the world, and while essentially the human flea has been found on many
different species of animals and has frequently been encountered on
rats. A very large number of specimens have been taken off rats in San
Francisco, Cal.
Genus LŒMOPSYLLA Rothschild.
14. _Lœmopsylla cheopis_ Rothschild.—This is the common rat flea in
tropical and subtropical countries. It has also been found in seaports
of the temperate zone, where it has been brought by ship rats.
Ninety-eight per cent of the rat fleas in India are of this species.
It has been found in Australia, where it was described by Tidswell
under the name of _Pulex pallidus_. In the Philippine Islands, where
it was described by Hertzog as the _Pulex philippinensis_. It has been
found in Brazil, where it was described by Baker as _Pulex
brasiliensis_, and Tiraboschi has found it in Italy, where it has been
described as the _Pulex murinus_. This flea has been frequently found
on man in India.
Genus CTENOCEPHALUS Kolenati.
15. _Ctenocephalus canis_ Curtis.—This is the common dog flea found in
many parts of the world and is frequently taken off rats.
16. _Ctenocephalus felis_ Bouché.—This is the common cat flea and is
also a widely distributed species. Frequently taken off rats.
Genus CTENOPSYLLUS Kolenati.
17. _Ctenopsyllus musculi_ Dugés.—In England this flea is commonly
found on the domestic mouse. It has a wide distribution and has been
found on rats and mice in Europe, South Africa, India, Australia,
Mexico, and other places, and has been taken off _Mus norvegicus_,
_Mus rattus_, and _Mus musculus_ in San Francisco, Cal.
Genus NEOPSYLLA Wagner.
18. _Neopsylla bidentatiformis_ Wagner.—This flea has been taken off
_Mus norvegicus_ in the Crimea.
Genus HOPLOPSYLLUS Baker.
19. _Hoplopsyllus anomalus_ Baker.—This is one of the common
groundsquirrel fleas of California and has been found on _Mus
norvegicus_ in San Francisco and Palo Alto, Cal. That these squirrel
fleas are occasionally found on rats is interesting from the fact that
plague has been demonstrated both in rats and the ground squirrel in
California.
Genus HYSTRICHOPSYLLA Taschenberg.
20. _Hystrichopsylla tripectinata_ Tiraboschi.—Reported by Tiraboschi
from _Mus musculus_ in Italy.
Genus CTENOPTHALMUS Kolenati.
21. _Ctenopthalmus agyrtes_ Heller.—Taken off _Mus Norvegicus_ in
England.
_The results of the identification of 19,768 fleas in San Francisco
and Oakland, Cal._
SAN FRANCISCO, 1908.
Host: MUS NORVEGICUS.
───────────┬───────────┬───────────┬───────────┬───────────┬───────────
Month. │ C. │L. cheopis.│ P. │ Cten. │ Cten.
│fasciatus. │ │ irritans. │ musculi. │ felis,
│ │ │ │ │ Cten.
│ │ │ │ │ canis.
───────────┼─────┬─────┼─────┬─────┼─────┬─────┼─────┬─────┼─────┬─────
„ │Male.│ Fe- │Male.│ Fe- │Male.│ Fe- │Male.│ Fe- │Male.│ Fe-
│ │male.│ │male.│ │male.│ │male.│ │male.
───────────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────
April to │1,343│2,510│ 485│ 837│ 31│ 76│ 78│ 211│ 16│ 31
July 31 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
August │ 489│ 883│ 145│ 228│ 156│ 206│ 27│ 90│ 17│ 22
September │ 543│1,180│ 655│ 930│ 339│ 387│ 33│ 109│ 46│ 119
October │ 254│ 435│ 509│ 652│ 59│ 64│ 9│ 45│ 6│ 18
November │ 129│ 252│ 256│ 288│ 52│ 69│ 20│ 54│ 6│ 6
───────────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────
│2,758│5,260│2,050│2,935│ 637│ 802│ 167│ 509│ 91│ 196
───────────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────
Host: MUS RATTUS.
───────────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────
│ 23│ 43│ 3│ 3│ 0│ 0│ 17│ 16│ 1│ 0
│ 4│ 7│ 1│ 0│ 9│ 16│ 3│ 3│ 0│ 0
───────────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────
│ 27│ 50│ 4│ 3│ 9│ 16│ 20│ 19│ 1│ 0
───────────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────
Host: MUS MUSCULUS.
───────────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────
│ 4│ 10│ 1│ 0│ 0│ 0│ 2│ 10│ 0│ 0
│ 11│ 10│ 1│ 6│ 4│ 4│ 0│ 3│ 1│ 1
───────────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────
│ 15│ 20│ 2│ 6│ 4│ 4│ 2│ 13│ 1│ 1
───────────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────
OAKLAND, CAL., 1909.
Host: MUS NORVEGICUS.
───────────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────
February │ 135│ 304│ 166│ 178│ 1│ 1│ 229│ 506│ 1│ 3
March │ 253│ 456│ 167│ 215│ 2│ 5│ 125│ 243│ 1│ 2
April │ 227│ 479│ 105│ 129│ 0│ 1│ 62│ 143│ 0│ 1
───────────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────
│ 615│1,239│ 438│ 522│ 3│ 7│ 416│ 892│ 2│ 6
───────────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────
Host: MUS ALEXANDRINUS.
───────────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────
April │ 1│ 5│ 0│ 0│ 0│ 0│ 0│ 0│ 0│ 0
───────────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────
This does not include a few other specimens of different species taken
from _Mus rattus_ and _Mus norvegicus_, which have been included under
the heading of “Enumeration of fleas which have been found on rats.”
SYNOPSIS OF FLEAS COMMONLY FOUND ON RATS.
A. WITHOUT A COMB OF SPINES ON THE PROTHORAX OR THE HEAD.
1. Two bristles on the gena, an ocular bristle placed
below the eye, an oral bristle placed just above
root of maxilla. Mesothorax not divided by an
internal incrassation. Claspers in male forming
prominent hump, claw like and covered by hairy
flap. An irregular row of about 10 teeth on inner _Pulex
side of hind coxa irritans_.
2. Two bristles on gena, an ocular placed in front of
and just above middle of eye, an oral bristle
placed just above root of maxilla. Mesothorax
divided by internal incrassation, claspers not
forming prominent hump, not claw like, not
covered by hairy flap. A regular row of about six _Lœmopsylla
teeth on inner side of hind coxa, cheopis_.
AA. WITH A COMB OF SPINES ON PROTHORAX BUT NOT ON HEAD.
3. Three bristles on lower genal row, upper genal row
represented by three or four small bristles
running along anterior margin of antennal groove.
Eye present, about five hairs on second joint of
antenna, not as long as third joint. Maxillary
palpi not as long as labial palpi. Labial palpi
reach to apex of fore coxa. Spines on posterior
tibia in pairs of about five groups. Head of male _Ceratophyllus
flattened on top, fasciatus_.
AAA. WITH A COMB OF SPINES ON THE PROTHORAX AND ON THE HEAD.
4. Eye present, seven spines on lower margin of gena. _Ctenocephalus
Spines on posterior border of tibia in pairs canis_ or
_felis_.
5. Eye absent, four spines on hind margin of gena.
Spines on posterior tibia single and in a close _Ctenopsyllus
set row musculi_.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE II.
────────────────────────────────────────────┬──────────────────────
Fig. 1. Clasping organs of male. │P Process.
„ │F Finger.
„ │M Manubrium.
„ │IX St Ninth Sternite.
────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────
Fig. 2. Head of female. │
────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────
Fig. 3. Terminal abdominal segments, female.│8 T Eighth Tergite.
„ │8 St Eighth Sternite.
„ │10 T Tenth Tergite.
„ │10 St Tenth Sternite.
„ │Sp Spermatheca.
„ │Sty Stylet.
────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────
Fig. 4. Hind tibia. │
CERATOPHYLLUS FASCIATUS Bosc.
[Plate II.]
_Head._—Evenly and gently rounded in the female, flattened on top in
the male. Frontal notch distinct. Eye present, placed low down in
head. Gena acutely pointed posteriorly. Maxilla triangular. Maxillary
palpi not as long as the labial palpi. Labial palpi reach to apex of
anterior coxa, 5-jointed. Antennal groove in the male reaches to top
of head, in the female to within one-third. There are 3 bristles on
the lower genal row, the middle of which is the smallest, while the
upper genal row is represented by 3 small bristles, extending along
the edge of the antennal groove. In the male the lowermost bristle is
frequently paired. There are several fine hairs above the eye. The
occiput contains the normal row of apical bristles, the lowest of
which is the largest. There is one bristle back of the middle of the
antennal groove and a number of fine hairs along the posterior margin
of the antennal groove. The antenna is 3-jointed, the first joint
contains a row of about 5 very short fine hairs, while the second
joint contains about 5 not as long as the third joint.
[Illustration:
PLATE II.
CERATOPHVLLUS FASCIATUS, BOSC.
]
_Thorax._—The pronotum has one row of about 10 bristles, and a
ctenidium composed of about 16 or 18 spines. The mesonotum has a
posterior row of about 10 long bristles and there is an anterior row
of more numerous smaller ones. The metanotum has also a posterior row
of about 10 large bristles, with an anterior row of more numerous
smaller ones, while still anterior to this there are 5 or 6 still
smaller bristles. The metathorax contains 8 or 10 bristles which are
small anteriorly, larger posteriorly. On the sternum of the metathorax
there are 2 large bristles, while the episternum has 3 smaller ones.
On the epimerum are 2 bristles placed anteriorly and 3 or 4
posteriorly, one of which is on the apical margin.
_Abdomen._—The first stigma is nearly in line with those of the other
abdominal segments. There are two rows of bristles on the abdominal
tergites, a posterior of about 12 or 14 and an anterior of smaller,
less numerous bristles. The antipygidial bristles in the female are 3
in number on each side, of which the middle is the longest, and the
inner one the smallest. The male has but 2 antipygidial bristles on
each side. The sternites from the third to the sixth have a single row
of about 10 bristles, while the seventh has about 12. The metanotum
has 2 teeth on each side, as have the first and second abdominal
tergites. The third and fourth abdominal tergites have 1 tooth on each
side.
_Legs._—The fore coxæ are normally clothed. The fore femur has on the
outer side 11 or 12 fine bristles irregularly disposed, while on the
mid femur there is a row of about 3 to 5 bristles on the inner
surface. The hind coxa has no patch of spines on the inner side, while
on the inner surface of the hind femur there is a row of about 5 to 7
bristles. The spines on the posterior tibia are in pairs of six
groups, while on the outer surface there is a row of about 7 bristles.
None of the apical bristles of the tarsi are as long as the next
succeeding joint. The fifth tarsal joints on all the legs have 5
lateral spines.
Length of joints of tarsi:
Mid tarsi (♂) 8 7 4½ 3 7
Hind tarsi 18 11 7 4 8
Mid tarsi (♀) 8 7 5 3½ 7
Hind tarsi 21 13 8 5 8
_Modified segments._—(♂). The manubrium of the claspers is straight
and narrow, while the process extends upward as a short, blunt cone,
where at the tip there are several fine hairs. The lower margin is
evenly and gently rounded. The finger is short, extending but a little
above the process. It is concave on its anterior surface and convex on
its posterior, and from the posterior margin there are 2 large and 2
small bristles alternating. Two long heavy bristles arise from the
process below the insertion of the finger. The ninth sternite is
broad, with a deep sinus in its posterior border. Its lateral surface
contains numerous fine hairs, these hairs being somewhat larger just
beneath the sinus. Along the dorsal border of the tenth sternite there
are 3 heavy bristles in line. At the tip of the tenth tergite there is
one heavy bristle. Besides these heavy bristles in this segment there
are numerous fine hairs.
(♀) The eighth tergite contains just anterior to the sensory plate
about 12 small hairs while just beneath the sensory plate there are 2
long bristles. Lower down there is a patch of about 6 bristles and on
the apical margin 4 to 6. The stylet is short, cylindrical, slightly
larger at the base than at the tip, where there is a long bristle. On
the under surface arises a fine hair. Substylar flap (tenth sternite)
has along its margin numerous hairs.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE III.
────────────────────────────────────────────┬──────────────────────
Fig. 1. Clasping organs of male. │P Process.
„ │M Manubrium.
„ │F Finger.
„ │IX St Ninth Sternite.
────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────
Fig. 2. Head of female. │
────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────
Fig. 3. Terminal abdominal segments, female.│8 T Eighth Tergite.
„ │8 St Eighth Sternite.
„ │10 T Tenth Tergite.
„ │10 St Tenth Sternite.
„ │Sp Spermatheca.
────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────
Fig. 4. Hind coxa inner surface. │
LŒMOPSYLLA CHEOPIS Rothschild.
[Plate III.]
_Head._—Abruptly rounded. Flattened on top in ♂. Eye present. No
ctenidia on head. Antennal groove in the ♀ reaches to within one-third
of the top of the head. In ♂ reaches to top of head. Gena obtusely
pointed posteriorly. Maxilla triangular. Maxillary palpi are not as
long as labial palpi. Labial palpi reach to apex of fore coxæ,
4-jointed. Anterior edge of antennal groove overlapped by chitinous
flap. On posterior edge of antennal groove are a number of small
bristles, these being most distinct in the male. The first antennal
joint in the male contains 4 or 5 hairs at its outer edge, while
transversely there is a row of several fine hairs. The second joint
has a row of fine hairs not as long as the third joint. Divisions
marking separations of third joint most pronounced on dorsal edge. Two
bristles on gena. The oral bristle placed low down just above the base
of the maxilla; the ocular bristle in front and just above the middle
of the eye. Six bristles on the posterior margin of the occiput on
each side with 2 back of the antennal groove.
[Illustration:
PLATE III.
LŒMOPSYLLA CHEOPIS, ROTHSCHILD.
]
_Thorax._—The pronotum is without a ctenidial comb, and has one row of
about 14 bristles. The mesonotum, the broadest of the three thoracic
nota, also has a single row of about 12 bristles. The metanotum has a
single row of about the same number. The mesosternite contains about 5
bristles. The pleura of the metathorax is normally divided. The
sternum contains 2 bristles, 1 anterior and 1 posterior. The
episternum contains 1 bristle, and the epimerum contains 2 rows of
bristles, an anterior row of 7 and an apical row of the same number.
_Abdomen._—The first abdominal tergite contains 2 rows of bristles, an
anterior and a posterior of about 6 bristles each, while the next 6
contains but a single row of about 14 bristles each, the lowest placed
just below the stigma. From the seventh tergite springs a single
antipygidial bristle. The sternites contain a single row of 8 or 10
bristles.
_Legs._—The fore coxa is normally clothed. The fore femur has on its
outer surface about 8 fine bristles. The mid femur has a single row of
about 6 bristles, while the hind femur has a row of the same number.
The hind coxa has on its inner surface a regular row of about 6 teeth.
The hind tibia has on its posterior border 5 groups of spines in
pairs, while on its outer surface there are about 8 small bristles in
a row. The apical bristle on the second tarsal joint of the hind leg
reaches to about the middle of the fifth tarsal article. The fifth
tarsal article on all of the legs has 4 lateral spines and a subapical
pair of hairs.
_Modified segments._—(♂) The manubrium of the claspers is short and
narrow. There are two free processes, the upper one, the finger, being
broadest and wider at the tip than at the base, its upper border being
more convex than the lower border and containing a number of bristles.
The ninth sternite is club-shaped, is nearly straight on its dorsal
margin, and the ventral margin contains a row of fine bristles from
base to apex.
(♀) No bristles in front of the sensory plate. Along its apical margin
externally there is a row of about 12 long bristles, and internally a
row of less numerous, shorter bristles. Laterally there is a more or
less regular row of about 8 bristles, and between this row and the
apical row 3 or 4 more.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IV.
────────────────────────────────────────────┬──────────────────────
Fig. 1. Clasping organs, male. │10 T Tenth Tergite.
„ │10 St Tenth Sternite.
„ │P Process.
„ │F Finger.
„ │M Manubrium.
„ │IX St Ninth Sternite.
────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────
Fig. 2. Head of female. │
Fig. 3. Last tarsal joint of hind leg. │
────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────
Fig. 4. Terminal abdominal segments, female.│8 T Eighth Tergite.
„ │8 St Eighth Sternite.
„ │10 T Tenth Tergite.
„ │10 St Tenth Sternite.
„ │Sp Spermatheca.
────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────
Fig. 5. Hind tibia. │
CTENOPSYLLUS MUSCULI Dugés.
[Plate IV.]
_Head._—The frons is prominent anteriorly, giving the head somewhat
the shape of a fez. There are 4 spines on the posterior border of the
gena. The antennal groove reaches to the top of the head. The
maxillary palpi are shorter than the labial palpi, which reach to
about two-thirds of the fore coxa and are 5-jointed. Maxilla
triangular. Eyes absent. At the most prominent part of the frons
anteriorly there are two short thick spines, while below these,
running along the anterior margin, there are 5 bristles. Above there
is an oblique row of 4 bristles, with 1 more placed near the top of
the antennal groove. Between this oblique row and lower bristles there
are numerous fine hairs. On the occiput there is a subapical row of
about 7 bristles on each side, while in front of this are 3 oblique
rows of bristles, the first containing 3, the second 4, and the third
5. On the posterior margin of the antennal groove there are several
small hairs. On the first joint of the antenna there are about 3
hairs, while on the second joint there are 4 or 5, the longest
somewhat longer than the third joint.
_Thorax._—The pronotum has an anterior row of about 10 bristles, and a
ctenidium of about 24 spines. The mesonotum contains about 4 rows of
bristles, more or less regularly disposed, each row consisting of
about 8 or 9 bristles. The metanotum has 2 rows of bristles, a
posterior row of about 10 bristles, and an anterior of the same
number, while there are several smaller bristles in front of this. The
mesothorax contains about 10 bristles. The episternum of the
metathorax has 2 bristles, and on the sternum there is 1 large one.
The epimerum has 2 rows of 4 bristles each, with 1 large one at the
apical margin.
[Illustration:
PLATE IV.
CTENOPSYLLUS MUSCULI, DUGES.
]
_Abdomen._—The first abdominal tergite has 2 rows of 10 bristles each,
the posterior being comprised of the larger bristles. The next 6
tergites have 2 rows of bristles each, a posterior of large bristles,
about 12 in number, and an anterior of smaller bristles, also 12 in
number. On the apical edge of the metanotum there are 2 small teeth on
each side. The first abdominal tergite contains 3 such teeth while the
second and third have 1 each on each side. At the apex of the seventh
tergite in the female there are 4 antipygidial bristles, sometimes 5.
The male has but 3 antipygidial bristles. The abdominal sternites from
the third to the sixth have a single row of 6 bristles. The seventh
has a row of about 16 bristles.
_Legs._—The fore coxa has about 32 large bristles more or less
regularly disposed in 6 oblique rows. The hind coxa is without teeth
on the inner surface. The mid femur is without bristles on its lateral
surfaces. The hind femur is also without a row of bristles on its
lateral surfaces. The spines on the posterior border of the tibia are
single and in a close set row. The apical spines of the second tarsal
joint of the hind legs are shorter than the third joint. The last
tarsal joint on all the legs contains 4 lateral spines and a subbasal
pair situated between the first lateral pair.
_Modified segments._—(♀) Just beneath the pygidium is 1 long bristle.
On the eighth tergite there is a patch of hairs, 6 of which are on the
apical margin and about 5 or 7 anterior to these. The stylet is short,
almost as wide at the base as at the tip, where there is a long hair.
Posteriorly to this bristle there springs another one from the under
surface.
(♂) Manubrium of the claspers is narrow, curved at the tip. The finger
reaches to the level of the process, has a stout pedicle, is flat on
its anterior border, and is decidedly convex on its posterior border,
where there are 4 bristles. The shape of the ninth sternite is shown
in the figure.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE V.
────────────────────────────────────────────┬──────────────────────
Fig. 1. Clasping organs of male │P Process.
„ │F Finger.
„ │M Manubrium.
„ │IX St Ninth Sternite.
────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────
Fig. 2. Head of female. │
────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────
Fig. 3. Terminal abdominal segments, females│8 T Eighth Tergite.
„ │8 St Eighth Sternite.
„ │10 T Tenth Tergite.
„ │10 St Tenth Sternite.
„ │Sty Stylet.
„ │Sp Spermatheca.
────────────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────
Fig. 4. Hind coxa, inner surface. │
PULEX IRRITANS Linnæus.
[Plate V.]
_Head._—Evenly and abruptly rounded in both sexes. Frontal notch
absent. Eye large. Maxillary palpi longer than the labial palpi.
Labial palpi reach to about half the length of the anterior coxa and
are 4-jointed. The mandibles are broad and markedly serrate. Maxillæ
triangular. Antennal groove short and wide, closed behind, thickened
on edges, and reaches to top of head in both sexes by chitinous
thickening. Second joint contains 8 or 9 fine hairs, shorter than the
third joint. Division of the third joint only to be seen on dorsal
surface. Two bristles on the gena, one placed low down just above the
maxilla, the other below the eye. From the lower margin of the gena
occasionally may be seen a small tooth. One bristle on the occiput
near the posterior lower angle. A few fine hairs on the posterior edge
of the antennal groove.
_Thorax._—The thoracic nota each contain a single row of about 10 or
12 bristles. There is no ctenidium on the pronotum. The mesosternite
is narrow and is not divided by an internal incrassation. The
episternum of the metathorax is large and contains about 2 or 3
bristles and is not quite separated from the sternum anteriorly. The
epimerum has an anterior row of about 7 or 8 bristles and an apical
row of about 6.
_Abdomen._—Each of the abdominal tergites, with the exception of the
first, has a single row of 8 or 10 bristles. The first has 2 rows of
about 4 each. The sternites from third to seventh have a single row of
about 6 bristles. There is one short antipygidial bristle on each
side.
_Legs._—The hind coxa has on its inner surface posteriorly a number of
fine hairs, while anteriorly there are 10 or 12 teeth in an irregular
line. The hind femur has on its inner surface a row of about 8 or 9
bristles. The spines on the posterior tibia are in pairs, and there
are about 7 bristles in a line on its outer lateral surface. The
apical bristle of the second tarsal joint of the hind leg reaches to
about the middle of the fifth joint. The last tarsal joints of all the
legs contain 4 lateral spines and a subapical pair, and between the
third and last lateral spine there is a hair.
_Modified segments._—(♀) The eighth tergite has no bristles above the
pygidium but has numerous short stout bristles laterally and on and
close to the apical margin. The stylet is short and stout and has at
its tip a long hair. The tenth sternite and tergite contain numerous
fine hairs, those on the sternite confined to the apical edge.
(♂) The male claspers are quite characteristic. The manubrium is large
and curved and points ventrally. The claspers have two processes, the
lower of which, with the finger, form together a kind of claw which is
covered by the other process forming a flap, quite hairy on its upper
margin. The ninth sternite is described very well by Rothschild[208]
as “boomerang” shaped. The eighth tergite has a small manubrium.
[Illustration:
PLATE V.
PULEX IRRITANS, LINNÆUS.
]