buds often vegetate while still attached to the
frond. They may be removed either before or after showing
signs of vegetation, and set in pots in a close propagating
frame, or under a bell-glass. Ferns which make broad
crowns may be divided, and this is the common mode with
many species. Some species produce creeping root-stocks,
which emit roots if pegged down into a pot of soil or on a block
of peat. Several plants can often be produced from such a
layer. All these operations are best performed in late winter,
before the new growth begins. The tree ferns are rarely
propagated to any extent in cultivation, but young plants are
imported from their native countries.
=Fern, Sweet.= See Comptonia.
=Ferraria=, Tigridia. _Irideæ._
Propagated by means of seeds and bulbels.
=Feverfew.= See Chrysanthemum.
=Ficus.= _Urticaceæ._
The greenhouse species are propagated by layers and cuttings.
The cuttings are handled in a close frame, and a leaf
or two is usually left on them. For _Ficus Carica_, see Fig.
Propagation by seeds is sometimes used in the edible figs,
but is not easy with the ornamental sorts. _F. elastica_, _F.
Indica_, etc., are increased by cuttings, planted in sand or
sandy soil, and placed in good bottom heat, in a frame under
glass. The large cuttings should be staked, and care must
be taken to remove the milky juice before planting. Any
winter month is good, before growth begins. Last season's
wood should be used.
=Fig= (_Ficus Carica_). _Urticaceæ._
Figs grow readily from the plump seeds in the commercial
fruit. Wash out the seeds, and those that sink may be sown
in a frame. The young plants will appear in three or four
weeks. In from three to five years the plants will begin to
bear. New varieties are obtained in this way.
Varieties of the fig are multiplied with ease by layers,
suckers and cuttings. Make cuttings of mature wood in autumn,
cutting just below a bud. Scarce varieties may be
multiplied by single eye cuttings. Fig cuttings are handled
in the same way as grape cuttings. Some prefer, however,
to place the cuttings where the tree is to stand. A well-grown
plant will bear at two or three years of age.
The fig is readily budded and grafted, but these methods
are seldom employed, because the plant is so easily multiplied
by cuttings. Shield, ring or tubular buddings are employed.
Various methods of grafting are adapted to it, and
cleft-grafting is usually employed on old plants.
=Filbert.=. See Corylus.
=Fir.= See Abies, Pinus and Picea.
=Fire-pink.= See Silene.
=Fittonia.= _Acanthaceæ._
Increased by division, and by cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, planted in sandy loam, in bottom heat.
=Fitzroya.= _Coniferæ._
Seeds. Increased also by cuttings of half-ripened shoots
=Flax.= See Linum.
=Flower-de-Luce= (_Fleur-de-Lis_). See Iris.
=Fontanesia.= _Oleaceæ._
Layers are used; also cuttings, planted under a hand-glass
in autumn. Or it may be grafted on the privet.
=Forget-me-not.= See Myosotis.
=Forsythia= (Golden Bell). _Oleaceæ._
Propagated extensively by green cuttings in summer, in a
frame; also grown from ripe cuttings taken in fall and winter,
and planted in the open air in early spring.
=Fothergilla.= _Hamamelideæ._
Propagated by seeds, sown in spring in a peaty soil; by
layers.
=Four-o'clock.= See Mirabilis.
=Foxglove.= See Digitalis.
=Fragaria.= See Strawberry.
=Franciscea.= See Brunfelsia.
=Francoa.= _Saxifrageæ._
Seeds, sown in early spring in a cool frame. Also by
division.
=Frangula.= See Rhamnus.
=Frankenia=, including Beatsonia, Hypericopsis. _Frankeniaceæ._
Increased by seeds and divisions.
=Fraxinella.= See Dictamnus.
=Fraxinus= (Ash). _Oleaceæ._
Propagated chiefly by seeds, which should be stratified.
The named sorts are budded upon seedling stocks if the sorts
are upright growers, or top-grafted if they are weepers. Both
the European and American species are used for stocks.
=Freesia.= _Irideæ._
Increased readily by seed, sown as soon as ripe in pots of
light, sandy soil, and placed in a sunny position, in a cool
frame. By bulbels.
=Fremontia.= _Malvaceæ._
Seeds may be used; or cuttings, in spring, may be struck
under a hand-glass.
=French Bean= (Varieties of _Phaseolus vulgaris_ and _P. nanus_).
_Leguminosæ._
Propagated by seeds.
=Freycinetia.= _Pandaneæ._
Increased by offsets.
=Fringe-tree.= See Chionanthus.
=Fritillaria.= _Liliaceæ._
Seeds, sown as soon as ripe where the plants are to stand
the first year. Bulbels and division.
=Fuchsia= (Ladies' Ear Drop). _Onagrariæ._
Fuchsias grow readily from seeds, which should be sown
as soon as ripe, and blooming plants ought to be obtained in
eight or ten months. Cuttings of the young growth strike
quickly and easily. Blooming plants of most sorts can be
obtained in four or five months.
=Fumaria= (Fumitory). _Papaveraceæ._
Propagated by seeds.
=Funkia=, Hosta (Plantain Lily, White Day Lily). _Liliaceæ._
Propagation is effected by dividing the stools during the
early autumn, or when they begin to start in spring. Only
strong, healthy clumps should be divided, and each portion
should contain several crowns.
=Furze.= See Ulex.
=Gaillardia.= _Compositæ._
The annual sorts are propagated by seeds started under
glass; the perennial kinds by seeds, cuttings or division.
Sometimes root-cuttings are used.
=Galanthus= (Snowdrop). _Amaryllideæ._
Commonly by bulbels. Rarely by seeds.
=Galax=, Erythrorhiza, Solonandra. _Diapensiaceæ._
Propagated by divisions of strong clumps in autumn.
=Galega= (Goat's Rue). _Leguminosæ._
Seeds, in spring; also by division.
=Galtonia.= _Liliaceæ._
Increased by bulbels or seeds.
=Garcinia=, Cambogia, Mangostana, Oxycarpus. _Guttiferæ._
Seeds. Cuttings of ripened shoots should be inserted in
sand under a glass, in strong bottom heat.
=Gardenia=, including Rothmannia. _Rubiaceæ._
Strong, healthy cuttings may be taken with a heel, early
in the year being the best time, but any season will do when
suitable cuttings can be secured. They should be placed in
bottom heat of about 75°, in a frame.
=Garlic= (_Allium sativum_). _Liliaceæ._
By "cloves" or divisions of the bulb. In the north these
are planted in the spring, but in warm climates they may be
planted in the fall.
=Garrya=, including Fadyenia. _Cornaceæ._
Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings of half-ripened wood
in sandy loam in August, and shaded until rooted. Also by
budding on _Aucuba Japonica_ at the crown. Plant sufficiently
deep to cover the bud or graft.
=Gasteria.= See Aloe.
=Gaultheria= (Boyberry, Wintergreen). _Ericaceæ._
Increased by seeds, divisions, layers and cuttings under
glass.
=Gaura.= _Onagrarieæ._
Seeds should be sown in spring or fall in the open ground.
=Gaylussacia.= See Vaccinium.
=Gazania=, Mœhnia, Mussinia. _Compositæ._
Increased by seeds and divisions. Make cuttings in July
or August, from the side shoots near the base of the plant;
these should be placed in a sandy soil, in a frame.
=Gelsemium=, Leptopteris, Medicia. _Loganiaceæ._
Propagated by cuttings under glass.
=Genista.= See Cytisus.
=Gentiana= (Gentian). _Gentianeæ._
Seeds and division. The seeds germinate slowly, and often
with difficulty. They often lie dormant a year or more.
They should be sown in well-sifted light loam, in pans or
flats, and kept cool and shaded. Division must be carefully
done, or the plants will suffer.
=Geonoma.= _Palmæ._
Increased by seeds and suckers.
=Geranium.= _Geraniaceæ._
Mostly by seeds and divisions. For the conservatory
plants known as geraniums, see Pelargonium.
=Gerardia.= _Scrophularineæ._
Propagated, but often with difficulty, by seeds, sown in
the open air or in a frame or cool house.
=Gesnera.= _Gesneraceæ._
Seeds, and cuttings of the shoots and leaves. Handled in
essentially the same manner as Gloxinia, which see.
=Gethyllis.= _Amaryllideæ._
They may be increased by bulbels or seeds.
=Geum=, including Sieversia (Avens). _Rosaceæ._
=Gherkin.= See Cucumber.
Propagation is effected by seeds or division.
=Gilia=, including Fenzlia. _Polemoniaceæ._
Seeds should be sown in spring in the open ground or
frame, in a rather light soil.
=Gilibertia.= _Araliaceæ._
Cuttings, inserted in sand in a gentle heat.
=Gillenia.= _Rosaceæ._
Increased readily by dividing the roots in spring; also by
seeds.
=Gilliesia.= _Liliaceæ._
Propagated by bulbels.
=Gilliflower.= See Matthiola.
=Ginkgo=, Salisburia (Maidenhair-tree). _Coniferæ._
Seeds, which are mostly imported, and which should be
stratified. Also by layers, and by cuttings of either green or
ripe wood. The cuttings are handled under glass. Named
varieties are grafted upon common stocks.
=Ginseng.= See Aralia.
=Gladiolus.= _Irideæ._
Seeds, which are commonly sown in pans in spring, in the
house; or they may be sown in the border. Seedlings flower
in two or three years. The common method of propagation
is by means of cormels (see page 29, and Fig. 16). These are
removed from the parent corm and planted in the open,
where some of them will flower the same season, although
most of them will require a season's independent growth before
they flower. If cormels are desired in abundance, the
large corms should not be allowed to flower. Some varieties
do not produce cormels readily, and these may be made to
bear them by cutting or ringing (page 30). A new corm is
formed above the old one each year (Fig. 16).
=Glastonbury-thorn.= See Cratægus.
=Gleditschia.= _Leguminosæ._
Seeds should be sown in spring about one inch deep.
They should be soaked in hot water before being sown. Varieties
propagated by grafts upon seedling stock.
=Gleichenia.= See Ferns.
=Globe Flower.= See Trollius.
=Globularia.= _Selagineæ._
Propagated by seeds, division or cuttings.
=Gloriosa=, Clynostylis, Methonica. _Liliaceæ._
Seeds should be inserted singly in small pots, in a light
sandy soil, and plunged in bottom heat. Bulbels, which
should be carefully removed from the old bulbs when starting
them in spring, as the roots are very brittle.
=Gloxinia=, Escheria, Salisia. _Gesneraceæ._
Seeds should be sown the latter part of winter, in well-drained
pots or small pans of finely sifted soil, of peat, leaf-mould
and sand in about equal proportions. The seeds
should be sown thinly and covered slightly, then carefully
watered, and placed in a temperature of about 70° and kept
shaded. Cuttings of the shoots may be taken when the old
tubers are starting in spring, and placed in a close propagating
frame. Leaf-cuttings, with a small portion of the petiole
attached, give excellent results, especially when the leaves
are firm and nearly matured. Leaf cuttings are made in the
various ways in which begonia leaf-cuttings are made (see
pp. 60-72, Figs. 59, 60). Also grafted (see page 88).
=Glycine.= See Wistaria.
=Glycosmis.= _Rutaceæ._
Seeds. Increased by cuttings, which are commonly inserted
in sand under glass, often in heat.
=Glycyrrhiza=, including Liquiritia (Liquorice). _Leguminosæ._
Propagated by division and by seeds.
=Godetia.= See Œnothera.
=Golden Rod.= See Solidago.
=Goldfussia.= See Strobilanthus.
=Gomphia= (Button Flower). _Ochnaceæ._
Cuttings of firm young shoots should be placed in sand
under glass, in heat.
=Gomphocarpus.= _Asclepiadeæ._
Seeds should be sown under glass in spring; or cuttings
may be made of small side shoots when the plant is commencing
new growth, and placed in sand under glass.
=Gompholobium.= _Leguminosæ._
Cuttings, which should be made of young shoots during
spring, and placed under glass.
=Gomphrena.= See Celosia.
=Gonolobus.= _Asclepiadeæ._
Seeds, divisions, and cuttings under glass.
=Goodenia.= _Goodenovieæ._
Seed. During spring, cuttings will root freely if placed
under glass.
=Goodia.= _Leguminosæ._
Seeds may be used. Cuttings of young shoots may be
made during spring, and placed in a frame.
=Gooseberry= (_Ribes Grossularia_ and _R. oxyacanthoides_).
_Saxifrageæ._
Seeds, for the raising of new varieties, should be sown as
soon as well cured, in loamy or sandy soil, or they may be
stratified and sown together with the sand in the spring.
Cuttings six to eight inches long of the mature wood, inserted
two-thirds their length, usually grow readily, especially if
taken in August or September and stored during winter, in
the same way as currant cuttings. Single eye cuttings may
be used for rare kinds. Stronger plants are usually obtained
by layers, and the English varieties are nearly always layered
in this country. Mound-layering is usually employed,
the English varieties being allowed to remain in layerage two
years, but the American varieties only one (Fig. 21). Layered
plants are usually set in nursery rows for a year after removal
from the stools. Green-layering during summer is sometimes
practiced for new or rare varieties. Strong plants may also
be procured by tip-layering, as in the black raspberry (see
p. 33). If it is desired to train the weaker gooseberries in
tree form, they may be grafted upon the stronger-growing
varieties.
=Gordonia=, including Polyspora. _Ternstrœmiaceæ._
Propagated by seeds or layers.
=Gorse.= See Ulex.
=Goumi.= See Elæagnus.
=Gourds= (_Cucurbita Pepo_, _Lagenaria_, etc.). _Cucurbitaceæ._
Seeds, after the weather is settled and ground is warm.
=Grammanthes.= _Crassulaceæ._
Seeds, sown in spring in a warm house.
=Granadilla= (_Passiflora edulis_, etc.). _Passifloreæ._
Propagated by seeds, or, less easily, by cuttings.
=Grape= (_Vitis_, several species). _Vitaceæ._
Grape seedlings are very easily grown. If the ground is
fit and there is no danger from vermin, the seeds may be
sown in the fall, but they are usually stratified and sown in
spring. They come readily if sown out-doors, but some prefer
to force them under glass with a mild bottom heat.
Seedlings do not "come true," and they are therefore grown
only for the purpose of obtaining new sorts.
The grape is very readily multiplied by layers, either of
the ripe or green-wood. The ripe wood or canes may be
layered either in fall or spring, but spring is usually chosen.
The cane is simply covered up two or three inches deep, and
nearly every bud will produce a plant. In August or September
the layer should be lifted and cut up into plants.
Better plants are obtained if only the strongest canes are
used and only a part of the buds on each are allowed to
grow. The cane is usually cut back to four or five buds, or
if very strong plants are desired only one bud is left on each
layer. Canes of the previous year, those recently matured,
are preferred, although wood two or three years old may be
used, but in this case it is usually necessary to cut or otherwise
wound the joint in order to induce the formation of
roots. Vines or stools grown for the production of layers
should be cut back severely in fall or winter, to induce a vigorous
growth of canes the following season. These canes
are then layered the succeeding fall or spring. Only a part of
the canes are layered from any stool, a part being allowed to
grow for cutting back the next fall in order to get another
crop of canes. In some varieties which do not strike readily
from cuttings, layering is considerably practiced by nurserymen.
The Delaware is often grown in this way. Extra
strong layers can be secured by layering in pots. A large
pot, filled with rich soil, is plunged beneath the layer. In
this manner a layer may be rooted and separated even while
carrying fruit. Layering in pots is employed only in special
cases.
Green-layering is sometimes practiced upon new and scarce
varieties, but strong plants are not obtained unless they are
well handled by forceful culture after they are separated.
The growing cane is layered in mid-summer, usually by
serpentine layering.
Cuttings are usually employed by nurserymen to propagate
the grape. These are made in many fashions. In all
ordinary cases hard-wood cuttings are made from the ripened
canes in autumn or winter when the vines are pruned. It is
advisable to take the cuttings before the canes have been
exposed to great cold. Select only those canes which are
well-matured, solid and rather short-jointed. In common
practice, the cuttings are cut into two-bud length, the lower
cut being made close to the bud. The cuttings will range
from six to ten inches in length. Some prefer three-bud
cuttings (Fig. 43), but unless the cane is very short-jointed
such cuttings are too long to be planted and handled economically.
Three-bud cuttings usually give stronger plants the
first season because roots start from both joints as a rule.
Very strong plants are obtained from mallet cuttings (Fig.
45), but as only one such cutting can be made from a cane,
unless the cane bears very strong branches, they are not
much used. Various methods of peeling, slitting and slicing
cuttings are recommended, in order to extend the callusing
process but they are not used in common or commercial
practice. The cuttings are tied in bundles of 50 or 100, and
stored in sand, moss, or sawdust in a cellar, until spring,
when they are planted in rows in the open. Some varieties,
of which the Delaware is an example, do not strike
readily from cuttings. Some growers start common cuttings
of these under glass in spring. Others bury the bundles of
cuttings in a warm exposure in the fall, with the butt ends up
and about level with the surface of the ground. This
affords bottom heat to the butts and induces callusing. At
the approach of cold weather the cuttings are removed to a
cellar, or are heavily mulched and allowed to remain where
buried. Storing is safer. Some growers obtain the same
results by burying upside down in a cellar. These slow-rooting
sorts often start well if they are simply kept in a
warm cellar--but where the buds will not swell--all winter,
as the callusing is then hastened. At the end of the first
season the plants may be transplanted. The plants are
often sold at this age, but buyers usually prefer two-year-old
plants.
Single bud or "eye" cuttings are largely used for the
newer and rarer varieties. These are cut from the canes in
the fall, the same as long cuttings, and are stored in boxes of
sand or moss. A month before the weather becomes settled,
these boxes may be taken into a house or greenhouse, or put
in a mild hot-bed, to induce the formation of the callus.
They may then be planted out-doors, and a fair proportion of
most varieties may be expected to grow. The best and commonest
way of handling eyes, however, is to start them
under glass. They are planted horizontally or nearly so and
about an inch deep in sand or sandy earth in a cool greenhouse
in late winter--in February in the northern states--and
in about six weeks the plants will be large enough to pot
off or to transplant into cold-frames or a cool house. If
only a few plants are to be grown they may be started in
pots. When the weather is thoroughly settled, they are
transferred to nursery rows, and by fall they will make fine
plants. There are various ways recommended for the cutting
of these eyes--as cutting the ends obliquely up or
down, shaving off the bark below the bud, and so on--but
the advantages of these fashions are imaginary. A good
eye-cutting is shown in Fig. 50. The foreign grapes are
propagated by eyes in the north.
Soft cuttings are sometimes used to multiply new kinds.
These may be taken in summer from the growing canes, but
the plants are usually forced during winter for the purpose
of giving extra wood. Cuttings are taken off as fast as buds
form during the winter, and they are forced in close frames
with a good bottom heat. The cuttings may comprise two
buds, with the leaf at the upper one allowed to remain,
or they may bear but a single eye, in which case the leaf, or
the most of it, is left on. This rapid multiplication from
small, soft wood usually gives poor plants; but strong plants
may be obtained by allowing the wood to become well
hardened before it is used. Soft cuttings will root in two or
three weeks under good treatment.
In order to secure extra strong plants from single buds,
the eyes may be saddle-grafted or whip-grafted upon a root
two or three inches long. The root-grafts are then treated
in the same way as eye cuttings, only that they are usually
grown in pots from the start.
The vine may be grafted with ease by any method. Cleft-grafting
is commonly employed upon old plants. The cions
are inserted on the crown of the plant, three or four inches
below the surface of the ground. The cleft is bound with
string and then covered with earth, no wax being necessary.
Young plants are usually whip-grafted at the crown, either
in-doors or out-doors. Grafting the vine is mostly confined
to Europe, California, and other countries where the European
grape (_Vitis vinifera_) is grown, as that species must be
grafted upon some other stock in order to resist the phylloxera.
The common wild frost-grape (_Vitis riparia_) is the most
popular stock. The union in these cases must be two or
three inches above the ground, to prevent the cion from taking
root. The union is wound with waxed muslin, and the
earth is heaped about it until it has healed. Grafting may
be done out-doors in winter or spring. In the north, winter
grafts are likely to be heaved by frosts, and late spring grafts,
made as the leaves are pushing, are probably best.
The vine is frequently inarched, and early in spring it can
be budded by ordinary methods.
Seed-grafting is a curious practice, which may be applied
to the grape (see page 90).
=Grape Hyacinth.= See Muscari.
=Graptophyllum=, Earlia. _Acanthaceæ._
Seeds. Increased by cuttings of rather firm young shoots
placed in a frame with some heat.
=Gratiola=, Sophronanthe (Hedge Hyssop). _Scrophularineæ._
Seeds. Propagated readily by dividing the roots in spring.
=Grevillea.= _Proteaceæ._
Propagated by seeds, sown under glass in February; also
by cuttings of half-ripened wood.
=Grewia=, Chadara, Mallococca. _Tiliaceæ._
Seeds. Cuttings may be struck in sand under glass, with
heat.
=Grindelia.= _Compositæ._
Seeds, sown in the border or under a frame. Divisions.
Cuttings.
=Ground-Cherry.= See Physalis.
=Ground-Nut.= See Apios; also Pea-nut.
=Groundsel.= See Senecio.
=Guaiacum.= _Zygophylleæ._
Ripened cuttings in spring, under a hand-glass, in heat.
=Guava= (_Psidium_, several species). _Myrtaceæ._
The guavas grow readily from seeds, and plants will often
bloom when a year and a half old. They may also be multiplied
by layers, and by cuttings either under glass or in the
open.
=Guelder Rose.= See Viburnum.
=Guernsey Lily.= See Nerine.
=Gumbo.= See Hibiscus.
=Gum, Sweet.= See Liquidambar.
=Gum-tree.= See Eucalyptus.
=Gunnera.= _Halorageæ._
Propagated by division. It is very difficult to raise from
seed.
=Gustavia=, Pirigara. _Myrtaceæ._
Cuttings, made of ripened shoots and handled in a frame.
=Gymnema.= _Asclepiadeæ._
Make cuttings of firm side shoots in spring, and place in a
frame.
=Gymnocladus= (Kentucky Coffee-tree). _Leguminosæ._
Readily increased by seeds, which start better if soaked for
a few hours in hot water. Also by root-cuttings.
=Gymnogramme.= See Ferns.
=Gymnyostachys.= _Aroideæ._
Propagation is effected by suckers and divisions.
=Gynerium= (Pampas Grass). _Gramineæ._
Seeds, under glass in the north. Also increased by dividing
the tufts.
=Gynura.= _Compositæ._
Increased by cuttings and seeds.
=Gypsophila.= _Caryophylleæ._
Propagated by seeds, division or cuttings.
=Habranthus.= See Zephyranthes.
=Habrothamnus.= See Cestrum.
=Hackberry.= See Celtis.
=Hæmanthus= (Blood Flower). _Amaryllideæ._
Bulbels, which should be removed and potted when the
plants are commencing new growth, and be kept in a close
pit or house till established. Seeds are rarely used.
=Hæmodorum= (Australian Blood-root). _Hæmodoraceæ._
Increased by dividing the roots in spring.
=Hakea=, Conchium. _Proteaceæ._
Well-ripened cuttings, placed in sandy peat under glass, in
a cool house. Seeds, when obtainable, can be used.
=Halesia=, Pterostyrax (Silver-bell or Snowdrop Tree). _Styracaceæ._
Seeds, which rarely germinate till the second year. They
should be kept constantly moist. Propagation is also effected
by layers, or by cuttings of the roots in spring and autumn.
Layers are commonly employed in this country.
=Halimodendron= (Salt-tree). _Leguminosæ._
Freely increased by seeds, layers or cuttings. May also
be grafted on common laburnum.
=Hamamelis= (Witch-hazel). _Hamamelideæ._
All grow from seeds or layers, and the Japan species succeed
if grafted on American species in the greenhouse. _H.
Virginica_ may be readily propagated by layers.
=Hamelia.= _Rubiaceæ._
Seeds. Cuttings which are nearly ripe will root during
the early part of summer under glass, with heat.
=Hamiltonia=, Spermadictyon. _Rubiaceæ._
Seeds. Half-ripened cuttings, placed in sand under glass.
=Hardenbergia.= _Leguminosæ._