Relates how a great shoal of albacore fish accompanied the ship
for many days; the fishing of them; and the rest that happened
until they sighted the land of New Spain.
With the winds between E. and N.N.E. we navigated until the 26th of
July, when we were in 18° N. On this day we had the sun at the zenith,
and crossed the tropic of Cancer on the 1st of August. Up to this
position we had seen gulls and other birds almost every day.
On the 5th we had the wind aft and ran before it, with an E. course,
for nearly three days, then more northerly as far as 25° N. This day,
which was that of St. Lawrence, they collected from a shower of rain
fifty jars full of water. Certain albacore and bonito, in a large
shoal, had hitherto followed the ship, and every day the men fished
with nets, fizgigs, and harpoons, catching ten, twenty, thirty, even
fifty, some of them weighing 3, 4, and 5 arrobas. We ate them fresh,
and salted them down, filling many jars. About 2,500 arrobas [117]
of fish supplied the place of meat, and lasted until we reached the
port of Acapulco, with some over.
The voyage was prolonged owing to scarcity of wind and calms, and
it was necessary to go as far N. as 38°; and we kept working to the
E. with wind S.S.E., not always steady.
On the 1st of September, at three o'clock in the afternoon, there was
a great trembling of the sea and of the ship--a notable thing, and
new to me. Then, with wind S. and S.W., we navigated until the 26th
of September. On that day, at three o'clock in the morning, there was
a great eclipse of the moon, which lasted three hours. The variation
of the needle was here very slight. The pilots were making for land,
and all the people were tired of the long voyage, with the allowance
of water reduced to a quartilla, and other hardships, caused by so
many months at sea. They were most anxious to see land, or signs of
it, when a great weed was seen on the sea, called "porra." In that
season the wind is S.E., and the course E.N.E. The wind changed to
N.E., and it has been necessary to go further N.; but the Captain,
knowing by that weed, and many others of the same kind, that the land
was near, ordered an E.S.E. course to be steered. So they proceeded,
meeting with signs that consoled them: such as the sight of seals,
leaves of trees, and birds of the sea-shore sitting on a tree-trunk.
Much care was exercised with regard to the look-outs. At night
there were two men on the bowsprit, and in the daytime one at each
masthead. At last, on September 23rd, early in the morning, one
Silvestre Marselles reported with great joy: "I see land ahead. It
is high, bare, and dry." Many went aloft to see, and confirmed the
news. The Pilots took the sun at noon, and found the latitude 34°
N. Presently, the Captain told four men to look out carefully, to see
if it was islands. All said it was mainland, but they were wrong:
for on the first night, with a very clear sky, we found ourselves
between two islands, the sight of which disgusted everybody, and caused
the Captain much sorrow. For, during that day and night much care
was required, and even more from not knowing who to trust, each day
bringing its trials. As a remedy, he stationed an overseer on the poop,
but very soon he went with all the rest, who had their own methods. In
fine, it was God's pleasure that the channel should be clear. We sailed
out of it; and, coasting along the main-land, we passed the island of
"Cerros," with the loss of some days from calms and light winds.
Will of the Captain.
"I desire much that in these regions which it has been the will of
God to show me, and in all those still hidden but, no doubt, as well
peopled as those I saw, there be designed and fabricated some nests
without brambles, nor other kinds of thorns, refuges and pleasant
abiding-places of pelicans, who first tear their flesh, open their
bosoms, and clearly show entrails and heart; and, not content with
that, they should give to these people dishes cooked in many ways
in the braziers of enlightened charity being the pots and pans of
piety and pity, and the table-service of all equity; and that for
drink there should be the sweat of their brows, if they prefer not
giving the blood of their veins; all this with pure and clear love,
always without ever a step backwards.
"I should not wish, in no way whatever, that among these new and tender
people there should come to settle and to live, or to enter into grand
palaces for their nests, any falcons, or sakers, or other birds of
prey, which, circling and dissimulating, spring suddenly on their
prey and grasp them with their cruel talons, and with their fierce
and sharp beaks tear them into two thousand pieces, without ever being
gorged, or picking the bones when there is no flesh left on them. To
give a relish to dishes of such impious wickedness, there is offered
certain salts; and they give for fruit certain honeyed excuses void
of all the law of reason and unworthy of all good memory, but very
worthy of due punishment. An example of this is in the Indies with
their islands. Ask all the natives respecting all that affects life,
liberty, honour, and estate (I leave the spiritual out of account),
what there is to say as compared with their state in those former
times, and they will say how things go now: and how they hope they
will go, though not by a post which goes in haste.
"But I answer for them, and say in this wise, that the force,
injuries, injustices, and great evils that have been done, and are
done, are incredible, the methods infernal, the number not to be
counted: and that never have I seen their masters, nor others who
enjoy great part of the toil of the people, to lament the evil things
they have done and do, that they alone may take their ease in all
comfort. If perchance I have heard one grumble, cry, or quarrel, it
is for me a pretence, and nothing more. For they have not pardoned,
nor pardon, nor intend to pardon, for the least thing they want, much
less excuse any payment of money. It is money, I say, that they want,
and more money, though it be torn from men's entrails. This I have
seen, and how much the loss comes in, so much the more money they
want; and they do not return that which they have taken by force,
but rather seek anew and with increased eagerness, dyed in unknown,
dark, and strange colours. I say they require from them always more,
and never less, though it should be in the deprivation of the glory
and eternity of their hell and that of their victims.
"They see this with eyes of the body and soul, those gentlemen who have
to be the judges in so pious a cause as is represented here; for with
theirs I discharge my conscience, announcing in all I have written
and shown with much facility that, if it is desired to mitigate such
diabolical avarice, it will be shown that there is plenty for all;
and that in this and other gentle and reasonable means there will
not be so many fishermen, huntsmen, owners, with such correspondence
as I have seen and well noted. They will do works so honourable and
beautiful as will make all others of the same kind look ugly. And more
also: for God and His Majesty will be served in all those regions,
and the natives will be made to prosper, as is just and right, under
heavy penalties, to be attempted and seen to in the great and the
small affairs; and this will be my reward."
The reasons the Captain gave for Punishing Certain Men, and those he
gave for not doing so.
There were in the ship some persons who always desired all the good
things of the voyage, which they obtained at the cost of much care and
vigilance, but who were annoyed to have been seen, and to be seen by
others, to have little will for the work, and to make a bad return
for the affectionate treatment and the benefits they had received
from the Captain. Others spoke to him many times, wishing to incite
him to punish them, or to give them permission to stab such people.
To this the Captain replied that he had duties to all, and that it
was for him, for just causes, to dissimulate and to suffer. And he
did suffer; and those who were his friends suffered with him, and they
would bear witness that during the expedition he was determined never
to take life or reputation; and if he had done so, he would have been
discontented and unquiet for all the rest of his life. For the rest,
who could seek to have dead men present with him, or dishonoured men?
They said that these men did not recognise good works, nor do they
merit untiring courtesies; nor could it be suffered that these men
should go about with the full intention, as soon as they put their
feet on shore, to speak evil of his person and services, and to
ruin the cause he loved so well, without regard for what is true or
reasonable and just, and merely with the object of avenging themselves.
The Captain said to this that it would be great cowardice to fear for
the truth on account of lies; and that, if he should take account
of ten or twelve worthless men, it would be here that it should be
shown. He well knew, he said, the bad recompense of men, and that he
never hoped for good report, so that he was not deceived; nor did he
wish to waste a single moment on such nonsense, having need for time
for more important matters.
They said that God punishes those who deserve it.
The Captain answered that God pardons, has long suffering and waits,
and that when He determines to punish, He cannot deceive nor be
deceived. He himself had understood the naturally evil dispositions of
some, and the unstable and changeable characters of others. He feared
from many the vengeance desired by their passions, which being blind,
can deceive as much as he can be deceived by his enemies. To pardon
ingrates and enemies without having cause to do so--to do them good by
force, if they wish to know--was a very great vengeance; and greater
courage was shown by having power and not using it, and still greater
to defend them, being enemies, and to overcome them when he addressed
his discourses to them. He had come out of this first attempt without
blood having been on his knife, although he had bought this result
very dear, and it would cost him more hereafter. He considered himself
well employed in securing that this expedition should have fame equal
to that of other passed expeditions; and that over the bones of so
many martyrs there should rise such a good work, with good repute in
the world, which was that for which he took most heed.
They said that piety was very good, and also that it was reasonable
to punish the bad.
The Captain replied to this that the Emperor Theodosius said, on a
certain occasion, that he would like to have the power to give life
to all who are dead. Charles V suffered, and pardoned very many;
deemed it right to give punishment measured out by his will; and
the same was done by George Castriot and many valorous and prudent
Captains--mirrors in which he was looking night and day, with the
desire to imitate them. Piety is worthy of praise, and is the more
celebrated when it is most observed. If to pardon the faults of men,
as he was, hoping for their amendment, was not caused by natural
piety, it would have been less so to treat, so much at his cost,
a work altogether pious. For his part, piety was so applauded and
practised in the greater; but this did not appear a reason to deny it
in lesser, nor that suffering should come to an end for all. Being
about to die, and at a time when he was seeking a port in which to
bring the voyage to an end, all the ill-will that had appeared and
the concealed spite might also end; and the more to humiliate them,
though they might be rebels, he would protect them; saying that he
had experienced this time, for the undeceiving of others, that there
were men with hearts so hard that kindness would not soften them,
and that they would give evil for good. When it should be so, he
would say what he wished and do what he could; that his voice had
been as little heard as the little justice done him, and the low
opinion of him. It is certain that the vulgar will have to judge
this business with very different feelings from what he intended;
and that when he should give sentence it was more desirable that it
should be pious than cruel--rather reputable than severe. He said,
finally, that justice was an excellent virtue, and very necessary in
the world; but yet let it be exercised by others who have the habit,
rather than by him among those who use little reason, the witnesses
being enemies, to investigate the truth without more or less help.
A Notable Event.
There was a sailor in our company, of Aragonese nationality: a
well-disposed and soldierly youth, so well endowed with parts and
graces, that for them his person deserved and was highly esteemed
by all on board. Being in 24° N., and two leagues from the shore,
this lad was called and searched for in all parts of the ship and
in the parts aloft, without an answer and without being found, being
wanted to take the helm in the morning watch. It was reported to the
Captain, who ordered the ship to be put about and further search to
be made. All parts of the sea were examined, his name was cried out,
signals were made with fire, all the rest of the night and part of
the following day being devoted to the search, without getting a
sight of him, nor any mark to guide us.
In this confusion and in great sorrow we continued on our course. The
Captain was anxious to clear up the mystery, and made enquiries. He
found that, on certain days, the lad had filled two pitchers with
seeds, beads, bells, twine, nets, knives, and a hatchet; that he had
closed their mouths with wax of Nicaragua, that he had put wine and
a small box of conserves into a moderate-sized jar, and had taken his
sword. On that same morning he had been very attentive, listening to
the life of St. Anthony the hermit being read to him, and praising it
much. He turned down the page and kept the book. All the afternoon
he was at the masthead looking out, and taking bearings of the land
with a compass he possessed. On the night that he disappeared it
was noticed that he was very watchful. It was conjectured that with
a board, and some battens and cord he had in his berth, he had made
a raft, and that he went away on it, taking with him all the things
that have been mentioned, for none of them were to be found. It was
also said that he had a strong wish to remain with the natives of the
discovered land, and that he had asked one man to stay with him; but
as our departure had been sudden, he had no opportunity of carrying
out his intention. He had, therefore, determined to leave us here,
to teach the heathens or to live in solitude. His chest was opened,
and there was found his clothes, his money, and a memorandum of all
that did not belong to him and had been given to him to take care of,
desiring that it should be returned to the owners.
This was the act of a man whom we held to be rational and a good
Christian, and when I think of his strange resolution it causes me
sorrow, much more that he should have launched himself on such a raft,
with great risk that he would never put his feet on land. Even if he
did, he might not find the requisites to sustain him. If he tried to
go inland, or to the banks of some river, or along the shore, who was
to carry the two pitchers for him, with the things he had with him,
and the other necessaries to maintain life? If eventually he met with
natives, they might be those who would receive him and treat him well,
or they might be those who eat human flesh. Then, to think of the
solitude, of his nakedness, and of the inclemency of the weather. If
he finds that the land does not suit him, from not offering the means
of carrying out his intention, or from having repented of what he had
done, how far he will be from any remedy, and how near to danger and
evil! There are other things well worthy of consideration; above all,
his being cut off from the divine offices and the sacraments. As I know
not his motives, I will not venture to be his judge in this matter;
only desiring that the Lord may have been served by guiding his destiny
in such a way that he may have been saved, and many others with him.
A Great Storm.
We continued on our course, the men ready with their arms, and
look-out men at the mast-heads, because we were approaching a cape
called San Lucas, where the Englishman, Thomas Cavendish, robbed the
ship Santa Ana. We soon passed it and in peace, and on Wednesday
the 11th of October, the sky was serene, the sea smooth, without
conjunction or opposition of the moon. But, in the mouth of the
Gulf of California, towards dawn, a wind sprung up from the N.E.,
with very thick weather. At nine o'clock the wind shifted to N.,
and increased so that we were obliged to batten down the hatchways,
and run before it only under the foresail, which was soon blown to
ribbons, and the ship broached to, breaking the rudder pintels. The
rudder being thus left free, gave such violent blows on either side
that the least harm to be feared was that it would be smashed into
splinters and leave the ship ungovernable. Presently the sailors,
understanding what that signified, helped each other and rigged
tackles, with which the rudder came under control. In bending another
foresail the man who was at the yard-arm was twice covered with water,
and was under water for long spaces of time.
Presently we tried to make sail and run before it; but the wind
increased to such an extent that the violent seas threw up spray
which seemed like showers of rain, and the drops made the eyes smart.
The waves filled the boat with water, and it was quickly washed into
the sea. It was scarcely gone when three seas broke over the ship, with
such force that they left her with the waist half full of water. With
this weight and the violence of the wind the ship could not rise to
it. Seeing this, the Moorish drummer said: "Here we have nothing more
to hope for." Presently he tossed himself into the sea, and such was
his luck that another wave brought him on board again. That he might
not commit such an act of folly again, he was taken into custody.
The scuppers, where the water flows out of a ship, were small and
few. With water up to their waists, the men succeeded with bars and
levers in tearing away some of the planks, so as to allow the water
to escape. Here was seen those who helped without intelligence, and
others who ought to have helped but did not. Some were to be seen at
the pumps, others trying to lighten the ship, and many hoarse with
crying: "Cut away the main mast; it is that which is taking us to
the bottom." Some said Yes, others said No; but, in an instant, with
knives and hatchets, they were cutting away the weather rigging. The
Captain called to the Pilots to look out. They remained deaf. He sent
to tell them all to wait another hour. Many, seeing that the remedy
was delayed and the knife was only threatened, the diligence they used
was for what was important for their souls. Some confessed, others
sought pardon and pardoned, embraced and took leave of each other. Some
groaned and others wept, and many went into corners awaiting death.
The Captain, in great haste, ordered the two natives to be brought
to the bed where he was lying, and the Franciscan Father to ask them
whether they wished to be Christians. Both replied in the affirmative
very fervently, and, when they had recited the creed, he baptized them,
calling them Pedro and Pablo.
The Captain was their godfather, and embraced them with his eyes
full of tears. Seeing that they were frightened, he consoled them,
saying: "To God be the thanks that I owe and ought to give, oh eternal
Father! for such signal mercies. For you have been served that I should
go through such labours, without meriting this small fruit: small as
compared with my desires, but really great, for they are two souls
newly baptized and brought into the bosom of our Catholic Church."
Pedro and Pablo were very devout and constant in prayers, with their
hands joined, and when the ship appeared to be sinking they cried:
"Jesus! Mary!" making the sign of the cross towards the sea. It
was enough to see and hear them, to melt the hardest hearts. The
ship ran on, and hope arose. There was one who said: "Fear nothing;
for such a work is done that God will add what is needed to save the
ship and crew."
It was three in the afternoon. The wind and sea did not work nor
seem to fight with our poor ship, which was so much over on one side,
when a great sea arose, followed by two frightful claps of thunder,
and by such a fierce gust of wind that there seemed to be nothing
left for the ship but to turn over on her keel. Then the semblances of
the dead were seen, the most courageous ordering they knew not what,
and the Pilots dumb. Sighs, vows, promises, and colloquies with God
could be heard, and one who said: "O Lord! for what have I served in
all that has been done and seen if this ship is to go the bottom?" and
he passed on with great demonstrations of faith. In short, all were
crying out, seeking help from God, who was served that the fury of the
wind passed from N.E. to W., and it began to go down. The ship, raising
her neck and shaking her sides, quickly righted, and before night we
made sail and shaped an E.S.E. course, making for Cape Corrientes.
Death of the Father Commissary.
Now we proceeded under all sail with the wind astern and the people
happy, recounting the events of the recent battle with the elements
that it was well to note; some to arouse laughter, others with
amazement at having been witnesses of such a violent storm, the
rigour of which would have been greater and the damage worse if it
had continued through the night. Some praised the ship, its handiness
and strength; others the courage and nerve, and the prompt diligence,
and all the most high Lord for His mercies. Others there were who said
that the tempest and its furies were necessary to humiliate the proud,
to make the ungrateful grateful, and that might come to an end all the
enmities caused from want of love. For with such love can be suffered,
with manly fortitude, what had passed and a little more. Such events
more quickly give than offer; how much more where there was not one
who had a bad taste except this, which it was more difficult to suffer,
one to another for so long a time, in one ship always seeing the same
faces. I say no wonder, if fathers tire of their sons, brothers and
friends quarrel, and a husband sometimes comes to abhor his dear wife.
Our Father Commissary, who had been ill for some time (I think from
want of proper nourishment, and owing to his great age), was attacked
with paroxysms and agonies in the middle of the following night,
and God was served in taking his life. Having worn his habit for
forty years, and being nearly eighty years old; also having died in
a just cause, having gained the jubilee conceded to the expedition,
we may well hope that he enjoys the presence of God. For the rest of
the night his body was lighted with four wax candles. When the day
came, the Father, his companion, with the crew of the ship, prayed
to God for his soul, and with much feeling he was buried in the sea
in sight of the islands called "Las Tres Marias." [118]
The native named Pablo was very attentive, looking on at what was
taking place. As he saw that the body, owing to the weight attached
to its feet, went down, while, at the time of his baptism, they told
him that when Christians die they go to heaven, he asked how it was
that the Father, being a Christian, went to the bottom of the sea. As
best we could, he was given to understand that only the soul went to
heaven. As he knew little about that, he remained doubtful; and all
were full of admiration at seeing a boy of eight years old ask such
a question, who, only the other day, was a brutish gentile.