A DESCRIPTION OF SOUTH AFRICA.--ENGLISH COLONIES.--OSTRICH FARMING.
Frank determined not to be outdone by Fred in describing parts of Africa
which they were not likely to visit in their journey. At the first
opportunity he opened their limited store of books and proceeded to
inform himself concerning South Africa, or that part of the continent
between the twentieth parallel of south latitude and the Cape of Good
Hope. A day's careful reading gave him a good stock of knowledge, which
he promptly conveyed to his cousin.
"It isn't a very dark region," said he, "as it has been settled and
colonized, and has a good many marks of civilization. It has railways
and stage lines, telegraphs and newspapers, hotels and factories,
together with many other things you would hardly expect to find. It was
once a fine hunting-ground for the great game of Africa, but at present
the wild animals are difficult to find, as the most of them have been
killed or driven off.
"Cumming, Anderson, Baldwin, and others have given us accounts of their
adventures. Some of their stories convey the impression that the country
was once so thickly inhabited by wild beasts that it was impossible to
take a walk before breakfast without encountering a lion or an elephant,
a rhinoceros or a giraffe. That happy time is gone forever, and the
greater part of South Africa is delivered from the dangers that made it
so fascinating to the lovers of destruction.
"To begin with," continued the youthful historian, "the most important
part of South Africa is Cape Colony, better known to us as the Cape of
Good Hope."
[Illustration: NATIVE OF CAPE COLONY.]
"It is important, I suppose," remarked Fred, "because it was settled
before any other part of that end of the continent, and contains the
greatest population."
"Exactly so," responded Frank; "it was settled by the Dutch about 1650,
and, with the exception of a few years, remained in their possession
till 1806, when it fell into the hands of the English. At that time it
had an area of one hundred and twenty thousand square miles, and a
population of sixty-one thousand. Now it covers an area of three hundred
thousand square miles, with a population of more than a million,
according to the figures in Silver's 'Hand-book for South Africa' and
other works."
Fred asked how it happened that the area of the colony had increased so
much since the English obtained possession of it.
"Thereby hangs a tale," replied Frank, "and it is to some extent a tale
of British oppression and cruelty. Previous to the English occupation of
the Cape the colonists consisted of Dutch and French emigrants and their
descendants. The former were known as Boers, from the Dutch word _boer_,
a peasant, while the latter were mostly Huguenots, who had fled to
escape religious persecution. They were never reconciled to the British
rule, and in the year 1835 there was a general movement for emigrating
to the wilderness and founding a republic of their own.
[Illustration: EMIGRATING TO THE SOUTH AFRICAN WILDERNESS.]
"They sold their farms, and with their cattle and household goods moved
to the north of the Orange River and founded an independent colony,
making for themselves new homes in the wilderness. A few years later,
when their colony was fairly established, it was 'annexed' by the
English. Again the Boers emigrated, and again they were annexed, and the
same process was again repeated."
"The nation that proclaims itself the champion of freedom was evidently
opposed to the practice of it on the part of others," said Fred, as his
cousin paused a moment in his story.
"Yes," was the response; "it seems to me, and I believe a good many
Englishmen are of the same opinion, that the conduct of the British
government in its South African policy has been most tyrannical and
utterly regardless of the rights of mankind. Ever since the beginning of
the century it has oppressed the Boers, and refused to allow them to
found colonies of their own. It has made war upon them time and again,
for the sole offence of seeking their independence by emigration. In the
recent troubles known as the 'Transvaal War' the Boers defended
themselves bravely, and secured the admiration of the whole world. Their
foes were compelled to admit the valor of the people who fought in
defence of their rights, and a sentiment rapidly gained ground in
England that the government was engaged in an unjust campaign."
"It was to a certain extent a repetition of the story of the American
colonies, and the war that led to their independence," said Fred.
"In some of its features that was the case, but the result has been that
England has gradually assumed control over all the region of South
Africa. It has appropriated the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free
State, and the Boers have probably learned by this time that farther
migration is useless. Some of the annexations have been under the
pretence of a popular vote of the inhabitants; but the voting has
generally been managed in such a way as to remind me of the story of the
Western town in America that took its census one day when a large
excursion party was there. It was thus enabled, by including all the
excursionists, to show a large population. The English have managed to
confine the voting to the mining districts and the towns where
Englishmen were congregated, while the scattered farmers had no chance
to express their opinions.
"We'll drop the political question and take a glance at the country,"
continued Frank. "In Cape Colony there are four main lines of railway,
one of them more than three hundred miles long, and another is under
construction. The colony of Natal has a line of railway of its own, and
they are building an iron road to connect the capital of the Transvaal
with the ocean. Before the end of the century South Africa will have
lost all the characteristics of the 'Dark Continent,' and be much like
the settled portions of the United States. The exploits of Cumming and
Anderson are as impossible there at present as are those of Daniel Boone
and Kit Carson in our own land.
[Illustration: THE "MARCH OF CIVILIZATION."]
"Look at the map," said he as he spread it before his cousin, "and see
how much it resembles that of a group of our own States." They spent
half an hour or more in pointing out real or fancied similarities as
their eyes ran over the outlines of the colonies and their numerous
subdivisions. Fred was amused with many of the names of towns and
districts, and Frank explained that they were mostly given by the Boers,
and indicated how much those energetic colonists had been concerned in
the settlement and development of the country.
"Here is Pietermaritzburg," said Frank, "the chief town of Natal. It is
compounded of the names of two famous Boer leaders in the struggle for
independence--Pieter Retief and Gert Maritz. And here is
Potscherfstroom, in Transvaal, a town which is intended to commemorate
three popular men among the Boers, by taking a syllable from each of
their names. They were Potgieter, Scherf, and Stockenstroom."
"You can go on through the colonies," said he, "and find many names of
similar origin. Everywhere that you traverse the country and enter the
house of a Boer you will be hospitably welcomed, as soon as it is known
you are not an Englishman; and you will find the host and his family
plain, honest, pious, and industrious. Of course there are exceptions;
but they only, like exceptions everywhere, serve to prove the rule.
There is no people in the world more pious than the Boers. They have
morning and evening devotions, and many of the families are in
possession of the Bibles that their ancestors brought from Europe one or
two hundred years ago.
"South Africa is an agricultural and grazing region, and there are some
curious facts connected with the growth of its industries. Seventy years
ago the Governor of Cape Town threw two wagon-loads of wool into the
sea, because there was no use for it. At present the value of the wool
annually exported from Cape Colony is nearly twenty million dollars.
Diamonds were discovered in 1868 on the banks of the Vaal River, and
afterward in several other districts, and since then the diamond mines
have attracted a great many people. The production has been so great
that the diamond market of the world has been seriously affected. The
precious stones have diminished considerably in value, but, fortunately
for the owners of Brazilian and East Indian diamonds, those from South
Africa are nearly all of them 'off color.'"
[Illustration: SCENE IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN DIAMOND MINES.]
"What do you mean by 'off color?'" Fred asked.
"Why," was the reply, "I mean that they are rather '_on_ color.' The
best diamonds are pure white, but nearly all of those from Africa have a
yellowish tint, which greatly reduces their value. The stones from
Brazil and India are of 'first water,' or colorless, and consequently
their value has not materially suffered; but the case is different with
yellow stones, which have lost three-fourths of their value since the
African fields were opened. It is said there was quite a panic among
the diamond owners when they saw what immense numbers of the stones came
from Africa, and some of them predicted that diamonds would become as
common as garnets or amethysts in a very few years. But of late the
mines are said to have been exhausted, and the industry has greatly
declined.
"Another discovery of South Africa is the ostrich."
"Nonsense!" exclaimed Fred. "The ostrich was known long before the
English went to that country, and long before an Englishman ever
existed. I believe it is mentioned in the Bible."
"You didn't hear me through," said Frank. "I was going to say that the
discovery of the possibility of domesticating ostriches and raising
them, as we raise sheep or cattle, was made in South Africa."
"How was that?"
"Down to about twenty years ago ostriches were only known in a wild
state, with the exception of a few that were held in menageries or
otherwise kept as curiosities. Ostrich farming had been tried in
Algeria, but with only partial success, and not to any great extent. The
ostrich feathers which are so much prized, and sell for high figures,
were obtained by hunting the wild birds in their desert homes.
"Two hundred years ago these birds were so abundant in South Africa that
they were often seen within a few miles of Cape Town, and a hunter could
be reasonably certain of all the sport he wanted by going a few miles
into the country. The colonization of the region has caused their
disappearance, and anybody who wants them in a wild state must go to the
deserts north of the Orange River, or to other unsettled portions of the
continent.
"The chase of the wild ostrich is now almost entirely in the hands of
the aboriginals. The feathers obtained in this way are bought by
traders, who go into the wilderness carrying such goods as the natives
will accept. These they barter for the precious feathers, and when they
have finished their traffic they return to the settlements with their
valuable commodity."
"Ostrich feathers command a high price," said Fred, "and I suppose the
dealers find their trade very profitable."
"So they do," Frank replied; "but the wild feathers are growing scarcer
every year, and the traders do not confine themselves to buying them to
the exclusion of everything else. A trader starts off with perhaps half
a dozen wagons laden with guns, powder, blankets, beads, wire, knives,
and other goods that meet the approval of the savage. On his return the
wagons are filled with ivory, hippopotamus teeth, rhinoceros horns, and
a varied lot of skins of wild animals, in addition to ostrich feathers.
Sometimes a single wagon-load will be valued at fifty thousand dollars,
and the larger the quantity of ostrich feathers the greater is its
value."
Fred asked how the feathers were sold, and what was the standard of
their value.
"They are carefully sorted according to their quality, and then sold by
weight. Of course the price varies, like that of any other merchandise,
and the business has its ups and downs, like everything else. The finest
feathers are sometimes sold for three hundred dollars a pound, and two
hundred dollars may be considered a fair price for a first-class
article. The plumes from chickens sell for two or three dollars a pound.
Between the highest and lowest prices, you see, there is a very wide
range."
"And you say the people at the Cape raise ostriches now as they would
raise horses or sheep, do you?" Fred inquired.
[Illustration: DRIVING A FLOCK OF OSTRICHES.]
"Certainly I do," was the reply. "Ostrich farming has become a regular
business, and a good many men have made fortunes by it. The first
experiments were made in 1862. Three years later there were eighty tame
ostriches in Cape Colony, and from that time the business grew very
rapidly. In 1875 there were about fifty thousand birds in the hands of
the farmers of South Africa, and five years later the number had more
than doubled. It began in Cape Colony, and has spread through Natal,
Transvaal, and the Orange River district, and has become a regular
industry, like sheep or cattle raising. The profits are very great, and
attempts are now being made to introduce ostrich farming into the United
States."
Fred asked how the farmers obtained the feathers from the captive birds.
[Illustration: THE OSTRICH AND ITS HUNTERS.]
"Very easily," Frank answered. "In the old way of hunting the ostrich it
was necessary to kill the bird in order to obtain the feathers, and thus
he yielded only a single crop. Under the present system the feathers are
cut off when 'ripe,' and new ones grow in their places. These are cut
off in time, and year after year fresh harvests are made, until the bird
is too old to produce more. The first crop is taken when the bird is a
year and a half old, and is worth about twenty dollars. After that time
the annual yield of a bird is from forty to fifty dollars, and he
continues to produce feathers till he is eighteen or twenty years old."
[Illustration: HUNTING UNDER DISADVANTAGES.]
"Very profitable stock to have on hand," said Fred. "But how does the
ostrich like to have his feathers taken from him?"
"At first he didn't like it, as they were 'plucked' or pulled out with
pincers. At present the 'plucking' process has been abandoned for that
of cutting, which is quite painless. The birds are driven into a yard,
and the keeper goes among them with a pair of nippers, with which he
severs the feathers about two inches from the base. When the birds are
crowded close together they do not know what is being done, and stand
quite still while the cutting is performed. If there are only a few of
them it is necessary to throw a bag over the one that is being operated
on, and he is then unable to make any opposition, or, at all events, he
makes none. Three or four months after the feather has been cut the
stump falls out, or can be easily removed, and then a new feather grows
in its place."
Here the Doctor joined in the conversation, as Frank showed signs of
nearing the end of his stock of knowledge. He informed the youths that
not only was cutting preferable to plucking, on account of its
painlessness, but also because the feathers that were afterward produced
were of a better quality. The new feathers that grew after plucking were
apt to be twisted and distorted, so that they were greatly reduced in
value, while those that grew after the other method were always well
formed. If the farmers were not induced to follow the new system out of
humanity to the bird, they were sure to be with regard to their pockets.
"The tame ostriches run in pastures, under the care of native boys,"
continued Doctor Bronson, "very much as sheep or cattle would under
similar circumstances. They want plenty of space, good food--but not too
much of it--and must be driven to shelter from severe storms. A very
small fence will keep them in bounds, and they will thrive on a soil
altogether too barren for cattle or sheep. A great deal of land formerly
regarded as worthless is now found highly profitable as a home for the
ostrich herds."
"Now, Fred," said the Doctor, "take a scrap of paper and figure up the
profits of an ostrich farm." Fred prepared himself with materials for
calculation, and the results caused his eyes to open with astonishment.
"Let us start with a pair of birds three years old," said the Doctor,
"and see how we come out in ten years.
"Our birds at that age will lay about twenty eggs, and then proceed to
hatch them. For the hatching process they require forty-two
days--exactly twice as long as the common hen--and they take turns in
sitting on the eggs. There is the same uncertainty with ostriches as
with other birds in counting chickens before they are hatched, but we
can fairly hope to get ten chickens from twenty eggs. The ostrich raises
two broods in a year, so that at the end of the year we have twenty
chickens. Next year twenty more, or ten pairs a year from the old birds,
and so on, year after year. Then when the chicks are three years old
they have broods of their own, and then--"
Fred said he must take time to figure up the state of affairs at the end
of ten years, and as the supply of paper was limited he wisely paused
for the present. Any boy who chooses may make the calculation and easily
figure out a fortune for himself and all his partners in the enterprise.
Before Fred was through with the calculation he had determined to
emigrate to the Cape and become an ostrich farmer; or, better still, he
would buy a few thousand acres of land in Arizona, where the country was
said to be admirably adapted to this new and highly profitable industry.
Doctor Bronson dampened his ardor a little by telling him the ostrich
had many enemies, in a domestic as well as in a wild state. "The hyena,
wild-cat, and fox," said he, "have a loving tooth for the egg of the
ostrich, and will often drive the bird from its nest, so that they may
feed on its contents. Crows will drop stones into a nest when the bird
is away for a few moments. This was formerly supposed to be a fiction,
but its correctness has been verified by several observers. The crow
seizes a round pebble from a brook or other place, poises himself over
the nest, and then drops the stone with an accuracy that rarely misses
its object. He follows to the ground immediately after the stone to make
a feast on the broken egg.
"Hawks kill the young chicks, and the birds, old and young, suffer from
various diseases, most of them caused by improper care."
"That is true," said Fred. "My ostrich-eggs shall be hatched
artificially. Natural incubation occupies a period of six weeks."
[Illustration: WHAT FRED HOPED FOR.]
"That's so," chimed in Frank; "the farmers at the Cape use incubators,
invented by Mr. Arthur Douglas. Not only do they get more chickens from
a given number of eggs, but they get three broods a year instead of
two."
"Hurrah!" said Fred, "three broods in place of two; and, besides, we can
defy the crows, and the hyena and his kindred, who rob the nests. We'll
keep the chicks housed till they are too big for the hawks. We'll herd
them carefully, so they sha'n't have any of the distempers that come
from inattention; and as for food, they shall have just what is best for
them. I've heard of feeding ostriches on old boots, pocket-knives, and
similar things; and if mine want anything of the kind I'll buy all the
old boots in New York, and all the cutlery in Connecticut, to give them
a wholesome diet."
The Doctor suggested that nutritious grass for the young birds, and
Indian corn and green food of different kinds for the old ones, was
about all that was needed. Still, he said, they devoured a good many
pebbles, which seemed to serve the same purpose as the gravel in the
gizzard of an ordinary hen. A farmer once found nine hundred and thirty
stones in the gizzard of an ostrich, varying from the size of a pea to
that of a walnut. There were no old boots or pocket-knives among them;
but it has sometimes happened that an ostrich has helped himself to a
button from the coat of an incautious visitor or a diamond pin from his
shirt-front.
Here the conversation ended, and Fred retired to think over his scheme
for supplying the market of New York with ostrich plumes. He told Frank
he might write to Mary and Miss Effie, promising them in a few years all
the feathers they desired, and the prettiest ones, too.
[Illustration: THE OSTRICH'S NATURAL ENEMY.]