_The Egyptian Slave Trade--How carried on--An Army of Kidnappers--A Slave King--Frightful Scenes--Sir Samuel Baker’s Expedition--A
Shrewd Move--Breech-loaders as Civilizing Agents--A Missionary Outfit--Starting for the Slave Country--Reluctant A lies--The “Forty
Thieves”--Running against a Snag--The Sacred Egyptian Flower--The Lotos-Eaters, Who were They?--The New York Lotophagi--The Papyrus
or Vegetable Paper--Capturing a Cargo of Slaves--The Plague of Flies--A few more “likely Niggers”--Marrying by Wholesale--A Fight
with the Natives--The result of the Expedition._
I HAVE already alluded to the efforts of the Khedive to put an end to the slave trade in Central Africa, and to give that benighted
part of the world some of the advantages of civilization.
Under some of the former rulers of Egypt the slave trade had been openly encouraged, while under others it was restricted, but not
very forcibly. In 1869 the Khedive determined to make a formidable effort for its suppression. At that time the reports from Central
Africa showed that the trade was mainly carried on by Egyptian subjects, most of them merchants of Khartoum. They were working on
an extensive scale. They had organized companies of well armed brigands, and they sent out regular expeditions of these fellows into
the country whence the slaves were drawn. Ostensibly these expeditions were for trading in ivory, but the chief and frequently the
sole article of commerce sought was of a color quite the reverse of ivory. To such an extent was the business carried that large
tracts of country were rendered almost desolate; whole villages were burned and their {624}inhabitants killed, dispersed or
captured, and sold into slavery, and all legitimate business seemed to be at an end. It was estimated that not less than fifteen
thousand subjects of the Khedive were employed in trading inhuman flesh. Nearly the whole of the Nile basin beyond Khartoum was
parcelled out among the traders, who worked together for the common good and conducted their _razzias_ by means of their armed
followers.
One of the traders claimed jurisdiction over ninety thousand square miles of territory, and could do as he pleased within its
borders. The estimate of the number of slaves annually captured and sent out of the country was not less than fifty thousand. As the
traders could penetrate into all the populous country and make their raids at will there was great insecurity of life and property.
The Khedive determined to strike a blow for the suppression of this infamous business, and for this purpose an expedition was
organized and Sir Samuel White Baker was assigned the supreme command for four years from April 1st, 1869.
This expedition was expected to subdue to the Khedive’s authority the countries situated to the south of Goudokoro; to suppress
the slave trade; to introduce a system of commerce; to open to navigation the great lakes of the equator; and to establish military
stations and commercial depots throughout Central Africa.
Baker was given absolute control of the men under him and of the country designated in the Khedive’s decree. He had even the power
of life and death, and from his decisions there was no appeal.
It was decided that one of the first steps necessary in suppressing the slave trade was to “annex” the country of the Nile basin to
Egypt. This would make it subject to Egyptian laws and would tend to the establishment of commerce more surely than if the region
should remain independent and uncivilized. The inhabitants could learn to read and write, and could buy whiskey and tobacco; they
could get drunk and steal, and otherwise be honored citizens, as if they were subjects of the Queen of England or the President
of the United States. Instead of going about in nakedness they would have strings of beads to wear {625}around their necks, and if
prosperous and obedient they might hope for rings on their fingers, and in time for bells on their toes. Christianity and contagious
diseases would be introduced; they would have debating societies, spelling matches, and caucusses, and all kindred institutions of
a free people, and they might look forward to that millennial period when city halls and courthouses, and prisons, and jails, would
rise in their midst to enrich the Ethiopian Tweeds and Sweeneys of that happy time. The heathen should no longer live in blindness
and bow down to wood and stone. He should go to a fine church on Fifth avenue, listen to a popular preacher, and sing his hosannas
by proxy through the mouths of a carefully selected and liberally paid quartette. It was expected that the natives would rush
anxiously forward to listen to the proclamation of annexation.
To aid them to come to a favorable decision Sir Samuel was provided with a suitable number of breech-loading rifles with plenty
of fixed ammunition, and with about sixteen hundred men to handle the rifles properly. This military force included two hundred
irregular cavalry and two batteries. With such a missionary outfit as this it was thought there would be no trouble in convincing
the untutored savages that it was a good thing to be annexed and civilized. The arms and equipments were carefully selected, and
for the further purpose of convincing the natives three steamboats--built in sections so that they could be carried on camels--were
taken along. Then there was a large supply of English cloth of different kinds, all sorts of tools and toys, musical boxes, cheap
watches, and odds and ends of different kinds enough to stock a variety store at Christmas time.
After many delays and difficulties the expedition was off for Khartoum where it arrived in course of time. The official and other
residents of Khartoum were not over friendly to the expedition, as the most of them had an interest in the slave trade, directly or
otherwise, and some of the principal operators were on intimate terms with the governor. The latter had done nothing toward getting
ready the vessels necessary for the expedition, but he went to work soon after Baker’s arrival and displayed considerable activity.
After a while the expedition moved on with the two steamers which had been put together, and with a {626}fleet of thirty-one sailing
vessels. Altogether the command of Baker Pasha was somewhat more than a thousand men, the original number having been diminished by
sickness, death, and desertion.
He had a special corps of forty-six men selected as a body guard and commanded by an Egyptian lieutenant-colonel. As the most of
them were originally convicts sent from Cairo to the Soudan the contingent was known as the “Forty Thieves.” They were a brave lot
of rascals and did most excellent service.
In this army of enterprise commanded by Baker Pasha, it did not appear necessary that the men that went out for soldiers should be
of the best quality. Anything will do as food for powder, and when they prove as courageous as did the “Forty Thieves,” the wisdom
of the selection is to be commended.
Baker proceeded up the Nile from Khartoum as fast as the winds and steam could carry him, and had no trouble for some days. His
difficulties began when he reached a point where the river was blocked with a mass of reeds and vegetable matter through which the
water managed to soak. But the boats could not find any passage and the expedition was compelled to halt.
At length thirty vessels were ordered to form in line single file, to cut a canal through the high water grass, but the operation
was very fatiguing to the men and put a goodly number of them on the sick list. They made about a mile and a half the first day,
and on the next the whole fleet was pushed forward about five miles, the mass of vegetation having diminished in quantity. But
on subsequent days they were not so fortunate, and finally were forced to stop altogether. The mass of vegetable matter steadily
increased, and finding the passage impossible Baker gave the order to return.
Among the plants that formed part of this, vegetable mass was the lotos, the flower that was considered sacred among the ancient
Egyptians, and was cultivated in the little ponds at the sides of their temples. It is a species of water lily. Eleven varieties
of the lotos are known; but only one is now found in lower Egypt, the leaves and flowers of which float upon the water. From
representations on the walls of temples and tombs it is supposed that the sacred flower of ancient Egypt generally grew
{627}
[Illustration: 0644]
{629}in the edge of the water or in a moist place. The leaves and flowers were upheld above the surface by strong stalks. The pods
and seeds of the lotos are eaten by the natives in Central Africa, and sometimes form their only article of food.
The Lotos-eaters, or Lotophagi, were described by Herodotus, who was vainly urged to eat of the plant. It was supposed that one who
had eaten of the lotos would lose all desire to return to his native land, and be content to pass the rest of his days in dreamy
rest. Tennyson has made use of this idea in one of his most charming poems.
A club known as the Lotos was formed in New York some years ago, and is yet in successful operation. But the digestive organs of its
members and their guests are exercised upon beefsteak, potatoes, and kindred edibles much oftener than upon the African plant. In
fact, I have never yet seen the article on their _menu_.
Further up the Nile its banks are covered with a dense vegetation which includes many kinds of tropical plants. The lotos rises from
the water’s edge, and close beside it may be seen the papyrus, the plant whose name is preserved in the word “paper.”
As the expedition went back the channel which had been cut with so much labor was found to be freshly choked so that the return
movement was nearly as slow as the advance.
On the advance up the river the governor of Fashooda, a station on the White Nile, had warmly commended the Khedive’s plan for
suppressing the slave trade, and wished Baker the best of success. On the latter’s unexpected return he found the governor shipping
a cargo of slaves down the river, and that several villages in the vicinity had been robbed of their inhabitants in order that
the governor could make up his cargo. Baker captured the boat containing the slaves and had the captives brought out. There were
seventy-one of them in all, and an examination of the shore revealed eighty-four additional slaves guarded by the governor’s
soldiers!
The governor tried to explain that the prisoners were held as hostages until the rest of the people should pay their taxes. But
as there was no fixed tax in the country the whole story was rather lacking in texture, in fact, was altogether “too thin.” The
{630}governor was somewhat annoyed at having been caught, and his principal consolation was that slave dealing was the chief
business of the Soudan country, and that therefore he was no worse than his fellows.
Baker now descended the Nile to the mouth of the Sabat river, where he established a camp on a piece of high ground.
[Illustration: 0647]
A garden was formed and planted, and in a short time a dozen varieties of vegetables were in rapid growth. Millions of white ants
appeared and created great havoc among the stores of the expedition, and they were gallantly assisted by the rats which abound
around the White Nile. Flies were very troublesome, and compelled the erection of dark stables for the horses, and even in these
stables it was necessary to make smudges of burning horse dung to expel the annoying insects. The donkeys suffered likewise, but in
spite of the flies they were found to keep their condition best in the open air, though their hair fell off and their skins assumed
the appearance of India rubber. After a time they became accustomed to the situation; with all their persistence the flies were
unable to appeal to the moral nature of the beasts.
Gristmills and sawmills were erected, and for the first time in the history of the world this part of the Nile basin resounded
to the {631}music so familiar to the valleys of the Penobscot and Kennebec. A small machine shop was opened, and there was much
activity in the preparations for the next campaign to the south. The natives looked on wonderingly, and established the most
friendly relations with the expedition. But it took them a long time to understand why the government should send an armed force
to break up the slave trade, when its local officials were more or less engaged in that commerce. The untutored savage is quick at
comprehending anything which an educated white man could not easily get through his head.
One day a sail-boat was discovered descending the river. It attempted to pass, but was brought to land, and at first glance appeared
to be laden with corn. The captain and super-cargo protested that they had no slaves on board. An examination was made resulting
in the discovery of a. hundred and fifty stowed away in the hold like sardines in a can. They were brought out--boys, girls, and
women--all perfectly naked; their shackles were removed and the captain and supercargo were put in irons.
Next morning Baker gave free papers to the negroes, and gave them the choice of returning to their homes or making themselves useful
about the camp. He told the women that if any of them wished to marry, they could possibly find husbands among his soldiers.
In the afternoon the officer in charge of the negroes came to inform Baker that all the women wished to marry, and had already
selected their husbands. There was some difficulty about arranging the details, as the black women refused to marry the brown men of
the Egyptian regiment. They didn’t want any dirty white trash, but had no objection to such soldiers as had the good fortune to be
negroes.
Months were consumed in tedious and vexatious delays before the expedition arrived at Gondokoro. Here a station was established, a
garden was planted, and the natives were made by various means to understand that the expedition had come there to stay, and occupy
the country in the interest of freedom.
The natives were hostile, and were particularly enraged when told that the country was to be annexed to Egypt. On the 26th {632}of
May the ceremony was performed that added many thousand miles of territory to the dominions of the Khedive.
A flagstaff eighty feet high had been erected. The whole military force, consisting of twelve hundred men with ten pieces of
artillery, was marched out and formed in a square around the flagstaff.
[Illustration: 9649]
The official proclamation was read, and as the last words were pronounced, the Ottoman flag was run up, the officers saluted with
their swords, the infantry presented arms, and the artillery fired a salvo which woke the echoes of Gondokoro and the surrounding
country. But the soldiers of the expedition had become discouraged, and the mutinous spirit among the men finally broke out in the
shape of written protests signed by all the officers, except those belonging to “The Forty Thieves.”
These protests were to the effect that the officers and soldiers were weary of the expedition, and wished to return to Khartoum.
Fights with the natives became of almost daily occurrence, and some of them assumed the importance of battles. But the arrows and
spears of the natives and the few muskets they had obtained from the traders, were no match for the rifles of the Egyptians, and the
fights invariably resulted in the defeat of the savage. But the movements of the expedition were retarded, and the little camp at
Gondokoro was kept in a state of frequent alarm. Though the rebellious officers were silenced, their feelings were unchanged, and
they did not rush eagerly into the fight when the bugle called to arms.
Still Baker persevered, and by his bravery and indomitable
{633}
[Illustration: 0650]
{635}energy the expedition was kept together. The sick and wounded were sent back to Khartoum, and the command was soon reduced
to less than five hundred men of all ranks and occupations. Numerous expeditions were sent into the surrounding country, to the
consternation of the natives, who were astonished at the appearance of the soldiers, especially as they were accompanied by music
from the bugles of “The Forty Thieves” and the band of the Egyptian regiment.
At the expiration of his term of service, Baker descended the Nile and arrived at Cairo in August, 1873, where he was warmly
received by the Khedive and decorated with the order of the “Medjidie.”
Colonel Gordon, whose name had become well known through his connection with the wars in China, and his organization of the army
that received the title of “Ever Victorious,” was appointed to succeed Baker Pasha. Late in 1873 he proceeded to the Soudan, where
he took command of the troops which had been left at Khartoum and Gondokoro. The expedition was reorganized, and in 1874 was ready
to proceed. Fresh soldiers were sent from Cairo, a better equipment was given to the soldiers, and several of the foreign officers
in the Khedive’s service were transferred to the Soudan. Arms, ammunition, goods, provisions, and all needed supplies were liberally
provided, and the work of exploration and the suppression of the slave trade was actively pushed.
While I was in Egypt I became acquainted with two of the American officers who were to accompany Colonel Gordon, and they departed
for the south during my stay at Cairo. They were Lieutenant-Colonel Long and Major Campbell, and both impressed me as able and
efficient officers thoroughly devoted to their duty. As I write they are still in Equatorial Africa; the work of the expedition was
expected to continue for three years from January, 1874, and is therefore far from complete.
The Khedive shows a determination to put an end to the barbarous traffic in humanity and to discover the sources of the Nile, thus
setting at rest a question which has vexed the scientists from the days of Herodotus to our own. He has followed up his policy of
annexation by taking the rich country of Darfoor under {636}his standard and proclaiming it the territory of Egypt. Darfoor has
long been at war with Egypt, and it is to be hoped that the annexation of the country will bring a lasting peace that will tend to
agricultural and commercial development. The moral influence of breech-loaders and rifled artillery in the hands of Gordon and his
energetic assistants is actively at work, and the results can be confidently expected at no distant day. The whole of Equatorial
Africa will come under the sway of Egypt, and the old kingdom of the Pharaohs will assume an extent never dreamed of in the days of
Isis and Osiris.
[Illustration: 5653]
{637}
[Illustration: 0654]