small intestine.
_anulosum_ see annulosum Dujardin: Trichosoma.
_circumflexa_ Polonio: Trichina.—Encysted in peritoneum.
_crassicauda_ Bellingham, 1840: Trichodes, Trichosoma.—Urinary
bladder, ureter, kidneys, intestine.
_hepaticum_ Bauer: Trichosoma.—Liver.
_hepaticum_ Railliet, 1891: Trichosoma.—Liver.
_hepaticus_ Bancroft: Trichocephalus.—Liver.
_longus_ Grassi & Segrè: Strongyloides, Rhabdonema.—Intestine.
_minimum_ Molin: Gongylonema.
_murina_ Leuckart: Spiroptera.—Stomach. [See obtusa.]
_muris_ Gmelin: Filaria.—Stomach.
_obtusa_ Rudolphi: Filaria, Spiroptera.—Stomach. [See murina.]
_obvelata_ Bremser: Oxyuris.—Large intestine.
_papillosum_ Polonio: Trichosoma.—Urinary bladder.
_rhytipleuritis_ Deslongchamps: Filaria.—Stomach.
_schmidtii_ Linstow: Trichosoma.—Urinary bladder.
species Davaine: Filaria [embryo].—Blood.
species: Heterakis.—Large intestine.
species undetermined: Oxyuris.
species Gerstæcker: Spiroptera.—Encapsuled in wall of stomach and
intestine.
species Bakody: Spiroptera.—Encapsuled in walls of alimentary canal
and muscles.
species: Spiroptera.—Encapsuled in wall of stomach and intestine.
species Parona: Strongyloides.
species Lutz, 1894: Strongylus.—Small intestine.
? species Railliet: Trichosoma.
_spiralis_ Owen, 1835: Trichina, Trichinella.—Adult in intestine,
larva in muscles.
_spumosa_ Schneider: Heterakis.—Cœcum and large intestine.
? _tenuissimum_ Leidy, 1891: Trichosomum.—Liver. [See hepaticum.]
ACANTHOCEPHALA:
_moniliformis_ Bremser: Echinorhynchus, Gigantorhynchus.
ARACHNOIDEA:
_agilis_ Koch: Lælaps.—External [See echidninus, musculi.]
_alepis_ Railliet & Lucet, 1893: Sarcoptes, Notoedres.—External, ears,
genitalia.
_complanatus_ Kramer: Gamasus.—External. [See stabularis, fenilis.]
_decumani_ Tiraboschi: Myonyssus.
_echidninus_ Berlese: Lælaps.—External.
_ensifera_ Poppe: Myobia.—External.
_fenilis_ Mègnin: Gamasus.—[See stabularis, complanatus.]
_musculi_ Schrank: Pediculus, Myobia.—External, head.
_musculi_ Mègnin: Hæmomyson.—External. [See echidninus, agilis.]
_musculi_ Schrank: Myobia.—External.
_ricinus_ Linné: Acarus, Ixodes.—External. [See rufus, sulcatus,
sciuri.]
_rufus_ Koch: Ixodes.—External. [See ricinus.]
_sciuri_ Koch: Ixodes.—External. [See ricinus.]
sp. n. Banks: Lælaps.—External.
_stabularis_ Koch: Gamasus, Hypoaspis, Lælaps.—External. [See
complanatus, fenilis.]
_sulcatus_ Koch: Ixodes.—External. [See ricinus.]
_tænioides_ Lamark (larva): Linguatula. [See serrata.]
INSECTA:
_acanthopus_ Denny: Hæmatopinus, Hoplopleura.—External.
_bidentatiformis_ Wagner: Neopsylla.—External.
_brasiliensis_ Baker: Pulex.—External.
_canis_ Curtis: Ctenocephalus, Ceratophyllus.—External.
_cheopis_ Roth.: Pulex, Læmopsylla.—External.
_consimilis_ Wagner: Ceratophyllus.—External.
_fasciatus_ Bosc: Pulex, Ceratophyllus. External.
_felis_ Bouché: Ctenocephalus.—External.
_irritans_ Linné: Pulex.—External.
_lagomys_ Wagner: Ceratophyllus.—External.
_londiniensis_ Roth.: Ceratophyllus.—External.
_musculi_ Dugès: Ctenopsylla.—External.
_mustelæ_ Wagner: Ceratophyllus.—External.
_penicilliger_ Grube: Ceratophyllus.—External.
_philippinensis_ Herzog: Pulex.—External.
_serraticeps_ Gervais: Pulex.—External.
_spinulosus_ Burmeister: Hæmatopinus, Polyplax.—External.
MUS DECUMANUS × MUS NORVEGICUS ALBUS.
PROTOZOA:
undetermined.—Small intestine.
CESTODA:
_fasciolaris_: Cysticercus.—Liver.
species: Hymenolepis.—Intestine.
NEMATODA:
_spiralis_ Owen: Trichinella.—Artificial infection.
MUS DOMESTICUS = MUS MUSCULUS ALBUS.
ARACHNOIDEA:
_crotali_ Humboldt (larva): Porocephalus.—Encysted in various organs,
experimental.
MUS FERCULINUS.
INSECTA:
_thomasi_ Rothschild: Stephanocircus.—External.
MUS FLAVIDUS.
CESTODA:
? _gracilis_ Janicki: Davainea.—Intestine.
MUS FULIGINOSUS.
ARACHNOIDEA:
_crotali_ Humboldt: Porocephalus.—Encysted in various organs.
MUS FURCIROSTRIS Wagner.
ACANTHOCEPHALA:
_moniliformis_ Bremser: Echinorhynchus.—Intestine.
MUS GENTILIS.
INSECTA:
_cheopis_ Rothschild: Pulex.—External.
MUS LEMMUS.
CESTODA:
_lemmi_: Tænia.—Intestine. [See muris lemmi.]
_muris lemmi_: Tænia.—Intestine. [See lemmi.]
MUS MEYERI.
CESTODA:
_celebensis_ Janicki, 1902: Davainea.—Intestine.
MUS MINIMUS Ptrs.
NEMATODA:
species Linstow, 1901: Spiroptera.—Stomach.
MUS MINUTUS Pallas.—German Zwergmaus.
NEMATODA:
_obvelata_ Bremser: Oxyuris.—Cecum.
_oxyura_ Nitzsch, 1821: Ascaris.—[See obvelata.]
MUS MUSCHENBROCKI.
CESTODA:
_polycalceola_ Janicki: Davainea.—Intestine.
MUS MUSCULUS[AC] Linné, 1758.—House Mouse.
Footnote AC:
In laboratory experiments the white mouse is used more than the
ordinary form, but the host is frequently reported simply as “the
mouse.”
——:
_Dubium_ Rudolphi, 1819.—Inguinal gland.
PROTOZOA:
_brucei_: Trypanosoma, Trypanozoon.—Blood, artificial infection.
_dimorphon_: Trypanosoma, Trypanozoon.—Blood.
_duttoni_ Thiroux, 1905: Trypanosoma, Trypanozoon.—Blood.
_equinum_: Trypanosoma, Trypanozoon.—Blood, artificial infection.
_equiperdum_: Trypanosoma, Trypanozoon.—Blood, artificial infection.
_evansi_: Trypansoma, Trypanozoon.—Blood, artificial infection.
_falciforme_ Schneider: Coccidium, Eimeria.—Intestine.
flagellate, something like Herpetomonas bütschlii.
_gambiense_: Trypanosoma, Trypanozoon.—Blood, artificial infection.
_intestinalis_ Lambl, 1859: Lamblia, Megastoma.—Intestine. [See
duodenalis, muris.]
_muris_ Grassi: Amœba.
_muris_ Bensen, 1908: Lamblia.—Intestine. [See intestinalis.]
_muris_ Schuberg: Coccidium.—Intestine.
_muris_ Smith & Johnson, 1902a: Klossiella.—Renal epithelium.
_muris_ Balfour: Leucocytozoon.—Blood.
_muris_ R. Blanchard: Miescheria, Sarcocystis.—Striated muscle.
_musculi_ Kendall: Trypanosoma.—Blood.
_schubergi_ Labbé: Pfeifferella.—Intestine.
species Th. Smith: Eimeria.—Kidney.
species J. J. Clarke: Pfeifferella.—Intestine.
species Miescher: Sarcocystis.—Muscles.
_stercorea_ Cienkowski: Chlamydophrys.—Intestine.
TREMATODA:
_armata_: Cercaria.
_muris_ Ercolani, 1882: Distomum.
_musculi_ Rudolphi, 1819: Distoma, Distomum.—Intestine.
_recurvum_ Dujardin, 1845: Distoma, Distomum.—Intestine.
CESTODA:
_canis lagopodis_ Viborg: Tænia.—Intestine. [See lineata.]
_contracta_ Janicki: Hymenolepis.—Intestine.
_crassa_ Janicki, 1904: Hymenolepis.—Intestine.
_diminuta_ Rudolphi: Tænia, Hymenolepis.—Intestine.
_echinococcus._ [See Devé, 1904, October 28; 264.]
_fasciolaris_ Rudolphi, 1819: Cysticercus.—Liver.
_imbricata_ Diesing: Tænia.—Small intestine.
_leptocephala_ Creplin, 1849: Tænia.—Small intestine.
_lineata_ Gœze: Tænia, Mesocestoides, Ptychophysa. [See canis
lagopodis.]
_microstoma_ Dujardin, 1845: Tænia.—Intestine.
_murina_ Dujardin, 1845: Tænia, Hymenolepis.—Intestine. [See
fraterna.]
_muris capensis_: Tænia.
_muris hepatica_ Rœderer, 1762: Fasciola.—Liver. [See fasciolaris.]
_musculi_ Rudolphi, 1810: Tænia.—Abdominal cavity.
_pisiformis_ Zeder: Cysticercus.—Liver.
_pusilla_ Gœze, 1782: Tænia.—Intestine.
species Janicki: Hymenolepis.—Intestine.
species Merrem, 1781: Fasciola.—Liver. [See fasciolaris.]
_tenella_ Pallas, 1781 pars: Tænia.—Abdominal cavity. [See musculi.]
_umbonata_ Molin, 1858: Tænia.—Intestine.
NEMATODA:
_bacillatum_ Eberth: Trichosoma.—Esophagus.
_hepaticum_ Railliet, 1889: Trichosoma.—Liver.
_minimum_ Molin: Gongylonema.—On stomach, liver.
_muris_ Gmelin: Filaria.
_muris_ Werner: Lumbricus, Ascaris, Fusaria. [See obtusa Frœlich.]
_muris musculi_ Creplin, 1849: Trichosoma.—Large intestine.
_musculi_ Rudolphi: Filaria, Gongylonema.—Abdomen.
_nodosus_ Rudolphi: Trichocephalus.—Intestine, cecum.
_oxyura_ Nitzsch, 1821: Ascaris.—[See obvelata.]
_obvelata_ Rudolphi: Oxyuris.—Cecum.
_obtusa_ Rudolphi: Filaria, Spiroptera.—Stomach.
_obtusa_ Frœlich, 1791: Ascaris.—Stomach. [See muris Werner.]
_quadrialata_ Molin: Spiroptera.—Stomach.
_semilanceolata_ Molin, 1858: Oxyuris.—Cecum. [See tetraptera.]
_spiralis_ Owen, 1835: Trichina, Trichinella.—Adult in intestine,
larva in muscles.
_tetraptera_ Nitzsch: Oxyuris.—Cecum. [See semilanceolata.]
_tricuspis_ Leuckart: Ollulanus.—Muscles.
ACANTHOCEPHALA:
_muris_ Zeder: Echinorhynchus.—Stomach.
ARACHNOIDEA:
_coarctata_ Heyden: Myobia.—External. [See musculi Schrank.]
_musculi_ Oudemans: Demodex.—Hair follicles. [See folliculorum
musculi.]
_musculi_ Schrank: Pediculus, Myobia.—External, head.
_musculinus_ Galli-Valerio: Myocoptes.—External.
_simplex_ Tyrrell: Psorergates.—External.
INSECTA:
_acanthopus_ Burmeister, 1838: Hoplopleura, Hæmatopinus.—External.
_agyrtes_ Heller: Typhlopsylla.—External.
_assimilis_ Taschenberg: Typhlopsylla.—External.
_charlottensis_ Baker: Odontopsyllus.—External.
_fasciatus_ Bosc: Ceratophyllus.—External.
_italicus_ Tiraboschi: Ceratophyllus.—External.
_londiniensis_ Roth.: Ceratophyllus.—External.
_musculi_ Dugès: Ctenopsyllus, Ctenopsylla, Typhlopsylla.—External.
_serratus_ Burm., 1838: Hæmatopinus.—External.
_serraticeps_ Taschenberg: Ctenocephalus.—External.
larva of a dipteron, gen. sp.?
_taschenbergi_ Wagner: Ctenopsyllus.—External.
_tripectinata_ Tiraboschi: Hystrichopsylla.—External.
_walkeri_ Roth.: Ceratophyllus.—External.
MUS MUSCULUS ALBUS.—White Mice.
CESTODA:
_fasciolaris_ Rudolphi: Cysticercus.—Liver.
ARACHNOIDEA:
_crotali_ Humboldt (larva): Porocephalus.—Encysted in various organs.
_proboscideum_: Pentastomum. [See crotali.]
MUS NAVALIS.
NEMATODA:
_labiodentata_ Linstow: Spiroptera.—Intestine.
MUS NORVEGICUS Erxl.—Norway Rat.
[See also _Mus decumanus_.]
PROTOZOA:
_lewisi_: Trypanosoma, Trypanozoon.—Blood.
INSECTA:
_bidentatiformis_ Wagner: Ctenophthalmus.—External.
_brasiliensis_ Baker: Pulex.—External.
_fasciatus_ Bosc: Ceratophyllus.—External.
_italicus_ Tiraboschi: Ceratophyllus.—External.
_murinus_ Tiraboschi: Pulex.—External.
_musculi_ Dugès: Ctenopsyllus.—External.
MUS [NORVEGICUS] ALBUS.—White Rat.
PROTOZOA:
_muris_ Fantham: Piroplasma.—Blood.
_perniciosum_ Miller: Hepatozoon.—Liver, blood.
CESTODA:
_fasciolaris_ Rudolphi: Cysticercus.—Liver.
NEMATODA:
_hepaticum_: Trichosoma.—Liver.
_spiralis_ Owen, 1835: Trichinella.—Adult in intestine, larva in
muscle.
ARACHNOIDEA:
_ensifera_ Poppe: Myobia.
MUS PUMILIS Dujardin.—Little Mouse.
CESTODA:
_murina_ Dujardin, 1845: Tænia, Hymenolepis.—Intestine. [See
fraterna.]
MUS PYRRHORHINUS Neuwied.
[See also _Hesperomys pyrrhorhinus_.]
CESTODA:
_diminuta_: Tænia.—Intestine.
ARACHNOIDEA:
_crotali_ Humboldt: Porocephalus.—Encysted in various organs.
_subcylindricum_: Pentastomum.—Liver.
MUS RAJAH.
CESTODA:
_blanchardi_ Parona: Davainea.
MUS RATTUS Linné.—German Hausratte.
PROTOZOA:
“amibes.”
_intestinalis_ Lambl, 1859: Lamblia.—Intestine. [See duodenalis,
muris.]
_lewisi_ Saville-Kent, 1880: Trypanosoma.—Blood.
species Siebold: Sarcocystis.—Muscles.
TREMATODA:
_spiculator_: Distomum.
CESTODA:
_cellulosæ_ Rudolphi: Cysticercus.—Peritoneum.
_diminuta_ Rudolphi, 1819: Tænia, Hymenolepis.—Small intestine.
_fasciolaris_ Rudolphi: Cysticercus.—Liver.
_microstoma_ Dujardin: Tænia, Hymenolepis.—Small intestine.
_minima_: Tænia. [See diminuta.]
_murina_ Dujardin, 1845: Tænia, Hymenolepis.—Small intestine. [See
fraterna.]
_pusilla_ Gœze, 1782: Tænia, Catenotænia.—Small intestine.
_ratti_ Rudolphi: Tænia.—Small intestine.
_ratticola_ Linstow: Bothriocephalus.—Liver.
species Eber: Tænia.—Intestine.
_umbonata_ Molin: Tænia.—Intestine.
_varesina_ Parona: Tænia.—[See diminuta.]
NEMATODA:
_annulosum_ Dujardin: Trichosoma, Calodium.—Intestine.
_anulosum_: Trichosoma. [See annulosum.]
_brauni_ Linstow: Spiroptera.
_circularis_ Linstow: Physaloptera.—Stomach.
_circumflexa_ Polonio: Trichina.—Encysted in peritoneum.
_nodosus_ Rudolphi: Trichocephalus.—Cecum.
_obvelata_ Bremser: Oxyuris.—Cecum.
_oxyura_ Nitzsch, 1821: Ascaris. [See obvelata.]
_ratti_ Diesing: Spiroptera.—Urinary bladder.
_rhytipleuritis_ Deslongchamps: Filaria.—Stomach.
species Gerstæcker: Spiroptera.—Wall of stomach and intestine.
species Bakody: Spiroptera.—Encapsuled in wall of intestine, muscles.
_spumosa_ Schneider: Heterakis.—Cecum, colon.
ACANTHOCEPHALA:
_moniliformis_ Bremser: Echinorhynchus, Gigantorhynchus.—Intestine.
ARACHNOIDEA:
_ægyptium_ Linné: Acarus, Ixodes, Hyalomma.—External. [See
marginatum.]
_agilis_ Koch: Lælaps.—External. [See echidninus, musculi.]
_alepis_ Railliet & Lucet, 1893; Sarcoptes, Notoedres.—External, ears,
genitalia.
_echidninus_ Berlese: Lælaps.—External. [See agilis, musculi.]
_marginatum_ Koch: Hyalomma.—External. [See ægyptium.]
_muris_ Can., 1894: Notoedres.—External. [See alepis.]
_musculi_ Mègnin: Hæmomyson.—External. [See agilis, echidninus.]
_serratum_: Pentastomum.—Thoracic cavity.
INSECTA:
_brasiliensis_ Baker: Pulex.—External. [See cheopis.]
_cæcata_ Enderlein: Dermatophilus, Rhynchoprion.—External.
_cheopis_ Rothschild, 1903: Lœmopsylla.—External. [See brasiliensis,
murinus, pallidus, philippinensis.]
_fasciatus_: Ceratophyllus.—External.
_gallinacea_ Westwood: Echidnophaga, Argopsylla.—External.
_irritans_ Linné: Pulex.—External.
_italicus_ Tiraboschi: Ceratophyllus. External.
_londiniensis_ Rothschild: Ceratophyllus.—External.
_mexicanus_ Baker: Ctenopsyllus.—External.
_murinus_ Tirab.: Pulex.—External. [See cheopis, pallidus,
brasiliensis, philippinensis.]
_musculi_ Dugès: Ctenopysllus.—External.
_pallidus_ Taschenberg: Pulex.—External. [See brasiliensis, cheopis,
murinus, philippinensis.]
_philippinensis_ Herzog: Pulex.—External. [See brasiliensis, cheopis,
murinus, pallidus.]
_rhynchopsylla_ Tiraboschi: Echidnophaga.—External.
MUS RATTUS ALEXANDRINUS.
[See also _Mus Alexandrinus_.]
INSECTA:
_brasiliensis_ Baker: Pulex.—External.
_cæcata_ End: Dermatophilus.—External.
_canis_ Curtis: Ctenocephalus.—External.
_cheopis_ Roth.: Pulex.—External.
_fasciatus_ Bosc: Ceratophyllus.—External.
_felis_ Bouché: Ctenocephalus.—External.
_gallinacea_ Westwood: Echidnophaga.—External.
_irritans_ Linné: Pulex.—External.
_londiniensis_ Roth.: Ceratophyllus.—External.
_murinus_ Tiraboschi: Pulex.—External.
_musculi_ Dugès: Ctenopsylla.—External.
_philippinensis_ Herzog: Pulex.—External.
_rhynchopsylla_ Tiraboschi: Echidnophaga, Argopsylla.—External.
MUS RUFESCENS Gray.
PROTOZOA:
_lewisi_ Saville-Kent, 1880: Trypanosoma, Trypanozoon.—Blood.
MUS SIPORANUS.
CESTODA:
_blanchardi_ Parona: Davainea.—Intestine.
MUS SURIFER.
NEMATODA:
_muricola_: Spiroptera.—Subcutaneous.
MUS SYLVATICUS Linné.—German Waldmaus.
TREMATODA:
_recurvum_ Dujardin, 1845: Distoma, Distomum, D.
(Brachylaimus).—Intestine.
_vitta_ Dujardin, 1845: Distoma, Distomum, D.
(Brachylaimus).—Intestine.
CESTODA:
_muris sylvatici_ Rudolphi: Tænia.—Intestine.
_pusilla_ Gœze: Tænia.—Intestine.
NEMATODA:
_cristatum_ Rudolphi: Ophiostomum, Rictularia.—Intestine.
_lævis_ Dujardin: Strongylus, Metastrongylus.—Intestine.
_minutus_ Dujardin: Strongylus, Metastrongylus.—Intestine.
_muris sylvatici_ Dujardin: Trichosoma.—Intestine.
_nodosus_ Rudolphi: Trichocephalus.—Intestine, cecum.
_obtusa_ Rudolphi: Spiroptera.
_obvelata_ Bremser: Oxyuris.—Cecum.
_oxyura_ Nitzsch, 1821: Ascaris. [See obvelata.]
_polygyrus_ Dujardin: Strongylus, Metastrongylus.—Intestine.
_spirogyrus_ Leuckart: Strongylus.—Intestine.
_stroma_ Linstow, 1884: Oxyuris.—Intestine.
_tetraptera_ Nitzsch: Oxyuris.—Intestine.
ARACHNOIDEA:
_simplex_ Tyrell: Psorergates.—Skin.
INSECTA:
_agyrtes_ Heller: Ctenophthalmus, Typhlopsylla.—External.
_assimilis_ Taschenberg: Typhlopsylla.—External.
_fasciatus_ Bosc: Ceratophyllus.—External.
_gallinæ_ Schrank: Ceratophyllus.—External.
_italicus_ Tiraboschi: Ceratophyllus.—External.
_londiniensis_ Rothschild: Ceratophyllus.—External.
_musculi_ Dugès: Ctenopsyllus, Ctenopsylla.—External.
_obtusiceps_ Ritsema: Hystrichopsylla.—External.
_pentacanthus_ Rothschild: Neopsylla, Ctenophthalmus.—External.
_poppei_ Wagner: Typhloceras, Typhlocerus.—External.
_proxima_ Wagner: Typhlopsylla, Ctenopthalmus.—External.
_talpæ_ Curtis: Hystrichopsylla.—External.
_taschenbergi_ Wagner: Ctenopsylla.—External.
MUS SYLVESTRIS.
PROTOZOA:
_intestinalis_ Lambl, 1859: Lamblia.—Intestine. [See muris.]
MUS TECTORUM Sari.
CESTODA:
_fasciolaris_: Cysticercus.—Liver.
MUS VARIEGATUS.
CESTODA:
_muris variegati_ Janicki: Hymenolepis.—Intestine.
_trapezoides_ Janicki: Davainea.—Intestine.
MUS VELUTINUS Balser, 1905.
INSECTA:
_dasyuri_ Skuse: Stephanocircus.—External.
_hercules_ Roth.: Macropsylla.—External.
_simpsoni_ Rothschild: Stephanocircus.—External.
_simsoni_. [See simpsoni.]
MUS in the sense of “rats.”
The following parasites are reported either from “rats” or from “_Mus_”
in the sense of “rats:”
PROTOZOA:
_brucei_: Trypanosoma, Trypanozoon.—Blood.
_dimorphon_: Trypanosoma, Trypanozoon.—Blood.
_equiperdum_: Trypanosoma, Trypanozoon.—Blood.
_evansi_: Trypanosoma, Trypanozoon.—Blood.
_evansii_: Trypanosoma. [See evansi.]
_gambiense_: Trypanosoma, Trypanozoon.—Blood, artificial infection.
_intestinale_ R. Blanchard, 1885: Megastoma.—Intestine. [See muris.]
_muris_ Grassi: Amœba.
CESTODA:
_fasciolaris_: Cysticercus.
NEMATODA:
_hepaticum_ Railliet, 1889: Trichosoma.—Liver.
_hepaticus_: Trichocephalus.
species Davaine: Filaria.—Blood.
GORDIACEA:
_Gordius._ By error Cerruti & Camerano (1888b, 6) have interpreted a
title by
Leidy (1879) as meaning that he found _Gordius_ in a rat.
ARACHNOIDEA:
_sanguineus_ Latreille: Rhipicephalus.—External.
INSECTA:
_capitis_ Nitzsch: Pediculus.—External.
_canis_ Curtis: Ctenocephalus.—External.
_præcisus_: Hæmatopinus.—External.
MUS species.
Under various “_Mus_ sp.” entries, the following parasites are
reported:
PROTOZOA:
_gambiense_: Trypanosoma.—Blood, artificial injection.
INSECTA:
_aganippes_ Roth.: Ctenopsylla.—External.
_agyrtes_ Heller: Typhlopsylla.—External.
_colossus_ Roth.: Pygiopsylla.—External.
_ellobius_ Roth.: Ctenopsylla.—External.
_hercules_ Roth.: Macropsylla.—External.
_miacantha_: Polyplax.—Hair.
_pinnatus_ Wagn.: Ceratophyllus.—External.
_præcisus_ Neum., 1902: Hæmatopinus.—External.
WATER RAT.
[See also _Mus amphibius_.]
CESTODA:
_longicollis_: Cysticercus.—Axillary space.
INSECTA:
_spiniger_ Burm., 1838: Hæmatopinus.
MUS.
The following parasites are recorded under “_Mus._:”
PROTOZOA:
_falciformis_: Eimeria.—Intestine.
TREMATODA:
_migrans_: Dist.
CESTODA:
_blanchardi_ Parona: Davainea.
_celebensis_ Janicki: Davainea.
_gracilis_ Janicki: Davainea.
_muris variegati_ Janicki: Hymenolepis.
_nana_ Siebold: Hymenolepis. [See fraterna.]
_polycalceola_ Janicki: Davainea.
_relicta_ Zschokke: Hymenolepis.
_trapezoides_ Janicki: Davainea.
NEMATODA:
_hepaticum_ Railliet: Trichosoma.
_obvelata_ Bremser: Oxyuris.—Intestine.
ARACHNOIDEA:
_musculi_ Oudemans: Demodex.
INSECTA:
_cheopis_ Roth.: Lœmopsylla.—External.
_felis_ Bouché: Ctenocephalus.
MUS.—A Field Mouse.
CESTODA:
_longicollis_: Cysticercus.—Thoracic cavity.
THE FLEA AND ITS RELATION TO PLAGUE.
By Passed Assistant Surgeon CARROLL FOX,
_United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service_.
THEORIES AS TO TRANSMISSION OF PLAGUE.
1. Direct contagion from man to man.
2. Through slight abrasions of the skin, mucous membranes of mouth,
tonsils, nose, and conjunctiva receiving contaminated material.
3. Through the respiratory tract, from air contaminated with dried
infectious sputum or dejecta. (Possibly the cause of primary pneumonic
plague.)
4. Through the alimentary tract from food contaminated with saliva or
excretions from plague patients, or dejecta or the feet of insects
that have fed on plague material. In the case of rats, from eating the
carcasses of infected rats.
5. Infected clothes, soil, or houses.
6. Through the bites of insects, especially the flea.
It has been noticed for many years that an epidemic of plague in man
was associated with an epizootic of high mortality among rats, but it
was not until Yersin discovered the _Bacillus pestis_ in 1894 that the
disease in man and rats was shown to be identical. The first five
theories are not satisfactory in explaining the epidemiology of
plague, and in 1897 Simond advanced the theory that plague was carried
by means of fleas. Hankin in 1898 also suggested an insect as an
intermediate host. This theory has been developed by Ashburton
Thompson, Gauthier and Raybaud, Liston, Verjbitski, and others, and
finally by the last Indian Plague Commission, whose work makes a
distinct advance in our knowledge of this subject. The reader is
referred to the work of this commission for a review of the subject,
which has been liberally used in the preparation of this paper.[AD]
Footnote AD:
Journal of Hygiene (Vol. VI, No. 4; Vol. VII, No. 3; Vol. VII, No.
6; Vol. VIII, No. 2).
INSECTS THAT HAVE BEEN SUSPECTED IN THE TRANSMISSION OF PLAGUE.
It is probable that all insects capable of sucking blood will take the
_Bacillus pestis_ into their alimentary canal if they feed on a
septicæmic plague animal. Ogata suggested that not only the flea but
the mosquito also may be responsible for the transmission of plague.
Yersin, Hankin, and Nuttall have each demonstrated the presence of
_Bacillus pestis_ in the dejecta of flies and ants; and Nuttall and
Verjbitski in the stomach and dejecta of the bedbug. Hertzog found the
bacilli in the _Pediculus capitis_ taken from a child which died of
plague, and McCoy[201] has found the organism in lice, _Hæmatopinus
columbianus_, taken from a plague-infected squirrel. The plague
bacilli have been frequently demonstrated in rat fleas taken from
plague rats, and McCoy has shown its presence in the flea
(_Ceratophyllus acutus_) of the California ground squirrel (_Citellus
beecheyi_). The cockroach has also been thought to be instrumental in
spreading the infection by contaminating food. The presence of bacilli
in the stomach and dejecta of insects has not only been proven
microscopically but by animal inoculation as well.
Assuming that the relation between rat plague and human plague has
been proven without a doubt—that is, that an outbreak of human plague
is associated with an infection in rats, or, in other words, that
plague is primarily a disease of rats and secondarily a disease of
man—the theory that it is conveyed through an intermediate parasitic
host is the only one which will fulfill all the requirements, and
after a study of their habits we are able to exclude all of the
parasites but the flea as the active agent in its transmission.
Plague is rarely or never contracted either in rat or in man by eating
contaminated food. Therefore those insects like flies and cockroaches,
which are supposed to spread the infection by contaminating food with
their dejecta, need not be considered.
The habits of the domestic mosquitoes are such that while they
occasionally do bite animals they usually feed on the blood of man,
and are not known to feed where there is much hair, as there is on the
rat. This also applies to the bedbug. Verjbitski has shown
experimentally that bedbugs would not feed on rats until the animals
were shaved.
Pediculi are degenerate insects, their powers of locomotion being
limited. Their eggs are laid on and are attached to the hair of the
host. They are born, live, and die on the same host, and rarely pass
from one animal to another of a different species. It can not be
denied, however, that this parasite occasionally may be instrumental
in spreading plague from rat to rat. The _Pediculus capitis_, if
placed on a rat, will feed with avidity, but these insects are rarely
found upon rats in nature.