_The Khedive, who is he?--A hard-worked Pasha--His personal habits--My interview with him--Adventures of an old hat--Arranging
ourselves for a royal reception--An eastern Monarch in a European dress--An unimpeachable costume--A fluent talker--Bedouin
Reporters--A carriage from the Harem--Two pair of bright eyes--Unveiling the women--A talk with a couple of pigmies--A nation of
dwarf-warriors--My impressions of the Khedive._
MOHAMMED Ali, the founder of the present ruling family of Egypt, was a man of great ability, but his energies were devoted to
repairing the damages done by the misfortunes that preceded his reign, rather than to marking out new paths of progress for Egypt.
At the time of his death in 1848 the country was much the same as in the early part of the century.
Under the rulers that succeeded him, particularly under Said Pasha, some progress was made; but it was not until the present
Viceroy, Ismail Pasha, ascended the throne, that Egypt began her career of improvement. There were a few steamboats on the Lower
Nile before his time, and the construction of the Suez canal had been begun, but the railway was practically unknown, and the cities
and villages were in much the same condition that they had been for a long time. Nearly all the great public works owe their origin
to the present Khedive, Ismail Pasha, and he can point with pride to Egypt as she stands to-day.
If anybody imagines that it is easy work to be king, he would change his mind, if he could, for a few weeks, make an exchange of
places with Ismail Pasha. There is not, I was told, a more {458}industrious man in the country than the Khedive. He rises early,
takes his bath and makes his toilet; then he takes a light breakfast and sits down to work a little past seven o’clock, and
sometimes before that hour.
[Illustration: 9471]
There are a lot of documents to examine, and questions to decide, which occupy him until eight o’clock, when his ministers arrive,
and he holds counsel with them on matters connected with their different departments.
Thus his time is consumed till near eleven o’clock or between ten and eleven, when he gives audiences to miscellaneous officials,
to the foreign representatives and to strangers whom they have arranged to introduce to His Highness. This lasts until noon when
he retires to breakfast and a rest of an hour or so; then he generally takes a drive in his carriage, and very often has one of his
ministers to accompany him, so that quite possibly he combines pleasure with business, by discussing affairs of state during the
drive.
The latter part of the day is passed according to circumstances. Sometimes there will be more bureau duty and ministerial
interviews; sometimes there are state dinners and court ceremonies, and sometimes an important matter will come up unexpectedly, so
that business and ceremony are crowded close together. Sometimes he attends the opera in the evening, but this not often, and
when he goes there he does not remain to the end. He retires early, so as to have plenty of rest, and he lives very carefully and
regularly. He is said to be abstemious in matters of food and drink, for only by his regular habits could he preserve his health
through so much hard work as he performs.
Through the kindness of Mr. Beardsley, our diplomatic agent and Consul-General for Egypt, I had the pleasure, one day, of an
interview with the Khedive. At a visit to the palace a few days before, Mr. Beardsley had asked to present two of his fellow
countrymen, Mr. Bayard Taylor and myself, and on the same evening he received notice that half-past ten on the day in question had
been fixed for the reception. We were notified at once, and accordingly crowded our slender forms into our dress suits, brushed our
stove-pipe hats into the best available appearance, and sallied forth from our hotel.
[Illustration: 8472]
Candor compels me to say that my hat was not new, and had passed through a variety of experiences by sea and land, in rain and dust,
and in numerous mishaps that had creased, and indented, and thread-bared its once glossy skin and faultless shape.
It had been new once, but since then I had transported it across Europe, summered it in Vienna, taken it down the Danube, into
Southern Russia, through the Crimea and carried it to Constantinople, Athens, and Smyrna, into Syria and Palestine, and thence into
Egypt.
Don’t you think that a hat which has been through so much would need a great deal of polishing to fit it for a vice-regal
presentation?
But it went through the ordeal gloriously, and as I kept it behind me most of the time, the Khedive never made--to me at least--any
comment about it.
As for Mr. Taylor--well, I may be revealing a secret and it may breed a quarrel between us, but candor again compels me to speak
out. His hat wasn’t his hat but another gentleman’s, borrowed for the occasion, or if it wasn’t it might have been. I never saw him
wear it before, and it was much better than mine, {460}which was only fit to be seen when out of sight. Mr. Taylor ought to have
been proud of that hat when he compared it with the one I carried, but if he was, he was too polite to hurt my feelings, and didn’t
manifest any haughtiness.
Accompanied by Mr. Beardsley, we drove to the Abdeen Palace, where the Khedive resides with his family,--a neat and substantial
looking edifice, in the western part of Cairo. As we entered the courtyard and drove to the door, the sentinels on duty presented
arms, and we were met at the doorway by Murad Pasha, the Master of Ceremonies, who greeted us cordially and escorted us to the
waiting room on the ground floor.
Here we spent some fifteen minutes,--as we were ahead of time--in conversation with the Master of Ceremonies and with Ibrahim Pasha,
nephew of the Khedive. The secretary and assistant secretary of the Khedive were present, and we were introduced to both. The time
passed away rapidly, as all were fluent in French and the conversation was not confined to particular topics.
Promptly at half-past ten we were ushered up one side of a double staircase, that turned and formed a single broad escalier, a
dozen steps or so below the audience floor. Murad Pasha accompanied us to the foot of the broad stairway, and thence we--the
Consul-General and ourselves--proceeded alone. As I raised my eyes I saw the Khedive standing carelessly at the further side of the
room; when he caught site of our advancing column he stepped forward to meet us. He first greeted Mr. Beardsley, who followed the
greeting by introducing Mr. Taylor with a few carefully chosen and appropriate words concerning him. Then came my turn, and while
the Consul-General was making the introduction, the Khedive shook hands with us and welcomed us to his house. He then led the way to
the audience room, a smaller parlor, overlooking the court yard.
The reception hall, where he met us, was furnished in the French style, with large mirrors and Parisian furniture; the audience
parlor, whither we followed him, was similarly adorned in European style, with chairs and sofas covered with snow-white linen, and
with a marble table in the centre. The walls were covered with blue paper, figured with small flowers of a grayish tint, {461}and
the curtains and fixtures were in harmony with the walls. A tasteful chandelier above the table was filled with candles, ready for
lighting, and on the table was a box of cigars, which, doubtless, were equally ready for lighting.
If we had gone there expecting to find the ruler of Egypt wearing baggy trowsers and a turban and smoking a _nargileh_, we should
have been greatly disappointed. His dress is entirely European, with the single exception of the _fez_, or _tarboosh_, which covers
his head. His coat and trowsers were of English cut; the former was double-breasted, with silk trimmings on the lappels, and he wore
it buttoned after the style of a morning or walking coat in London or New York.
His shirt-front was almost entirely concealed by a black cravat or necktie, fastened at the crossing with a single pin of what
appeared to be a ruby; beyond this pin he wore no jewelry whatever. His spotless white collar was turned down, and from the neatness
of its fit and the careful polish it presented, I judge that he has a better laundress than I was able to find in Cairo. I was on
the point of asking him to recommend me to her, but forebore, on the supposition that he might prefer to keep such a good washwoman
to himself.
The figure of the Khedive is not of the lean and hungry kind; he appears to be about five feet nine in height, and is decidedly
inclined to stoutness, without being ill-proportioned.
Physically, he appears to have lived well, without any overfeeding. His face is full and broad, and he wears a closely-trimmed beard
and moustache of a brownish hue. When in repose, his face is quite thoughtful, but as soon as he begins to talk it lightens up, and
there is a constant play of animation over all his features. His brown eyes sparkle, and he accompanies his facial expression with
frequent gestures of his hands, quite in contrast to the solemn and stately manner which we associate with Oriental rulers.
The Khedive took a seat in the corner of the room, and motioned us to places near him, one on his right and two on his left, so that
he could address all three without any necessity for a change of position beyond a very slight turning of the head. He began the
conversation by asking Mr. Taylor if this was his {462}first visit to Egypt. The latter replied that he was there twenty years ago
and made a journey to the White Nile.
“Ah, yes,” said His Highness, “that was in the time of Abbas Pasha.”
Mr. Taylor bowed assent, and remarked the wonderful changes that had taken place since that time, and the great progress that he
noticed all around, to which the Khedive made acknowledgment by a slight but graceful bow.
There was a pause of a few seconds, which was broken by a question from Mr. Beardsley as to the latest intelligence from; the upper
country, where the Egyptian troops had a battle with the army of the King of Darfoor.
“Nothing very recent,” was the reply of the Khedive; “nothing since the news two or three weeks ago of the battle in which the King
was defeated. The report was that the King attacked our forces, and was defeated with heavy loss, but it must have been his son,
as the King himself, _le pauvre diable_, is totally blind, and couldn’t do much in leading an army. I am sure it must have been his
son, though the dispatch did not say so.”
Conversation then went on, concerning Darfoor and its extent and resources. The Khedive spoke of the effort he was making for the
suppression of the slave-trade, and said they had a force stationed there to watch the frontier and liberate the slaves which were
being transported by caravans.
“The Bedouins inform us,” said he, “of the movements of the caravans, so that we have no difficulty in knowing where they are. We
have told the Darfoorians that we do not wish to interfere with them, only in stopping the slave trade, and we are on good terms
with them, except in this one matter.”
He said, further, that the Darfoorian army had four cannon, and that in the recent battle the Egyptians took three of them.
I asked him where they obtained the cannon, and he said, with a smile, that two of them were sent as a present from Said Pasha, the
former Viceroy, to the King of Darfoor. These two guns were among the three captured; the third was a very old and nearly useless
piece that the Darfoorians bought, probably, from some of the traders to the sea-coast, and the other gun which they still retained
was of the same sort. {463}I asked what kind of small arms the Darfoorians had, and he replied that, in addition to their lances and
bows and arrows, they had flint-lock muskets, quite inadequate for coping with the breech-loading rifles with which his own army is
equipped.
After some further talk about the Darfoorians and the country of the Soudan, which Egypt has recently explored, and continues to
explore, the conversation turned upon the pigmies, which had been brought from Central Africa. The Khedive gave us some interesting
details about them, and recommended that we should go and see them at the _Kasr-el-Nil_ barracks, where they were then kept. There
was a brief conversation about the explorations of Livingstone, Schweinfurth, and Miani, and when it ended, the Khedive rose, and
we did likewise. He accompanied us to the head of the staircase, gave each a farewell hand-shake, and said, in addition to the usual
phrases of civility, “If I can be of any service to you, do not hesitate to inform me.”
We thanked him for his proffered kindness, bowed our adieux, and descended the stairway. At the foot we were met by the Master
of Ceremonies, who accompanied us to the waiting-room, where we had left our overcoats, and subsequently accompanied us to our
carriage.
Our interview with the Khedive lasted about twenty minutes. He speaks French easily and correctly, and without any hesitation
whatever. His manner throughout was easy and frank, and thoroughly pleasant, and such as to remove any embarrassment on the part
of a visitor. There were touches of humor in his utterances, which cannot be rendered into English without losing their charm, and
therefore I will not attempt to give them.
From the Abdeen palace we drove to the barracks of _Kasr-el-Nil_ to see the little men about whom His Highness had told us. Just as
we left the palace, we met one of the harem carriages, containing two women, guarded by a couple of soldiers and the same number of
eunuchs. The four were on splendid horses, the soldiers preceding and the eunuchs following the carriage. The blind of the carriage
was down, and as the vehicle whisked rapidly past us, I caught sight of a couple of veiled faces with flashing bright eyes, and with
pretty features just visible beneath the thin gauze. {464}It was a passing vision, a glimpse of a moment, that left no impression
that could be retained. It is an impression which one receives quite often in Cairo, if he chooses to look toward the harem
carriages when making their afternoon promenade. The family of the Khedive are more fortunate than that of any other Mohammedan
ruler, as it can ride in carriages and see far more of out-door life than the royal ladies of other Eastern cities.
The Khedive is no bigot, as many things indicate. I was told, though how truly I cannot say, that he is quite willing to allow his
wives to appear unveiled after the European manner, and that probably they will do so before many years. I fancy that the prejudices
of the women would be found stronger than his. Custom of long standing declares that no modest woman goes with her face uncovered.
To ask a Mohammedan woman to unveil her face in public, would be as bad as to request a fashionable belle of New York to walk along
Fifth Avenue in the costume of the Black Crook.
As we entered the parade ground of the barracks, we saw what appeared to be a couple of negro boys, playing at one side, and
ascertained on inquiry, that they were the dwarfs or pigmies, for whom we were searching. We called them up and examined them
closely, and they were certainly rare curiosities. There were only two, the taller said to be twenty and the shorter ten years old;
we measured their height, and found them respectively forty-six and forty-three inches in their shoes; the younger, as he stood
beside me, came not quite up to my hip. The eldest measured twenty-four inches around the chest and twenty-seven around the waist;
their abdomens protruded considerably, and their backs were quite hollow.
This excessive protuberance of the abdomen is probably due to their vegetable diet, as the Khedive had told us that they lived, when
at home, almost entirely on bananas and similar fruits. They stood quite erect,--I held a stick perpendicularly behind each of them,
and found that when their heads touched it, their backs were more than two inches from it.
Their necks are short, their limbs well formed, though they are somewhat bowed in the legs, and their feet are long and flat. Their
heads are a curious study. The complexion is not the {465}deepest black of the negro of Nubia, but has rather a brownish hue; their
hair is woolly, and their noses are flat, as though broken in with a hammer.
On looking down over the forehead of the elder, I could see the lips protruding beyond the nose; and it appeared too, that the
nostrils extended further than did the centre of the organ of smell. The lips are full and rounded, but less thick than those of the
negro generally. Their faces were bright, and had a pleasing appearance, though not indicating a high intellect.
Accompanying them was a “Dinka” negro, from the White Nile, and Mr. Taylor questioned him in Arabic about the pigmies and their
country. He said these men came from a region in the interior, and that it took the caravans a year and a half to go there and
return. Very little was known about the pigmies, beyond the fact that their country is quite extensive, and all the people are
of diminutive size. The King was no larger than the taller of the two before us, and they are a warlike people, who fight very
earnestly to prevent anybody visiting them. Their country is covered with jungle, and they conceal themselves in the thickets and
send showers of arrows upon the invaders.
We endeavored to get them to talk, but they would not. One of the soldiers told them to speak, but the elder turned away rather
sullenly, and would not utter a word. The soldiers said their language was quite unlike Arabic, Nubian, or any other that they ever
heard, and further said the pair talked a great deal and very rapidly, when playing together. The name of the elder was Tubal, and
that of the younger Karrell, and they call their country “Takka-lakka-leeka.”
Dr. Schweinfurth, the distinguished German explorer, learned something about these people; but it was the good fortune of Miani, an
Italian, who had been a long time in Africa, to visit them and secure three specimens, two men and a woman, with whom he started
for Europe. But he died while still in the wilds of Africa, and his papers and effects, including the three pigmies, were sent to
Khartoum. There they were seized, to cover certain debts of Miani’s to merchants in Khartoum, and the pigmies, who were supposed to
be slaves, were thrown into prison, where the woman died. They were not kept there long, {466}as the facts about them were speedily
made known, and soon after their release from prison they were sent to Cairo.
The Khedive showed a deep interest in the subject of the country of the dwarfs and its peculiar population, and quite probably
the expeditions he has since sent into Central Africa were instructed to learn something more of them and to penetrate the remote
district if possible.
During our conversation he called special attention to the fact, that a dwarf of any race has a head disproportionately large, and
arms or legs disproportionately long or short. “But you will see,” said he, “that these little men are perfectly formed, like a
well-shaped adult, with the exception of the abdomen, which is due to their vegetable diet, and that the elder has hands and fingers
like those of a person who has reached his full size.” We looked for dwarfish peculiarities, but found none, and were quite of the
opinion of others who have examined them, that they are a race of pigmies.
From the Kasr-el-Nil we drove through the new part of Cairo, along the broad macadamized streets, and after dropping the
Consul-General at his residence, returned to our hotel with the reflection that we had passed an agreeable, interesting, and
instructive forenoon.
I was particularly struck with the thorough information of the Khedive, and the interest he manifested concerning the pigmies,
and about Darfoor and other subjects of our conversation, and asked Mr. Beardsley if he was equally well informed about matters in
general.
“Equally so,” was the reply. “I don’t see how he manages to keep so well posted as he does; he has a remarkably retentive memory
about everything, whether of business or any other matter. When I mention anything that we may have talked about weeks before, he
remembers how it was left at that interview, and shows that it has by no means passed his mind.”
“He knows the course of European, Asiatic, and American politics; understands the religious questions in England and France, and any
other important topic; has the run of affairs in Spain or other revolutionary countries, and is, in fact, _up_ in all the news of
the day. He must read a great deal when we think {467}he is at rest, and he must remember all that he reads. He attends personally
to all the affairs of the country, and though he leaves the details to his ministers, there is no question, except of a very trivial
nature, that is not submitted to him for decision. Any matter concerning the government in any way, goes through the department to
which it belongs, but must always go before the Khedive before it can be decided.”
The title, Khedive, is a Persian one, equivalent to “viceroy,” or, as some persons assert, to “king.” The ruler I have been
describing is the first occupant of the Egyptian throne to wear the title. He is addressed in conversation as “Your Highness,” and
is generally spoken of as “His Highness.” The ministers of state and other high dignitaries in Egypt are known as “Excellencies,”
and to address one of them without the prefix, “_Votre Excellence_,” might give offence. They hold rank as pashas, and are nearly
always gentlemen of liberal education and marked ability. “Pasha,” like “Khedive,” is of Persian origin; it is of great antiquity,
and was originally used to designate the governor of a city or province. There are several grades of pashas, just as in our country
there are several grades of generals. In some parts of the Orient the pasha, when he goes abroad, is preceded by an officer bearing
a pole, from which is suspended the insignia of the great man’s rank.
If he is a first-class pasha, his rank is indicated by three horse tails, and he is called a pasha of three tails. Then there are
pashas of two tails (much more common than cats with two tails), and there are also one-tailed pashas.
Soon after I left Egypt, one of the high officials was removed and furnished with an indefinite leave of absence. A friend, writing
me from Cairo, stated the case thus:
“You may have heard of the change whereby the head of one of the departments has become a pasha of no tail whatever.” Which was not
a bad way of putting it.
{468}
[Illustration: 0481]